PSIG 1519

Balancing of Transmission System and Contracts in Energy Units Based on

Simulation Results
Stanisław Brzęczkowski, Magdalena Głębocka, Maciej Szeniawski, National Gas Dispatching, Gas Transmission
Operator GAZ-SYSTEM S.A.

Copyright 2015, Pipeline Simulation Interest Group

transmission system operators are inclined to execute the gas
This paper was prepared for presentation at the PSIG Annual Meeting held in New Orleans, transmission contracts accounted in energy units.
Louisiana, 12 May – 15 May 2015.

This paper was selected for presentation by the PSIG Board of Directors following review of Natural gas is a raw material for the chemical industry as well
information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). The material, as presented,
does not necessarily reflect any position of the Pipeline Simulation Interest Group, its officers, as an energy carrier. Gas is transmitted from the source to the
or members. Papers presented at PSIG meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial
Committees of the Pipeline Simulation Interest Group. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or
customer installation by the pipeline network. Despite the
storage of any part of this paper for commercial purposes without the written consent of PSIG same name “natural gas”, its composition and resulting from it
is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300
words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous the physical and chemical parameters are different and depend
acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper was presented. Write Librarian, Pipeline on source types they are extracted from. Until recently, the
Simulation Interest Group, P.O. Box 22625, Houston, TX 77227, U.S.A., fax 01-713-586-5955.
transmission and distribution systems were associated with
individual source of very similar gas quality parameters. The
ABSTRACT system supplied from Siberian or Caucasian sources
practically had no connections with the system supplied form
The article presents the possibility of replacing the gross
the North Sea source. The significantly different gas quality
calorific value measurements for the individual exit points
system had the special installation (blending station), in which
with simulation result verified by the measurements of
the components proportions were under the operators control.
reference gas. The results of simulation are used for transport
Currently as a result of the intensive development of the
and balancing settlement purposes and optimization of market
liberalized European gas market and transmission
based system services used for ensuring integrity of
infrastructure, the operators face many challenges associated
system.The paper describes the work related to the research of
with increasing requirements concerning the execution and
the methodology on the artificial network in order to check the
settlement of natural gas transmission services.
functioning of the model. Subsequently it presents the results
obtained after the implementation of this methodology in the
Polish gas transmission system.. Balancing in energy units
Balancing the energy of transmission system by the operator,
ADMISSION is based on the energy linepack in the transmission network
ensuring the integral transmission system operating. The ideal
As a result of regulations arising from the development of a
situation is to maintain the constant linepack on the same
competitive market for natural gas, the gas divisions of large
level. The variable off-takes at exit points as well as the
enterprises were made. The existing large gas companies
variable gas quality at entry points mean that the amount of
operating on the individual countries markets were divided
energy in the network volatiles to some extend. Due to the fact
into companies related to technical infrastructure and
that the amount of energy off-taken at the exit points results
companies dealing with natural gas trading. The infrastructure
from the individual customers demands the tools enabling the
operators are now called respectively the transmission system,
network balancing for the operator in the medium and long
distribution system and storage system operators. The
term prospect is only the appropriate source control.
principles of their functioning and relationships with traders
are regulated by the European Union rules and the national The example graph of energy accumulated changes in the
ones. transmission network during the day is shown in figure 1.
The developing liberalized gas market results in a rapid In case when transmission service is made in energy units, the
increase in the gas trading competition. Due to the uses of gas network balance settlement is also made in energy units. The
as an energy carrier the companies involved in gas trading are energy system balance can be described by the following
interested in providing a certain amount of energy, not the formula:
volume of gas. It causes the situation that the distribution and
2 STANISŁAW BRZĘCZKOWSKI, MAGDALENA GŁĘBOCKA, MACIEJ SZENIAWSKI
∂E A (t )
BE (t ) = E we (t ) − E wy (t ) − E pt (t ) +
∂t
where:
BE(t) – current energy balance of the system for the time t
[MJ],
Ewe(t) – the current stream of energy flowing into the system
for the time t [MJ],
Ewy(t) – the current stream of energy flowing out of the system
for the time t [MJ],
Ept(t)- technological needs of the system for the time t [MJ],
EA(t) - current energy accumulated in the system for the time t
[MJ].
The value of the energy balance (balance difference) (RBE) for
any period of time (∆t) is obtained by formula integrating for
the period from t0 to t1 respectively the beginning and the end
of period. Then we obtain the following formula:
t1 t1 t1 t1
RBE (∆t) = ∫ BQ(t)dt= ∫ Ewe(t)dt−∫ Ewy(t)dt−∫Ept(t)dt+(EA(t1) −EA(t0))
t0 t0 t0 t0
In the ideal case, the balance difference should equal zero. In
practice, it is different from zero. Its value results from the
uncertainty of determining the amount introduced and taken
out from the system. In determining off-taken amount, the
recorded consumed quantities for the operator technological
needs should be also considered.
The factor influencing the balance difference is the level of
energy change in the network. Its value is determined by
comparing the linepack states of the energy at the beginning
and the end of the period.
πd i2 273,15 l z n (x, t ) p ( x, t )
4 0,1013 ∫0 z ( x, t )T ( x, t )
E Agi (t ) = Cv ( x, t ) ⋅ dx
where:
EAgi – the amount of energy accumulated in the section of the
pipeline [MJ],
di – inner diameter of the line segment of the pipeline [m],
p(x,t) – the gas pressure in the location line segment at time t
[MPa],
z(x,t) – the gas compressibility factor at a given location line
segment at time t,
zn(x,t) – the gas compressibility factor under normal
conditions at a given site line segment at time t,
T(x,t) – gas temperature at a given location line segment at
time t [K].
Cv(x,t) – gross calorific value at a given location line segment
at time t [MJ/m3].
This calculation method of individual elements linepack of
transmission system only on the basis of the gas quality
measurements at the selected points in the network would be
much more difficult. However, the use of simulation methods
based on the appropriate discretization of linear elements
PSIG 1519
allows to make the appropriate calculations. In simpler system
these methods tend to be simplified by averaging the pressure
and calorific value based on the value at the beginning and the
end of the discretization element of the particulate pipeline
section.
Based on [3] calorific value is calculated based on contents of
natural gas components at network point. The measured value
of calorific value is calculated based on measured gas
composition using following formula
k
pn
∑ x ⋅ CV
i 0i
R ⋅ Tn
CVmix = i =1
Z mix ( pn , Tn )
where:
CVmix – value of gross calorific value of gas mixture related to
volume unit at standard conditions [MJ/m3],
xi – contents of component i,
CV0i – molar calorific value of component i taken as ideal gas
according to [4] [kJ/mol],
pn – reference pressure for 1 m3 (35,315 ft3) of combusted
component, equals 101,325 kPa (14,69595 psi),
Tn – reference temperature for 1 m3 (35,315 ft3) of combusted
component, equals 273,15 K (32 F),
R – gas constant – 8,314510 [J/(mol K)],
Zmix(pn,Tn) – compressibility factor of mixture at conditions pn
i Tn,
k – number of mixture components.
The dynamic simulation of quality tracking is based on
assumptions of completely mixing flows at net’s nodes and
interpolation of quality between nodes at each time slots of
calculation (see figure 2). Such solution allows to set gas
quality parameters at each point of network at any time.
For gas network modeling, the most important validation
parameter is the accordance between calculation results and
data from real grid. This is fundamental criterion for grid
model approval and state reconstruction calculations for
operational and settlement purposes. For evaluation of
solution correctness we suggest to use a method which is used
for calibration of measurement equipment. Values measured at
selected points of real network have been taken as standard
results. As results from tested device, thecalculation results
from simulation are taken. Due to main purposes of
calculation, the measured and calculated values of calorific
value are compared. According to [5], values for gross
calorific values used for energy evaluation in gas networks
should be quantified with relative uncertainty depending of
measurement class: class A +/- 0,6%, class B +/- 1,25% and
class C +/- 2,0%. There is no specific regulation about what
measurements belong to class A, B or C. In practice there are
decisions of National Measurement Authorities. In Polish
system, according to [6] gross calorific value assigned to
dedicated area (group of exits) should not differ more than +/-
PSIG 1519 Balancing of Transmission System and Control Units Based on Simulation Results
% of measured value of any point of this area.
We were going to use Simone simulations for evaluation of
calorific values and energy in our gas grid. The algorithm used
by this system is detailed described in [3, 2]. As a first step of
preparation we made some test of model behavior for multi-
loop grids. Also we wanted to compare energy evaluation
methods based on simulation with other methods based on
area of grid and/or average (or weighted average) value of
gross calorific value (GCV) at entries to this area. The bellow
described model of grid and a set of entry and exits with
scenario of flows was prepared and tested [2]. Configuration
of grid was constructed based on key elements of transmission
net. Number of entries and exits was reduced due to keeping
clarity of presented phenomena. Three entries were used with
parameters related to: entry from LNG terminal,
interconnector with another transmission system and storage
facility.
Entry from LNG terminal (T) characterizes possibility of wide
spread of supply flows. Gas composition at this source is
similar to natural gas composition from LNG producers.
The entry which is like interconnector (I) is the entry, which
has lower supply variability then then LNG terminal, but has
no restriction about supply time. Taking into consideration,
that quantities supplied by this entry depend on nominations of
shippers and matching between TSO, this entry is a flow
controlled source. Next entry point (M) has been defined as
connection with storage facility, its role is grid balancing
(balancing source). Due to request of simulation model, this
source is defined as fixed pressure source and it is similar to
interconnection with storage system based on depleted gas
fields.
Four exits points are defined (A, B, C, D). Their location has
been chosen to present as much as possible characteristic
points of network, taking into consideration quality flow
mixing phenomena in grid with many loops. To keep clarity of
dynamic phenomena presentation at all exits, offtake volume
flows are constant. Due to the fact that the primary goal is to
present the phenomena in grid with many loops, grid for
simulation consists of only identical line elements with 900
mm (35,43 in) diameter and 10 km (32 808,4 ft) length.
System’s scheme with localizations of entries and exits is
presented in figure 3
Such simplification allows focusing on mixing phenomena
and eliminating influence of topology configuration on local
quality changes.
In order to watch influence of mixing gas flows with different
quality on quality topology in grid, different gas compositions
at entries have been applied. They correspond to quality from
our eastern border, minimum limits according to [1] and LNG
quality. Detail compositions are presented in Table 1.
3
At “point I” a fixed supply flow is set at 50% of system
demand.
At “point T” three phases of supply flow has been taken.
During the first phase, flow equals about 6% of system
demand, then (from 5:00) during one hour supply flow
increases to 50% of system demand. The third phase is time
when stabilization phenomena have been presented (until
steady state has been reached).
Entry point M is the source for which the set value is pressure
5 MPa (725,1885 psi). Flow at this point is the result of
network answer for control of other sources.
Offtake flows at exits are constant in volume units. At exit A
offtake equals 16,7% of system demand, exits B and D each
25% of system demand and exit C 33,3% of system demand.
The dynamic calculations need a start-up static calculation for
beginning conditions. The results of such calculation are
presented in figure 4. In this picture values of GCV are
presented for every node. The results present differentiation of
GCV depending on localization despite static flows at entries
and exits (steady-state simulation). Such effect especially
concerns topologies with many loops. In such networks,
mixing phenomena appear at every node.
Weighted average value of GCV for whole described network
equals 10,4 kWh/m3.(1 004,859 Btu/ft3) As it could be
observed in figure 4 at any node, such value does not appear.
The dynamic simulation of described scenario allows
analysing phenomena during unsteady states of network. The
answer of balancing source (M) and changes of calorific
values at exits (A, B, C, D) are described below.
A comparison of line-pack changes in volume and energy
units is also analyzed.
Activity of balancing source at point M has three phases. First
stable, when other sources supply less amount then system
demand. The second phase is time when supply flow at entry
T increases. During this time the supply flow decreases to
zero, as the effect of pressure impulse higher then set for this
point. This impulse is the effect of increasing pressure at point
T necessary to realize settled flow at this point (fix flow point)
and delay of response network for changes of supply and
pressure configuration at entries. Chart of flows at T and M is
presented in figure 5.
The third phase of source M activity is time for system
stabilization. During this time M is balancing source for filling
network due to increasing of system line-pack. The time of
this process is much longer as just changes (stabilization) of
quality topology in grid. Time of 1st and 2nd phases has been
result of assumptions; time of 3rd phase is the result of system
response and is about 10 days. Changes of balancing flow
during whole time are presented in figure 6. Due to differences
4 STANISŁAW BRZĘCZKOWSKI, MAGDALENA GŁĘBOCKA, MACIEJ SZENIAWSKI
for time of phases time scale in this picture is logarithmic and
based on number of simulation calculations and registration
slots which has been set 15 min.
The results of changed GCV values calculations at exits points
due to a change of supply configuration are presented. Curves
based on these values are presented in figure 6. At point B
significant change is due to change of dominant source from
M to T. The next characteristic points are exits A and C.
Based on topology, point A is in the middle of grid and point
C is farthest from all sources. During the first phase point A is
supplied from source M, and simultaneously decreases
influence of M’s quality on GCV at point C. When the source
M is practically switched off, both points A and C are located
symmetrically to active sources and GCV at these points
becomes comparable (figure 7).
Next issues are the changes of volume and energy line-pack
due to the change of supply configuration. The curves of both
line-packs are presented in figure 8. The shapes of curves are
similar and are result of system response on supply change
then system stabilization. What is important, the volume line-
pack increases by 2% but amount of energy accumulated in
system increases by 14%.
The result of dividing instantaneous values of energy and
volume accumulated in system is an average value of GCV in
system. The curve of changes of such variable is presented in
figure 9.
Figure 9 presents, that real stable average value of GCV,
which equals weighted average GCV of supply flows, has
been reached after 10 days.
The goal of upper described example was to present the
complexity of phenomena which appears in multi-loop grids
related to just calorific value of natural gas. It also allows to
compare the results between simplified methods and reality
which is represented by the results of detailed dynamic
simulation. As has been shown, the area simplification method
does not meet requirements of settlement. In practice, the
changes of supply configuration are more dynamic then 1 hour
per 10 days, so steady state in real grids does not exist. In such
case for settlement we need either many chromatographs or
we should try to use dynamic simulations.
Basing on above results and needs we made next step of
validation of usage dynamic simulation for settlement. It was a
comparison of the calculation results with the real
measurements on the real grid. These results are described
below.
PSIG 1519
Practical use of simulation for
the network balancing in energy
units
In the first part of the article there are described the theoretical
basis and assumptions for the transmission system calculation
and balancing in energy units. In this section, in simple terms,
there is presented as the above method is applied in practice,
i.e. to balance the transmission network managed by the
Transmission System Operator GAZ-SYSTEM S.A. (Poland).
The network consists of both high and low methane gas
systems.
The sources are the connection points with other European
transmission system, gas storage facilities, cryogenic
denitriding installation, domestic production and LNG
terminal – figure 10.
All of these sources have different gas composition and thus
different calorific value. All sources have the current gas
measurement. In the figure 10 you can see that the high-
methane network is the multiloop network type, where you
can distinguish the main loop as well as the loops which are
the part of the larger system. This situation causes the gas at
the exit points is a gas of different composition. As an
example the ranges of the LNG terminal source impact are
presented in figures 11, 12, 13, 14. Depending on the size of
the gas supply from the LNG terminal as well as other sources
and the size of customer demand for gas, influence range of
the particular sources is variable. Such analyses allow to
assess the impact interaction given source to change the
quality of the gas at the exit points.They are performed using
simulation software, where gas composition in given source is
implemented as the input parameters for the calculation.It is
enough to mix even small amounts of gas on the chosen point.
The simulation system allows recieiving the result of the
calculation as graphics information showing that the gas is not
the heterogeneous one (from the given source) but the mixed
one.
A similar situation occurs when the gas is offtaken from
Wierzchowice storage where due to the geological structure
the gas has a different calorific value than in the other “large”
sources (figure 15).
In a view of the fact that the transmission network has the
mulitiloop structure and it includes nearly 900 exit points, to
determine the actual gas composition and a calorific value at
the various network points using the traditional method
(chromatograph) is quite expensive at both the construction
stage and further the exploitation stage. Therefore, the use of
simulation methods, that balancing rules were described in the
first part of this article, might bring substantial saving for the
operator and on the other side allows a good assessment of the
gas quality at all exit points to be done.
PSIG 1519 Balancing of Transmission System and Control Units Based on Simulation Results
As previously mentioned, the calculation of the energy
linepack is carried out by means of two types of situation (off-
line and on-line). The on-line calculations are performed every
3 minutes (reconstruction state) and 24 hours ahead (future
calculations). The calculation results are then presented in the
dispatching system SCADA. The linepack and calorific values
are calculated in this system. The calculated value of calorific
value is compared with value of calorific value obtained from
chromatographs. These are the reference chromatographs.
This action allows to check and verify the network settings
(the non-linear element) and early response e.g. to reading
error of gas composition on one of the sources
(chromatographs failure).
Another calculation type is an off-line one. The off-line
calculation can be performed at any time and they are based
on historical data recorded in SCADA system. These
calculations are performed in two stages:
• static calculations – setting the correct values of calorific
value for the start calculations – the so called “swill” the
network with “normal” gas
• dynamic calculations – appropriate calculations – the
length of the calculation can be optional, you need to
remember that the longer the range of the calculations, the
longer they are executed. At the same time, the longer the
time, the better the gas “mixing” and thus the better
calculations results.
The diagram presentedin figure 16 shows the steps necessary
for the calculation of the linepack balance.
The use of this algorithm makes calculations to be done very
precisely. At any time, the operator can verify the results in
terms of data input accuracy as well as the logical correctness
of these values. It also allows the scope of calculation scenario
to be whichever long. As was previously mentioned the longer
scenario the better result. As time goes by, the gas streams mix
from different sources. As a result of the flow stabilization, the
linepack stabilization occurs as well.
The calculations results in energy units can be presented either
in a graph on in tables. The examples of the linepack
calculations results are presented in figure 17 and figure 18 in
the form of a graph for the real network. These figures show
the linepack value course in units of volume and energy units.
In the given linepack period the values are similar. Both
values are calculated just by use of simulation software. These
are just the calculations on-line type as it was previously
mentioned 3 minute cycle. In the given period both linepack
value (energy and flow) are similar – stable system operation.
However, when supply direction changes, quite a significant
linepack values difference determined in energy units, might
occur. The situation may occur that the linepack value in the
volume units can remain constant while the linepack value
expressed in energy units may change (figure 17, 18).
5
As previously described the linepack calculations are made
based on historical data stored in the SCADA system and
carried out at any time.
CONCLUSIONS
Providing an energy balance of the gas network with assuring
its integrity at the same time i.e. appropriate pressure, requires
sources control taking into account their impact on the gas
calorific value in the whole network structure. To fulfill
requirements, the source control must include not only the
calorific value of individual sources, the supply pressure, but
also mutual location of the entry and exit points along with
their executed values in the network off-take. Taking into
account that the gas transmission networks are by nature
complex networks of topological structure, to define the
amount of energy stored in the network, requires the use of
simulation calculation. Another issue is to prepare an
appropriate network operation programing, so that the above
criteria are met. The simulation tools allow to make the
analysis of many variants of the system depending on the
customers forecasted requirements and declared customers
supply. In such cases, simulations based on the forecast data
(demand forecasts of household areas, nominations for
industrial customers, nominations for mines and import
points) allow to specify the forecasted pressure and the energy
balance for the next twenty-four hours. The results of such
calculations allow to determine basic status of the anticipated
system balance and the distribution pressure in the network. In
case it differs from the expectations, the simulations enable to
find the optimal network supply flows from the individual
entry points. This data allows for the most efficient use of the
measures that the operator has at his disposal.
The transportation contracts settlement in energy units using
the dynamic simulation methods is a method, which combines
a considerable simplification of the rules and requirements for
the customer with more reliable settlement services between
the clients and the transmission system operator in terms of
not only the quantity but the gas flow quality as well.
At the investment stage of the gas station equiping at exit
points of the gas transmission system (the most common are
the measurement and reduction station between transmission
and distribution networks) with the gas chromatograph might
cause a value increase of the investments from 50% for small
station (about 1 000 m3/h, 35 314,67 ft3/h) to 10% for the
average station (about 10 000 m3/h, 353 146,7 ft3/h) with
respect to the basic model. A solution using dynamic
simulation for tracking the quality of the gas in the network
enables to reduce the value of the investment in case of the
possibility of the resignation of equipping the station with the
chromatograph. Due to the fact that this might concern a
station with a capacity in the range of 100 000 m3/h
(3 531 467 ft3/h) to 1 million m3/h (35 314 670 ft3/h), the
reduction of expenditure would be in the range of 6% to 0,8%.
6 STANISŁAW BRZĘCZKOWSKI, MAGDALENA GŁĘBOCKA, MACIEJ SZENIAWSKI
Such prices relations make the situation that at these largest
stations, which there are only few in the transmission system,
a gas chromatograph does not have a significant share of the
cost and its installation allows to create a reference point for
the simulation calculations.
At the second stage, i.e. the current utilization costs, a
chromatograph is of a high importance, since the annual
utilization of a single chromatograph practically doubles the
utilization cost of a single gas station. However, the proposed
solution with the use of simulation methods might
significantly lower the settlement costs in energy units.
The cost of purchase and utilization of the simulation system
in comparison with other tariff cost elements are practically
skipped after their rearranging for the tariff rate of
transmission charges. Due to the use of simulation systems,
regardless of the settlement services method and balancing,
the solution using simulations, significantly allows to reduce
the costs associated with the need of taking into account the
compensation of gas quality discrepencies between the entry
and exit points of the transmission system during nomination
process.
The introduction of the calculation in energy units using
simulation calculation causes significant trader’s savings with
no additional cost increase of the operator. As a result, this
should cause the gas prices decrease for the final customers.
REFERENCES
1. Transmission Network Code – GAZ-SYSTEM S.A
August, 2014
2. S.Brzęczkowski, Balancing of Gas Transmission System
in Energy Units, Warsaw University of Technology,
Warsaw, 2013.
3. J.Králik, P.Stiegler, Z.Vostrý, J.Závorka, Dynamic
Modeling of Large-scale Networks with Application to
Gas Distribution, Academia Prague, 1988, Published in
co-edition with Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam
4. Polish Standard PN-EN ISO 6976:2008; Natural gas.
Calculation of Calorific Values, Density, Relative Density
and Wobbe Index from Composition.
5. International Recomendation OIML R 140; Measuring
Systems for Gaseous Fuel; Edition 2007(E).
6. The Regulation of the Ministry of Economy of July 2,
2010, on Detailed Conditions of Gas System Operations
(Dz. U. for year 2014, item 159).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to specially thank Tadeusz Abramowski,
Director of National Gas Dispatching Center for support
during our scientific works and industrial implementation of
above described solutions.
PSIG 1519
AUTHORS BIOGRAPHY
Stanisław Brzęczkowski is the Chief Specialist in National
Gas Dispatching Division, Gas Transmission Operator GAZ-
SYSTEM S.A. MSc at Warsaw University of Technology on
1993, MBA at State University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign 2009, Ph.D. at Warsaw University of Technology
on 2014. In gas industry since 1994 at PGNiG. In years 1994 –
2004 worked in legal metrology and SCADA systems. From
unbundling of transmission system operator in 2004 to 2013
worked as manager of Balancing Department as a part of
National Gas Dispatching Center. Since 2013 has worked as
Chief Specialist at National Gas Dispatching Center. He is
involved in Polish gas market development as a member of
team which has created first and all next updates of
Transmission Network Codes for GAZ-SYSTEM S.A.. He is a
member or of Balancing Working Area and other kernels
group of ENTSOG and Edig@s messages WG at EASEE-gas.
Magdalena Głębocka is the Manager of Balancing
Department, Gas Transmission Operator GAZ-SYSTEM S.A.
Master of Science in Environmental Engineering (Gas
Engineering) at Warsaw University of Technology in 2005.
Postgraduate studies in management at the University of
Warsaw in 2009. In gas industry since 2005. In years 2005-
2007 worked in Mazovian Gas Distribution Company,
responsible for distribution system simulation and security of
supply. Since 2007 in Balancing Department of Gas
Transmission Operator GAZ-SYSTEM S.A. responsible for
commercial balancing of transmission contracts. Since 2013
Manager of Balancing Department. Member of Edig@s
messages WG at EASEE-gas.
Maciej Szeniawski is the Coordinator in Operating
Programming Department, Gas Transmission Operator GAZ-
SYSTEM S.A. Graduated at Warsaw University of
Technology in 2000 (MSc). He worked in Regional Gas
Dispatching Division in PGNiG (2000 – 2004) and GAZ-
SYSTEM S.A. (2004 – 2006) dealing with the SCADA
system and simulation issues. Since 2006 he has worked in
Operating Programing Department in National Gas
Dispatching Division in GAZ-SYSTEM dealing with on-line
and off-line calculations simulation. In his work he deals with
the simulation calculations in the field of system development
analyzes, the on-line calculations in the short-term simulation
programs (interaction with dispatchers), he has begun to
implement balancing energy units and the short-term
forecasts. In 2008 postgraduate studies at Warsaw University
of Technology - methods and tools in software engineering In
2009 Postgraduate Studies in Management - specialization
PreMBA at Warsaw University. Member of Capacity Working
Group at ENTSOG.
PSIG 1519 Balancing of Transmission System and Control Units Based on Simulation Results 7

TABLES

Gas component Point I Point M Point T

Methane [% obj.] 98,280 80,653 89,783
Ethane [% obj.] 0,595 1,279 6,668
Propane [% obj.] 0,153 0,434 2,358
i-butane [% obj.] 0,024 0,082 0,411
n-butane [% obj.] 0,002 0,149 0,611
Neo-pentane [% obj.] 0,023 0,001 0,000
n-pentane [% obj.] 0,004 0,061 0,002
i-pentane [% obj.] 0,004 0,058 0,012
Hexane+ [% obj.] 0,001 0,127 0,000
Carbon dioxide [% obj.] 0,031 0,576 0,000
Nitrogen [% obj.] 0,887 16,581 0,155
Gross Calorific Value [MJ/m3] 39,792 34,164 44,125
Gross Calorific Value [kWh/m3] 11,053 9,490 12,256
Gross Calorific Value [Btu/ft3] 1067,985 916,934 1184,279

Table 1 – Natural gas composition at entries for presented example

8 STANISŁAW BRZĘCZKOWSKI, MAGDALENA GŁĘBOCKA, MACIEJ SZENIAWSKI PSIG 1519

FIGURES

Figure 1 - Graph of example of energy linepack hourly profile

Figure 2 – Gas mixing in the node

PSIG 1519 Balancing of Transmission System and Control Units Based on Simulation Results 9

Figure 3 – Diagram of described network

10 STANISŁAW BRZĘCZKOWSKI, MAGDALENA GŁĘBOCKA, MACIEJ SZENIAWSKI PSIG 1519

Figure 4 – Distribution of calorific value at start conditions (t=0)

PSIG 1519 Balancing of Transmission System and Control Units Based on Simulation Results 11

Figure 5 – Energy flows for points T and M during phase of supply switching

Figure 6 – Curve of energy flow at point M during stabilization phase

12 STANISŁAW BRZĘCZKOWSKI, MAGDALENA GŁĘBOCKA, MACIEJ SZENIAWSKI PSIG 1519

Figure 7 – Graphs of calorific values at each exit point

Figure 8 – Graph of energy and volume linepack

PSIG 1519 Balancing of Transmission System and Control Units Based on Simulation Results 13

Figure 9 – Graph of average calorific value for whole network

Figure 10 – The sources of natural gas supplying the transmission system

14 STANISŁAW BRZĘCZKOWSKI, MAGDALENA GŁĘBOCKA, MACIEJ SZENIAWSKI PSIG 1519

Figure 11 – The range of the LNG terminal source (3.53 106 ft3/h) impact with summer demand (989 106 ft3/d)

Figure 12 – The range of the LNG terminal source (20.13 106 ft3/h) impact with summer demand(989 106 ft3/d)
PSIG 1519 Balancing of Transmission System and Control Units Based on Simulation Results 15

Figure 13 – The range of the LNG terminal source (7.06 106 ft3/h) impact with winter demand (2,755 106 ft3/d)

Figure 14 – The range of the LNG terminal source (20.13 106 ft3/h) impact with winter demand(2,755 106 ft3/d)
16 STANISŁAW BRZĘCZKOWSKI, MAGDALENA GŁĘBOCKA, MACIEJ SZENIAWSKI PSIG 1519

Figure 15 – The range of the USG Wierzchowice source (14.12 106 ft3/h) impact with winter demand(2,755 106 ft3/d)

Figure 16 – Diagram of the calculations steps

PSIG 1519 Balancing of Transmission System and Control Units Based on Simulation Results 17

Figure 17 – Example of linepack for the real transmission gas network

Figure 18 – Example of linepack change for the real transmission gas network