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ONSYSTEM LAB

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t
Fort
hedegr
eeof
BACHELOROFTECHNOLOGY
I
n
ELECTRONI
CS&COMMUNI
CATI
ONENGI
NEERI
NG

DEPARTMENTOFELECTRONI
CSANDCOMMUNI
CATI
ONENGI
NEERI
NG

PUNJABIUNIVERSI
TY
PATI
ALA-147001

Submi
tt
edt
o: Submi
tt
edby
:

Mr
s.Raj
birKaur ROLL.
NO.
:11502032,
11502047
B. 3rdy
TECH. r(3ECE34)
 PPM(
Pul
sePosi
ti
onModul
ati
on)

Herethepositi
onofpul
sei schangedonthetimeaxisin
accordancewitht
hemodul at
ingsignal
suchthatthe
draini
ngedgesofthepul
sewi dthmodulati
onbecomest he
ri
singedgesofthepul
seposi t
ionmodulati
on.
Heretheinfor
mationi
sstoredintheposit
ionofpulses
whilethewidt
handamplitudeofthepulseremai
nst he
same.
 Wher
em(
t)i
samessagesi
gnal
(2KHz/
1vp‐p)
……

  
PPM theampli
tudeandwidt
hofthepul
sesi
skeptconstantbutt
heposi
ti
onof
eachpul
seisvari
edaccor
dancewit
htheampl
it
udesofthesampledval
ueofthe
modulat
ingsi
gnal.
 Theposi
ti
onoft
hepul
sesi
schangedwi
thr
espectt
otheposi
ti
onofr
efer
ence
pul
ses.
 ThePPM pul
sescanbeder
ivedfr
om t
hePWM pulses.Wit
htheincr
easei
nthe
modul
ati
ngvolt
agethePPM pul
seshi
ftf
urt
herwi
threspectt
orefer
ence.
 Theverti
caldott
edlinesdrawninFigaretr
eat
edasref
erencel
i
nestomeasur
e
theshi
ftinposi
tionofPPM pulses.ThePPM pul
sesmarked1,2and3i
nfi
ggo
awayfrom thei
rrespecti
veref
erenceli
nes.
 Thisiscor
respondi
ngt oi
ncreaseinthemodul
ati
ngsignalampl
i
tude.Thenas
themodulati
ngv ol
tagedecreasest
hePPM pul
ses4,5,
6,7comeprogressi
vel
y
closert
otheirr
efer
encelines.
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Gener
ati
onofppm

 PPM si
gnal
canbegener
atedwi
tht
hehel
pofPWM asshowni
nFi
g7bel
ow.

Fi
g7.PPM gener
ati
onf
rom PWM

 ThePWM si gnal generatedabov ei ssentt oani nverterwhichrev er

sesthe
polar i
tyofthepul ses.
 Th i
si sthenf ollowedbyadi ff
erent i
atorwhi chgener ates+v espikesforPWM
signal goi
ngf r
om Hi ght oLowand- vespikesf orLowt oHightransit
ion.The
spikesgener atedareshowni nt hef ourt
hwav eform ofFig8.
 Th esespi kesar ethenf edt otheposi ti
veedget ri
ggeredpul segeneratorwhich
gener atesfixedwi dthpul seswhena+v espi keappear s,coinci
dingwi t
hthe
fall
ingedgeoft hePWM si gnal.
 Th usPPM si gnal i
sgener atedatt heout putwhi chisshowni nthefif
thwav efor
m
ofFi g8.wherepul seposi tioncarrythemessagei nformation.
Appl
i
cat
ionsofPPM
PPM i susedf ornumerousfuncti
onsinmoder nev
erydaylife.Satel
li
telaserr
anging
stationsdeterminedi
stancestosatel
li
tesbymeasur i
ngthet imeoff l
ightofshortlaser
pulses.Thel aserr
epeti
ti
onr at
esvaryfr
om 10Hzto2kHz.Atmanyst ati
ons,soft
war ei
s
upgr adedtomodul at
ethe,usuall
yconstantandst
eady ,i
ntervalbetweenlaserpulses.
UsingsuchaPPM scheme, peopl
ecansuccessfull
ytransmi ttextf
il
esv i
aagr eat
di
st antbackt oamulti
-pi
xelphotoncountingmoduleinar eceivert
elescope.

Wi t
hsuchaset upatanySLRst at
ion,andar i
ghtdet ector,pl
ussimpl eti
met agging
electroni
csatl owear thorbi
ti
ngsatel
li
tes,i
tispossi bl
ef oranysatel
litelaserranging
stationtotransmi tdatatooanysatel
l
ite,evenduringst andardSLRt racking.Ast hi
s
techniqueiseasyt osetupanddoesnotaf fectroutineSLRt racki
ng, i
tcanbeappl iedt
o
uploaddat atosat ell
i
tes,usi
ngthemor ethan30av ail
ablesatell
it
elaserr anging
stationsaroundt hewor l
d,andwithhi
gherdat aratest hansomeoft heconv entional
uplinks.

Ci
rcui
tdi
agr
am
Ci
rcui
tDescr
ipt
ion
1.Thecir
cui
tconsi
stsoft
wost agesmadedesi
gnedfr
om two555ti
merIC’
s.Inthe
fi
rstst
age555ti
merworksinastablemodet
ogenerateaPWM wave,
thesecond
st
agehasa555t i
merthati
sconf i
guredt
oworki
nbi st
abl
emode.
2.Infi
rstPWM gener atorstage,theoutputwav e’
sf r
equencyi sdependsonv alues
ofcapacitorC1andt wor esi
storsR1andR2.Themodul ati
ngsignalisfedto
controlpi
n(Pin5-CV)of555t imerandcircuitdoesn’tneedcarri
ersignalto
operate.t
hewi dt
hofPWM si gnaldependsont heampl i
tudeofmodul at
ingsignal
astheampl it
udeofmodul at
ingsignalchanges,thechar gi
ngtimeofcapaci t
or
C1changesaccor dinglyandsodoest heout putwav e’s(
atPin3)wi dt
h.
3. Thi
sPWM out putisfedtonextstagewhi chconver
tsthissignal
toppm signal
.
thetwost agesaredirectl
ycoupledwitheachother,outputfr
om pin3from fi
rst
stageispassedt opin2( t
ri
ggerpin)ofsecondstage.Whenev erafall
i
ngedgeof
PWM si gnalarr
ivesittr
iggersthe555timerandICgener atesanarrowpulse
whosewi dthdependsonv alueofR3andC2. theoutputppm waveisobtainedat
pin3ofsecond555t i
merandi sobservedwithanoscill
oscope.

MATLABCODE:
clc;cl
earall
;closeall
;fc=1000;
fs=10000;
fm=400;
t=0:1/
fs:
(2/f
m- 1/fs)
;
mt =0.
4*square(2*pi
*fm*t)+0.
5;
st=modul ate(mt ,fc,
fs,'
PPM');
dt=demod( st,fc,fs,'
PPM' )
;fi
gure
subpl ot
(3,
1,1); plot(mt);
ti
tle('
messagesi gnal'
);
xl
abel ('
ti
meper iod' )
;
yl
abel ('
ampl i
tude' );
axis([
05001] )
subpl ot
(3,
1,2);
plot(st)
;
ti
tle('
modul atedsi gnal')
;
xl
abel ('
ti
meper iod' )
;
yl
abel ('
ampl i
tude' );
axis([
0500- 0.
2
1.2])subplot(3,1,3);
plot(dt)
;
ti
tle('
demodul at edsi gnal
')
;xl
abel(
't
imeper
iod'
);
ylabel
('
ampl
i
tude'
);
axi
s([
05001]
);

Mat
labsi
mul
ati
onr
esul
tsofabov
ecode