Caroline Aretha M

15315058

BACKGROUND SKEMA

The total supply of freshwater on earth far exceeds human demand. Hydrologists estimated that if all the water available on
the planet—from oceans, lakes and rivers, the atmosphere, underground aquifers, and in glaciers and snow—could be spread
over the surface, the earth would be flooded to an overall depth of some three kilometers. About 97 percent of this water is in
the oceans, and out of the remaining three percent, only about one-hundredth is the accessible freshwater that can be used for
human demand. If this available water could be evenly distributed, still it is enough to support a population about ten times
larger than today. However, besides drinking, water is required also for household needs such as cooking, washing, and is vital
for our development needs, such as for agriculture and industry
Domestic water consumption makes up 8% of total global water use according to UN-Water 2010. It therefore means that our
homes alone generate about 8% of the total global water used. As much as it has been advocated for people to cut back on water
use and minimizing wastage to conserve water, it is even more rewarding to collect and reuse waste water as it ultimately saves
water even more.

KEY FINDINGS
As grey water can be defined all the wastewater generated in households from streams without fecal contamination. That means,
all streams originating from baths, showers, washing machines, hand basins and dishwashers except for the wastewater from
toilets (Jefferson et al., 2001). Thus, after on-spot treatment of grey water (e.g. with septic tanks and membrane bioreactors) it
can be directly reused as water source. According to some researches, grey water can make up 75% of the conventional domestic
wastewater volume (Beler-Baykal, 2015). Along with harvested rainwater, the grey water can be treated and reused for non-
potable purposes such as toilet flushing.
Separate implementation of either decentralized rainwater or greywater systems increases the overall capital costs (Ghisi and
Ferreira (2007) estimated rainwater and greywater systems alone to cost approximately USD 1224 per system, whereas a hybrid
system costs approximately USD 1929. Furthermore, rainwater supply is limited by low rainfall precipitation in arid climates,
small catchment areas common to high-rise buildings in urban areas, and small storage tanks in rainwater harvesting systems
(Aladenola and Adeboye, 2010).
A hybrid rainwater-greywater system is proposed to overcome this drawback. Greywater recycling systems have high water
saving potential in urban areas with high population densities and high daily per capita mains water consumption (Ghisi and Figure 2 Schematic figure for combined grey water and rainwater treatment (Water Supplies Department, 2015)
Ferreira, 2007; Ghisi and Mengotti De Oliveira, 2007). Furthermore, addition of a greywater recycling system to an existing
rainwater harvesting system will help offset the seasonal nature of rainfall as greywater is generated independent of climate CONCLUSION
conditions (Loux et al., 2012). When compared to conventional rainwater or greywater systems, hybrid systems are less Rainwater and greywater are both highly variable in quality and quantity, and an equalization basin is proposed to normalize
sensitive to changes in occupancy that would severely affect greywater production, and are less sensitive to climate changes, influent into a hybrid rainwater-greywater system. Both rainwater and greywater should not be reused without treatment in
as they can switch from greywater reuse in dry seasons to rainwater reuse in monsoon seasons. Hybrid systems present the order to minimize health risks from pathogens. If rainwater is combined with greywater then the resulting mixture should be
highest water saving potential and shortest payback period, followed by greywater recycling and then by rainwater harvesting treated as greywater. Greywater, however, must undergo further physical, chemical, and biological treatment.
(Ghisi and Ferreira, 2007). Additionally, hybrid systems simultaneously manage storm water at its source, thus reducing surface
runoff and flooding risks (Zhang et al., 2010; Kim and Yoo, 2009), in addition to reducing wastewater volumes by concentrating Further research on the applicability of hybrid rainwater-greywater systems, environmental benefits, and cost differences
pollutants to centralized wastewater treatment plants (Penn et al., 2013). Simple hybrid system shows in Figure 1. between each design configuration, as well as data on the local quantity and quality of rainwater and greywater will be
necessary in order to facilitate widespread adoption of hybrid rainwater-greywater systems.

REFERENCES
Leong, Janet Y. C., Oh, Kai S., Poh, Phaik E., Chong, Meng N. (2016): Prospects of hybrid rainwater-greywater decentralised
system for water recycling and reuse: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 3014-3027. Malaysia: Monash
University.
Water Supplies Department. 2015. Technical Specifications on Greywater Reuse and Rainwater Harvesting. Downloaded from
https://www.wsd.gov.hk/en/core-businesses/total-water-management-strategy/grey-water-recycling-rainwater-
harvesting/index.html on December 4, 2018.

Figure 1 Hybrid rainwater-greywater system (Leong, J. Y. C., et al., 2017)

Tugas TL4131 - Infrastruktur dan Sanitasi

Teknologi Water Reuse