A COMPLETE GUIDE TO ALL THE CAREER OPTIONS AND COURSES AFTER 10+2

CAREERS
after
10TH & 12TH
10

SHIVAM PANCHAL
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
HARCOURT BUTLER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, KANPUR
A COMPLETE GUIDE TO ALL THE CAREER OPTIONS AND COURSES AFTER 10+2

CAREERS
after
10TH & 12TH
10

SHIVAM PANCHAL
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
HARCOURT BUTLER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, KANPUR

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 PROLOGUE
‘I don’t know ….’ one often hears these words from youngsters who are confused about what to study
and career paths to follow. Around 90% of the teenagers are confused, not having a proper guidance for
their career and what to do?? Unaware of their potential and strengths.
It is very natural for a student in our country, to not know how to proceed. The goal of this book is to
guide the students in choosing the right career after school and providing a lot of career options from which
they can choose one, of their own interest. Now, let me ask you a question, What is your career? Forget
about how you define this to others for now, and just think for a bit about how you define your career to
yourself. What does it mean to you to have a career? Is it just your job? Is it something you do to make a
living? Is it what you do for money?
Your career is the journey you take to reach your goals throughout your life including the progress and
actions taken by a person throughout his lifetime. It is a lifelong process and defines where you will stand
in your life. Wait a minute.... What are your goals in your life?? Are you still thinking, then believe me, you
haven’t achieve your goals yet and there is a long way to go and you are unaware of what you are.... “You
must remember that just completing any course does not guarantee a job, lifelong satisfaction, which comes
only from within. One must look for different components that can add values to one’s profile. Besides,
there are certain careers which are preferred over the others, as they are deemed to be more lucrative /
respected / successful. As a result, many students sit for entrance exams under immense pressure. Other
courses have high cut offs where students who are equally bright but have scored moderate marks get left
behind.
Thus, their course choice leaves them struggling to barely manage the course which they have joined.
Those who manage to pass the graduate course are again at crossroads as when they join the work force
they are dissatisfied and unhappy. All this arises because the students do not do any career planning and
choose institutes giving little weightage to the course or choose a course giving a little weightage to their
own strengths and capabilities.
This is exactly why this book is determined to help the students so that they make right choices. The surest
and shortest way to do this is by empowering each and every student by helping them discover their inherent
talent, their unique aptitude combination, and thereby guiding them on to the right career path and helping
them make the RIGHT career choice.
In addition to empowering and guiding the student towards the right career, this book is also dedicated
to providing detailed information on various career options, courses, and colleges in India which help the
students know a career in details and make an informed choice.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am very grateful in presenting my book before you and very fortunate that what I dream become true.
Perhaps this book will answer that question. My readers, you that is, to whom I would owe all my success
and motivation. My life belongs to you now, and serving you is the most meaningful thing I can do with my
life. I want to share something with you. I am very ambitious with my writing goals. However, I don’t want
to be the most admired writer of this genre.
To my family, which continues to support me in all my ventures. I am beholden to my parents, who
supported me in all my endeavors including writing. Specially, my elder brother Gaurav Panchal and Rohit
Panchal, for appreciating me from the initial days and for their critical feedbacks, picking up the slack, at
work and at home, while I was working on this project.
To Sagar Tiwari, Aman Tiwari and Dhawal Asthana, friends who helped me a lot in critically reviewing
the book and edited it and ensured that it is fit for my readers consumption. Without these of my friends,
I would not have been able to reach my goals easily.
My publishers, who have fulfilled all my dreams and continue to pursue the goal of making India, read.
Heartfelt thanks to Sunil Kumar for the concept of cover, putting it on the canvas and guiding me in the
direction of publishing this book.
In addition, my friends who always kept on insisting me, and everyone who had encouraged me to go
ahead with this idea.
To MS Word, without which, I wouldn’t have been able to manage with a lot of material and its extra-
ordinary features.
To God, who continues to look after me despite my flaws.
And above all, to you for holding the book in your hands and encouraging me.

START PLANNING YOUR CAREER FROM THIS DAY ONWARDS

««««««««««

“Journey of a thousand miles,

Begins With small steps”.
««««««««««

………………………….
Dedicated:
To my Father
To my Country
And
To the Indian Students
………………………………………………………………………..
 CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTORY SECTION ..................... 1—12 4.15.
4.16.
1.1. Choosing a Career? ............................................................... 1
4.17.
1.2. Making The Right Career Choice ......................................... 1
4.18.
1.3. Career Planning? ................................................................... 2 4.19.
1.3.1. Importance of Career Planning ................................. 2
4.20.
1.4. Success Story ......................................................................... 4
4.21.
1.4.1. Inspiring Stories of Success ...................................... 4
1.5. Dealing with Failure .............................................................. 6 4.22.
1.6. Be Wise, Humble and Polite ................................................. 7
1.7. The Right Choice, The Letter to the Parents ........................ 7 4.23.
1.8. Options after 10th Class ........................................................ 8
1.9. Options Before Going to College Life ................................ 10 4.24.
1.10. Course versus college dilemma ........................................... 11 4.25.
1.11. Right Career Course to Choose After 10+2 ........................ 12 4.26.
2. CAREER IN ENGINEERING ................... 13—25 4.27.
Career as a Statistician ...................................................... 107
Career in Accounting ......................................................... 109
Career in Banking .............................................................. 111
Career as a Bank Officer ................................................... 114
Career in Taxation—Options and Opportunities .............. 114
Career in Auditing—Options and Opportunities .............. 117
Career in Securities Analysts—Options and
Opportunities ..................................................................... 120
Career in Insurance Underwriters—Options and
Opportunities ..................................................................... 123
Career in Marketing Management—Options and
Opportunities ..................................................................... 126
Career in Corporate Training ............................................ 127
Career in Mathematics and Computing ............................ 128
Master of Business Administration (MBA) ...................... 129
Degree Courses in Commerce ........................................... 142

2.1. What is Engineering? .......................................................... 13 5. CAREER IN LAW .............................. 145—163

2.2. Various Branches of Engineering ....................................... 15 5.1. Career in Law: Introduction .............................................. 145
2.3. Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) ................................ 15 5.2. Common Law Admission Test .......................................... 147
2.4. National Institutes of Technology (NITs) ........................... 17 5.3. Major Law Entrance Exams for Admission to
2.5. A New JEE Main and JEE Advanced Pattern LLB Courses ...................................................................... 151
Introduced from 2013 .......................................................... 18
2.6. List of Engineering Entrance Exams .................................. 18
6. CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN ......... 164—215
2.7. Top Engineering Colleges in India 2014-15 ....................... 19 6.1. Career in Fine Arts and Commercial Arts ......................... 164
2.8. Top 10 Private Engineering Colleges in India .................... 21 6.2. Career in Designing ........................................................... 167
2.9. Top Private Coaching Institutes for Engineering ............... 21 6.3. Career in Acting ................................................................. 171
2.10. How to Choose the Right Engineering Branch? ................ 22 6.4. Career in Advertising ......................................................... 172
2.11. Engineering vs Medicine ..................................................... 24 6.5. Career in Accessory Designing ......................................... 174
6.6. Career in Jewellery Designing .......................................... 175
3. CAREER IN MEDICINE ......................... 26—75 6.7. Spatial Design .................................................................... 177
3.1. Career in Medicine and Allied Sciences: A Deep Insight .. 26 6.8. Career as a Footwear Technologist ................................... 177
3.2. Some of the Medical Entrance Exams in India .................. 31 6.9. Career as a Sculptor ........................................................... 178
3.3. List of Medical Entrance Exams ......................................... 34 6.10. Career in Animation and Multimedia ............................... 179
3.4. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of 6.11. Career as a Cartoonist ........................................................ 182
Surgery (M.B.B.S.) ............................................................. 36 6.12. Career as an Animator ....................................................... 183
3.5. Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B.D.S.) .................................. 40 6.13. Career in Gemology .......................................................... 184
3.6. Some other Medical Courses .............................................. 42 6.14. Career in Music ................................................................. 186
3.7. List of Medical Colleges State-wise in India ..................... 68 6.15. Careers in Museology ........................................................ 187
4. CAREER IN COMMERCE .................... 76—144 6.16. Career as a Graphic Designer ............................................ 187
6.17. Career in Interior Designing ............................................. 189
4.1. Career in Commerce: An Insight outlook ........................... 76
6.18. Career as a Cosmetologist ................................................. 191
4.2. The Top 5 Courses at the Graduate ..................................... 78
6.19. Career in Painting .............................................................. 192
4.3. Chartered Accountant/CA ................................................... 83
6.20. Career in Modelling ........................................................... 194
4.4. Company Secretariat (CS) ................................................... 85
6.21. Career in Photography ....................................................... 196
4.5. Cost & Management Accountancy (ICWAI) ...................... 87
6.22. Career as a Yoga Instructor ................................................ 200
4.6. Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) .................................... 90
6.23. Career as a VJ/DJ/RJ ......................................................... 201
4.7. Career in Insurance .............................................................. 92
6.24. Career in Visual Merchandising ........................................ 202
4.8. Career in Actuaries .............................................................. 94
6.25. Career as a Singer .............................................................. 204
4.9. Career as Stoke Brokers ...................................................... 99
6.26. Career in Dancing .............................................................. 205
4.10. Career in BPO/KPO .......................................................... 100
6.27. Career in Fashion Designing ............................................. 206
4.11. Career in Direct Sales/Life Insurance ............................... 103
6.28. Career as a Film Director .................................................. 210
4.12. Career in Sales and Marketing .......................................... 104
6.29. Career in Art Restoration ................................................... 211
4.13. Career as an Economist ..................................................... 104
6.30. Career in Choreography .................................................... 212
4.14. Career as an Entrepreneur ................................................. 105
6.31. Career in Textile Design .................................................... 213
6.32. B.A. or Bachelor of Arts ................................................... 214
7. CAREER IN ARCHITECTURE ............. 216—222
7.1. What is Architecture? ........................................................ 216
7.2. Nature of Work .................................................................. 216
7.3. M.Arch. (Masters Programme in Architecture) ................ 217
8. CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED
SCIENCE ......................................... 223—267
8.1. Introduction ....................................................................... 223
8.2. Careers in the Field of Science ......................................... 223
8.3. Career in applied Chemistry ............................................. 224
8.4. Career as a Geologist ......................................................... 227
8.5. Career as Forensic Scientist .............................................. 228
8.6. Career as a Zoologist ......................................................... 231
8.7. Career as Microbiologists ................................................. 233
8.8. Career in Biotechnology ................................................... 236
8.9. Career in Bioinformatics ................................................... 237
8.10. Career in Biochemistry (BSc/MSc/PhD) .......................... 239
8.11. Career as Fisheries Scientists ............................................ 239
8.12. Career in Forestry (Bachelor’s and Master’s degree) ....... 240
8.13. Career in Food Processing ................................................ 243
8.14. Careers in Fire Services ..................................................... 245
8.15. Careers in Marine Science ................................................. 246
8.16. Career as an Astronaut ....................................................... 247
8.17. Career as a Mathematician ................................................ 248
8.18. Career as a Physicist .......................................................... 250
8.19. Career as an Environmental Scientist ............................... 251
8.20. Career as Geographers ....................................................... 253
8.21. Career as a Botanist ........................................................... 254
8.22. Career as a Nanotechnologist ............................................ 255
8.23. Career as a Statistician ...................................................... 257
8.24. Career in Life Sciences ...................................................... 259
8.25. Career in Aquaculture ........................................................ 259
8.26. Career in Sericulture .......................................................... 261
8.27. Career in Geo-informatics and GIS .................................. 262
8.28. Career as an Ecologist ....................................................... 265
8.29. Career in Earth Science ..................................................... 266
9. CAREER IN HUMANITIES AND
SOCIAL SCIENCE ............................. 268—283
9.1. HSEE (Humanities and Social Sciences
Entrance Examination) ...................................................... 270
9.2. Career in Sociology ........................................................... 271
9.3. Career as a Counselor/Psychologist .................................. 272
9.4. Career as a Political Research ........................................... 273
9.5. Career as Linguistic Translators ........................................ 274
9.6. Career in Anthropology ..................................................... 276
9.7. Career as a Historian ......................................................... 276
9.8. Career as Archaeologist ..................................................... 277
9.9. Career in Home Science .................................................... 279
9.10. Career in Foreign languages ............................................. 281
9.11. Career as a Social Worker ................................................. 282
10. CAREER IN MASS MEDIA AND
COMMUNICATION ........................ 284—302
10.1. Courses in Mass Media ..................................................... 284
10.2. Career in Media ................................................................. 285
10.3. Career in Mass Communication ........................................ 289
10.4. Career in Journalism .......................................................... 291
10.5. Career in Advertising ......................................................... 296
10.6. Career as a Film Director .................................................. 298
10.7. Career as a RJ .................................................................... 299
10.8. Career as a TV Anchor/commentator ............................... 299
10.9. Exams in Mass Media and Communication ..................... 301
11. CAREER IN MANAGEMENT (HOTEL, HOSPI-
TALITY, TRAVEL AND TOURISM) ..... 303—311
11.1. Career in Hotel Management Industry ............................. 303
11.2. Career in Hospitality Industry ........................................... 305
11.3. Career as a Chef ................................................................. 308
11.4. Career in Public Relations ................................................. 310
12. CAREER IN EDUCATION AND
TEACHING ...................................... 312—322
12.1. UGC NET 2015 ................................................................. 316
12.2. Career as a School Teacher ............................................... 318
12.3. Career as a Professor/Lecturer .......................................... 321
13. CAREER IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION
SCIENCE ......................................... 323—326
14. CAREER IN DEFENSE ....................... 327—349
14.1. Career in Defense Services ............................................... 328
14.2. Introduction: Indian Navy ................................................. 329
14.3. Introduction: Indian Air Force .......................................... 330
14.4. AFCAT - Air Force Combined Admission Test ............... 333
14.5. I.A.F. Airman (Education Instructors Trade) Exam ......... 334
14.6. Indian Air Force Airman Non-Tech Trades Exam ............ 335
14.7. Indian Army Soldiers General Duty Exam ....................... 335
14.8. Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistant’s MER Exam ... 336
14.9. Indian Navy Artificer Apprentices Exam .......................... 337
14.10. Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam ....................... 337
14.11. Indian Navy Soldier Metric Entry Recruitment Exam ..... 338
14.12. Territorial Army Exam ...................................................... 338
14.13. Introduction: Paramilitary Forces ..................................... 340
14.14. National Defence Academy & Naval
Academy Exam (NDA) ..................................................... 345
15. CAREER IN MERCHANT NAVY ......... 350—356
15.1. Career in Merchant Navy: Introduction ............................ 350
15.2. Career in Marine Engineering ........................................... 353
15.3. Careers in Shipping Industry ............................................ 354
15.4. Career in Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering ..... 355
15.5. Special Class Railway Apprentices Exam (SCRA) .......... 356
16. CAREER IN AVIATION ..................... 357—369
16.1. Careers in Aviation: Introduction ...................................... 357
16.2. Career as Air Hostess/Flight Steward ............................... 359
16.3. Career as a Commercial Pilot ............................................ 361
16.4. Career in Meteorology ...................................................... 362
16.5. Career in Event Management ............................................ 367
17. CAREER IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS ............ 370—385
17.1. Career in Information Technology .................................... 370
17.2. Career in Computer Engineering ...................................... 376
17.3. Career as a Software Developer ........................................ 378
17.4. Career as an Ethical Hacker/ IT Security
Professionals/Cyber Security ............................................ 380
17.5. Career in Computer Aided Design (CAD)—Options
and Opportunities .............................................................. 382
17.6. Career as Data Managers/Information
Systems Managers ............................................................. 382
17.7. Courses offered by National Institute of Electronics &
Information Technology (NIELIT) ................................... 384
18. CAREER IN AGRICULTURE ............... 386—412
18.1. Introduction: Career in Agriculture .................................. 386
18.2. Agricultural Related Careers ............................................. 388
18.3. ICAR’s Entrance Test ........................................................ 389
18.4. Agriculture Engineering .................................................... 389
18.5. Career as an Agricultural Scientist .................................... 393
18.6. Career as Agricultural Economists .................................. 395
18.7. Career as Agronomist ........................................................ 396
18.8. Career in Agriculture Marketing ....................................... 397
18.9. Career as Animal Geneticists ............................................ 397
18.10. Career as a Horticulturist ................................................... 398
18.11. Career in Plant Breeding/Plant Genetics .......................... 399
18.12. Career in Food and Dairy Technology .............................. 400
18.13. Career in Dairy Science and Poultry Farming .................. 402
18.14. Career as a Veterinarian ..................................................... 404
18.15. ARS Exam—Agricultural Research Services acronym ... 406
18.16. ASRB NET ........................................................................ 407
18.17. NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam ........................................... 408
18.18. Agriculture Science and Technology Courses in India .... 409
“If you can dream it,
You can achieve it”.
18.19. List of Agriculture Science and Technology
Courses in India ................................................................. 410
19. CAREER IN SPORTS AND
TRAINING ....................................... 413—414
19.1. Career as a Sports Trainer/Physical Education Teacher ... 413
19.2. Careers in Sports Management ......................................... 414
20. OFFBEAT CAREER OPTIONS ............ 415—433
20.1. Career in Robotics—Options and Opportunities ............. 415
20.2. Career as a Detective ......................................................... 417
20.3. Careers in Packaging Technology ..................................... 419
20.4. Career in VLSI/Chip Designing—Options and
Opportunities ..................................................................... 421
20.5. Career in Call Centers—Options and Opportunities ........ 422
20.6. Career in Telecommunications .......................................... 424
20.7. Career in Mining Engineering .......................................... 425
20.8. Career in Industrial Engineering ...................................... 426
20.9. Career in Real Estates ........................................................ 427
20.10. Career in India: Publishing ............................................... 427
20.11. Career as a Copywriter ...................................................... 428
20.12. Career as a Fitness Trainer ................................................ 429
Appendix I: Top Colleges Rank in India ............... 434—435
Appendix II: List of Central University .......................... 436
Appendix III: India’s Top School Ranking ...................... 437
Appendix IV: World’s Top University Ranking ..... 438—439
—Zig Zagler
 1
CHAPTER

Introductory
Section
1.1. CHOOSING A CAREER? Chapter Outline
Choosing a career is a big deal, it is an involved process that is based on G Choosing a Career?
a number of things, including your interests, skills, work-related values, and G Making the Right Career Choice
personality. G Career Planning? Importance of Career
Here is what an individual says about his career dilemma........ Planning
G Success Story: Inspiring Stories of Success
I personally went to college to be a high school teacher. I realized after
G Dealing with Failure
a year and 1/2 that I hated it. I worked in a restaurant for a year, then taught
G Be Wise, Humble and Polite
tuitions for 2-3 months, then when I was 25 I stumbled into a marketing
G THE RIGHT CHOICE, The Letter to the
position and have been in marketing ever since (for 7 years). I wish I’d gotten Parents
a degree in marketing.... I am sure you would have come across instances G Career Options after 10th Class
like the one above; unfortunately we come to realize the mistakes we have G Options Before Going to College Life
made only in the later stages in life when situations cannot be changed or G Course Versus College Dilemma
reversed.These kinds of mistakes when making a career choice can be avoided G Right Career to Choose After 10+2
by simply following the two steps ::
Exploration: The most important factor in choosing the right career is exploration, the more we explore and understand
ourselves and our likes and dislikes, the more likely we will be able to find a fulfilling career. Unfortunately, many put no more
thought into choosing a career than they do in buying a new pair of Shoes. Unfortunately, you can’t get a refund on 4 or 5 years
of education if you decide you don’t like it. Exploration are of different types but the one I am referring to is “Exploration of
oneself”, you need to find out everything that you can about your needs, desires, wants, aptitudes, talent and personal preferences.
Once you have a solid grasp on this then you begin exploring ways in which you can put this special combination of attributes
to beneficial use for yourself. Exploration of yourself should involve discussion with friends, analysis of your background and
experiences you have had both professionally and personally; tests and quizzes that will help you better understand yourself;
leaning to trust your feelings and instinct
Having explored yourself and optimized your resources don’t wait “Get out there and do something”, once you’ve found
out more, and then you need to get yourself some experience.

1.2. MAKING THE RIGHT CAREER CHOICE

Choosing the right career might be one of the most important decisions that one makes. Being satisfied with what you do
on a daily basis is the key to success and happiness.
Step 1: Know Yourself
1. There is no universal right career. What you have to find is what the right career is for YOU.
2. The first step in finding the right career for you is knowing yourself. While there are many ways to introspect and
analyze yourself the most scientific way is to go by your hobbies, interests and aptitude. Build your hobby into your passion.
3. The right career assessment test can also measure your interests, aptitudes and personality traits and then integrates the
results to provide you with the career best recommendations.
Step 2: Know Your Options
1. Once you have completed the test you will get a better understanding of what the right career choices are for you.
The next step is to better understand these career options which are provided in the book.

1
2 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

2. Learn the details about what it means to have a career in a particular field. What does a particular career option mean,
what are the educational requirements, which colleges offer these courses, what are the job options once you get the
degree?
How do you find out all this information?
• This book will help you to find your career.
• Read articles on the Internet, browse through websites, ask industry experts and career counselors / career guide and
gather as much information as you can.
Step 3: Make an Informed Decision
1. After step 1 and 2 are complete you are ready to make an informed decision. Take the information you gathered about
yourself in step 1 and couple it with what you learned in step 2.
2. Introspect, speak to your family and friends and then make the right career choice and go on to have a successful career.

1.3. CAREER PLANNING?

1.3.1. Importance of Career Planning
Planning a career is a lifelong process, which begins by choosing the course stream of your choice, getting a job and
growing in the job. It is important to think wisely while selecting the right career and arriving at the right decision. The process
of choosing a career is an introspective and important task. Here are some tips that will help you decide how to choose a career
option that suits you:
ü Interests
It is the most important thing while deciding a career. When you study a subject and enjoy attending lectures, performing
practical or doing the course work, etc. it will increase your chances of improved grades in colleges and further success in the
profession when your work life begins.
ü Skills
Another important aspect while deciding a career to be taken into account is your skills set. Talk to your family members,
friends and teachers to find more about your skills. Doing a course work where your natural skill sets utilized, increases your
chances of success both in the academics and further in the profession.
ü Priorities
Prioritize your choices; you will enjoy working if you are comfortable and have access to facilities you need. For example,
if you hate traveling then do not choose a career which involves touring.
ü Work Environment Preference
Choosing work environment that fits your lifestyle including surroundings, people etc. and the sort of duties you will
prefer your work life will be an advantage. Choose for a course where you may find suitable environment to work. For
example, if you’re an asthmatic then do not choose for a course in civil engineering. A civil engineer requires lot of field work.
ü Work Satisfaction
Satisfaction in work is very important. Choosing a career, which may give you a sense of satisfaction, is important and
ultimate key to success. For example, if you enjoy design building then you may choose a course in architecture. Select a
career options which you enjoy most like sports, painting, designing etc.
ü Knowing Your Career Options
Make a list of the career options which you think suit bests to your personality and strengths. If you like working in
nonprofit sector? Maybe you’ll want to consider a career in social work. Do you like to create things? May be a job in
engineering and development for a large corporation is in cards. Are you inclined towards glamorous jobs? May be a career in
films or aviation will be the best for you.
Now it’s time for you to decide. Keeping in mind people switch careers between five to eight times during the course of
their working lives. For now, choose a career based on your careful research and analysis and Good luck!
Career planning is one of the most important factors of your professional life. First, you should have a clear idea whether
you want to pursue a job or would like to prefer to be on your own. One should always remember that there is a throat cut
competition for creating space in this world of work. Second, keep this in view of new developments primarily created by
INTRODUCTORY SECTION 3
the information technology (IT) and globalization of the economy; there are more options than ever before. You must have to
look for these options. Never forget that specialization is really important in today’s world.
Excel your strengths/weakness?
• Why do I need to know my strengths and weaknesses?
• How do I know my strengths and weaknesses?
• Can I work on my weaknesses?
• Should I be capitalizing on all my strengths?
Get the answers of your questions, and get away from all of your confusion related to career related choice and future.
Role of Parents
• Encourage your child to pursue extracurricular activities.
• Cultivate productive habits.
• Take help of professional counselor.
• Be open to the inclination oh the child.
Role of Teacher in Career Development
• Help student to understand their strengths and weaknesses.
• Counsel and provide information in time.
• Encourage professional habits.
• Lead by example-Walk the Talk and Talk the Walk.
One of the best ways to choose the right career is to go by your hobbies and interests, be it sports, fashion, writing,
meeting and interacting with people, teaching, cooking, dance, music, fine arts etc. Focus your strengths on the career you
choose. And you must advance confidently in the direction of your Dreams and Endeavour to live the life which you have
imagined.
The following guidelines in this regard may prove useful:
• Ideally, the choice of a career should be an individual’s own because it is the individual who will face the consequences.
Any kind of pressure, be it parental of from the peer side, can prove harmful to his or her interests.
• An ideal career for you would be the one which ensures a perfect match between your interests, aptitude, abilities and
the requirement of the profession, so giving you job satisfaction in terms of work and returns.
• The right choice of a career begins with a dream. A dream is where you want to see yourself one day. It could be flying an aero
plane, performing a complex surgery, leading an international company, to be a top class engineer, biotechnologist, film actor,
model, singer, and musician and so on. A Chinese proverb says “People who don’t have dreams don’t have much”.
• Dreams help us to have a goal. If we go through the success stories of people who reached the top of success and analyse
the secrets behind their exemplary achievements in their life, one common thing they all share is to have a goal. In this
sense, your dream turning into a goal, will define the direction for action.
• To realise your dream and achieve your goal, you will have to plan your and start as early as you can. Postponing the
essential activity could cause delay in fulfilling your career aspirations.
• The biggest advantage of career planning is that you choose your career in the right earnest – You get focused. Secondly,
in the process of career planning, you go through relevant information in many forms i.e. newspapers, magazines,
internet, TV etc., consulting your parents, teachers, seniors, career counselors or knowledgeable and experienced persons.
• Next essential step is to know yourself. Discover you talent and determine your interests i.e. what you love to do. You
have to honest with your interest, aptitude and abilities.
• Similarly, there is an equal need to identify your skills, upgrade or learn new ones in accordance with requirements of
the profession.
• Personality and one’s outlook towards life, in general and career, in particular, makes a significant difference with
regard to the fulfillment of one’s career goal. Thus you need match your personality with your career.
It is time to say goodbye to all your confusions, tensions and apprehensions about your career.
We are here to guide you in this not so easy task of choosing a career. We have tried to make it simple for you by providing
complete information regarding different fields- the usual and not so usual, the different and the not so different, the exciting
and the not so exciting. In sort, we have attempted to cover each and every topic to facilitate you choose your right career.
4 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Read carefully, and make the right choice.

If you fail to plan,
You are planning to fail. aWilliam Shakespeare

1.4. SUCCESS STORY —Abraham Lincoln

1. Lost his job 2. got defeated for legislature
3. started business and failed 4. wife died of a fatal disease
5. experienced nervous breakdown 6. contested in election for speaker in legislature and lost
7. Tried for nomination in a political party and lost 8. applied for the post of land officer and didn’t get it
9. contested for senate and lost 10. contested for vice president and lost again
11. contested for senate and lost And two year later……
GOT ELECTED AS PRESIDENT OF AMERICA
Abraham Lincoln
“Failure is the mother of success.”

1.4.1. Inspiring Stories of Success

Many people who want to achieve success in life, career or business fail to do it because they don’t know what it takes to
be successful and how the road to success looks like. They just see the final result, which is the successful person, without
having any idea about what this person went through. By knowing the inspirational stories of successful people you will
learn how the road to success looks like and your chance of succeeding in life will become much higher.
Inspirational stories of successful and famous people
Below are short and quick inspirational stories of some of the most successful people that can help you know a lot about
the approach required to reach success.
• Soichiro Honda Success story: Soichiro Honda is the founder of the company Honda which is one of the well known
large automotive companies. Honda’s story starts when he went for a job interview to work for the Toyota Company.
Honda was rejected and was told that he is not fit for the job!! The man didn’t give up and decided to create a company
that competes with Toyota and so Honda was born!! If there is anything we can learn from this inspiring success story
it would be to never give up.
• Stephen king’s inspirational success story: Most people know Stephen king the famous writer but few know about his
life story. Stephen’s first novel was rejected almost everywhere it was submitted to the extent that he threw it in the
garbage!! His wife got the story out of the garbage and insisted that he submits it again and in the end he became the
Stephen king we know now!! There is a very important lesson you must come up with from this inspirational success
story which is that rejections should make no sense at all if you believe in yourself
• Thomas Edison motivational success story: Thomas addition’s success story is one of the stories that can motivate
anyone after experiencing failure. Thomas failed about 999 times to invent the lamp before he succeed in doing it on
the 1000th attempt. When people asked him how did you manage to keep going even though you were failing all the
time he replied telling them, each time it didn’t work i used to say i discovered a new way how to not invent the lamp.
Thomas Edison success story should make you conclude that failure should never stop you even if it occurred more than
once.
• Oprah Winfrey’s success story: One of the inspirational stories that really motivated me the first time i read about it
was the success story of Oprah. Oprah is one of the most popular TV icons nowadays and she is also one of the richest
women on our planet but this is not how her story began. Do you know that Oprah was fired from her job and was told
that she was not fit for TV earlier in her life?
• Bill gates success story: Bill gates the founder of Microsoft is one of the most inspirational business leaders living these
days but do you know that his idea of creating a computer that has a graphical interface and a mouse was rejected when
he first submitted it to another company? Some people even say that the papers of the project were thrown in his face!!
Now he became bill gates!!
• J.K. Rowling – Who doesn’t know this remarkable separated single mom once almost desperate? We all know her as the
famous Harry Potter series writer. But did you know that she wasn’t always rich? That it took her cafe after another cafe
to actually finish her first book? Her book were also rejected, things did not actually turn good for her overnight. It was
her faith and belief that what she has written is worth sharing to this world. Now, J. K. Rowling is worth over $1.1
INTRODUCTORY SECTION 5
Billion not to mention that she was able to sold over 400 million books across the globe. Sounds incredible and Herculean?
No way, you too can follow her footsteps in so many ways.
Life lessons learned from these inspirational success stories??
Certainly these success stories are not told for the sake of entertainment but they are told in order to inspire, motivate and
encourage people to succeed in work, business or life.The most precious lessons you should come up with from these inspirational
success stories are:
1. Rejection should never stop you
2. Failure is not a problem at all
3. People who reject you know nothing
4. Believing in yourself is the key to success in life
How to Reach Success
When rail roads were first invented engineers started to notice that the rail lines break at different points with no apparent
reason. When they investigated further they found that sunlight resulted in the expansion of the metal forming the rail causing
a pressure that breaks the line at its weakest points.
As a walk around, rail roads were redesigned to include slots that allows the expansion and contraction of the metal
without breaking it.
So you might be asking yourself what does this has to do with reaching success? The moral of the story is simple;
reaching success is only a matter of failing first then modifying your approach to become successful!!
Success Comes After Failure
Of course there might be few people out there who succeeded from the first attempts but the majority of successful people
failed many times before they managed to reach success.
A very large percentage of billionaires faced financial troubles at many points in their lives and some of them even lost all
of their money and had to start all over again.
Learning is all about making mistakes first then knowing how to avoid these mistakes in the future. You have to do things
wrong before you can learn how to do them the right way and thus in order to reach success you must first know how to not
become successful.
Do you remember the first time you tried to ride a bicycle or use a skateboard?
How many times did you fall? How many things have you done wrong?.. I am sure you fell tens of times yet you kept
learning until you knew how to avoid your mistakes.
We Can Change/Suceeed
Name What was he/she? What did he/she become?
Albert Einstein Ordinary patent clerk World famous scientist
Abraham Lincoln Poor farmer’s son President of America
Beethoven Deaf Renowned music composer
Franklin D. Roosevelt Sick and both legs paralyzed President of America
Homer blind Greatest Greek writer
M. S. Oberoi Simple clerk One of the biggest chain hotel owner in
the world
C. N. Janaki Both legs polio Famous swimmer, mentioned in book
‘Special People’ by Oxford University
Narendra modi Father owning a tea stall at Prime minister of India
railwaystation and he sold tea
Richard Branson Suffered from Dyslexia and a One of the richest man in UK,
pretty bad student

“Instead of blaming darkness, light a candle if you can”

stop blaming instead take action
6 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Generate enthusiasm
Operate to your potential
Destroy negative attitude
“Change can start with ourselves and can begin only from within”
“The true measure of success is how many times
You can bounce back from failure.”

1.5. DEALING WITH FAILURE

It is not easy realizing that all of the hard work that you put in to reach success did not work out the way you thought to
be. No one expects failure in advance and always comes unexpected, instead learn from their mistakes. It is important to note
that a failure is not a failure any more, if you learn something meaningful out of it. Experience of failure can make you wiser,
smarter person and leads you towards success. In other words, failure can be good for us, but it is upon us to decide how we
take it. There are people who let failure take over them and surrender to it, while there are also some who really cares about the
reason for failure and get up and do something about it. However some effective ways of dealing with failure are:
Forget about what people say:
Your success is your own, your career belongs to you and no one other that you yourself have any right to comment or
interfere in this thing. It is basic human nature that we easily get influenced and affected by people around us and what they
say about us. It is a fact that people do like to gossip about the failures of other people, remember, this is your life, and what
others say should not matter. If someone really care about you, they will not say hurtful things to you aimed at your failures
instead they would come to you and motivate you to overcome your failures and also give you suggestions to improve you in
a better way. People who stay by your side when you’re down will be the ones who will be genuinely happy when you
progress.
Try again:
Failure should not be a setback; instead you should see it as another opportunity to perform even better. Give it another
shot and try to learn from your mistakes, try harder than ever. Give it your 100%. You gave it your best shot, and leave the rest
to God. Person with such attitude never faces failure for more than once and quickly learns from his mistakes.
Motivate yourself:
Motivation is the key to success. Never lose faith in yourself and remain motivated throughout. Not believing we are good
enough rests at the heart of fearing failure. Failures serve as proof of this greatest fear, causing us to want to withdraw and not
try again for fear of being further exposed as inadequate and incapable. Most important thing to do is to have faith in you.
In times like these, people often have a feeling of worthless and tend to lose hope in themselves. Don’t let that get to you.
It is very important to motivate yourself. Remain normal and try to stay around positive people who lift your spirits and try
your best to keep your distance from negative people who always bring in negative vibes.
Stop worrying:
Things might be miserable for a little while but there is no point worrying unnecessarily and this won’t help. Worrying
about the past situation won’t help you out in anyway.
Failure as a Lesson
As we have discussed earlier, failure is a part of life. You may encounter failure at any part of life, it is not the worst that
you can expect, but the worst may lie in the way that you deal with it. If you try to learn something out of it, then failure can
be a learning experience. However if you consider failure as the end of opportunity, then it can be the worst part. To make best
out of it try to review, what your failure has taught you. There are always things to take away from a failure, to inform your
future direction. There may also be case when your partial failure may give you quite an opportunity to return back even
stronger, remember partial failure is also partial success and if you can draw out what was successful and build on that, the
sense of having failed lessens If you are determined to progress then, failure can help you discover your best self
Another important teaching is that failure is about mastery. It’s easy to flip from one new thing to another. Failure can
teach you patience. It’s much, much harder to have the patience to master one thing really well and to do it with precision and
exactitude. And to master something, one must fail at it, a lot. Hence there is an inter-relation among the two.
Failure gives you a chance to know yourself even better. Failure teaches you about will-power, persistence, self-discipline,
and the value of hard work. It is during the failure only, that you really learn about your inner-powers and how to control
yourself during tough situation.
INTRODUCTORY SECTION 7

FAILURE
DOES NOT MEAN IT MEANS
You are a failure You have not yet succeeded
You have accomplished nothing You have learned something
You will never be able to do it again You have to do it in a different way
You are inferior You are not perfect, you have to be
You have wasted your life You have to start afresh
You should give up You should try very hard
You will never achieve It takes a little longer
God has abandoned you God has a better idea! You will get the idea if you have faith in him

DREAM BIG
DREAMING SMALL IS A CRIME!! Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Dream of achieving your career goals, wok hard god will assist you to accomplish them.
According to legendary Napoleon Bonaparte, luck always benefits the stronger forces than the ill prepared……
“FORTUNE FAVOURS THE BRAVE”
“The dictionary is the only place where
Success Comes before Work.”

1.6. BE WISE, HUMBLE AND POLITE

“Being strong isn’t enough, the true strength lies in being wise and humble”. –this famous quote lays stress on the
importance of politeness , because politeness can be possible only when one feels a sense of confidence due to one’s strength
of knowledge and wisdom.
Knowledgeable and wise people never get complacent and it is complacency that leads to a false sense of pride that never
allows one to grow and behave well, for example, you are bound to fail in an interview, if you think that answering every
question politely is a waste of time. In fact, such a situation occurs only when you feel too much confident of yourself. Too
much confidence is the result of lack of strength and one’s nervousness gets transformed into assertiveness which gives a
semblance of pride. Such a pride is of no use in the situations where one is supposed to respond to others in positive matters.
One cannot be good and well-mannered, if one is not polite, because “politeness is to goodness what words are to thought”.
Your thoughts can be best expressed only if you use your words in a balanced and polite way. In order to make the point all the
more clear you should analyse the feeling expressed by Theodore Roosevelt, according to him, “nine - tenth of wisdom consist
in being wise in time”. In other words, if you have something to say never slip it into discussion. Always try to break the
negative cycle of apathy when you talk to somebody or a group of person. Always look cheerful and enthusiastic while
communicating with other. You are advised to make your point by talking about ‘’us ‘’ and ‘’we’’. Try to never make your
point by using ‘’you’’ and ‘’I’’. Always try to emphasize that you are trying to include everyone by making eye contact with all
present. Never get irritated or lose your patience, if things are not going the you want them to. Wise people never give up their
humility.
Your words should never smack of pride, because nobody likes people who are arrogant and complacent. It is your
wisdom that teaches you to show your real power by being polite. Politeness leaves an indelible impression on the minds of all
the listeners, who in turn give productive outputs.
Wishing you all the success that your wisdom and politeness brings to you.

1.7. THE RIGHT CHOICE, The Letter to the Parents

“Every student has a unique talent that is usually related to their passion and interest”.
Consider cricketer Sachin Tendulkar’s example. Even though his father was a professor of English, he was an average
student. If his father has insisted that Tendulkar’s opt a career in any other field besides cricket, he would have not been as
successful as he is today. His father recognized and nurtured his talent in the sport. It is important for parents to understand
that students who score average or less marks should not be underestimated. It is important to identify your child’s strength
and help them develop the same. If a child is forced to opt for a course or career path depending on the parent’s preference, he/
she will not do well in that stream.
8 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

If a student does not enjoy the course they pursue, they will not be able to excel in that field. They should identify their
area of passion, take their parents’ and teacher opinion, and eventually pursue, what interest them the most. This decision is
very important since students have to stick to that career for the rest of their lives.
Before making a decision on opting for a course or college, student must evaluate everything individually, they must not
depend on information, they get of the internet. Instead, they should visit the college, speak with students who are currently
pursuing the course and check the original university syllabus before making a choice and must not choose a course or career
depending on the remunerations it can fetch.
While it is important for the student to make the right choice, parent must also support their child’s decision. One common
error the most parents make is comparing their child to other children. Parent and students should also understand that no
course is bad; there may be trend of student opting for popular courses in a particular city. For example, in Mumbai, the trend
is to opt for management or commerce related courses and science, medicine and engineering related course. In the scenario
if a student opts for a BA (History), they are usually questioned on their choice of course. Not many are aware, but students
who usually wish to become IAS/IPS officers pursue a BA (History).
Post class X, students have three options to choose from-arts, science or commerce. Students who cannot make their
career choice at this stage can opt for science. This is because post class XII, a science student has more career option to
choose from.
Commerce students cannot pursue medicine post class XII. However, a class XII science student cannot only pursue
medicine, but also management, commerce and accounting, media etc.
While this is an alternate option for student who is confused, it is best to decide your career path and choose stream
accordingly.
Lastly, when applying for admissions, students usually narrow down on a particular college. In case, they do not gain
admission there, they are usually upset. Student must understand that every college is more or less the same. Of course, the
infrastructure in every college is different, and that affects the teaching methodology. However, what ultimately matters is the
quality of teaching.
Choose a job you love And,
You will have to never work a day in your life. aConfucius

Once you have chartered a career path,

ACT
Because no dream can be translated into reality without
ACTION
Because
Without Action
a good decision becomes meaningless,
For
The desire itself can die through lack of an attempt to Achieve its fulfillment.
—W. Clement Stone

1.8. OPTIONS AFTER 10TH CLASS

Level of education in our country is increasing day by day and competition is increasing as well. These days everyone
wants to have the best career and are willing to work extra hard for the success. The examinations of 10th class are an important
point in the life of a student in our country and a lot of his future course depends on his performance as well as his decisions
made at this point of time. Any students after the completion of class 10 board exams are always worried about which stream
to choose in Pre-University Education i.e. to join class 11. Once you complete in your 10th class, it is the right time to think
about your career, because at this point of your education you are supposed to choose the stream, but it is important to know
the opportunities and options you will have after pursuing any of the above.
Making a decision about your career is not an easy thing to do; most of the students completing their 10th standard are
confused about deciding a right career path. There is a lot of external pressure and expectations also that add on to this
th
confusion. Selecting the right course after class 10 is not an easy task. Your whole life ahead as well as your career depends
on your decision, for a successful career, careful planning and following it up with a workable plan is needed. Before making
any move, it is important to know about all the resources and opportunities and decide well according to your capabilities.
Career exploration, knowledge about one’s own self, decision making ability, future goals are some among the essential
elements needed for a successful career planning. You need help of your parents, siblings, friends and teachers who could help
INTRODUCTORY SECTION 9
you out in deciding your action, for deciding a potential career; one can also attend educational fairs, career guidance seminars
that allows you to get in touch with several institutes and courses.
Choosing a career path is one of the most important decisions of anyone’s life and whole future is dependent on this
particular decision. Which choosing the right career path, it should be kept in mind that the career path should be decided
solely on the interest of the candidate and the parents should not force them to take up courses of their choice instead motivate
them to follow their actual interest. The decision should not be influenced by parent’s occupation, parent’s interest, parent’s
aspiration, job opportunity, family standards, family business, student’s score in particular subject, or anything else. It is
important for the parents or guardians to understand the interest of their children in terms of their future goal, role model,
whatever they like and it would be better if according they suggest their child by providing various options to reach that goal.
If children do whatever they like or have interest in, they tend to give in their 100% effort to achieve success. At the same time,
it is also the duty of the parents and elder siblings to make the candidate aware of other possible opportunities, pros and cons,
other various factors. At the same time it is also important that they should not influence the candidate to go in a particular
direction where they want him to go, that would be unfair. It is the duty of each and every parent to empower their child to
make a decision best for their child and at the same time should also not enforce them to a certain stream. Both the student and
the parents must think from the long term prospective rather short term or easier career path. To obtain a strong foundation for
further studies like graduation and post graduation, a good option after 10th is studying +2. The selection of the streams in +2
depends upon the student’s aptitude, grade and marks. But the most important factor is one’s keen interest in the subject and
the purpose for selecting the course. The main or popular streams available after the 10th level are:
• Science Stream with Non-medical (PCM)
• Science Stream with Medical (PCB)
• Commerce Stream
• Arts or Humanities Stream
Science Stream with Non-medical (PCM)
th
Once you complete your 10 class, you have to make a choice of subjects for your higher studies. For those students who
are interested in engineering or non-medical line can opt for science subjects with PCM (physics, chemistry and mathematics)
as their major subjects and 2 other subjects of their choice. It is important to note that if you are a hardworking person and you
really have interest in technical line then only you should pick up these subjects. These days a lot of parents are forcing their
children into non-medical stream and doing engineering these days has become a fashion and everyone seems to be joining
this bandwagon without analyzing their capabilities. A lot of parents are forcing their children into engineering thinking that
engineering would be best career option for them, but there are other career options also that provides an opportunity for equal
respect and equally satisfying career as engineering.
Science Stream with Medical (PCB)
Medical stream provides an excellent opportunity for those who are really interested in life-sciences, have a great inner
quality of helping others as well as those who are really motivated about discovering something new for human life. Science
stream with major subjects as PCB (physics, chemistry and biology) gives an opportunity for those interested in medical field.
This field requires in a lot of sincerity and hard work. There is no escape for hard work in this line. After taking PCB foe your
th th
11 and 12 you can appear for various competitive exams and choose form a lot of courses on the basis of your interest and
percentage. At graduation level you can opt for MBBS, BDS, nursing, course in biotechnology, veterinary studies, forensic
sciences as well as other courses related to human body as well as human surroundings. Study about human body can be very
interesting but at times can get really tough. In this field, there is no chance of even smallest error, as here in medical field your
small mistake can be fatal for someone. So in this field you need to be extra cautious and only people with great sense of ability
only get successful in this field.
Commerce Stream
Commerce stream offers another lucrative career option for those having interest in mathematics and calculations. Some
of the popular graduate courses offered through the commerce stream are B.Com, BBA, BMS, BBM, CFA, CA, ICWA, CFP
etc. Mostly major commerce colleges offer subjects such as Business economics, financial accounting, Business communication,
Marketing, Business law, Business finance, Auditing, Cost accounting, Income tax from which students has to choose their
th
subject of interest. A student has to take total six subjects along with English and one additional subject during their 11 and
th
12 standard. Commerce stream is for those interested in business studies as well as for those having a lot of interesting into
accounting and offers a good career with some really lucrative pay packages. Students who are interested to pursue a career in
Banking, Insurance, Stock Broking or any other finance related jobs may choose the economics stream. There are lots of
opportunities in India in this field due to the economic liberation and growth.
10 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Arts or Humanities Stream

th
A lot of students after completing their 10 opt for the arts stream. Arts stream has a wide variety of subjects which can
offer exciting career opportunities for the students. Selection of Arts stream after 10th examination enables to pave the way for
choosing some gripping careers other than engineering or medical studies. This stream offers subject History, Geography,
Political Science, Psychology, Sociology, English, Hindi and Sanskrit for the higher secondary level. But one has to opt for
four compulsory subjects in addition to English and a Modern Indian Language. If anyone has interest to pursue a career in
mass media, journalism, literature, sociology, social service, human psychology, politics, economics and history then you
must choose Arts stream after passing 10th examination. It is just not enough that you are creative, it is also required that you
should love competition because creative fields involve lots of competition and pressure to meet deadlines that means it
involves lots of hard work.
Some other Career Options
Those discussed above were few popular options for those who wish to study further and carve out a career for them.
There are also few candidates who are not interested in the studying part and are more interested in some professional job
oriented course or simply want a job by clearing competitive examinations. There can be different reasons for such behaviors.
At times there are students who do not belong to high class family and supporting their education is not possible for their
family, on the other hand there are also those who are not interested in studying further and just think that completing 10th was
enough for them. For such candidates few options can be:
Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) and Industrial Training Centers (ITCs)
ITIs and ITCs provide professional training in various job oriented courses and make candidates suitable to perform a
particular job like cutting hair, operating machine, stitching and embroidery etc. Constituted under Ministry of Labour, Union
Government of India, Government-run ITIs and privately-run ITCs are training organizations which provide training in technical
field as well as other job oriented courses. ITI courses are designed to impart basic skills needed for a specified trade like
electrician, machinist, fitter, plumber, turner, welder etc. and depending upon trade, the duration of course may vary from one
year to three years. After passing the course a person may opt to undergo practical training in his trade in an industry. A
National Trade Certificate (NTC) in provided by NCVT (National Council for Vocational training) in the concerned trade and
to obtained this certificate one has to qualify the All India Trade Test (AITT). These people can find job openings in government
sectors like Indian Railways, telecom departments etc. after qualifying a written examination. Also those passing out successfully
from it is can easily get job in different industries as well.
Polytechnic Diploma after 10th: Polytechnic is a technical institute which imparts technical education in India. These
are not affiliated to any Universities but are recognized by AICTE. they offer three year diploma course in engineering in
various streams, a diploma in Polytechnic can make you eligible for Junior engineering /Supervisors jobs. There is a large
scope in this degree.
Career in Paramedical and Allied Sciences or Choose a Vocational Courses
Indian Army: Indian Army also provides an opportunity for the candidates to join in with army after completing the
matriculation. Though there are different entry levels for the candidates to enter army but it is also possible that after matriculation,
one can join in Indian Army to the posts of soldiers in technical trade through written exams like Indian Army Soldier Clerks
Examination, Indian Army Soldier General Duty (N.E.R.) Examination, Indian Army Soldier Technical (M.E.R.) Examination,
Indian Army Soldier Nursing Assistants (M.E.R.) Examination etc. on successfully clearing the examination candidates are
required to undergo compulsory training and upon successful completion candidates join in at their respective ranks.
Staff Selection Commission (SSC) Exam: Staff Selection Commission every year advertises its various posts for which
eligibility starts from matriculation. A lot of posts like those of clerks require only matriculation as the minimum qualification
th
and candidate’s right after completing their 10 can apply for these positions.

1.9. OPTIONS BEFORE GOING TO COLLEGE LIFE

You will soon be out of school and are looking forward to college life. There are many colleges in India and word college
brings many thoughts to mind. While for some it is about reaching the corridors of the Top engineering colleges, or Top
Medical colleges on the other hand there are many who are not sure about what course to do and which college to join.
So while one is readying oneself for life after 12th, but the dilemma about which college to choose and which course to choose
from the wide array of courses after 12th only increases. There are many options in front of you:
1. Remain in the Chosen Stream and Choose a Higher Education
If you have science with PCM you can go for higher education in many professional and educational courses like engineering,
architecture, design, Information Technology, and pure sciences degrees in physics, chemistry, mathematics, statistics etc.
INTRODUCTORY SECTION 11
If you have science with PCB you can go for MBBS, allied medical fields like dentistry, Ayurveda, veterinary etc. Lot of
interesting options are available in bio chemistry, microbiology, biotechnology, bioinformatics and pure sciences like botany,
zoology, and research in biological sciences. If you have commerce you can go for B Com, Eco Hons or hone your skills in the
financial sector. If you took humanities you can go for BA in your chosen subject and move to professional courses.
2. Appear in an Entrance Exam
Depending on the stream you have you can sit for an entrance-exams-after-12th. Since most of the courses are sought
after. Most of the reputed colleges take admissions through entrance exams. This is the trend not only for courses like
engineering, medicine, law, design etc Many universities use entrance tests because the number of applicants is generally very
large. If you are interested in joining the Armed forces then you can also sit for exams like NDA.
One needs to plan for these entrance exams as these are held at different times in the year and one has to fill the application
and follow the process to appear in the exam. While some entrance exams are also available in an online format like JEE for
engineering there are still many which are offered in online and offline mode both, so you need to plan the test centre and
travel etc.
3. Change the Stream and Choose a Higher Education
Many a times we take a particular stream just to keep the options open after 12th. This is the time to make that choice and
choose from various career options available. Depending upon your aptitudes and interest you can make a switch to other
course and career options. Colleges in India do allow some switches but there are some restrictions also. Like from science to
commerce in possible but from commerce to science is not possible. So ideally one should explore the college and course and
carefully look for the eligibility criteria to make the right decision in right time.
4. Choose a Professional Course
There are many professional courses that one can opt for after 12th and most of the times the admissions are through
entrance-exams-after-12th. Since these are sought after courses and there are many takers one should prepare for the entrances.
For some courses like engineering and medicine the preparation starts right after you have given exams after 10th. Other than
engineering, medicine there are many professional courses like Law, Management, Hotel Management, Design, Mass
communication and Journalism etc which one can opt for to make a successful career. Most of these courses offer good career
opportunity so one should choose the course that matches best with one’s strengths (read: Aptitude and Personality).
5. Choose Vocational Course
Vocational Courses like Travel and Tourism and Office administration also offer good choice for many. So by now, you
know of four different things that you can do to decide about what to do after 12th. Actually there are many students who
think that they know what to do after 12th but sadly they are mistaken. You see as per a recent study, almost 80% or more
people at work place feel stressed out because they are career misfits. The genesis of his problem is because of the wrong
choices they make after 12th.
6. Plan... In Case you do not get the Course/College of Your Choice
Admissions are competitive whether it is professional courses or others; there are limited seats and many takers. So even
if you are the best and suited for that course admissions are not guaranteed. In that case the role of a good guidance comes into
picture, which will help you explore other Career Options that suit your talent profile or will tell you alternative ways to
reach your career goals. For example you want to become a journalist and are not able to make it to BA journalism course...you
can still go for a related graduation and in your PG take up journalism course. Like that you need to set your goals and reach
your career goal. So by now, you know of four different things that you can do to decide about what to do after 12th.Actually
th
there are many students who think that they know what to do after 12 but sadly they are mistaken. You see as per a recent
study, almost 80% or more people at work place feel stressed out because they are career misfits. The genesis of his problem
is because of the wrong choices they make after 12th. So what is the right method to decide what to do after 12th?

1.10. COURSE VERSUS COLLEGE DILEMMA

A student, who has recently appeared for board exams, faces the course versus college dilemma. When the course one
wishes to pursue is not offered at the college of their own choice, it leads to further confusion. He/she has two options either
focus on the course of his/her choice, irrespective of the college brand or to graduate from a college that has good reputation.
Now the question here is: if you have not scored above 90%, will you not pursue your dream career?
While everyone wants to graduate from a nationally renowned institute people with average score should not be deterred
from pursuing a course from their own choice, even if it means completing your degree from an average college. It is important
for you to make the right choice focus on your goal and do well professionally. Remember, you have to spend your whole life,
12 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

if you have not opt the career of your own choice, it can make all the difference, choosing a course over college is wise.
Turn your hobby into a proper career, and look at your own interest and strength and explore careers around that and keep
updating yourself with ever changing world.

“You can never cross the ocean until you have Courage
To lose sight of the shore.”

“Nothing is impossible,
The word itself says,
‘I’
Am
Possible.” –Andre Hepburn

1.11. RIGHT CAREER COURSE TO CHOOSE AFTER 10+2

It is very important to choose a right course especially after 12th because it is the stepping stone of your career. The career
th
course you choose after the completion of your 10 and 12th decides what and where you are going to be in your future.
Many students not able to decide or they do not have the proper guidance on which course to choose or which course is
suitable for them. Because of this they end up with choosing any course which they regret after doing. So choosing a right
career course after 12th is very important.
So to choose a right course, one should be aware of the different courses available and also what the courses are all about.
Likewise there are different questions a student should clear before choosing any particular stream or course. For this, students
can also go for career counseling but for now you can see the list of courses after 12th in different streams –
• Engineering
• Medicine
• Commerce
• Law
• Arts and Design
• Architecture
• Humanities and Social Science
• Mass, Media and Communication
• Tourism, Hospitality and Hotel Management
• Basic and Applied Sciences
• Education and Teaching
• Library and Information Science
• Defense
• Merchant Navy and Shipping Industry
• Aviation
• Event Management
• IT & Computer applications
• Agriculture
• Government Service Exams
• Sports & Physical education
• Offbeats
 2
CHAPTER

Career in Engineering
2.1. WHAT IS ENGINEERING? Chapter Outline
People generally have a reasonable idea of what a dentist, a lawyer or a q What is Engineering? Why Choose
teacher does. However, the scope of the activities covered by the term Engineering?
‘engineer’ is more difficult to summarize. q Various Branches of Engineering
In today’s world, engineers are mainly concerned with maintaining and q Indian Institutes of Technology
improving living standards and quality of life in a society. Almost every q National Institutes of Technology
aspect in our lives has somehow been influenced by engineers – the water q A New JEE Main and JEE Advanced Pattern
Introduced from 2013
we drink; the buildings we live in, learn in and work in; the products
q List of Engineering Entrance Exams
created in factories; the computers we surf the net on; medical services
q Top Engineering Colleges in India 2014-15
and technologies we rely on; the appliances and vehicles that make our
q Top 10 Private Engineering Colleges in India
lives more efficient and comfortable.
q Top Private Coaching Institutes for
Engineers use their knowledge of science, mathematics, logic, economics Engineering
and appropriate experience or tact knowledge to find suitable solutions to a q How to Choose the Right Engineering
problem. As a discipline, engineering is the work of skills, which require a Branch?
high end imagination focused on a point, to devise the best possible plan to q Engineering Vs Medicine
meet a need. Unlike, other professions where, practice and pattern may work,
engineering is more about hit and try instinct, using the innovative skills.
Engineering has become one of the top career choices, after one completes pre university education in science stream.
To ‘engineer’ literally means to “make things happen”. Engineering is about the design and production of useful
products and services. Engineering know-how converts scientific knowledge into technology and then technology into successful
innovation!
Here are just a few reasons why you should consider a career in engineering.
• Engineers have diverse careers
• Engineers are in demand
• Engineers get to do cool stuff
• Engineers work everywhere
• Engineers get to travel
• Engineers work on interesting projects
• Engineers have a good work/life balance
• Engineers can earn good money
• Engineers have a great lifestyle
Engineers have diverse careers
Engineering is an exciting career. Engineers achieve great things. Throughout history, people working in engineering
have contributed to their communities, countries, colleagues and civilizations by making tools, machines and countless other
things to help people improve their lives and progress onto better things. The diversity of engineering means that whatever
your interest, there is probably a place for you working in engineering. From information technology to medical science and
mining, from building roads to space travel, engineers are working to make things happen.

13
14 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Engineers are in demand

There is growing skill shortage of trained engineering workers across all engineering sectors. are the number one barrier
to business growth and delivery., technology Current workforce projections show that Australia needs more engineers (TAFE
and university graduates) to maintain the level of growth in the Australian economy.
We need more engineering personnel to build roads, support hospitals, staff climate change projects, modernize Australia’s
Defence Force and the list goes on.
What does a skills shortage mean for people considering engineering as a career choice – job security? It is that simple.
Engineers get to do cool stuff
Being an engineer means you get to be the first to develop or try out new technologies like artificial hearts, developing and
delivering better constructed environmentally sustainable buildings like the first undersea house! Engineers design and build
virtual reality worlds, soccer fields or new planets. Engineers discover and patent new materials that can cure cancer or cure
the common cold. Engineers are involved in making the future a reality.
Engineers work everywhere
Engineers work everywhere: in cities, regional and rural communities, even remote wilderness areas.
Some engineers work business offices, classrooms, others in factories or research labs; some work outdoors or even in
outer space.
Some engineers undertaken double degrees and go into medicine, law, business management, or policy. An engineering
education will prepare you for many different careers.
Engineers get to travel
Just think that right after graduation from TAFE or university you might be earning a relatively good income and/or be
offered work on interesting and challenging projects in interesting parts of Australia or the world.
An engineering career offers the opportunity to travel around the world making a difference and contributing to communities.
It is a versatile and rewarding career which can take students anywhere they want to go – either with companies, governments,
aid organisations, or as your own boss.
Engineers work on interesting projects
Engineers usually work in project teams made up of people with expertise in different areas such as accounting, law,
project management, surveying, drafting to name a few.
Engineers have a good work/life balance
Flexibility and effective time management skills are key skills engineers need to manage and work.
Engineers can earn good money
The growing skill shortages across many fields of engineering are generating higher graduate salaries and other benefits
for engineering graduates. See the comparative income table between engineers and other disciples.
Additionally, there is plenty of work for engineering graduates with full-time employment percentages ranging from 86.2
per cent to 98.7 per cent.
Engineers have a great lifestyle
Because engineers have good incomes and have a good work/life balance, engineers get to enjoy their many different
hobbies and interests. An engineering career is very well paid which means engineers have the financial security that allows
you to really enjoy life.
Career test: If you record “Yes” for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career in
the field of Engineering.
• Do you have Good problem-solving ability?
• Do you have mathematical precision?
• Do you have design skills?
• Do you have computer skills?
• Do you have good communication skills?
• Do you have good planning ability and a knack for working under pressure?
• Do you have good manual, technical as well as mechanical aptitude?
• Do you have ability to unite scientific discoveries with commercial applications to solve the problems?
CAREER IN ENGINEERING 15

• Do you have a good background of physics, electronics and engineering?

• Are you open minded and to implement new ideas?
• Do you have enquiring and scientific bent of mind?
• Have you take adequate laboratory training for expert handling of advanced equipment?
• Do you have sound analytical skills and a natural propensity for research work?
• Do you love systematic way of working?
• Do you prepare a written plan before doing any practical?
• Do you enjoy laboratory environment?
• Do you have ability to work independently?
• Do you have analyzing and interpreting skills?
• Do you read latest scientific news, books and research magazines?

2.2. VARIOUS BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

Engineering, like other sciences is a broad discipline which is often broken down into various branches, which gives the
student training in a specific field.
The four major sub-discipline and core branches of engineering are:
• Chemical Engineering
• Civil Engineering
• Mechanical Engineering
• Electrical Engineering
However with the technical advancement and overlapping of various disciplines, engineering is an evolving science
which has undergone further diversification with time.
• Aeronautical Engineering • Agricultural Engineering.
• Automobile Engineering • Applied Electronics and Instrumentation
• Biochemical Engineering • Bio Technology
• Bio Medical Engineering • Chemical Engineering
• Chemical and Alcohol Technology • Civil Engineering
• Computer Science Engineering • Electrical & Electronics Engineering
• Electrical Engineering • Electronics & Communication Engineering
• Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering • Electronics & Telecomm Engineering
• Electronics Engineering • Electronics Instrumentation & Control
• Environmental Engineering • Food Technology
• Industrial Engineering • Industrial Production Engineering
• Information Technology • Instrumentation & Control
• Instrumentation Engineering • Leather Technology
• Man Made Fibre Technology • Manufacturing Technology
• Marine Engineering • Material Science
• Mechanical & Industrial Engineering • Mechanical Engineering
• Nuclear Engineering • Nano Engineering
• Oil Technology • Metallurgical Engineering
• Plastic Technology • Production Engineering
• Textile Engineering • Production and Industrial Engineering
• Paint Technology

2.3. INDIAN INSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGY (IITs)

Location of the IITs. IIT name
The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are a group of autonomous engineering institutes of India. The IITs are governed
by the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 which has declared them as “institutions of national importance. The Institutes of
16 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Technology Act, 1961 lists sixteen institutes located at Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Delhi, Gandhinagar, Guwahati, Hyderabad,
Indore, Jodhpur, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Mandi, Mumbai, Patna, Ropar, Roorkee and Varanasi. Each IIT is an autonomous
institution, linked to the others through a common IIT Council, which oversees their administration. The IITs award degrees
starting from B.Tech to Ph.D.
JEE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION (JEE)—Mains and Advance
Admission to Undergraduate Engineering Programs at IITs, NITs, IIITs, other centrally funded technical Institutions and
several other Institutions is made on the basis of JEE MAIN, which is also an eligibility for the JEE ADVANCED for those
who aspire for the admission in IITs.
The IITs have a common admission process for undergraduate admissions. It was based on IIT-JEE, replaced by Joint
Entrance Examination in 2013. The graduate level program that awards M. Tech. degree in engineering is administered by the
older IITs (Kharagpur, Bombay, Madras, Kanpur, Delhi, Guwahati, and Roorkee). M.Tech. admission decisions are made on
the basis of Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE). In addition to B. Tech and M. Tech programs IITs also award
other graduate degrees such as M.Sc. in Engineering, Maths, Physics and Chemistry, PhD and more. Joint Admission Test to
M.Sc. (JAM) and Common Entrance Examination for Design (CEED).
• Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi.
• Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati.
• Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.
• Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal.
• Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai.
• Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai.
• Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkey.
• Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.
• Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad.
The newly started IITs from 2008 are:
• Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar
• Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar,Punjab
• Indian Institute of Technology, Patna
• Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad
• Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar
• Indian Institute of Technology, Rajasthan
This year 9,885 seats will be available in the all the 17 Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) including the Indian School
of Mines, Dhanbad. The results will be declared on June 23 as announced earlier.
According to information posted on the JEE Advanced website, the seats include IIT Hyderabad (210), IIT Bhubaneswar (160),
IIT Bombay (880), IIT Mandi (120), IIT Delhi (851), IIT Indore (120), IIT Kharagpur (1341), IIT Jodhpur (200), IIT
Kanpur (827), IIT Madras (838), IIT Gandhinagar (140), IIT Patna (200), IIT Roorkee (1105), IIT Ropar (120), IIT (BHU)
Varanasi (1090), IIT Guwahati (660) and ISM Dhanbad (1023).
In the general category 4,844 seats are available followed by 2,599 in Backward Classes (non-creamy layer), 1437 for
Scheduled Castes, 721 for Scheduled Tribes, 140 for General Physical Disability candidates, 75 for OBC Physical Disability,
44 for SC and 25 for ST Physical Disability candidates.
Fee Structure
The IITs have also announced the fee structure for this year. Total payable fee at the time of admission for each IIT
includes IIT Bhubaneswar (Rs. 68,600), IIT Bombay (Rs. 67,876), IIT Delhi (Rs. 56,635), IIT Gandhinagar (Rs. 62,600), IIT
Guwahati (Rs. 56,600), IIT Jodhpur (Rs. 68,750), IIT Kanpur (Rs. 66,517), IIT Kharagpur (Rs. 57,876), IIT Madras (Rs.
54,927), IT Mandi (Rs. 62,300), IIT Patna (Rs. 60,250), IIT Roorkee (Rs. 63,820), IIT Ropar (Rs. 58,650), IIT (BHU) Varanasi
(Rs. 66,200) and ISM Dhanbad (Rs. 49,842) .
However, fee will be much less for SC and ST candidates. Students also have to pay the mess charges additionally that
vary for each institute. IIT Hyderabad and IIT Indore are yet to decide on the fee structure.
Admission to other institutes based on JEE Advance ranks
Candidates should note that the institutes listed below will admit students based on the IIT-JEE 2012 ranks. They are
advised to apply seperately to these institutes and visit the respective website for more details.
CAREER IN ENGINEERING 17

• Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Rae Bareli for admission to the following B.Tech courses
• B. Tech in Petroleum Engineering (earlier called Petroleum Reservoir and Production Engineering) - 40 seats
• B. Tech in Chemical Engineering (earlier called Petroleum Refining Engineering) - 35 seats
• Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) for admission to their 5 year integrated Master of Science
(MS) program. The various disciplines in the 5 Years’ Integrated Masters Programme at various IISERs are: Chemistry,
mathematics, Physics. Optional/inter-disciplinary courses being taught are: Computer Science, Earth Science.
• IISER Mohali, Punjab – 100 seats http://www.iisermohali.ac.in
• IISER Pune, Maharashtra – 100 seats http://www.iiserpune.ac.in
• IISER Kolkata, West Bengal - – 100 seats http://www.iiserkol.ac.in
• IISER Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh - 100 seats http://www.iiserbhopal.ac.in/
• IISER Trivandrum, Kerala – 100 seats http://iisertvm.ac.in/

Indian Maritime University to the following courses:

• 3-year B.Sc.(Nautical Science) degree course at T.S. Chanakya, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai campus. http://
www.dgshipping.com/dgship/final/allied_tri1tsc.htm
• 4-year B.Tech. (Marine Engineering) degree course at Marine Engineering & Research Institute, Kolkata, Kolkata
campus and National Maritime Academy, Chennai, Chennai campus
• 3-year B.Sc. (Maritime Science) degree course at Marine Engineering and Research Institute, Mumbai, Mumbai campus.
• 4-year B.Tech. (Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering) degree course at Visakhapatnam campus.
Indian School of Mines, with approval of its Finance Committee, Executive Board and General Council, had forwarded
the proposal for its conversion into an IIT in 2009, after which a detailed project report was prepared as per the directions of
the Union Ministry of Human Resource and Development. In September 2011, a resolution was passed by the Government of
Jharkhand, recommending the Government of India to convert ISM to an IIT. In June 2012, the Planning Commission favoured
this conversion during the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017). It may be noted that for this conversion, a Bill has to be introduced
in Parliament by the Union HRD Minister. ISM is the only institute of India selected by National Development Council or
NDC to be converted into an IIT in the 12th Five Year Plan.ISM students have already obtained the support of majority of
M.P.’s on this matter. A meeting of IIT Council for the same was held on 12 January 2013.

2.4. NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGY (NITs)

• National Institute of Technology, Agartala
• Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad
• Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
• National Institute of Technology, Calicut
• National Institute of Technology, Durgapur
• National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur
• Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur
• National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar
• National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur
• National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra
• Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur
• National Institute of Technology, Patna
• National Institute of Technology, Raipur
• National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
• National Institute of Technology, Silchar
• National Institute of Technology, Srinagar
• S V National Institute of Technology, Surat
• National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal
• National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli
• National Institute of Technology, Warangal
• National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh (Yupia)
18 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• National Institute of Technology Sikkim

• National Institute of Technology, Goa
• National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya
• National Institute of Technology, Nagaland
• National Institute of Technology, Manipur
• National Institute of Technology Mizoram
• National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand
• National Institute of Technology, Delhi
• National Institute of Technology, Puducherry
II. Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs, IIITM & IIITDM)
1. Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology & Management, Gwalior (M.P.)
2. Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing, Kanchipuram, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
3. Indian Institute of Information Technology, Amethi, Allahabad (U.P.)
4. Indian Institute of Information Technology, Jhalwa, Allahabad (UP)
5. Pandit Dwarka Prasad Mishra Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing, Jabalpur (M.P.)

2.5. A NEW JEE MAIN AND JEE ADVANCED PATTERN INTRODUCED FROM 2013
In the academic year 2013, the first version of the modified JEE for admission to non IIT central technical institutions and
separately for the 15 premier IITs was held. The same format was followed in 2014 as well.
In the new format, there are two examinations- JEE Main conducted by the CBSE for admission to non IIT central
technical institutions such as 30 NITs and IIITs. In an effort to normalize the school marks, as different boards award marks
differently, 40% weightage was given to it and 60% to the JEE Main score. Top 1.50 lakh students from the score of JEE Main
are allowed to sit in the JEE Advanced, for admission to the IITs and ISMs. So the aspirants to IITs will have to make sure to
perform well, both in entrance exam and at school as well.A quick look at the changes:
• Two examinations- JEE Main and JEE Advanced. JEE Main conducted by CBSE and JEE Advance conducted by the
IIT Joint Admission Board (IIT-JAB)
• In JEE Main-40% weightage to school marks and 60% to JEE Main score.
• Top 1.50 lakh scorers of JEE Mains are selected to sit in JEE Advanced

2.6. LIST OF ENGINEERING ENTRANCE EXAMS

National Level Engineering Entrance Exam
Popular Name Full Form
JEE Advanced Indian Institutes of Technology Joint Entrance Examination
JEE Main Joint Entrance Examination Main
BITSAT Birla Institute of Technology and Science Admission Test
VITEEE Vellore Institute of Technology Engineering Entrance Exam
PACET Planning and Architecture Common Entrance Test
ATIT Admission Test for ICFAI Science and Technology
ISAT through JEE-mains
State Level Engineering Entrance Exam
Popular Name Full Form
MHTCET Maharashtra’s Common Entrance Test
CET Karnataka’s Common Entrance Test
TNEA Tamil Nadu Engineering Admissions
UPSEE Uttar Pradesh State Entrance Exam
COMEDK Consortium of Medical, Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka
EAMCET Engineering, Agriculture and Medicine Common Entrance Test
KEAM Kerala Engineering Architecture Medical Examination
CAREER IN ENGINEERING 19

Assam JAT Assam Joint Admission Test

CENTAC JET Pondicherry Centralized Admission Committee Joint Entrance Test
Bihar CET Bihar Common Entrance Test
KRLMPCA CET Karnataka Religious & Linguistic Minority Professional Colleges Asso. CET
BPEE CET Jammu and Kashmir Board of Professional Entrance Examinations CET
Punjab CET Punjab Technical University Combined Entrance Test
Orissa JEE Orissa Joint Entrance Examination
RPET Rajasthan Pre Engineering Test
MP PET Madhya Pradesh Professional examination Test
WB JEE West Bengal Joint Entrance Examinations Board
IPU CET Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test
CPET Combined Pre-Entrance Test
PJET Puducherry Joint Entrance Test
University Level Engineering Entrance Exam
Popular Name Full Form
SRM EEE SRM Engineering Entrance Exam
VEE Vels Entrance Examination
Tripura JEE Tripura Joint Entrance Examination
TMISAT Tolani Maritime Institute of Science Aptitude Test
JMI EEE Jamia Milia Islamia Engineering Entrance Exam
NET NERIST Entrance Test
VMU EEE Vinayaka Mission University Engineering Entrance Examination
AUEEE Annamalai University Engineering Entrance Exam
AEEE Avinashilingam University Engineering Entrance Exam
IMU CET Indian Maritime University Common Entrance Test
VSAT Vignan University Entrance Test
KIIT EE Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Engineering Entrance Exam
Amrita Amrita Engineering Entrance Examination
BVP EEE Bharati Vidyapeeth Engineering Entrance Exam
CIPET JEE Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology Joint Entrance Exam
KEE Karunya Entrance Examination
SAAT Siksha O Anusandhan University Admission Test
SPA School of Planning and Architecture
PMUET Periyar Maniammai University entrance test
BSAUEEE B S Abdur Rehman University Engineering Entrance Exam
CUSAT CAT Cochin University of Science and Technology Common Admission Test
Sliet Sliet Engineering Test
JNU EEE Jawaharlal Nehru University Engineering Entrance Exam

2.7. TOP ENGINEERING COLLEGES IN INDIA 2014-15

Rank Institute Location
1 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur
2 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur
3 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi
4 Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS) Pilani
5 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mumbai
6 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee
7 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Chennai
20 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Rank Institute Location

8 Institute of Technology-BHU Varanasi
9 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati
10 Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Vellore
11 National Institute of Technology (IIT) Surathkal
12 College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai
13 National Institute of Technology (NIT) Warangal
14 National Institute of Technology (NIT) Tiruchirapalli
15 Delhi College of Engineering Delhi
16 International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) Hyderabad
17 PSG College of Technology Coimbatore
18 NetajiSubhash Institute of Technology (NSIT) Delhi
19 Motilal Nehru Institute of Technology (MNIT) Allahabad
20 National Institute of Technology (NIT) Calicut
21 National Institute of Technology (NIT) Rourkela
22 College of Engineering New, Pune
23 Birla Institute of Technology (BIT) Mesra (Ranchi)
24 R.V. College of Engineering New, Bangalore
25 Nirma Institute of Technology (NIT) New, Ahmedabad
26 Harcourt Butler Technological Institute (HBTI) Kanpur
27 Thapar Institute Of Engineering & Technology Patiala
28 Mumbai University Inst of Chemical Tech Mumbai
29 Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) Gwalior
30 Nirma Institute of Technology (NIT) Ahmedabad
31 University Inst of Engg and Tech Chandigarh
32 P.E.S Institute of Technology Bangalore
33 National Institute of Engineering (NIE) Mysore
34 VeermataJijabai Technological Institute (VJTI) Mumbai
35 Madras Institute of Technology Chennai
36 Indian School of Mines Dhanbad
37 Osmania University College of Engineering Hyderabad
38 SSN College of Engineering Chennai
39 S.G.S. Institute of Technology & Science Indore
40 MepcoSchlek Engineering College Sivakasi
41 Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College (GNDEC) Ludhiana
42 P.E.S College of Engineering Mandya
43 ChaitanyaBharathi Inst. of Technology Hyderabad
44 Thiagarajar College of Engineering Madurai
45 D.J. Sanghvi Mumbai
46 Amrita Institute of Technology & Science (AITS) Coimbatore
47 Govt. Model Engineering College Kochi
48 Govt. College of Engineering Amravati
49 Maharashtra Institute of Technology (MIT) Pune
50 B.M.S. College of Engineering Bangalore
51 K.L. University Guntur
52 ShriRamdeo Baba K.N. Engineering College Nagpur
53 Bangalore Institute of Technology (BIT) Bangalore
54 Kongu Engineering College Erode
55 Sona College of Technology Salem
CAREER IN ENGINEERING 21

56 Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi

57 MuffakhamJah Engineering College Hyderabad
58 Rungta College of Engg& Tech Bhilai
59 SCMS School of Engg& Tech Ernakulam
60 Acharya Institute of Technology (AIT) Bangalore
61 K.L.E. Society’s College of Engg Belgaum
62 SDM College of Engineering Dharward
63 Sir M.Visvesvaraya Institute of Tech Bangalore
64 Institute of Technology and Management University (ITMU) Gurgaon
65 Jawaharlal Nehru Nat Coll of Engg Shimoga
66 Sri Sai Ram Engineering College Chennai
67 M.V.J. College of Engineering Bangalore
68 Galgotias College of Engg. & Tech Noida
69 Karunya Institute of Technology (KIT) Coimbatore
70 Sreenidhi Inst. of Science & Tech Hyderabad

2.8. TOP 10 PRIVATE ENGINEERING COLLEGES IN INDIA

Rank Name of Institute
1 Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani
2 Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), Mesra (Ranchi)
3 International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad
4 PSG Coll of Tech., Coimbatore
5 Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University (JNTUH) Coll of Engg., Hyderabad
6 Manipal Inst. of Tech., Manipal
7 Thapar University, Patiala
8 Inst. of Tech, Nirma University
9 PES Inst. of Tech., Bangalore
10 National Institute of Engineering (NIE), Mysore

2.9. TOP PRIVATE COACHING INSTITUTES FOR ENGINEERING

In India, every second parents want their child to become and engineer or doctor. And for that, they want them to get
admission in best engineering college. It’s little bit difficult, specialy when there is are only 16 IITs and 30 NITs in case of
engineering aspirants, along with few other top institutes.
Nearly, 14, 00000 students appeared for the Joint Entrance Exam (JEE). The total number of seats available in IITs and
NITs was around 25,370 (IITs- 9885 + NITs- 15485). This means, only 2% of the total applicants who applied for JEE 2013
made it through to the IITs and NITs. However, it often becomes quite difficult to figure out the perfect coaching institute
which can help you in getting prepared. Here are top ten coaching institutes for such competitive exam preparation:
Vibrant Academy: An academy founded to facilitate IIT aspirants, Vibrant has emerged as a strong contender among
the top coaching institutes. With a record selection percentage of 43.2% (1243 out of total 2836) from regular classroom
courses in the 2013 JEE Advance, the institute has set a benchmark for itself and its competitors. The complete system of
coaching is based on real requirements of a student to crack IIT-JEE.
Resonance: With its foundation in 2001, Resonance has come a long way. With 12 classroom program study centres
across the country, 300+ full time faculty members out of which 25% faculty members are from the IITs, and with the highest
number of students qualifying for JEE Advance from a single institute in India; this coaching institute has the power to provide
future IITians and doctors to the nation.
Bansal Classes: A pioneer in the coaching industry, Bansal Classes has never failed to prove its worth when it comes to
various competitive entrance exams. With two students in Top 10 All India Rankers and 19 in Top 150 All India Rankers in JEE
Advance 2013, Bansal Classes is definitely a class apart.
Its objective is to provide equal studying opportunities to all students appearing for competitive examinations.
22 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

FIITJEE, Delhi: With nearly 4,000 students achieving an All India Rank in JEE (Mains) 2013, and 3,729 students
achieving a rank in JEE (Advance), FIITJEE has been a favorite destination for various competitive exams. It provides an ideal
launch pad for serious JEE aspirants.
Narayana: Narayana is the one of the renowned names when it comes to engineering coaching institutes. With centres in
17 major cities including Delhi, the institute offers researched study materials along with experienced teachers. With nearly
400+ selections in JEE Mains and 200+ selections in JEE Advance, this institute never failed to impress students.
Aakash Institute: Aakash Institute has been quite famous for helping students in realising their dreams of becoming
doctors and engineers. A phenomenal centre for excellent coaching, Aakash’s students have been delivering astonishing results
in various medical and engineering entrance exams
IITiansPACE: IITiansPace was established in 1999 with a sole motive to guide students in Mumbai who wanted to get
through good Engineering and Medical colleges. In past 15 years, IITiansPace has not only made its mark in Mumbai but has
expanded hugely by opening its centres in various cities in India including one centre in Dubai. Students of this institute have
not done wonders only in IIT entrance but performed outstandingly in various Olympiads.
Super 30: Fascination towards Mathematics and a will to help economically poor students with IIT dreams paved the
way for Super 30. Based in Patna, Super 30 comprises of 30 talented students with a goal to make it big. So far, Super 30’s
track record has been amazing by delivering 100% success rate as all its 30 students cracked IIT for three consecutive years:
2008, 2009 and 2010.
Career Point, Kota: For jee mains and State Engineering Entrance Exams, Career Point, Kota is considered as the best
coaching institute all over the country.

2.10. HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT ENGINEERING BRANCH?

Computer Science and Engineering
1. Do you like computers?(I am not talking about games and internet)
2. Do you want to do something new in computer or do you like computer languages ?
3. Do you always experiment with your computer and surprise others ?
4. Are you strong enough in mathematics and logic making skills ?
5. Do you like puzzles?
6. Are you having a good IQ?
If you answer most of the question in yes then this is the branch for you and you are made for this branch. This branch
require a good logic making skills and good aptitude ,innovation and hard work. If you are having all these things in you then
go for this branch. Information Technology. This branch requires the same skills as in Computer science & engineering. There
is a little bit difference in their syllabus content. There is no big difference as far as placement and job opportunity is concerned
both the branch are equally good and well payed.
Electrical & Electronics
1. Have you ever open your switch board and repair it?
2. Do you want to know the functioning of your home electrical appliances?
3. Do you want to know what is really going on in a computer CPU?
4. Are you interested in sensors & transistor?
5. Do you want to make your own robot?
If yes then this is the branch for you, again there is a small difference in electrical and electronics most of the syllabus
content are same. In most college theses are separate branches but in some college they are same. In short we can say that
electronics is subset of electrical. As far as placement and job opportunity is concerned then it depend from college to college.
Mechanical & Production Engineering
1. Are you interested in bike and cars design?
2. Do you take interest in functioning of daily routine things ?
3. Do you ask basic question to your teachers(i.e how this works ? how that works ?)
4. Do you like physics ?
5. Do you like to make some new mechanism ?
If yes then you are at right place this is the branch for you. This branch require a real hard work. In most of the colleges
mechanical and production are different branches but there syllabus content are more or less similar but in few college this is
combine.
CAREER IN ENGINEERING 23
There is a misconception that in this branch’s job opportunity are less as compared to computer science and electronics.
Again it’s depend upon individual .This is called evergreen branch ,now a days there are a lot of job opportunity and money in
this sector if you have talent and ready to work hard.
Civil Engineering
1. Are you interested in building making ?
2. Are you ready to rock the world by your talent ?
3. Have you ever think how this can be done after seeing a building ?
If yes then this is the branch for you. There is a misconception that in this branch’s job opportunity are less as compared
to others branch. It is not so, if you are hardworking and talented then there are a lot of opportunity in this sector.
Then best of luck and go ahead. I think now you can decide your branch If you don’t get the branch of your choice by
mistake or due to your lower rank then don’t worry I will tell you how to deal with this situation. This is not the end.
The human resource ministry has decided to modify the existing two-tier format of the Joint Entrance Examination
(JEE) by integrating JEE Main and JEE Advanced into a single entrance test.
The changes, according to the Ministry, will be implemented from 2015. The new unified examination will serve as the
gateway to undergraduate engineering programs in all central governments funded engineering schools across the country.
As a necessary precursor to this new admission format, the government has urged all engineering colleges to conduct a
counselling for students in 2014. The existing two-tier format includes one preliminary (JEE Main) and one advanced (JEE
Advanced) test. While the JEE Main is used for selecting deserving candidates for all central government funded technical
schools, including the Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs) and National Institutes of Technology (NITs),
JEE Advanced serves as the entrance exam for admission into the Indian Institutes of Technologies (IITs).It is worth
mentioning that only those who rank amongst the top 1, 50,000, are qualified to appear in JEE Advanced.
You need to be well prepared for college and branch selection process, counselling in Engineering Entrance Exams is not
an easy task.
Here is a sort of a problem faced by an individual: A student is tense, his IIT-JEE results are out and he does not stand a
chance. He is confident of cracking AIEEE, but the scores will be out only by June 6. He has given the State Board exam but
is awaiting results. He has offers of admissions from two private universities and both want him to join before May 31.
If we were to advise this student, we would suggest that if the private university has a reasonably good placement record
and the branch offered is to his liking, he must take it. The Government of India has come out with strict ruling that no
college can withhold more than Rs. 1,000 of fees if a candidate withdraws before the last date.
But even the issue still does not get sorted, here are some questions that would be in his mind for the next two months until
he finally freeze on that elusive engineering seat:
• Should I wait for AIEEE or should I take VIT admissions?
• Will I get a seat in Mechanical at NIT Trichy?
• Is LNMIIIT a good bet?
• Which branch would be suitable for me? Is Mechanical still the coveted branch?
• Do IT and Computer Science have any more traction?
The Engineering Ball Game
Admissions is a complicated process because it varies by the entrance exam, the type of institution and the State in which
the institution is located. Like him, one in four engineering aspirants takes the IIT.
Maybe one in two would take AIEEE and almost everyone eligible would look at the state-level test/admissions. The only
exceptions would be those who score very high but still prefer a St. Stephen’s to NIT, Trichy. Such a tribe is very minuscule.
The students have a hierarchy of admissions:
• Established IITs - Top priority
• Established NITs - Second Priority
• Established players
• New players who have brand recall - next level
Other Colleges
If the admissions schedule too follow this criterion, life would be easy for the student. But that is not the case. The private
and deemed universities begin their counselling quite early, the AIEEE counselling goes on for about two-and-a-half months
and State counselling varies from a one-time face-to-face affair lasting five minutes to a three-round online affair. In such
times, being prepared is the least a student can do.
24 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Branch Selection Process

In selecting a branch your first priority must be your interest However, Ashwin Kumar a BE pass-out from CSMV
University has a different opinion. According to him barring a few students, most do not have very defined preferences when
they appear for Engineering. So he says, it makes sense to have only negative preferences, that is, branches you will not take.
Then assess the branch that opens up maximum possible jobs, he says. According to him Mechanical fits the bill because a
range of companies including public sector look for them and next to circuit branches, even for IT companies (the largest
recruiters in campus) it is the most preferred branch. Sonali Kanal, a student of the same college has a different take. She
would go by personal preferences. She is pursuing her third year Instrumentation and has already earned a pre-placement offer
from GE-Medical. So the verdict is split. Interest is the prime concern. But if you are not too particular, then go for a branch
which opens up opportunities.

2.11. ENGINEERING Vs MEDICINE

Studying medicine or engineering has been two of the most popular options for students since long time. Both of
the fields have created excitement among students and attracted many students owing to the best career opportunity.
In fact, both provide most wanted careers to students who opt for these. Students across the world find themselves at
the crossroads after completing their high school. It is really confusing to decide from these two fields of science and
choose one as a career. For toppers, the decision to opt between engineering and medicine is the most difficult task.
However, there seems to be a bias towards engineering which is only natural and reflected in the numbers of doctors
and engineers across the country. Comparing both of the fields can be quite debating, but still there are facts associated with
the both. Four years of engineering study can fetch a decent paying job as soon you graduate, whereas it is at least 8 years of
hard work to study medicine and even then you could not hope to earn as much as an engineer. Normally a medical student
requires 4 years of MBBS with one year of internship and a three year masters in a particular medical field. However, the
nobility aspect of a medicine career attracts many students towards medicine and tends to attract a lot of female students.
Being able to provide relief to people, curing their ailments and in some cases, saving their lives is a big enough incentive for
some to be lured by this noble profession and satisfaction is something more than money can really get you. However, there
are lots more differences between medicine and engineering that will be highlighted in this article.

Engineering
Engineering is all about optimization that how effectively you can discover new things and cut down cost without
compromising the quality. It may encompass using insights to conceive, model and scale an appropriate solution to a problem
or objective. The discipline of engineering is extremely broad, and encompasses a range of more specialized fields of engineering,
each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of technology and types of application. Engineering requires a lot of
practical thinking and a good IQ level. To opt for an engineering course, one need to have clear understanding of the fundamentals
in practical and be enough sharp to make use of science in practical way utilizing his sharpness and creating something useful.
To opt for engineering a student has two ways:
th
1. First one is to opt for non-medical with major subjects as physical, chemistry and math for his 11 standard after
th th
completing his tenth. After studying non-medical in 11 and 12 , student needs to appear for various entrance exams in
order to secure his seat in an engineering college.
th
2. Second option is to opt for a diploma course in any engineering field after clearing class 10 and after completing their
3 year diploma, students can gain direct entry to second year of engineering through LEET exam.
Some major branches of engineering are:
• Mechanical engineering
• Civil engineering
• Chemical engineering
• Computer Science engineering
• Electronics and Communication engineering
Students can choose in from wide range of engineering fields and select one on the basis of their interest and caliber.
There are more than 200 branches of engineering available to choose form, though course availability may vary from place to
place.

Medicine
A doctor is a professional who practices medicine, and is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring human
health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Treating a
patient with some common fever or an injured person are some basic roles of doctors which can get even complicated in the
CAREER IN ENGINEERING 25

form of some complex surgeries related to heart, brain or whatever the problem be. There may be doctors who focus their
practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, or methods of treatment – known as specialist medical practitioners –
or assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and
communities – known as general practitioners. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic
disciplines (such as anatomy and physiology) underlying diseases and their treatment – the science of medicine – and also a
decent competence in its applied practice – the art or craft of medicine.
The Medical Council of India (MCI) controls and monitors medical Education in India. New Colleges or Universities can
grant MBBS, MS, MD or any Graduate or PG degree or diploma only if those colleges are strictly adhering to the standards set
by the Medical Council of India. The MBBS course is of four and a half year’s (54months) duration and is followed by one
year of Compulsory Rotating Residential Internship. Getting admission into a medical school is not an easy thing, since
th
number of medical seats in India is quite less. To get into a medical school the aspirant first need to opt for medical in his 11
th th
standard with physics, chemistry and biology as major subjects. After 11 and 12 , candidate needs to go through various
screening exams as a part of entrance test to secure a seat for MBBS course, which is a four and half year course with a
compulsory 1 year rotational internship, wherein emphasis is laid on practical training.
Basic Differences: Every year there are thousands of students who aspire to be doctors, but eventually end up study
engineering as they think that crack the qualifying exam for entrance into med schools is quite difficult and also numbers of
seats for medical students are quite limited. Then they set out to become engineers to prove that they can still do something.
This choice is never entirely yours and is influenced by several other external factors that are quite important. These include
your parents, the success of your elder siblings in a particular academic area, your teachers and, for some, even friends. Not to
say that you should ignore them but the best bet is to listen to your inner-self and do some search on both these fields before
deciding on one. Following are some considerations that are taken into mind while deciding between engineering and medicine:
Income: It is believed that it is much easier for engineers to manage big salary packages as compared to doctors. Also it
is a fact that though engineers mange a salary after 4 years of study, doctors still require nearly 8 years of study to get
perfection and big pay scales. This is not something that is same in every case, pay packages of an engineer as well as doctor
vary from person to person. Engineers can be found at many levels in the organization. You can see some of them running
companies as CEOs and you may even see some engineers providing low paying technical support services. Hence, there is no
certainty on income levels. On the other hand, people in medicine profession invariably earn decent income. Hence this all
depends upon personal capability, though probability is quite high for engineers but even some surgeons with some great
surgical experience do earn very high packages.
Ease of finding a job: Job opportunity is something that students look out, before they enter into any professional
course. Jobs in engineering sector are quite high but because of so much competition in engineering field, there is a shortage
of jobs in comparison to the candidates. You won’t come across many doctors or nurses who said they were unemployed. The
reason can be attributed to the fact that there is less number of medical professionals than the required amount.
If you are the one who wants to land up in a job immediately after completion of your course, medicine is the right
specialty for you.
Challenges: There can be several challenges associated with the medicine job. Though there are challenges in the other
line also but medicine seems to be quite difficult. Many medicine students leave this field after first three months of study. The
probable reasons can be allergy to smell in operation theater; unable dissect the frog; the sight of dead bodies haunts them and
many more.
Leisure time: While studying medical or even when you become a doctor, you tend to lose your social life and time for
fun activities. Medicine is a branch that demands a lot. You cannot think of a picnic with your family if scheduled for an
operation. Also they may be posted for emergency duties about which a physician can never complain. There is a lot of social
responsibility also. If you are a kind of a person who prefers to work five days a week and wants to try lots of other things
during the weekend, then you may opt for engineering.
 3
CHAPTER

Career in Medicine
3.1. CAREER IN MEDICINE AND ALLIED SCIENCES: Chapter Outline
A DEEP INSIGHT G Career in Medicine and Allied Sciences:
A Deep Insight
Medicine is a very rewarding, lucrative and respected career option. G Some of the Medical Entrance Exams
As a doctor, you can take care of the health of people, which in itself is a G List of Medical Entrance Exams
great social service. Doctors are looked upon as much-respected members of G MBBS: Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor
the society. As a doctor, you can help the sick and ailing. You can prevent of Surgery
many illnesses and help create a healthier society. G BDS: Bachelor of Dental Surgery
G BHMS - Bachelor of Homeopathic Medical
There are numerous career opportunities once you complete your study & Surgery
of medicine. With the same background, you can enter into many related G B. A. M. S. (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine
heath fields. The same education and training can help you take up jobs in and Surgery):
G Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery
other areas of medical field other than being a doctor. In some cases, you (Unani Medicine): B.U.M.S
may have to undergo short training or specialization courses. G BSc. Nurs - Bachelor of Science, Nursing
G BPTh - Bachelor of Physiotherapy
Why Should I Opt To Study Medicine G BOTh - Bachelor of Occupational Therapy
G Master of Chirurgiae (MCh.)
It is a very rewarding career if you view it from any angle. You earn a G Optometry and Ophthalmic Assistant
special status in society as a doctor. As a doctor, you can make a great Course
difference to the lives of numerous people. You can work as a doctor in a G Histopathological Lab Technology:
hospital or as a family doctor or general physician. Further, a doctor’s G D. Pharma (Ayurvedic, Siddha Medicine
profession is highly rewarding in terms of money. Doctors earn attractive G Lab Technicians
G Sanitary Inspector Course
pays at all levels. You can look at the following examples: G General Nursing Training Course
If you are a doctor in India, there could a huge difference between those G Dental Mechanic Course
in government hospitals and private hospitals. Although the starting monthly G Dental Hygienist Course
G Radiological Assistant
pay for doctors in government and private hospitals could be Rs. 25,000, it is G Radiography (Diagnosis & Therapy)
possible for private hospital doctors to earn around Rs. 200,000 each month. G Nuclear Medicine Technology
However, senior doctors in the government hospitals do not normally get G BASLP - Bachelor of Audiology & Speech,
anything beyond Rs. 70,000 each month.The increasing complicated lifestyles Language Pathology
giving birth to a variety of ailments have made it impossible for General G BVSc. & AH - Bachelor of Veterinary
Science and Animal Husbandry
Physicians with an MBBS degree to handle all ailments, if you want to go G B.P.&O.-Bachelor in Prosthetics and Orthotics
into the depths of any particular branch of medicine and understand it G Career as Nutritionists
thoroughly, you can go in for higher specialization after training as a doctor. G Career as Pharmacist
G Career in Nursing
There are numerous courses available for specialization like: G Career in Clinical Research
• Anesthetics • Obstetrics and gynecology G Career in Psychiatry
G Career as a Speech Therapist
• Psychiatry • Ophthalmology G Career in Paramedical Services/89
• Pediatrics • Pathology G Career in Hospital Management and
Administration
• Surgery • Radiology
G Career as an Audiologist
• Trauma management • Orthopedics G Career in Medical Transcription—options
• Pharmacy • Orthopedics and Opportunities
G List of Medical Colleges State Wise
• ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat) • Psychiatry
26
CAREER IN MEDICINE 27
The demand for medical professionals is tremendously increasing with the unfortunate upsurge of diseases and ailments
day by day. At the same time super specialty hospitals are mushrooming both within the country and abroad offering employment
opportunities. These along with liberalization of economy could bring better opportunities for these professionals in terms of
remuneration, research and working facilities.
Other than Allopathy, medicine also covers different systems like Homeopathy, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani etc.
There is also Super Specialisations which require a further 3-5 years of study in areas such as Plastic Surgery, Neurosurgery,
Cardio-thoracic surgery, Conito-urinary surgery, Paediatric Surgery, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Clinical Haematology.
If more academically inclined, you can choose to take up a career as a lecturer in any medical college.
Medical council of India (MCI) and the Dental council of India (DCI) are the regulatory authorities in the medical and
dental education, respectively. The students must take admission only to those medical colleges or courses that are approved
to MCI and DCI.
Scope: The medical specialists have extensive job opportunities in Hospitals, polyclinics, diagnostic laboratories, dental
and ophthalmic clinics in the government and private sector. They can also take up research and development work in institutional
laboratories or with pharmaceutical companies. Medical job has unending market demand, earning potential and dignity. In
Medical Jobs, there are Jobs for Doctors, Resident Doctors, Surgeons, Physicians, Pharmacy Jobs, Physical Therapy Jobs,
Dental Jobs, employment for Medical workers and many more. There will always be a demand for doctors and paramedics in
the rural and urban areas of the country and abroad. India has also emerged as the hub for medical tourism.
Eligibilty: The basic or degree level qualification for a medical profession is MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor
of Surgery) which is of 5 1/2 years duration (including 1 year internship). Some hospitals prefer doctors who are post-graduate
MD/MS/M.Sc. Medicine/Ph.D. This field requires updated knowledge so certificate and diploma courses provides cutting
edge to doctors.
Employability Skills
• Good memory and recollection ability.
• Service mentality, stamina and patience.
• Power of concentration, emotional stability and self confidence.
• Logical and analytical mind, decision making ability, timely decisions and self motivation.
• Willingness to learn throughout their career.
• An amiable and sympathetic temperament.
• Good intelligence.
• A strong sense of responsibility.
• Manual and finger dexterity.
• Stamina and the ability to stand on their feet continuously at the time of surgery.
Career Test
If you record “Yes” for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career in the Medical
field.
• Do I enjoy doing experiments with living organisms?
• Do I have good memory and recollection ability?
• Do I have service mentality?
• Do I have good physical and mental stamina?
• Do I maintain emotional stability and self-confidence in critical situation?
• Do I have logical and analytical mind?
• Do I have ability to take timely and right decisions?
• Am I self-motivated?
• Do I have willingness to learn throughout you career?
• Do I have an amiable and sympathetic temperament?
• Do I have a strong sense of responsibility?
• Do I have stamina and the ability to stand on their feet continuously for a long time
• Do I enjoy hospital environment?
• Do I read latest scientific news, books and research magazines?
28 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Career Opportunities
• Doctor in government/private/Army hospitals. • Researcher
• Professor/Dean in Medical College. • Pharmacist
• Medical representatives • Pathologist
• Physiotherapist • X-ray technician
• Dietetics
Job Options
• Physician • Surgeon
• Neurologist • Dermatologist
• Ophthalmologist • Dentist
• Paediatrics • Cardiology
• Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Employers
• Government hospitals • Private hospitals.
• Nursing homes/clinics • Health departments.
• Army, navy and air force, under the Ministry of Defence. • Charitable institutions.
• Medical colleges and training institutes
• Research institutes • Industries
• Clinical research centres. • Self-employment: Dispensary, Clinic, Hospital.
Some Courses after 12th Standard
• M. B. B. S. (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) Eligibility: 12th std with Biology. Duration: 5.5 years
Mode of admission: (Entrance examination) CET/PMT
• B. D. S. (Bachelor of Dental Surgery) Eligibility: 12th std with Biology. Duration: 4 years Mode of admission: Entrance
examination
• B. H. M. S. (Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery) Eligibility: 12th std with Biology. Duration: 5.5 years
Mode of admission: Entrance examination
• B. A. M. S. (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery) Eligibility: 12th std with Biology. Duration: 5.5 years
Mode of admission: Entrance examination
Courses after Graduation
• M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) Eligibility: M.B.B.S. degree Duration: 3 years. Mode of admission: Entrance examination
• M.S. (Master of Surgery) Eligibility: M.B.B.S. degree Duration: 3 years. Entrance examination
• D.M Eligibility: M.D. degree Duration: 2-3 years
• M.Ch. Eligibility: M.S. degree Duration: 2 years
Some Paramedical Courses
• B.Pharma (Bachelor of Pharmacy) Eligibility: 12th Science (Biology) DPharma. Duration: 4 years.
• B.Sc Nursing Eligibility: Pass 10+2 with Science Duration: 4 years.
• B.P.T (Physiotherapy) Eligibility: Pass in 12th class Science Duration: 4.5 years.
• B.O.T (Occupational Therapy) Eligibility: Pass 10+2 with PCB (physics, chemistry and biology). Duration: 3 years.
• B.U.M.S (Unani Medicine) Eligibility: (10 + 2) with Science, Urdu up to 10th class cation. Duration: 5.5 years.
• B.Optometry Eligibility: EYECET examination is necessary to pass to go for B. Optom Degree. Duration: 2 years.
• Ophthalmic Assistant Course Eligibility: High school diploma or equivalent. Duration: 2 years.
• Histopathological Lab Technology Duration: 1 year.
• D. Pharma (Ayurvedic, Siddha Medicine) Eligibility: 12th pass Science Duration: 2 year.
• B.Sc Programme in Lab Technicians Eligibility: 10+2 Duration: 1 year.
• Sanitary Inspector Course Eligibility: Class X as well as Class XII with science Duration: 1 year.
• General Nursing Training Course Eligibility: 10+2 science (Biology). Duration: 3.5 years.
• Dental Mechanic Course Eligibility: 12th science. Duration: 2 years.
CAREER IN MEDICINE 29
• Dental Hygienist Course Eligibility: 12th Science (Biology). Duration: 2 years.
• Bachelor of Occupational therapy Eligibility: Pass 10+2 Science (Biology). Duration: 3 years.
th
• Radiological Assistant Eligibility: 12 pass Duration: 1 year.
• Radiography [Diagnosis & Therapy] Duration: 2 years.
• Nuclear Medicine Technology Duration: 2 years
• Lab.Tech. Course 2 years B.Sc. (Botany, Zoology, Microbiology).
• Blood transfusion 72 weeks B.Sc. (Botany, Zoology, Microbiology).
• Special treatment Assistant: 1 year B.Sc. (Botany, Zoology, Microbiology).
• Operation Theatre Tech. Course 52 weeks B.Sc. (Botany, Zoology, Microbiology).
• Basic Audiology & Speech Therapy 6 months B.Sc. (Botany/ Zoology/ Microbiology).
• Dental Assistant: course 85 weeks B.Sc. (Botany, Zoology, Microbiology).
• Nursing assistant: 28 Weeks B.Sc. Botany Zoology, Microbiology.
• Certificate course in Yoga: 1 term after SSC. And Diploma in Yoga 1 year.
• Certificate course of Proficiency in Ayurveda for Foreign students: 2 years SSC.
• Certificate course in Introduction to Ayurvedic Medicinal plants: 3 months SSC.
th
• Diploma in General Nursing: 3 yrs 12 std.
• Certificate Course in Emergency Medicine Service: 1 year after B.Sc.
• Certificate course in Physician Assistant: 1 year B.Sc. (any).
• Pharmacology/Biochemistry/Microbiology/Genetics/Physiology: 7 terms after B.Sc. (Pune Univ.)
• Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology (DMLT): B.Sc. 1 year
• Certificate Course in Emergency Medicine Service: 1 year B.Sc.
• X-ray technician: 72 weeks B.Sc. (Botany, Zoology, Microbiology).
• Nursing assistant: 28 Weeks B.Sc.( Botany Zoology, Microbiology).
• Certificate course of Proficiency in Ayurveda for Foreign students: 2 years SSC.
• Hospital Management degree: Tata Inst.of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Apollo Hospital, Hyderabad.
th
• Diploma in General Nursing: 3 yrs 12 std .
• P.G. Diploma in Dietetics: 1 year Graduate in Biological sciences.
• One year Post- graduate certificate course in Counseling. M.A. Psychology (Clinical Psychology).
Abroad Opportunities
There are numerous opportunities for Indian Doctors in European countries and USA. They can also get opportunities in
International organization such as Red Cross.
Emerging Trends
Paramedical Science or allied health science plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment. Diagnostic tools like
microscope, X-ray, ultrasound, Endoscope, CT, MR, Gamma Camera & other invasive or non-invasive methods & therapeutic
technical modes like physiotherapy, radiotherapy, respiratory therapy, speech therapy etc. are part of the paramedical system.
The advancement of medical science and complex medical equipments, demand for trained and qualified paramedical manpower
is growing.
Biomedical Engineering: This deals with the use of engineering principles to solve the medical and health related
problems. It comprises the physical, chemical, mathematical, computational and engineering sciences. They design medical
devices like artificial hearts, dialysis machines, surgical lasers, etc. Bio medical engineers investigate the ways to modernize
laboratory and clinical procedures. Bio medical instrumentation, biomechanics, biomaterials, imaging, clinical engineering
and rehabilitation engineering are some of the well-established speciality areas. Diploma, degree, postgraduate diploma and
postgraduate degree courses are available in this field.Some of the Medical Examination are:
• AIIMS - All India Institute of Medical Sciences. www.aiims.edu
• AFMC - Armed Forces Medical College Exam. www.afmc.nic.in
• AIPMT - All India Pre-Medical / Pre-Dental Entrance Examination. www.aipmt.nic.in
• AIPGDET - All India Post Graduate Dental Entrance Test.
• AIPGMET - All India Post Graduate Medical Entrance Test.
• Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical Entrance Exam. www.bharatividyapeeth.edu
30 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• BHU - Banaras Hindu University Medical Entrance Examination. www.bhu.net.in

• DUSET - Delhi University Super-specialty Entrance Test.
• Dr.D.Y.Patil Institute All India Common Entrance Test for MBBS and BDS.
• Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute.
• Manipal PMT - Manipal Pre Medical Test.
• MH SSET - Maharashtra Super speciality Entrance Test.

Specialisations in the Field of Medicine

One of the many options you have as a healthcare professional is choosing a medical specialty in whichto practice.
Whether you’re a nurse, a physician, or allied health professional, choosing a medical specialty will help focus your educational
goals, job search efforts, and career choices.The sooner you identify your true passion in medicine, the more successful you
may become, by working in a field you love. For example, is your passion working with kids, pregnant moms, cancer patients,
or the elderly? Do you want to ease the pain of the dying, or bring new life into the world? Consider the various specialties:
1. Allergy and Immunology
The medical specialty of Allergy and Immunology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of allergies.
2. Anesthesiology
Anesthesiology is the medical specialty focusing on administering pain-killing drugs during surgery in the operating
room. Anesthesiology also includes the field of Pain Management, a sub-specialty which helps manage chronic (ongoing)
pain in patients with prescription medication, injections, or therapeutic methods.
3. Dermatology
The field of dermatology focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the skin.
4. Emergency Medicine
Emergency Medicine is the field which focuses on emergent, or acute medical care of patients who need immediate
medical attention due to trauma, accident, or a major medical event.
5. Family Medicine
Family medicine is a primary care field overseeing the basic healthcare needs of patients of all ages, from infant to
geriatric.
6. Internal Medicine
Internal medicine is similar to family medicine in that it includes primary care and basic healthcare management of all
areas of a patient’s health. However, internal medicine typically does not include pediatrics or obstetrics, whereas family
medicine often does. Additionally, internal medicine includes more in-depth training and patient care in a hospital setting and
acute care. Finally, internal medicine includes many more sub-specialties such as:
• Cardiology • Endocrinology
• Gastroenterology • Geriatric Medicine
• Oncology and Hematology • Infectious Disease
• Nephrology • Pulmonary Disease
7. Neurology
Neurology is the medical specialty focusing on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, disorders, and conditions
of the brain and nervous system. Patients who have suffered a stroke, or who battle ailments such as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s, or
Parkinson’s are a few examples of some of the patients who are treated by neurologists.
8. Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery is a surgical specialty of medicine devoted solely to surgery of the brain.
9. OB/GYN (Obstetrics and Gynecology)
Obstetrics is healthcare for pregnant women, including labor and childbirth and providing a safe delivery of the baby.
Gynecology entails the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the female reproductive
system.
CAREER IN MEDICINE 31
10. Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology is the medical specialty focusing on treatment of the eyes, and retina. Not to be confused with an optometrist,
ophthalmologists can also do eye surgery and prescribe medication unlike optometrists, who typically focus on eyesight
correction and enhancement and prescription lenses.
11. Orthopaedic Surgery
Orthopaedic surgery entails surgery of the joints, bones, and muscles. Patients with sports injuries or injuries from an
accident may be treated by orthopaedic surgeons, as are patients with some types of arthritis in the joints which may be
surgically repaired.
12. Otolaryngology (E.N.T.)
Otolaryngology is the medical specialty commonly known as “E.N.T.”, which stands for ear, nose, and throat.
Otolaryngology includes office-based care, and surgical procedures both in the hospital and in the office. Therefore, a variety
of practice environments and employers are available in this field.
13. Pediatrics
Pediatrics is a primary care field of medicine focusing on the healthcare of children, from newborn to age 18. Most
pediatric jobs are office-based, where routine physicals, immunizations, cough and colds, and “lumps and bumps” are handled
frequently. However, there are also numerous pediatric jobs available at children’s hospitals, particularly in pediatric
subspecialties such as pediatric surgery.
14. Psychiatry
Psychiatry entails the treatment of patients’ mental health and well-being. Psychiatry may be practiced in an office,
providing psychotherapy and medication for more common psychiatric care, or in a psychiatric hospital for more serious,
acute psychiatric issues such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other issues requiring hospitalization. Psychiatry also
involves treatment of patients with addictions such as drugs or alcohol.
15. Radiology
Radiology is the medical field which entails the use of medical imaging to diagnose a variety of problems across all
specialties and body systems. Radiology is a very high-tech field offering a great deal of job growth, because it is utilized in
conjunction with so many other medical specialties including cardiology, surgery, oncology, gastroenterology, to name a few.
16. Surgery
General surgeons perform a variety of abdominal and laparoscopic surgeries. Surgeons may also sub specialize to focus
on trauma surgery, vascular surgery, plastic surgery, or cardiac surgery. Surgical careers involve surgeon, surgical tech, or
nurse.
17. Urology
Urology is the medical specialty involving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the urinary tract as well as the male
reproductive system. Urology includes office-based care and surgical treatment.

3.2. SOME OF THE MEDICAL ENTRANCE EXAMS IN INDIA

All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS MBBS)
All India Institute of Medical Sciences was established in 1952 as an institution of national importance by an Act of
Parliament. The objective was to develop patterns of teaching in undergraduate and postgraduate medical education in all the
branches so as to demonstrate a high standard of Medical Education in India. Every year more than 80,000 candidates apply
for MBBS course in AIIMS for only 70 vacancies, which makes it one of the toughest of entrance examinations. The cost of
the application form for AIIMS is Rs. 1,000 and it can be filled online or offline.
Eligibility: Applicants must have passed 12th standard or equivalent examination with at least 60% aggregate in Physics,
Chemistry, Biology and English.
Test pattern and selection: AIIMS Entrance for MBBS is a paper-based test of 3 ½ hours duration. It has 200 multiple-
choice and reason-assertion type questions. There are 60 questions each from Physics, Chemistry and Biology and 20 questions
from General Knowledge. There is negative marking for incorrect answers. After the declaration of the result a final list for
counselling is prepared based on merit.
Website: www.aiims.edu , www.aiims.ac.in
32 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

All India Pre-medical Test (AIPMT)

All India Pre-Medical/ Dental Test conducted by the CBSE, New Delhi is amongst the toughest exams for admission to
various reputed medical colleges spread across the country. The form is available offline for Rs. 800. It can be also be filled
online for Rs. 700.
Eligibility: A candidate should be aged between 17-25 years and passed 12th with at least 50% marks(PCB)
Test pattern and selection: The Preliminary Examination is of 3 hours duration and consists of one paper containing
200 objective type questions from Physics, Chemistry and Biology (Botany and Zoology). The Final Examination is also of 3
hours and consists of one paper containing 120 objective type questions from Physics, Chemistry and Biology (Botany and
Zoology). After the preliminary examination successful candidates will qualify for the final examination and a final merit list
for counselling will be prepared.
Website: www.aipmt.nic.in
There are plenty of good colleges under AIPMT, across the country and state wise. You can check the list of those colleges
on AIPMT official Website with number of seats as well.

All India Post Graduate Medical/Dental Entrance Exam (AIPGMEE)

AIPGMEEis conducted by AIIMS for admission under 50% seats quota in various postgraduate (MD/ MS/ Diploma/
MDS) courses in medical and dental colleges in the country run by the Union of India, State governments (except government
of Andhra Pradesh and J&K). The cost of the application form is Rs. 1,000 and it can be filled online or offline.
Eligibility: The candidate must possess MBBS/ BDS degree from a recognized medical/dental college.
Test pattern and selection: AIPGMEE entrance is a paper-based test of 3 ½ hours duration. It consists of 300 Multiple-
choice Questions (MCQs) comprising Pre-Clinical, Para-Clinical and Clinical subjects. Each answer with correct response
will be awarded four marks. One mark will be deducted for each wrong response. Zero mark will be given for the questions not
answered. Once the result is declared a list of successful candidates in order of merit based on the score obtained in the
entrance examination is prepared and shorlisted for counselling.
Website: www.aiims.edu www.aiims.ac.in

BHU All India PMT

BHU-PMT (Pre Medical Test) is held annually for admission to various bachelor’s courses in medicine which include
MBBS, BDS, BAMS and BPharm from Banaras Hindu University. The seat distribution is as follows: MBBS (84 seats); BDS
(38); BAMS (78); B.Pharm (33). The cost of the application form is Rs. 1,200 and it can be bought from the designated
branches of Bank of Baroda, BHU Branch, SS Hospital, Varanasi.
Eligibility: The candidates must have passed 12th class examination or equivalent examination with minimum 50% in
English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology (Zoology + Botany) taken together. Candidates appearing in qualifying examination
may also apply.
B.Pharm: A minimum of 60% marks (55% marks for SC/ ST) and respective PC candidates. Test pattern and selection:
Admission to MBBS course is done through an entrance test which has two stages, PMT Screening and PMT Mains.
Only those who qualify in PMT Screening can appear for PMT Mains for MBBS course. Admission to other courses like
BDS, BPharm and BAMS is through only PMT Screening. The screening exam is of objective type and consists of 200
questions from Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Zoology whereas the mains exam is of subjective type. Website:
www.imsbhu.nic.in

CMC-Vellore
Christian Medical College Vellore, which is affiliated to the Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University, Chennai, holds an
all-India entrance test (CMC Vellore Common Entrance Test) every year to select students for admission into various
undergraduate level medical and paramedical courses. The intake for MBBS is 60 seats. The cost of the application form is Rs.
750.
Eligibility: Minimum 60% marks at 10+2 level each in Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
Test pattern and selection: The entrance exam questions are from Physics, Chemistry, Biology and General Ability and
a few questions of current topical interest. After the declaration of the result a final list for counselling is prepared based on
merit and successful candidates are called for interview.
Website: www.cmch-vellore.edu
CAREER IN MEDICINE 33

Delhi University Medical/Dental Entrance Test (DUMET)

DUMET is held annually for admission to bachelor’s in medical and dental courses, MBBS and BDS, in University of
Delhi. It is conducted by University of Delhi Faculty of Medical Sciences and is conducted in Delhi only. MBBS is available
in three colleges: Lady Hardinge Medical College, Maulana Azad Medical College and University College of Medical Sciences
and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital. BDS is available in Maulana Azad Medical College. The distribution of 373 seats is as
follows: MBBS (LHMC-98 seats, MAMC-147 seats, UCMS -128 seats), BDS (MAIDS-34 seats).
DUMET Application form is available for Rs. 750 and it can also be downloaded from the website.
Eligibility: The candidates must have passed 12th class examination under 10+2 system with an aggregate of at least
50%. The school must be situated within the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
Test pattern and selection: The test paper is of 3 hours duration. The paper is of objective type and consists of 200
questions (50 each in Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Zoology). Each question carries 4 marks and for every incorrect response
one mark will be deducted. Successful candidates will be allotted seats according to their rank and number of seats available
based on entrance test and personal interview.
Website: www.fmsc.ac.in

Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER)

JIPMER is located in Puducherry and conducts a separate entrance test for admission to its MBBS course. It has 100 seats
in MBBS and out of this admission to 82 seats is through JIPMER entrance. The cost of the application form is Rs. 750.
Eligibility: A candidate should have passed 10+2 or equivalent examination with at least 50% aggregate marks in PCB.
Test pattern and selection: The entrance test consists of 200 Multiple-choice Questions equally from English, Physics,
Chemistry Zoology and Botany. There are four options for each question and there is be no negative marking. Successful
candidates will be called for counselling and allotted seats according to their rank and number of seats available. Website:
www.jipmer.edu.in

Manipal UGET Karnatka

Manipal University, Karnataka conducts an All India Manipal University Online Undergraduate Entrance Test 2011 (UGET
11) for admission to Medical and Engg courses. The intake for the MBBS course is 250 seats and the cost of the application
form is Rs. 500.
Eligibility: Candidate should not be below 17 years of age and must have cleared 10+2 or equivalent education. Eligibility
is different for every course.
Test pattern and selection: The MANIPAL UGET online test is of 2 ½ hours duration and the approximate distribution
of questions is as follows: Physics - 60 questions, Chemistry - 60, Biology - 80, English & General Aptitude - 40 each.
Successful candidates will be allotted seats according to their rank and number of seats available. Website: www.manipal.edu

Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC Entrance)

AFMC, Pune, was established in 1948. All the 130 candidates admitted to AFMC 2011, Pune have compulsory liability to
serve as commissioned officers in the Armed Forces Medical Services for seven years on graduation. The cost of the form for
AFMC is Rs. 250.
Eligibility: Applicants must have passed 12th standard or equivalent examination of statutory Indian University/ Board,
securing not less than 60% aggregate marks in the 3 science subjects taken together, not less than 50% marks in each of the
science subjects and not less than 50% marks in English.
Test pattern and selection: The entrance exam is a paper-based test on Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Intelligence, Logic,
Reasoning and English Language and Comprehension. Candidates selected in the written test, will be shortlisted and called
for interview at Pune.
Website: www.afmc.nic.in

National Eligibility and Entrance Test

Latest update on NEET UG
According to a recent announcement by CBSE, it is likely that CBSE will conduct AIPMT on 4 May 2014. However the
final decision on NEET UG will be taken after the verdict of the Supreme Court of India.
The National Eligibility cum Entrance Test or NEET-UG is a qualifying entrance exam for students who wish to study
any undergraduate medical course (MBBS), dental course (BDS) or postgraduate course (MD / MS) in government or private
medical colleges in India. NEET-UG (Undergraduate), for MBBS and BDS courses, will be conducted by the Central Board
34 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

of Secondary Education (CBSE). NEET-UG replaced the All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) and all individual MBBS exams
conducted by states or colleges themselves. However, many colleges and institutes have taken a stay order and conducted
private examinations for admission to their MBBS and BDS courses. The All India Institute of Medical Sciences will be also
be conducting its own separate examination. Nevertheless, many other reputed institutes such as the Armed Forces Medical
College and Banaras Hindu University have opted to admit students on the basis of the NEET-UG. The first exam was held on
5 May 2013, and the results were announced on 5 June 2013. Undergraduate courses at the All India Institute of Medical
Sciences in New Delhi, Postgraduate Institute for Medical Education and Research in Chandigarh, Jawaharlal Institute of
Postgraduate Medical Education & Research JIPMER be outside the NEET’s purview as these institutes were set up by
separate laws, which need to be amended in Parliament to introduce the new system.
NEET was initially proposed to take place from 2012 onwards. However, for several reasons, the CBSE & Medical
Council of India deferred NEET by a year. The test was announced by the Government of India and was held for the first time
on 5 May 2013 across India for students seeking admission for both Undergraduate and Postgraduate Medicine. But on
18 July 2013, SC gives the decision in favour of 115 petitions and cancels the NEET exam and announce that MCI cannot
interfere with the admission process done by colleges.
NEET Undergraduate
The Undergraduate NEET exam was conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education, and held for the first time
on 5 May 2013. With regards to the marking, each correct answer achieves four marks, with one mark being deducted for
every wrong answer.
The syllabus for the NEET-UG is available on the website of the Medical Council of India.
NEET Postgraduate
The Common Entrance Test (CET), also known as the NEET Postgraduate exam, is for admission to postgraduate medical
.
courses across India. It was held online during 23 November – 6 December 2012 The All India Institute of Medical Sciences
(AIIMS) will conduct a separate medical entrance test for MDS courses on 13 January 2013.
Syllabus: The Medical Council of India (MCI) announced the syllabus for the NEET-UG in 2011. The syllabus had been
initially published as a draft to invite feedback from other stakeholders. The syllabus for NEET-PG is the same as that of the
MBBS course described in the MCI Regulations concerning Graduate Medical Education, 1997. The multiple choice questions
(MCQs) will be based on the MBBS syllabus, as will the knowledge that needs to be acquired during the internship period,
which is also described in said Regulations. The distribution of questions, model questions and method of tie breaking for
ranking have been placed on the website, as well as in the Prospectus. The syllabus is very vast and students have to study 6–
8 hours daily
NEET-UG Results & Merit List Criteria: The Central Board of Secondary Education will be announcing the results
and the All India Merit List for NEET-UG. The merit list and the wait-list will be prepared as per the directives of the
Honorable Supreme Court of India, DGHS, MCI and DCI. The results for 2013 were announced on 5 June.

3.3. LIST OF MEDICAL ENTRANCE EXAMS

AIIMS - All India Institute of Medical Sciences Entrance Exam
AIIMS PG Entrance Exam - All India Institute of Medical Sciences Post Graduate/ Post Doctoral Entrance Exam
AIPGDET - All India Post Graduate Dental Entrance Test
AIPGMET - All India Post Graduate Medical Entrance Test
AIPGMEE - All India Post Graduate Medical/Dental Entrance Exam
AIPVT - All India Pre Veterinary Test
AIPMT - All India Pre-Medical / Pre-Dental Entrance Examination
AIMS - Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Entrance Exam
Amrita PG Medical Entrance - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham PG Medical Entrance Test
AMUPMDC APGM & APGD CET - AMUPMDC APGM & APGD Combined Entrance Test
AU AIMEE - Annamalai University - All India Medical Entrance Exam
ASSO PGH CET - Association Post Graduate Homoeopathy Common Entrance Test
BVP CET - Bharati Vidyapeeth University Combined Entrance Exam
IMS BHU - BHU Ayurveda Vachaspati [MD (Ay)] / Ayurveda Dhanwantari [MS (Ay)]
BHU B.Sc Nursing & B. Pharm (Ay.) Entrance Test
BHU MD/MS - BHU M.D. / M.S. Entrance Test
BHU - BHU Medical Entrance Exam for D.M. / M.Ch. and M.D.S.
CAREER IN MEDICINE 35
BHU PMT - BHU Medical Entrance Exam for M.B.B.S./B.D.S./B.A.M.S./B.Pharm
BLDE PGET - BLDE Post Graduate Entrance Test
BLDE UGET - BLDE University Under Graduate Entrance Test
CIP PG Entrance Exam - Central Institute of Psychiatry PG Entrance Exam
Chettinad PG Entrance - Chettinad Univeristy Post Graduate Medical Entrance Test
CMC UG AWT - Christian Medical College Ludhiana Entrance Test
CMC Ludhiana PG Entrance - Christian Medical College, Ludhiana Post Graduate Entrance Exam
CET PPMC - Common Entrance Test for Pondicherry Private Medical Colleges
CPMEE - Common Pre Medical Entrance Exam
COMEDK PGET - Consortium of Medical Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka Post Graduate Entrance Test
COMEDK UGET - Consortium of Medical, Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka Entrance Exam
DMIMS AIPMET - Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences AIPMET
DUSET - Delhi University Super-speciality Entrance Test
DNB CET - Diplomate of National Board Centralised Entrance Test
DNB PD CET - Diplomate of National Board Post Diploma Centralised Entrance Test
GPAT - Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test
Gujarat AIPGDET - Gujarat All India Post Graduate Dental Entrance Test
GUJCET - Gujarat Common Entrance Test for MBBS/BDS
HR PMT - Haryana Pre-Medical Test
HDC MDS CET - Himachal Dental College Masters in Dental Surgery Combine Entrance Exam
HP CPMT - Himachal Pradesh Combined Pre Medical Entrance Test
HPTU SLCET for B.Pharmacy - HPTU State Level Common Entrance Test
IPU CET Medical - Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test Medical
JIPMER - Jawaharlal Institute of Post-graduate Medical Education and Research Entrance Exam
JNU CEE - Jawaharlal Nehru University Combined Entrance Exam
JSSU UGET - JSS University Under Graduate Entrance Test
KLE PG AIET - KLE Post Graduate All India Entrance Test
KLE UG AIET - KLE University Under Graduate All India Entrance Test
KAIET - Krishna All India Entrance Test
MP DMAT - Madhya Pradesh All India Dental & Medical Admission Test
MP PMT - Madhya Pradesh Pre-Medical Test
MH PGM PGD CET - Maharashtra Post Graduate Medical, Postgraduate Dental Entrance Exam
MH SSET - Maharashtra Superspeciality Entrance Test
MMU AIET for MD/MS/PG Dip - Maharishi Markandeshwar University All India Entrance Test for MD/MS/PG Diploma
MMU CET - Maharishi Markandeshwar University Common Entrance Exam
MGDCH JET - Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital - Joint Entrance Test
MGIMS - Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Science Entrance Exam
MGMCRI CET - Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute Entrance Exam
MGPGI PGDEE - Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences Entrance Exam
Manipal PMT - Manipal Pre Medical Test
AMUPMDC ASSO-CET - Medical Common Entrance Test - ASSO CET - (Maharashtra)
MAHER - Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research Entrance Exam
MMU AIET for M.Sc Nursing - MMU All India Entrane Test for M.Sc Nursing
NBE FEE - National Board of Examinations Fellowship Entrance Examination
NEET PG - National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test for Post Graduates
NIH BHMS Entrance Exam - National Institute of Homoeopathy BHMS Entrance Exam
NUPGET - Nitte University Post Graduate Entrance Test
NUUGET - Nitte University Under Graduate Entrance Test
PGI MD/MS Entrance Exam - PGI Chandigarh MD/MS Entrance Exam
36 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

PGIMER - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Entrance Exam
PGIMER Nursing Entrance E - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Nursing Ent. Exam
PGMET - Post-Graduate Medical Entrance Test
PIMS AICET PG - Pravara Institute of Medical Science AICET PG
PIMS AICET UG - Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences All India Common Entrance Exam
PPMET - Punjab Para Medical Entrance Test
RPMT - Rajasthan Pre-Medical Test
Rajasthan PC PMT - Rajasthan Private Colleges Pre Medical Test
RD Exam - Registered Dietitian Exam
SRU Medical Entrance Exam - Sri Ramachandra University Medical Entrance Exam for MBBS and BDS
SSAHE AIPGET - Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education AIPGET
SRM Entrance Exam - SRM Institute of Science and Technology Entrance Exam
Sumandeep AICET - Sumandeep Vidyapeeth All India Common Entrance Test
SRH University PMEE - Swami Rama Himalaya University Pre Medical Entrance Exam
UPCMET - Uttar Pradesh Combined Medical Entrance Test
UP CPMT - Uttar Pradesh Combined Pre Medical Test
UPCAT - Uttar Pradesh Common Admission Test
UPPGMEE - Uttar Pradesh Post Graduate Medical Entrance Exam
UPPGMET - Uttar Pradesh Post Graduate Medical Entrance Test
UPMT - Uttaranchal Pre-Medical Test
Uttarakhand CMDPGEE - Uttrakhand Combined Medical and Dental Post Graduate Entrance Exam
VMU AICEE - Vinayaka Missions University All India Common Entrance Exam
Discontinued Exams
NEET UG - National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test for Under Graduates Discontinued
AFMC - Armed Forces Medical College Entrance Exam Discontinued
DUMET - Delhi University Medical-Dental Entrance Test Discontinued
DUPGMET - Delhi University Post Graduate Medical Entrance Test Discontinued
PMET - Punjab Medical Entrance Test Discontinued

3.4. BACHELOR OF MEDICINE AND BACHELOR OF SURGERY (M.B.B.S.)

Duration: 5½ Years
Eligibility: 10+2 with 50% marks in Physics, Chemistry and Bio
Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.B.S.) is the degree that is required to become a doctor in allopathic
medicine. The career in MBBS and higher studies is very rewarding for those interested in science and dealing with treating
sick people. This profession requires a lot of hard work but gives the satisfaction of curing patients from sicknesses and
making life easier and better for them.
If the medical profession could be summed up in a line it would be ‘Doctors save lives’. Medicine as a profession is one
of the most sought after careers and it commands tremendous respect in the society.
Simply put, doctors save lives. They do so by preventing disease, diagnosing and treating the diseases. Doctors are also
teachers. They teach the budding doctors in the medical college and later in the hospital when the young doctors are asked to
carry out the practical aspect of medicine, they once again guide them through it.
Becoming a good doctor is not an easy task. Most of the successful doctors have gone beyond just the graduation degree
(MBBS or equivalent) and gone further to do specialization in their preferred streams like Medicine, Paediatrics, and Surgery
etc. One can also become a super specialist like a cardiologist or a neurologist.M.B.B.S. is suited best, for those who have a
scientific bend of mind and those who want to serve humanity. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery is the most
coveted of all the Medical Degrees in India.

What Will You Study?

Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Subjects
Human Anatomy. Human Physiology Including Bio-Physics. Biochemistry. Introduction to Humanities & Community
Medicine. Forensic Medicine including Toxicology. Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Orthopaedics.
CAREER IN MEDICINE 37
Radiotherapy. Ophthalmology. Obstetrics and Gynaecology. General Medicine. General Surgery. Paediatrics. Obstetrics &
Gynaecology. Dermatology. Ophthalmology. Orthopaedics. E.N.T. (Ear, Nose and Throat). Psychiatry. Anaesthesiology.
Training Period and Time Distribution as per MCI Regulations
1. Every student shall undergo a period of certified study extending over 4 ½ academic years divided into 9 semesters, (i.e.
of 6 months each) from the date of commencement of his study for the subjects comprising the medical curriculum to
the date of completion of examination and followed by one year compulsory rotating internship. Each semester will
consist of approximately 120 teaching days of a hours each college working time, including one hour of lunch.
2. The period of 4 1//2 years is divided into 3 Phases as follows:-
(a) Phase-1 (two semesters) – consisting of Pre-clinical subjects (Human Anatomy, Physiology including Bio-Physics,
Biochemistry and introduction to Community Medicine including Humanities). Besides 60 hours for introduction to
Community Medicine including Humanities, rest of the time shall be somewhat equally divided between Anatomy and
Physiology plus Biochemistry combined (Physiology 2/3 & Biochemistry 1/3).
(b) Phase-II (3 semester) – consisting of para – clinical/clinical subjects. During this phase teaching of para-clinical
and clinical subjects shall be done concurrently. The para-clinical subjects shall consist of Pathology, Pharmacology,
Microbiology, Forensic Medicine including Toxicology and part of Community Medicine.The clinical subjects shall
consist of all these detailed below in Phase III. Out of the time for Para-clinical teaching approximately equal time be
allotted to Pathology,
Pharmacology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine and Community Medicine combined (1/3 Forensic Medicine and
2/3 Community Medicine).
(c) Phase-III (continuation of study of clinical subjects for seven semesters after passing Phase-1) The clinical subjects
to be taught during Phase II and III are Medicine and its allied specialties, Surgery and its allied specialties, Obstetrics
and Gynaecology and Community Medicine.
Besides clinical posting as per schedule mentioned herewith, rest of the teaching hours be divided for didactic lectures,
demonstrations, seminars, group discussions, etc. in various subjects. The Medicine and its allied specialties training
will include General Medicine, Pediatrics, Tuberculosis and Chest, Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Psychiatry,
Radio-diagnosis, Infectious diseases etc. The Surgery and its allied specialties training will include General Surgery,
Orthopedics Surgery including Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, Anesthesia,
Dentistry, Radio-therapy etc. The Obstetrics & Gynecology training will include family medicine, family welfare planning etc.
3. The first 2 semester (approximately 240 teaching days) shall be occupied in the Phase 1 (pre-clinical) subjects and
introduction to a broader understanding of the perspectives of medical education leading to delivery of health care. No
student shall be permitted to join the Phase II (Pare-clinical/clinical) group of subjects until he has passed in all the
Phase 1 (Pre-clinical) subjects for which he will be permitted not more than four chances (actual examination), provided
four chances are completed in three years from the date of enrollment.
4. After passing pre-clinical subjects, 1½ year (3 semesters) shall be devoted to para-clinical subjects. Phase II will be
devoted to para-clinical and clinical subjects, along with clinical posting. During clinical phase (Phase III) pre-clinical
and para clinical teaching will be integrated into the teaching of clinical subjects where relevant.
5. Didactic lectures should not exceed one third of the time schedule; two third schedule should include practical, clinical
or/and group discussions. Learning process should include living experiences, problem oriented approach, case studies
and community health care activities.
6. Universities shall organize admission timings and admission process in such a way that teaching in first semester starts
by 1st of August each year.
7. Supplementary examination may be conducted within 6 months so that the students who pass can join the main batch
and the failed students will have to appear in the subsequent year.
Internship Time Distribution
Compulsory
Community Medicine 3 months
Medicine 2 months
Surgery including Orthopaedics 2 months
Obst./Gynae. Including Family 2 months
Welfare Planning 15 days
Paediatric 15 days
Ophthalmology 15 days
38 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Otorhinolaryngology 15 days
Casualty 1 Month
Elective Postings
Elective Subjects: Elective posting will include Two of the following for 15 days in each subject.
• Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
• Psychiatry.
• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.
• Anaesthesia.
• Radio-diagnosis.
• Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
• Forensic Medicine and Toxicology.
• Blood Bank and Transfusion Department.
Some of the Major Institutes offering M.B.B.S.
• AIIMS, Delhi
• Armed Forces Medical College, Pune
• Christian Medical College, Vellore
• JIPMER
• St. John’s Medical College
Advantages or Benefits of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
The prefix of ‘Dr’ before one’s name commands respect. That itself is an achievement in itself. Doctors also are looked
upon with great respect as they save lives with their skills so a Doctor gains the status of a Humanitarian as well.
Doctors command high salaries and can earn lots of money especially in private practice.
Medical graduates are eligible to sit for various postgraduate examinations, including examinations for membership and
fellowship of professional institutions such as Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons, postgraduate Masters degrees
such as a Master of Surgery or Master of Obstetrics and a postgraduate doctorate in medicine (e.g. Doctor of Medicine, if
earned in Ireland, the UK or Commonwealth nations) and board certification examinations.
MBBS Employment Areas
• Biomedical Companies. • Health Centres.
• Hospitals. • Laboratories.
• Medical Colleges. • Medical Foundation / Trust.
• Non-Profit Organizations. • Nursing Homes.
• Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies. • Polyclinics.
• Private Practice. • Research Institutes
MBBS Job Types
• Anesthetists or Anesthesiologists. • Bacteriologist.
• Cardiologist. • Chiropodist.
• Chief Medical Officer (CMO). • Clinical Laboratory Scientist.
• Dermatologist. • E.N.T. Specialist.
• Enterologist. • Gastroenterologist.
• General Practitioner. • General Surgeon.
• Gynaecologist. • Hospital Administrator.
• Medical Admitting Officer. • Neurologists.
• Nutritionist. • Obstetrician.
• Orthopedists. • Pathologist.
• Pediatricians. • Radiologist.
• Physician. • Physiologist.
• Psychiatrists. • Resident Medical Officer.
CAREER IN MEDICINE 39

Eligibility: To obtain M.B.B.S. admission the basic criteria is that a candidate should have scored more than 50% marks
in physics, chemistry and biology aggregate in their 10+2 grade. To get medical school entry, one needs to appear for Common
Entrance Test (CET) and All India Medical Entrance Examination (AIMEE). The candidate needs to appear for All India Pre
Medical Entrance Test for admission to 15% of the total seats for medical and dental courses in all medical and dental colleges
run by the Union of India. This test is conducted by Central board of Secondary education.A basic requirement for applying
for medical entrance tests is that the student should be at least 17 years old on or before 31st December of the year of
admission. Upper age limit, where specified, is 25 years. Typically, Written tests have questions from physics, chemistry and
biology (botany and zoology). In general, the mix of questions is such that the focus on biology, which is a combination of
zoology and botany, is as much as that on physics and chemistry together. Most of the time there is negative marking for a
wrong answer. This would be indicated in the information bulletin or prospectus. Some medical entrance tests also have a few
questions on general knowledge, personality and intelligence assessment or English language. The states also conduct their
own Pre Medical Entrance Examination for domiciled candidates.
Specializations: After MBBS, post graduate level studies (MD or MS) can be conducted and there are many specializations
including General Medicine, General Surgery, Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dermatology, Ophthalmology,
Orthopaedics, ENT, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology etc. There are also options for super specialization through Ph.D. in
any area of medicine. You also have an option of pursuing Diploma or DNB at various hospitals.
Job Prospects: There is a great demand of medical professionals and it is increasing due to the unfortunate upsurge in
diseases and ailments day by day. Also many super specialty hospitals are mushrooming offering employment opportunities.
Some of the places where there is job scope for medical professionals are as follows:
In Government/Private hospitals
In nursing homes/clinics/health departments
In medical services of army/navy/air force
In charitable institutions
In medical colleges and training institutes as teachers
In research institutes and medical colleges as researchers
Private practice/self employment

Top 25 Medical Colleges in India (Medicine/MBBS)

1. AIIMS, Delhi
2. Armed Forces Medical College, Pune
3. Christian Medical College, Vellore
4. JIPMER, Puducherry
5. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
6. Lady Hardinge Medical College, Delhi
7. Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi
8. Grant Medical College, Mumbai
9. St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore
10. Madras Medical College, Chennai
11. Stanley Medical College, Chennai
12. King George Medical University, Lucknow
13. B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad
14. Christian Medical college, Ludhana
15. Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi
16. Seth G.S. Medical College, Mumbai
17. Bangalore Medical College, Bangalore
18. University College of Medical sciences, Delhi
19. Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Chennai
20. Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical college, Mumbai
21. M.S. Ramaiah Medical college, Bangalore
22. Medical College & Hospital Kolkata
40 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

23. Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai

24. Government Medical College, Chandigarh
25. Jawaharial Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh
Post Graduate Diploma: Child Health (DCH), Laryngology and Otology (DLO), Diploma in Gynecology and
Obstetrics (DGO) Duration is 2 years.
Postgraduate Degree in broad specialties – Doctor of Medicine (MD). Duration is 3 years. This degree is awarded to
Physicians. Doctors possessing M.B.B.S. degree is eligible to for this course.
M.S. (Master of Surgery): This degree is awarded to doctors who are doing masters in Surgery. Doctors possessing
M.B.B.S. degree is eligible to for this course. DURATION: 3 years Super specializations: Doctor of Medicine (DM), and
Master of Chirurgiae (MCh). M.Phil and PhD.
D.M: This is a doctorate degree awarded by many universities in US and is equivalent to a PhD degree. Doctors possessing
M.D. degree are eligible to for this course. DURATION: 2-3 years.

3.5. BACHELOR OF DENTAL SURGERY (B.D.S.)

Duration: 4 Years
Eligibility: 10+2
“Some tortures are physical; and some are mental; But the one that is both; is dental.” —Ogden Nash
These are the feelings of the world famous poet. But dentists do various procedures and help us in dental problems”.
B.D.S. or Bachelor of Dental Surgery is an undergraduate dentistry course. The duration of this course is 4-5 years of with
internship and without internship. The course can be perused either as a full time graduate course or as a part time graduate
course i.e. through correspondence or distance education.
Entrance Examinations are conducted in major cities all over India. Advertisements are given, regarding issue of application
forms for common entrance examination; important dates etc. in all the leading news papers in India are also notified. The
allocation of institution is based on merit.
Dentists are profession who diagnose, prevent and treat disease related to teeth, jaws and soft tissues of mouth.
Dentists also treat injures, infections and other conditions of teeth, jawbones and other tissues of the oral cavity. Aesthetic
or cosmetic dentistry offer restorative treatment to enhance the patient’s appearance. They examine patients’ teeth and mouth
tissue in order to diagnose and treat problems. Most are general practitioners, but some specialize by becoming:
• Orthodontists
• Oral and maxillofacial surgeons
• Pediatric dentists
• Periodontics
• Prosthodontics
• Endodontics
• Public health dentists
• Oral pathologists
• Oral and maxillofacial radiologists
However, this career profile is changing rapidly, creating many opportunities and challenges for job seekers. With an
increasing awareness of oral health and the introduction of new fields like oral pathology (diagnosis for diseases that affect the
mouth), periodontics (care of gums and the diseases that might afflict them) and orthodontics (straightening and aligning teeth
and jaws) have all enhanced the scope in this field.

Bachelor of Dental Surgery Subjects

Human Physiology
Materials used in Dentistry
Human Oral Anatomy, Physiology, Histology and Tooth Morphology
Oral Pathology and Oral Microbiology
Orthodontics
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
CAREER IN MEDICINE 41

Bachelor of Dental Surgery Specialisations

There is no specialization at bachelor’s level.
Job Types
• Consultant • Dental assistant
• Dental hygienist • Dental surgeons
• Dental lab technicians/ceramists • Forensics
• Oral pathologists • Medical representatives/Sales representatives
• Private practitioners • Public health specialists
• Professors • Dental clinics
• Dental equipment manufacturers • Educational institutions
• Hospitals • Pharmaceuticals companies
Courses and Eligibility
Bachelor’s degree in Dental Science (BDS), 10+2 with physics, chemistry and biology and clear the pre-medical entrance
examination of states/boards/institutions.
To be a specialist one needs to have a Master’s in Dental Science (MDS).
Other Courses in Dentistry are:
• Dental Hygienist Certificate Course
• Dental Mechanic Certificate Course

Diploma Course in Dental Assistance

The Bachelor of Dental Science (BDS) degree programme is a five-year course that is divided into four parts each of one
years’ duration followed by a year of internship. The Dental Council of India registers those who have completed the BDS to
practice dentistry. After completion of this degree, many graduates choose to join a government hospital to get hands-on
experience.
A BDS degree alone is not considered enough to succeed in this profession so one has to go for a Master of Dental
Science (MDS) degree. One should keep participating in education programmes based on the specialisation as, Continuous
education is an integral and an essential part of this profile.
Admission to graduate courses in dentistry is through a general, nationwide competitive examination. The All India Pre-
Medical/Pre-Dental Entrance Exam conducted by the CBSE is common for both the MBBS and the Bachelor of Dental
Sciences (BDS). The allocation of institutions is based on merit. Other than the centrally run medical institutions there is at
least one dental college in most states, where admission is governed by domiciliary status. A merit waiting list up to a number
of 1 to 2000 is made on the base of marks obtained in the Exam. The candidates are assigned their merit list and choice. There
are also private colleges, which under the management quota admit students on an all India basis. But to be eligible for
practice, one must ensure that the Dental Council of India approves the course chosen.
Where to Study
• AIIMS, New Delhi
• Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi
• Army College Of Dental Sciences, Mercury Lines, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, (Andhra Pradesh)
• Government Dental College & Hospital, Afzalgunj, Hyderabad
• KGMC, Lucknow
• R Ahmed Dental College, Kolkata
• Government Dental College, Mumbai
• Dental College, Dharwad, Karnataka
• College of Dental Sciences, Manipal
• GDC, Trivandrum
• Goa Dental College & Hospital, P.O. Santa Cruz, Bambolim Goa
• S.C.B.Medical College, Cuttack, Orissa
• College of Dentistry, Indore
• Guwahati Medical College, Guwahati
42 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Dental College, Medical Campus, Rohtak

• Maharshi Dayanand University Medical College, Rohtak
• S.M.S.Medical College, Jaipur
• Dr.R.Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata
• Christian Medical College, Brown Road, Ludhiana
• Guru Nanak Dev Dental College & Research Institute, Sunam, Punjab
• The Buddhist Mission Dental College & Hospital, Patna, Bihar
• Patna Dental College & Hospital, Agamkuan, Patna
• Government Dental College And Hospital, Ahmedabad
• Govt. Dental College, Jamnagar
• Rajah Muthiah Dental College & Hospital Annamalai Nagar
• Meenakshi Ammal Dental College & Hospital, Chennai
• Modern Dental College & Research Centre Nainod, Gandhi Nagar, Airport Road, Indore (M.P.)
• Govt. Dental College & Hospital Near T.B. Hospital Subhash Nagar, Jaipur
• Mahatama Gandhi National Institute of Medical Sciences RIICO Institutional Area, Sitapura, Jaipur

3.6. SOME OTHER MEDICAL COURSES

Bachelor of Homeopathic Medical & Surgery (BHMS)
DURATION: 5.5 years
The Homeopathic Education in India is presently regulated by the National Institute of Homeopathy. Applicant should
have passed HSC Exam from Statutory Board/University in India or equivalence.
About the course: Homeopathy is a holistic system of medicine, in which the patient is treated as a whole taking into
account the role of body, mind and spirit. Homoeopathy believes in the concept of vital force, which when becomes disturbed
through disharmonious living and thinking, a manifestation of symptoms takes place which we call disease.
In homeopathy the doctor treats the patient by taking into thought his constitution, his mental makeup, desires and dislikes,
eating habits, reaction to hot and cold climate, sleep, dreams, past and family history of chronic diseases. Homoeopathic
medicines are usually free from any side effects.
The course is of five and a half year’s duration consisting of one year compulsory internship in Homoeopathy.
Specialization: BHMS students can opt for most of the specializations available for MBBS, i.e., Gynaecology, Paediatrics
etc. Apart from these there specializations in the homeopathic field as well in subjects such as materia (deals with the drugs),
organon (deals with principles of homeopathy), repertory (deals with the list of drugs) and medica.
Job Prospects: Homeopathic doctors can get jobs in Government/Private hospitals, in nursing homes/clinics/health
departments, in medical services of army/navy/air force, in charitable institutions, in research institutes and medical colleges
as researchers. Apart from that they can go for private practice/self employment as well.
Specialization: Candidates who have passed BAMS can apply for post graduate programmes. The Post graduate
programmesare conducted by many recognised institutions and have duration of 3 years leading to degrees of Doctor of
Medicine in Ayurveda (M.D. (Ayu)) and Master of Surgery in Ayurveda (M.S. (Ayu)).
Eligibility: Students desirous of BHMS should have Higher Secondary or equivalent qualification (10 + 2) with English,
Physics, Chemistry and Biology as well as attained the age of 17 years on or before 31st December of the year of his admission
to the first year of the course.
Professional Courses: Basically there are two types of courses available in Homeopathy namely Diploma in Homoeopathic
Medicine & Surgery (DHMS) of 4 years duration, including 1-year of Internship and Bachelor of Homoeopathic Medicine &
Surgery (BHMS) of 4 ½ Years + 1 year Internship. The Central Council of Homoeopathy, a statutory body under Government
of India, is the apex body taking care of education, training and other matters related with Homoeopathy. All the courses must
be recognised by Homoeopathy Central Council Act 1973. At present there are around 200 institutions in the country offering
degree and diploma courses in Homoeopathy, which meet the regulations prescribed by the Council. Annual intake by these
institutions is around 8000. The training period for Homoeopathic Studies varies with the course undertaken.
National Institute of Homoeopathy, Calcutta, an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
is a model academic institute of Homoeopathy in India. The Entrance Examination for BHMS course is usually held in June/
July every year.
CAREER IN MEDICINE 43
Post Graduate Education in Homoeopathy was introduced in 1989 and M.D. (Hom.) is offered in seven different subjects
namely Materia Medica, Organon of Medicine with Homoeopathic Philosophy, Repertory, Pediatrics, Medicine, Psychiatry
and Pharmacy. About 15 institutions have been permitted by the Central Council, India to start Post Graduate Course in
Homoeopathy. Vinayaka Missions University, Salem offers three-year MD (Doctor of Medicine in Homoeopathy) with
specialization in Practice of Medicine, Paediatrics, Psychiatry, Homoeopathic Materia Medica, Organon of Medicine and
Homoeopathic Philosophy, Repertory and Homoeopathic Pharmacy. Government Homoeopathic Medical College at
Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode offer M.D. (Hom) in Materia Medica, Homoeopathic Philosophy, Repertory, Practice of
Medicine and Pharmacy. The eligibility criterion for M.D. is BHMS degree or its equivalent as declared by the Central
Council of Homoeopathy.
Selection of Institutes and Courses: The selection of the institute is important otherwise it would be wastage of precious
time and money. Before selecting any institute, one should consider the following points e.g. reputation of the institute,
recognition of institute, how old the institute is, efficiency of faculty members of the institute, infrastructure of the institute etc.
All the courses & institutes must be recognized by Central Council of Homoeopathy (http://www.cchindia.com), India for
secure future. One should go for higher studies like M.D. (Hom) for better employment opportunity especially in teaching
field.
Colleges, Institutes and Universities
Here is the list of Institutions providing Homoeopathy courses in India:
• Ahmedabad Homoeopathic Medical College, Ghuma-Bhopal Road, Ghuma, Ahmedabad.
• Assam Govt. Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, P.O. Haibergaon, Dist. Nagaon-782 002. Assam
• Bakson Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, 36-B, Knowledge Park, Phase-I, Greater Noida (U.P.) - 201306
• Baroda Homoeopathic Medical College, Sailja Complex, Near R.C. Patel Estate, Akota Road, Vadodara-20.
• Bengal Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Ismile, P.O. Asansol-713 301, Dist. Burdwan.
• Bharti Vidyapeeth’s Homoeopathic Medical College, Dhankawadi, Katraj, Pune-411043.
• Cuttack Homoeopathic Medical College, Naya Bazar Cuttack.
• D.N.De. Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, 12, G.K. Road, Kolkata -700 046.
• Dhanvantari Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital & Research Centre, Dhanvantari Campus, Kamatwade, CIDCO,
Nashik-8.
• District Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, 478, Katju Nagar, Ratlam, MP
• Dr. Madan Pratap Khuteta Rajasthan Homoeopathic Medical College, Station road, Vanasthali Marg, Jaipur-302006
• Dr.B.R.Sur Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Near Nanakpura Gurudwara (Ring Road), Moti Bagh-II,
New Delhi-110 021.
• Dr.D.Y.Patil Homoeopathic Medical College, Pimpri, Dist.Pune.
• Fr.Muller’s Homoeopathic Medical College, Kankanady, Mangalore-575 002
• Govt. Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, 191, Zone-I,M.P. Nagar, Bhopal-462 001.
• Govt. Homoeopathic Medical College, Ravindra Nagar Post, Cuddapah-516 003. A.P.
• Govt. Homoeopathic Medical College, Irnamuttam, P.O. Manacaud, Thiruvananthapuram
• Govt.Homoeopathic Medical College, No. 1178, 22 ‘B’ Cross, Magadi Main Road, Bangalore-560 040.
• Govt.Homoeopathic Medical College, Karaparamba, Calicut, (Kozhikode)
• Gujarat Homoeopathic Medical College, At & P.O. Savli-391 770, Dist. Vadodara.
Career Prospects and Employment Opportunities: Alternative medicine is becoming popular in society slowly.
Homeopathic doctors too are in high demand especially for diseases that allopathic medicine can’t cure in satisfactory ways.
It is a very flexible career option as it can be started later in life and one can continue until older age. Homeopaths can work
part time only or build up a busy practice and develop into a full time occupation with earnings increasing with the growth of
the practice.
Advancement is mainly through building up a practice. With experience, homoeopaths may move onto running
seminars,tutorials, teaching at colleges/universities or supervising students and other practitioners and writing articles, books
and health journals. They may get involved in homoeopathic research, or advise manufacturers on the production of homoeopathic
medicines.
After completion of study & training in Homoeopathy a candidate can find job in Homoeopathic Hospitals and medical
colleges, Govt. Dispensaries, Non-Government Organization (NGO). Besides private practice Homoeopathy offers career
opportunities in research institutes (disease and drug related clinical research) in both government and private sectors.
Homoeopathy graduates may work as a medical officer, administrator & manager, teacher, researcher as well as social reformer.
44 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

So, the scope of Homoeopathy is ample & growing fast with the aspirations of coming era especially in the field of non-curable
diseases and disorders.

Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (B.A.M.S.)

This degree is awarded to those students who have studied ayurveda system of medicine in India. The Ayurvedic Education
in India is presently regulated by the Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM).
DURATION: 5.5 years
Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (B.A.M.S.) is an integrated medical degree in India, conferred to those
who have studied the integrated system of modern medicine and traditional ayurveda. The degree is of five and half year’s
duration, including 1 year internship after passing 12th Science. The person having a BAMS degree can practice anywhere in
India. The curriculum includes studying and teaching of modern anatomy, physiology, principles of medicine, preventive and
social medicine, pharmacology, toxicology, forensic medicine, ENT, Ophthalmology, principles of surgery, etc. along with
Ayurvedic topics. Some experts opine that in future there is possibility of integration of BAMS and MBBS courses.
Permission to Use Modern Medicine
A BAMS graduate can practice modern / allopathic medicine in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Many people are unaware
.
of this fact that BAMS doctors can practice modern / allopathic medicine. According to the privileges in the Drugs & Cosmetics
Act 1940, Rules 1945 Sec 2ee (iii), States have right to allow BAMS doctors to use modern medicine, in the practice.
One study claims that it has observed that “BAMS doctors seem to prescribe more irrationally as compared to MBBS
doctors” when comparative evaluation of MBBS and BAMS doctor’s prescription trends was carried out using World Health
Organization criteria.
Future after BAMS
A BAMS doctor can work in following domains after completion of the degree.
1. General Practice
2. Research (Clinical research or epidemiological research)
3. Hospital and Healthcare Administration
4. Health Supervisor (As per High court’s decision a BAMS doctor can work for the post of Health Supervisor)
5. Ayurved Consultation
6. Ayurved Pharmacy
Future Education after BAMS
Though the future is not as bright as MBBS, a BAMS graduate can opt for following degrees after BAMS
1. MD/MS (Ayurveda)
2. RAV (Rashtriya Ayurved Vidyapeeth’s 1 year certificate course run by AYUSH department of government of India)[
3. MBA (Hospital Healthcare Management)
4. MPH (Masters in Public Health from India and Abroad)
5. MSc Health Sciences
6. MSc Nutrition
These days, Ayurveda has become a preferred treatment system not only for Indians, but for patients in foreign countries
too. So, an educational course in ayurveda can give you bright career prospects in India as well as abroad. After completing an
ayurveda course, you can find employment in a private or government ayurvedic hospital as a doctor or medical officer. You
can also run your own ayurvedic clinic. There is a number of ayurveda colleges in India that offer graduate, postgraduate,
certificate and diploma courses in Ayurveda. This section aims at giving you information about top 10 ayurveda colleges in
India, so that you can make your decision accordingly.
1. Sri Dhanwantri Ayurvedic College, Chandigarh: The College offers graduate and postgraduate courses in Ayurveda,
with specializations in different fields, including anatomy, pathology, pharmacology, ENT, surgery, pediatrics, gynecology,
obstetrics, physiology etc. During the course, the students are given practical training in their specialized
DaburDhanwantriAyurvedicHospital.
2. Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore: The University offers Ayurved Vachaspati and Ayurvedacharya
courses with specializations in ENT, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Surgery, Medicine, Pharmacology and other related
disciplines. You can also pursue an MD or MS program in this university. Admissions are made on the basis of a
common entrance test that the university conducts annually.
CAREER IN MEDICINE 45
3. Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat: Jointly managed by Gujarat government and Indian government,
this university offers several courses in Ayurveda, including BAMS, D.Pharm. (Ayurveda), B.Pharm. (Ayurveda),
M.Pharm. (Ayurveda), MD and Ph.D. The university conducts an entrance examination, based on which admissions are
made into the courses.
4. J.B. Roy State Medical College, Kolkata: This is one of the oldest ayurvedic colleges in India, currently affiliated to
the WB University of Health Sciences. The college offers BAMS, admission to which is made on the basis of WB Joint
Entrance Exam. There are only 60 seats reserved for admission to the program.
5. Ayurvedic Medical College, Kolhapur: Affiliated to the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, the college offers
5½ years undergraduate program in ayureda, which leads to Ayurvedacharya or BAMS after completion of the course. Any
student who has passed 10+2 (science stream) with at least 55% marks can acquire one of the 60 seats for the program.
6. State Ayurvedic College of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh: Affiliated to the University of Lucknow, the college offers 5 ½
years BAMS program to the aspiring students. The government of Uttar Pradesh conducts a common entrance exam
every year to fill in the 50 seats allotted for the program.
7. Shri Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur: Affiliated to the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, this private
college offers an undergraduate program in BAMS. To gain admission in the college, you should have passed 10+2 with
Chemistry, Biology and Physics as major subjects. You can pursue a BAMS program, or may select a course with
specialization in any of the 13 disciplines offered by the college.
8. Rishikul State College, Haridwar: Affiliated to the HNBGarhwalUniversity, the college offers BAMS or Ayurvedacharya
and MD (Ayurveda). The students are given practical training in a 154 bed hospital adjacent to the college. Admission
to the college is made on the basis of an entrance test conducted by the college.
9. Dayanand Ayurvedic College, Jalandhar: The college offers BAMS, with spec. in Physiology, Metaphysics, Human
Anatomy, ENT, Gynecology, Medicine, Obstetrics, Pediatrics etc. Admissions PMET exam Punjab Univ.
10. Ashtang Ayurveda College, Indore: Affiliated to the Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, the college has 40 seats for their
BAMS program. Any student who has passed 10+2 (Science stream) with 50% marks can give an entrance test conducted
by the college, based on which admissions are made into the course
Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery Employment Areas
• Clinical Trials
• Education
• Healthcare Community
• Healthcare IT
• Hospital
• Insurance
• Life Sciences Industry
• On Duty Doctor
• Pharma Industry
Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery Job Types
• Category Manager - Ayurvedic Medicines
• Medical Representatives
• Business Development Officer - Allopathy / Ayurvedic Pharma Sales
• Ayurvedic Doctors
• Sales Representatives
• Area Sales Executive / Manager - FMCG Company
• Product Manager
• Assistant Claims Manager - Health
• Pharmacist
• Jr. Clinical Trial Coordinator
Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery (Unani Medicine) (B.U.M.S.)
Candidate aspiring for B.U.M.S. course must have passed Intermediate (10 + 2) with Physics, Chemistry & Biology.
th st
Urdu is compulsory up to 10 class or equivalent Education. Candidate must have attained minimum 17 years of age as on 31
December of the responding year.
DURATION: 5.5 years
46 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Sprawling on the backseat of the domain of medicine, unani medicine prevails as one of the most unconventional
methods of treatment. It has proven to be effective in healing and is relatively inexpensive, but yet the general public resort
to unani medicine as an alternative remedy. However, numerous success stories reinstate the power of unani. For instance, a
once ten year old boy suffering from cerebral palsy is now (fifteen years down the line) absolutely cured of his former thinking
and talking disability, thanks to unani treatment! This profoundly unique system of medicine was invented in Greece and is
essentially based on the teachings of Hippocrates. Brought to India by the Arabs and the Persians, Unani medicine is said to
have greatly influenced western medical thought. It traces the presence of four humours in the body: dam (blood), balgham
(phlegm), safra (yellow bile) and sauda (black bile) which forms the core of the unani principle that relies on the equilibrium
or imbalance between these four humours. Unani medicine and its curative powers continue to be a topic of medical discussion
till now. Read this article and figure out the fastest route to studying and practicing unani medicine.
Eligibility: Those who seek admission into ‘Bachelor of Unani Medicine Course’ (B.U.M.S) are expected to have passed
their Intermediate / Senior School Certificate Examination (10+2) or an equivalent. Hailing from a recognized school conducting
regular classes, the candidates should pass their exams with 50% and above marks in the subjects- physics, chemistry and
biology. He or She should be 17 years old on the 31st day of December of that particular year of admission. Applicants for
B.U.M.S. must appear in the entrance test conducted by ‘jamia hamdard’ or any other upcoming university offering the course.
Selections will be made on the basis of performances in the written test and applicants that secure below 60% marks in total
are usually ruled out immediately.
Details of The Course
Courses in Unani Medicine Include The Following Topics, Amongst Many Others
• Infectious Diseases and Prevention
• Waterborne Diseases and Prevention
• Dehydration and Its Prevention
• Kinds, Principles And Importance of Delak (Massage)
• Nutritional Deficiencies in Children and Its Prevention
• Kinds Of Tassammum In Detail
• Symptoms Of Poisoning Like Corrosives Alkali Acid
• Baul - Urine Examination
• Baraz - Stool Examination
• Anti Septics And Disinfectants And Jaraseem
• Symptoms and Treatment of Hanson’s Disease
• Classification of Wounds
• Haemorrhage Its Prevention and Treatment
• Head Injury Foreign Body in Respiratory Passages
• Liver Abscess Intestinal Obstruction
• Sterilization
• Pre-Operative and Post Operative Care
• Growth and Disease Of Placenta (Masheema)
• Growth of Foetus (Janeen)
• Foetal Circulation
• Hamal (Pregnancy) Clinical Symptoms, Signs and Diagnosis
• Differential Diagnosis of Pregnancy
• Anti-Partum and Post-Partum Haemorrage Diseases During Pregnancy
• Amraz-E-Niswan (Gynaecology)
• Unani Methods of Paediatrics Diagnosis
• Hydricephablus, Epilepsy &Tetanus
• Diarrechoea and Dysentery
• Infantile Convulsions
• Infectious Disease in Children and Unani Treatment
• Congenital Heart Diseases
• Infantile Nutrition : Their Growth and Mailnutrition
• Unani Methods Of Eye Disease Prevention (Sulaq, Shaeera, Barda, Zufra)
CAREER IN MEDICINE 47
Specializations
Specializations on post graduate level may vary depending on where the student’s strength lies. Unani is a vast study of
herbal drug medication and attempts to combat many of the raging diseases that plague the world today. Whether pediatrics,
gynaecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, orthopedics, ENT or psychiatry, unani medicine provides tremendous scope for
the aspiring physician.
Career Prospects
Once you hold a Bachelors degree in unani medicine, your chances of embarking upon a wonderful career in the medical
field are immense. Unani graduates can find jobs in states and central government dispensaries, unani hospitals, health
department, private nursing homes, unani pharmacies, research centres as unani hakims and pharmacists. Moreover, you can
be a successful and highly paid professor at a well renowned unani institute.
Some of The Best Institutes Offering Courses In Unani
• The Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College, New Delhi
• Government Unani Medical College, Arumbakkam, Chennai
• Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi
• Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh
• National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore
• Govt. Nizamia Tibbi College, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
• Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University - Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Bachelor of Physiotherapy (B.PTh)

DURATION: 4.5 years
Applicant must pass in 12th class or equivalent with a minimum aggregate percentage of 50% marks in physics, chemistry
and biology.He/She should pass in english subject also.
About the course: Physiotherapy, also called Physical Therapy is one of the fastest-growing sectors of Physiotherapy
sciences. It is a treatment method to eradicate disease and disability using physical exercises. Physiotherapy helps in optimal
functioning of the body. It involves the assessment, maintenance, restoration of the physical function and act of the body and
is strongly advised for people with degenerative disorders, the physically challenged, sports persons and people suffering
from arthritis and neurological disorders. The method includes heat radiation, water therapy, massages, diathermy, traction
and other procedures. The job of a Physiotherapist is challenging but profitable at the same time. They are qualified to perform
physical examination, conduct assessments to determine a diagnosis process, select appropriate physical therapy interventions
to treat the dysfunction, and monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Physiotherapists use various therapeutic intervention
techniques to treat a patient. Some of them are Manual Therapy, TENS-Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation applied
to control pain, Ultrasound Technique, Electrical Muscle Stimulation, Manipulation, Acupuncture etc.
Job Prospects: Employment opportunities for physiotherapists are fantastic as it is a career where the demand exceeds
its supply. A physiotherapist could be employed in the rehabilitation departments, municipal corporations and private bodies.

Bachelor of Occupational Therapy (B. OTh)

DURATION: 3 years
Bachelor of Occupational Therapy is a 3 year program. In order to eligible you must pass 10+2 with PCB (physics,
chemistry and biology).
Some institutions may opt for an entrance examination and may select candidates on the basis of performance in the
entrance test.
About the course: Occupational Therapy is a health profession concerned with enabling people of all ages who may
have physical, mental and/or social challenges to participate in their activities of everyday life, thereby, promoting their health
and well-being through occupation. Enhancing someone’s ability to participate in everyday activities is a central part of
occupational therapy. Occupation addresses the range of activities that people want or need to do in their everyday lives, such
as looking after themselves (self-care), enjoying life (play and leisure), and contributing to the social and economic fabric of
their communities (productivity).
Occupational therapists enable people to do things that will enhance their ability to participate, or by modifying the
environment to better support participation. Clients are actively involved in the therapeutic process, and outcomes of occupational
therapy are diverse, client-driven and measured in terms of participation or satisfaction derived from participation. Occupational
therapy enables people to achieve health, well being and life satisfaction through participation in occupation.
48 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Job Prospects: Occupational therapists work in many settings including hospitals, rehabilitation centres, private practice,
community health centres, early intervention centres, social services, schools, government agencies, industrial and commercial
organizations, mental health services, homes, and supported housing.

Master of Chirurgiae (M. Ch.)

DURATION: 2 years
The M.Ch degree is the highest degree under the faculty of medicine. Applicant should have M.S. degree to be eligible for
M.Ch.) Master of Chirurgiae (MCh.) also known as post doctoral degrees.

Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharma)

DURATION: 4 years
Applicant must pass with at least 50% marks in Pre University Course with biology/mathematics as one of the compulsory
subjects, or DPharma (Diploma in Pharmacy).

Optometry
DURATION: 2 years
Optometry is a science that is associated with structure, working and function of human eye. EYECET examination is
necessary to pass to go for B. Optom Degree.

Ophthalmic Assistant Course

DURATION: 2 years
An ophthalmic assistant is a person who works with an ophthalmologist (eye doctor) to provide patient care by performing
many different eye-related clinical functions. You should have a high school diploma or equivalent. Typical salaries for ophthalmic
assistants are very high in every country

Histopathological Lab Technology

DURATION: 1 year
Management and planning of the laboratory records .Care and maintenance of laboratory instruments in general. Collection
of specimens for laboratory investigations, the importance and significance of laboratory investigations .Laboratory management
and planning, receiving and recording of specimens, indexing, maintaining records.

D. Pharma (Ayurvedic, Siddha Medicine)

DURATION: 2 year

Lab Technicians
DURATION: 1 year
Aspirants of medical laboratory technology can take up courses both at diploma and undergraduate level. The B.Sc.
programme in medical laboratory technology is offered by different medical colleges/institutions across the country.Lab
technicians needs 10+2 as the eligibility.

Sanitary Inspector Course

DURATION: 1 year
The sanitary inspector is a health specialist, who is responsible for the execution of sanitary control in the state in various
fields. Candidates should clear the Class X as well as Class XII board exams and science should be one of the subjects.

General Nursing Training Course

DURATION: 3.5 years
This course trains an individual to take good care of the patients. Applicant should atleast clear 10+2 board examinations
with Physics, Chemistry and Biology.The candidate should be at least 17 years of age.

Dental Mechanic Course

DURATION: 2 years
This course aims to facilitate students to understand and gain knowledge of working with various Dental Materials on the
impressions made for the oral rehabilitation of the patient. This work is done in dental laboratory in the absence of the patient.
CAREER IN MEDICINE 49
The Candidate should have passed the higher secondary school examination or its equivalent (12 years schooling certificate)
with not less than 50 per cent marks in English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology taken together or any other equivalent
examination of any other country duly recognised.

Dental Hygienist Course

DURATION: 2 years
This course aims to facilitate students to understand and gain knowledge of working as a chair side assistant who does
oral prophylaxis, give instruction in oral hygiene and preventive dentistry but work under supervision of Dental Surgeon. The
Candidate should have passed the higher secondary school examination or its equivalent (12 years schooling certificate) with
not less than 50 per cent marks in English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology taken together or any other equivalent examination
of any other country duly recognised.

Radiological Assistant
DURATION: 1 year
Radiology assistants assist radiologists by by doing some radiologic procedures. Candidates must have a Bachelor of
Science in Radiology Assistance, Master of Science in Radiology Assistance or a Radiologist Assistant Post-Baccalaureate
Certificate. Radiologist assistants can expect to earn very high year.

Radiography (Diagnosis and Therapy)

DURATION: 2 years
Six out of ten patients who receive radiotherapy treatment for cancer are cured.British radiographers are recognised as
being among them the best in the world. A radiography degree is a passport to a job. Radiography students pay no tuition fees
and you can qualify for an NHS bursary.

Nuclear Medicine Technology

DURATION: 2 years
The Nuclear Medicine Technologist assists the physician when radioactive materials are used in the diagnosis and treatment
of disease. Graduates may earn a bachelor’s degree, associate degree, or a certificate.

Bachelor of Audiology and Speech, Language Pathology (BASLP)

About the course: Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology are concerned with evaluation, treatment and research in
human communication and its disorders. Speech-language pathologists assess and treat persons of all ages with speech,
language, voice, and fluency disorders. They may also work with people who have oral motor problems that cause eating and
swallowing difficulties. They use special instruments, as well as written and oral tests, to determine the nature and extent of
impairment, and to record and analyze speech irregularities. For individuals with little or no speech, speech-language pathologists
select alternative communication systems, including automated devices and sign language, and teach their use.
Job Prospects: Job opportunities are available for audiologists and speech language pathologists, both in India and
overseas in the following set ups:
Academic Universities
Medical Hospitals/Clinics (General hospitals, Ear Nose Throat, Pediatric or Neurology clinics)
Special Schools for children with hearing impairment, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, autism, learning disability or
others.
Normal schools
Hearing aid/cochlear implant industries
Hearing conservation program in industries (as industrial audiologist)
Or, Private practice

Bachelor of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (BVSc. & AH)

About the course: Veterinary Science is the science of diagnosing, treating and curing the diverse types of diseases in
birds and animals. The subject broadly covers the study of animal physiology, treatment and prevention of diseases among
animals. The basic principles of this specialized branch of study are quite similar to that of human medical sciences. But the
job profile of a veterinary doctor or a vet is much more than that of a general physician or a surgeon. It involves not only taking
care of animal health but also includes scientific breeding and handling of livestock.Besides giving treatment, Vets perform
50 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

surgery, prevent spreading of diseases in animals by administering timely vaccination and medicines and give advice on care
of pets and farm animals.
Specialization: Generally after doing B.VSc, most candidates go on to do a post graduation, namely a Master in Veterinary
Science. The Postgraduate course in Veterinary Science (M.V.Sc.) is a 2 year course and the candidate has the option to
specialize in areas like medicine, surgery, anatomy, bacteriology, biochemistry, cardiology, dermatology, microbiology, molecular
biology, anaesthesia, gynaecology, pathology, toxicology, virology pharmacology, etc.
Job Prospects: Veterinary science offers a large number of avenues of work and the demand for Veterinary doctors has
increased tremendously. Veterinarians can choose to work with the government animal husbandry departments, poultry farms,
dairy farms, sheep and rabbit farms, race clubs, stud farms, private and government veterinary hospitals and clinics. Wildlife
sanctuaries and zoological parks as well as aviaries need veterinarians. The Army and the Border Security Forces also employ
veterinarians for the care and treatment of their mounted regiments which have horses, mules, camels and dogs. Private
practice is another option they can consider. Teaching is another option as experienced professionals are recruited in various
institutions to train the new entrants to the field. Besides regular practice, vets can also take up research work, either on their
own or in association with the government such as ICAR (Indian council for Agricultural Research). Pharmaceutical industries
appoint veterinary scientists in their research and development divisions for the research and development of drugs, chemicals
and bio-products particularly antibiotics and vaccines both for human and animal use. They can also work in technical sales,
agribusiness, marketing, pet food manufacturing industries and in management of industries dealing with animal feed, animal
products, milk and meat products processing industries etc.

Bachelor in Prosthetics and Orthotics (B.P. & O.)

About the course: Prosthetics and orthotics is a clinical discipline related to the provision of prostheses (artificial limbs)
to people with amputations and orthoses (supportive devices) to those with musculoskeletal disabilities.
The role of the prosthetist/orthotist is a clinical one, with responsibilities including: patient assessment, prescription,
caseload management, design, fabrication, fitting and alignment of prostheses and orthoses, and the monitoring and review of
the devices used by their clients.
The prosthetist/orthotist is an integral member of the health care team who has a clinical, technical, advisory and educational
role.
The prosthetist/orthotist combines knowledge of anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, pathology and materials science
with skills such in patient assessment, casting, measurement and alignment to maximize the function and comfort.
Job Prospects: This profession is a time demanding one but brings with it good employment opportunities and self
practice facilities. Based on their educational qualifications and professional experience P&O professionals may get posted as
Technologists, Consultants, Prosthetists and Orthotists in the supervisory level, as Technicians or Assistants. With upgrading
of skills and considerable amount of job experience they may become Head of the Department. Those in the teaching field can
become Instructors and Lecturers. Yet others can join R&D cells of government organizations and MNCs as Researchers.
Trained professionals can also start their own manufacturing and maintenance units.

Career as Nutritionists
“The doctor of the future will no longer treat the human frame with drugs, but rather will cure and prevent
disease with nutrition.” —Thomas Edison
This is probably the best time to take up a career as Nutritionist as people have realized that healthy and nutritious diet
boost immunity, prevents diseases, and improves mental and physical development among other things.Nutrition and dietetics
are fields related to this food. Nutritionist uses scientific knowledge to understand the effect of nutritionist and to enhance
the impact of food on health and well being on people and animals. The study the nutrients and they are digested, absorbed,
transported, metabolized, stored, and eliminated by the body. Besides studying how food works in the body, nutritionists are
interested in how the environment affects the quality and safety of foods, and what influence these factors have on health and
disease. This field finds application in medicine, veterinary, agriculture and public health. Nutritionists advise individuals and
the community about food choices for a healthy diet. Nutritionists do this by using their extensive knowledge of the nutritive
value of foods, the important nutrients required by the body at different stages of development, and the role of nutrients and
diet in health and the prevention of disease.
Highly trained professionals in nutrition are needed to provide expert advice on the nutrition, safety and health benefits of
foods for individuals, the community and the food industry. The study of nutrition involves the integration of basic science
such as biochemistry and physiology and the latest research findings in nutrition in order to understand how the human body
uses nutrients from foods to sustain life.A nutritionist is someone who’s studied nutrition and may have a graduate degree
(M.S. or Ph.D.) in nutrition from an accredited college. Some healthcare providers (medical doctors, osteopaths, physician
CAREER IN MEDICINE 51
assistants, chiropractors and naturopathic doctors) may be considered to be nutritionists if they’ve completed extra study in
the area of nutrition and they may practice “clinical nutrition.” This type of nutrition is often considered part of alternative or
complementary medicine.
Courses and Eligibility:
• BSc(Nutrition) degree (3 years)
• MSc Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, Food and Nutrition, Food Technology
• PhD Nutrition
• Post graduate diploma in dietetics and clinical nutrition
Eligibility for post graduate courses B.Sc. (Microbiology, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Home Science, Nutrition and
Dietetics and other B.Sc. life sciences graduates), B.Pharma, BPT, Graduates in Medicine (MBBS, BAMS, BHMS, BUMS,
and BNYS), Nursing Graduates, and Other Graduates with a minimum experience of 1-3 years in the field of Dietetics &
Nutrition.
Where to Study
• National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
Course: M.Sc in Applied Nutrition, PG Certificate Course in Nutrition
• University of Delhi Bachelor of Applied Sciences (Hons.) Food Tech
• Institute of Home Economics, Delhi Course BHSC; Dip in Dietetics & Public Health Nutrition
• Jadavpur University, Kolkata B.Tech./M.Tech. (Food & biochemical engg.)
• University of Madras PG Dip in nutrition & dietetics after BSc (chemistry/zoology or human nutrition) or home science
• SNDT Women’s University, Mumbai offers Masters in Food Science and Nutrition, Masters in Clinical Nutrition and
PGDiploma Courses in various specialisations.
• University of Mumbai PG Dip. in dietetics and applied nutrition
• University of Madras, Chennai
• Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai
• Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
• Maharaja Syajiro University of Baroda, Vadodara
• Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur
• Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad
• Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad
• Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore
• Indira Gandhi National Open University ,New Delhi
• Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad
• Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
• Lady Irwin College, New Delhi
• Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai
• Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
• University of Calcutta’s department of home science offers a BSc in food and nutrition, which focuses on dietetics and
human development. The course contents includes subject such as basic nutrition, physiology, food preservation,
therapeutic nutrition and community nutrition.
Those interested in taking up of course need to have studied biology and chemistry in class XII. Additionally, aspirants
should have55% marks in chemistry and at least 45% marks in class XII, to meet the eligibility criteria for pursuing the honors
degree. After graduation one can directly seek admission Master’s in food and nutrition, however need to take an entrance
exam and then can apply for National Eligibility Test or Research Eligibility Test. Chosen candidate through RET can fetch a
grant of Rs 8,000 per month. They can then opt for a PhD or Juniors Research Fellowship.
A BSc in food and nutrition makes students eligible for working for School Service Commission exams; they can also
apply to College Service Commission exams. Dieticians can also work in hospitals and nursing homes.
Career Prospects: Pharmaceuticals and Food processing industries are big employers of nutrionists. The nutrionists
work in tandem with the biomedical team to come up with the right products. Residential schools, airlines, gymnasiums, spas
are other avenues where a nutritionist is highly sought after.
Famous Nutritionists: Rujuta Diwaker whose famous clients include Kareena Kapoor, Anil Ambani, Hirani and Roshni
Pithawala
52 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Career as Pharmacist
“India has around 24000 pharmaceutical manufacturers however only 25% are in the organized sector. Apart from serving
the country they are one of the largest employers in India. Large number of hospitals and health care organizations and also
offer a big opportunity in the pharmaceutical sector”.
Pharmacists are health professionals who dispense prescription medication to patients and provide information
about the medicines their doctors have prescribed them. They explain doctors’ instructions to patients so that these individuals
can use these medications safely and effectively. They aid physicians, dentists and veterinarians by dispensing appropriate
medications to patients. Some pharmacists may also specialize in pharmaceutical research, or in marketing and sales of
particular medications for a company.
Many in this field work in drug, department or retail store settings, and many more work in hospital settings. They are
specialists in their knowledge of medications, and must always be furthering their education in this area since new medications
are developed all the time.
In retail settings, the pharmacist compounds drugs, orders supplies when necessary, may advise physicians on drug
interactions, and dispenses medications to people with prescriptions. A pharmacist cannot give medications to those without
prescriptions unless the medications are legally sold over the counter. Pharmacists are also excellent resources if you’re taking
over the counter medications and need advice on whether these will conflict with prescription meds. They’re further responsible
for making sure patients understand how to properly use prescription drugs. In hospital settings, pharmacists work in the same
manner. A pharmacist in the research setting may be responsible for developing new drugs, testing drugs, administering
pharmaceuticals for specific tests, or studying developed drugs for safety and possible interactions. Others pharmacists work
for pharmaceutical companies or run independent laboratories. Drug control administration and armed forces also offer a wide
range of opportunities to pharmacists. Some pharmacists also work in sale promotion work as medical representatives.
A diploma or degree holder in Pharmacy, after registering with the State Pharmacy Council, can set up and run their own
pharmacy or chemists and druggists shop to stock and sell medicines and dispense them according to doctors prescriptions.
Courses and Eligibility:
• Diploma course (D.Pharm): class 10, Duration 2 Years
• Bachelor program (B.Pharm): 10+2 Science with Physics, Chemistry, Maths and/or Biology/Bio technology/computer
science, 4 years, Entrance exam CET.
• M.Pharm: 2 yrs, Completed B.Pharm and entrance exam, some universities give preference to GPAT score
• PhD program one should have completed master’s program in Pharmacy or related field.
Universities and institutes conduct their own exams for admissions. For M Pharm there is one common exam GPAT and
other entrance exams of various institutes.
• Bharati Vidyapith University B.Pharm Entrance Exam
• BHU B. Pharma Entrance Exam
• Guru Gobind Sing Indra Prastha University B.Pharm Entrance Test
• MHT-CET B.Pharm Entrance Exam
• Poona College of Pharmacy B.Pharm Entrance Exam
• UPTU B.Pharm Entrance Test
States have their own entrances:
• Maharashtra - MH CET
• Goa - GCET
• Andhra Pradesh- EAMCET
• Rajasthan -RPET
• Punjab - PTU CET
• Odisa -JEE
• Madhya Pradesh-Madhya Pradesh CET
• Karnataka- Karnataka CET
• Gujarat-GUJCET
• Uttar Pradesh-UP CET
• West Bengal- WB-JEM
Where to Study
• BITS Pilani, Rajasthan
CAREER IN MEDICINE 53
• National Institute of pharmaceutical Education and Resaerch, NIPER, Mohali Punjab.
• Jamia Hamdard, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi
Course is offered in: Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Photochemistry,
Pharmacy Practice, Quality Assurance, Pharmaceutical Biotech, Pharmaceutical Analysis
• College of of Pharmaceutical Science, Manipal, Karnataka.
• Poona College of Pharmacy, Puna
• Goa College of Pharmacy, Goa.
• Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi
• IES College of Pharmacy - Bhopal
• Oriental College of Pharmacy & Research, Indore
• NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology - Kolkata
• Aditya College of Pharmacy & Science - New Delhi
• MET Institute of Pharmacy - Mumbai
• M.S. Ramaiah College of Pharmacy - Bangalore
• Jaipur National University - Jaipur
• Government College of Pharmacy - Shimla
• Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy - Hyderabad
• L. J. Institute of Pharmacy and Research Center - Ahmadabad
• National College of Pharmacy - Kozhikode
• School of Pharmaceutical sciences (SPS) - Bhubaneshwar Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Punjab University,
Chandigarh
• Dept. of Pharmacy, Jadavpur University, Calcutta
• Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi
• Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi
• Jaipur National University, Jaipur.
• Bhartiya Vidyapeeth University, Pune. Website: IT- BHU, Varanasi.
• Madras Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai
• Bombay College of Pharmacy, Santa Cruz, Mumbai
• S.N.D.T. Women’s College, Santacruz, Mumbai
• R.V.S. College of Pharmacy, 242, Trichy Road, Sulur, Coimbatore
• MS University of Baroda, Pharmacy department, Kala Bhawan,Vadodara
Pay and Remuneration
Entry level graduates earn around Rs 2 Lakhs to 2.5 lakhs per annum but the remunerations increase with the experience
and one get Rs 25 – 30 lakhs per year at senior levels.

Career in Nursing
“It is not how much you do, but how much love you put in the doing” —Mother Teresa
A nurse is a healthcare professional who is focused on caring for individuals, families, and communities so that they
attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and functioning. Nurses usually work under the guidance of physicians and doctors
and provide support in basic health care and even in complicated surgeries.It is a very challenging and responsible profession
and is loved by many people. Many people are coming forward and getting trained in this field.
Nurses may practice in hospitals, clinics, physician offices, private homes and schools, retirement homes etc. Some
nurses may also advise and work as consultants in the healthcare, insurance etc.
Courses and Eligibility: There are numerous colleges offering different courses in nursing due to its increased demands.
The eligibility depends on the type of course. One can go for any of the following choices:
• Anyone who has pursued the biology and science combination in standard 12 can go for B.Sc. nursing course, which is
a four-year course. This can be followed by M.Sc. and PhD.
• Anyone after standard 10 can go for a diploma course in ANM, which is for two years.
• Anyone after standard 12 can go for a diploma course, which is three and a half years in GNM.
54 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Where to Study
• AFMC, Pune
• Presidency Medical College Bangalore
• CMC, Vellore
• Christian college of Nursing, Bangalore
• Bangalore college of Nursing Chandupur, Bangalore
• AIIMS, Delhi
• RAK College of Nursing, Delhi
• St Stephen’s Hospital, Delhi
• Ahilya Bai College of Nursing, Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi
• Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospita, Panna Dai School of Nursing, Hari Nagar, New Delhi
• Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi
• Laxmi Bai Batra College of Nursing, Plot No. 45, 46, 47, Tughlakabad Institutional Area, Mehrauli
• Institute of Public Health & Hygiene, RZ-A-44, Mahipalpur, New Delhi
• Jamia Hamdard Faculty of Nursing, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi
• Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing, Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi
Pay and Remuneration
A nurse is offered different pay depending on their experience. On entry to this profession, a nurse is given a salary
starting from Rs. 1 lakh to 1.8 lakhs a year. However, higher salary is given in government sectors. Middle level nurses are
given a salary ranging between Rs. 2.5 lakhs to Rs 3.5 lakhs a year.
Career Prospects
The number of health institutes and hospitals are increasing every day and so is the demand for qualified nurses. After
doing B.Sc. nurses can also work as teachers. After post graduation they can do research or they can hold administrative posts.
A nurse can work anywhere where assistance is required as care provider. Jobs can be found in hospitals private and government,
clinics, schools, offices, orphanages, etc. A nurse is offered different pay depending on their experience. On entry to this
profession, a nurse is given a reward starting from Rs. 15,000 monthly. However, higher salary is given in government sectors.
Middle level nurses are given a salary ranging between Rs. 20,000 to Rs. 35,000 monthly. Senior level Rs. 50,000 to Rs.
70,000.
Famous Personalities
Nursing has offered several brave and great nurses to the world. Florence Nightingale is one of the most famous nurses
known to the whole world due to the service she did. She was responsible for reforming the entire health system of British
military. She helped the British army men during the world war and this act made her service famous. Mother Teresa who has
contributed a lot spiritually to the world was a very famous nurse.

Career in Clinical Research

Clinical research is a scientific study of the effects, risks, efficiency and benefits of a medicinal product. Clinical
research is carried out prior to the release of the medicine in the market. These trials are undertaken at various stages and
studies are conducted after the launch of a new product to monitor safety and side effects during large-scale use.
A Clinical Research Associate (CRA) is a professional who monitors the administration and progress of a clinical trial
(pharmaceuticals, biologics, or devices) on behalf of a sponsor. A clinical trial is a scientific study of the effects, risks and
benefits of a medicinal product, including new drug substances and currently marketed drugs. A CRA might also be called a
clinical research (or trials) monitor, executive, scientist or coordinator, depending on the company.
Nature of Work
The most common entry-level position is that of a Clinical Research Associate (CRA). The role of a CRA is varied:
• They are key participants in the design, implementation and monitoring of clinical trials
• They shoulder the responsibility of planning and implementing all activities required to conduct and monitor complex
clinical trials and ensure that Good Clinical Practices are followed.
• They assist in preparation of presentations, manuscripts of scientific meetings and technical journals. They attend scientific/
professional meetings and training courses as appropriate.
Clinical researchers have a wide array of goals: understanding the etiology of disease and the disease process, identifying
and evaluating potential treatments and their outcomes.
CAREER IN MEDICINE 55

Personality
This is a combination of Medical practice, Surgery and alike on one hand and Pharmacy & Research on the other. So the
candidate should be mentally prepared to put in long working hours with compassion and humane attitude.
Prerequisites
B. Sc. degree is a must to enter this field. Ideally the industry is looking for science graduates from pharmacy,
medicine, life science and bioscience. Within bioscience too there are various other fields such as botany, zoology,
biochemistry and genetics. Anybody who fulfils these criteria can join the industry.
Those with Nursing Degrees and or Nursing experience, Life Science degrees, Clinical Research Coordinators, Laboratory
Technicians, Clinical Research Associates, Medical Research Associates, Clinical Scientists, members of an Institutional
Review Board, Investigators, Investigator clinical trial site staff, Study Coordinators and Pharmacists can benefit from this
course as the online training program gives an overview of conducting clinical trials, drug development process, and human
safety protection.
Professional Courses
Almost all Institutes imparting training in Clinical Research conduct courses like Diploma and Post Graduation. The PhD
facility is in selected few.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Well-known Institutes are Institute of Clinical Research-Delhi, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Academy for Clinical
Excellence-Mumbai,. Besides for a focused hunt for various topics within the Clinical Research the Internet has a Directory
available for Institutes in India and Abroad. The CRCDM 6 month weekend course at Pune University is useful for:
Doctors - Principal Investigator, Co-Investigator, Medical Advisor, Drug Developers, Regulatory Affairs Manager, Clinical
Research Physician.
Pharmacists, Life Science graduates, Science postgraduates in Biochemistry - Medical writers, Clinical Research
Associate, Clinical Research Manager and Drug Development Associate, Biostatistician.
Management Graduates (MBA) - Business Development, Clinical Project Management, Clinical Research Management,
Regulatory Affair Management.
IT Biostatistician, Engineers, postgraduates in Maths, Applied Maths, operational Research, Statistics - Clinical
Data Manager, Drug Development Associate
After completion of this course Participants should be able to:
• Have better understanding of Good Clinical Practice and Standard Operating Procedure for Clinical Research and
Clinical Data Management.
• Contribute more effectively in their profession pharmaceutical/ biopharmaceutical companies in drug development,
CROs offering clinical research and clinical data management services, in bio-IT life science industry, or academic
research institution or as clinical investigators at hospitals/ medical sites conducting trials on subjects.
• Support overall clinical trial process electronically by implementing Electronic Data Capture (EDC) system and Project
Monitoring.
• Participate in design, conduct and management of global clinical trials conducted at multicentre sites in India and
Overseas.
• Have an understanding of evolving regulatory process standards and practices of ICH GCP in conduct of different
therapeutic trials for preparing the submissions made to the regulatory authorities for seeking market authorization in
India, US, EU, Japan etc
Career Prospects
There are various growth opportunities for those who are willing to learn. For the ones interested in serious research work,
a PhD is the ideal solution. There are post graduate degrees and diplomas offered by various colleges which come in handy to
enhance one’s career prospects. Specialization in branches of pharmacy, life sciences, biochemistry will be useful.
The CRA (Clinical Research Associate)will work and Interact with internal/sponsor company personnel working in clinical
trials, e.g. Clinical Study Managers, other CRA’s, Drug Safety, Regulatory Affairs, Quality Assurance, Medical Writers,
Statisticians, Data Management, etc. External interactions can include people from the FDA, a Contract Research Organization,
the Hospital Pharmacy Department, Study site staff particularly the Investigator and Study Coordinator. This means good
amount of exposure with diverse authorities. Career prospects include a professional career in Clinical Research industry
either as a clinical investigator, site coordinator in at a hospital conducting clinical investigations or CRO (Clinical Research
Organization).Jobs are also available in pharmaceutical industry, drug development, medical writing, biostatistics or as a
Manager of Clinical Project, Clinical Research Business Development, Clinical Operations, Data Management, Regulatory
Affairs and Auditing of Clinical Trials.
56 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Remunerations
There is high demand for trained professionals in this field; the pay package is impressive at the entry level.
• Freshers can expect a pay packet of around three lakhs or more per annum.
• If you have a master’s degree backing your qualifications, then the amount is almost doubled.
• Clinical research is an industry where experience counts, thus the longer you are in this field; higher the salary you can
expect.
Employment Opportunities
India is the second largest pharmaceutical market in Asia growing by more than nine per cent annually. According to a
report, there are more than 50,000 jobs in clinical research in Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology companies and Contract
Research Organizations are always seeking new Clinical Investigators to help study new drugs and devices. Fact is that only
one in five drugs tested ever becomes available to public, it’s important to conduct and support many different trials at the
same time. For this specialized manpower is in constant demand.
A well known Research Organization recently reviewed the job positions in this avenue which are i.e. Business Development
in Genomics, Product Manager Quality Control Research Scientist in Bioinformatics, Clinical Data\Archives Manager, Project
Manager Regulatory Affairs Sales, Biostatistician Clinical Research, Associate Marketing\PR Proteomics Research Associate
Technician, Skilled Trades etc. Medical Writing Technologist Patents\IP Positions Clinical Research Coordinator Technology
Transfer Clinical Research Investigator.
For any other information regarding Fee Structure or else, log on to the College’s official website.

Career in Psychiatry
Psychiatry Courses
With urbanization and industrialization, emotional trauma and stress has increased, giving way to emotional and behavioral
disorders. All these disorders are treated under psychiatry. It is understood that a psychiatrist is able to identify the mental
sickness of a person and may differentiate between a normal person and a mentally deranged person. Sometimes these problems
are so subtle that it cannot be identified by the normal people. However the behavioral disorders may result into accidents and
strife. These problems also surface due to some surgical, medical and gynecological treatments.The job of the psychiatrist is
to find the root cause of anxiety, trauma, depression, irritating behavior, schizophrenia and split personality. So, it covers both
the counseling therapies and medicines to treat patient.
Current Scenario of Psychiatry
There is no dearth of jobs for people trained in psychiatry in India. Apart from government and private hospitals, enormous
opportunities are there in mental hospitals all through the year. Rehab centers also employ these experts to treat drug addicts,
dipsomaniacs, manic depressives and psychotics, victims of rape and other abuses, juvenile delinquents and others. Psychiatrists
are also in demand at health institutes, whereas private practice has always been a lucrative option. Counselors are needed in
almost all the social organizations and institutions such as academic institutions, prison, rehabs, NGOs and corporate houses.
They can also become trainers and motivators.
Major Psychiatry Exams in India
To go for a course in psychiatry an MBBS degree is required. After that you can either go for a three year MD course or
a two year diploma in psychiatry. All these courses include some practical counseling and treatment experience at some
psychiatric hospital.
• National Board of Examinations - DNB course
• Central Institute of Psychiatry (CIP) entrance exam
• All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) entrance Exam
• National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) Psychiatry Entrance Exam
• Entrance exams of the Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences (IHBAS)
• All India Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AIIPMR)
Top Psychiatry Colleges in India
• All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
• Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences, New Delhi
• National Council of Educational Research and Training, New Delhi
• Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
• Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur
CAREER IN MEDICINE 57

• Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

• Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi
• Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai
• Lady Hardinge Medical College New Delhi
• National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore
• All India Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mumbai

Career as a Speech Therapist

Introduction
“Speech is the mirror of soul as the man speaks, so is he.” —Publilius Syrus
This essentially brings out the importance of speech. Some people have difficulty in speech by birth, due to genetic
disorders or may happen due to some reason or incident later in life. Thus, they have to take speech therapy to improve and
communicate better. Speech therapy is an allied medical science which cures the disorders of speech, voice and language of a
person.
Speech therapists diagnose and treat people with speech and communication difficulties due to congenital, developmental,
or acquired disabilities. Speech therapists work with individuals who cannot produce sounds or do not produce them clearly,
who have rhythm and fluency difficulties, or who have voice disorders. Individuals who have problems producing or
understanding language, as well as those who want to modify an accent, can be helped by speech therapy. The difficulties
speech therapists treat can be caused by neurological disorders, developmental disabilities, learning disabilities, physical
problems, voice pathology, hearing impairments, or emotional disorders.
Courses & Eligibility
The training in Speech Therapy and Audiology is offered at the graduate level. Students from the science background can
take up this B.Sc. course of 3 years duration. Specialization is possible after the B.Sc. and M.Sc. course which is of 2 years.
Premier training institutions are the Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped, Bandra, Mumbai and
the All India Institute of Speech and Hearing located on the campus of Mysore University besides the departments in All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi and PGI Chandigarh.
• B. Sc. Speech Therapy and Audiology
• B. Sc. in Hearing and Language
• M. Sc. Speech Pathology and Audiology
For B. Sc., in some institutes, a Physics-Chemistry-Biology combination is the eligibility and for some other institutes,
Physics-Chemistry-Maths combination is the eligibility. While some colleges like TN Medical College, Mumbai, require both
PCB and Mathematics at 10+2 to be eligible. PGI, Chandigarh and AIIMS, New Delhi prefer graduates with psychology/
education/BA/B Sc. or MBBS for their course.
Where to Study
• Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
Course: B.Sc Audiology and Speech & Language
• All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Course: BSc Speech Therapy and Hearing, MSc Speech Pathology and Audiology
• Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Course: Diploma in Audiology and Speech Therapy
• University of Bombay, Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped, Bandra, Mumbai
Course: B.Sc. Hearing & Language M.Sc Hearing Speech and Language
• TN Medical College, BYL Nair Charitable Hospital Mumbai
Course: BSc Speech & Hearing M.Sc
• Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Course: BSc Hearing Lang. & speech
• University of Chennai, Centenary Building Chepauk Chennai
Course: BSc Speech & Hearing M.Sc Audiology & Speech Therapy
• University of Mysore, Karya Saudha, Crawford Hall, PB No. 17, Mysore, Karnataka.
Course: BSc (Speech Pathology or audiology), MSc speech & Hearing
58 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Kasturba Gandhi Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka

Course: BSc Speech & Hearing
• Institute of Speech & Hearing, Hannur Road, Bangalore
Course: BSc Hearing Lang. & Speech
• Institute of Nursing, A.B Shetty Marg, Mangalore
Course: BSc Hearing Lang. & speech
• All India Institute & Special Hearing Mansazangolhri, Mysore.
Course: B.Sc Hearing Lang. & speech M.Sc
• JM Institute of Speech &Hearing, Patna
Course: Diploma in Hearing Language and speech.
Salary
The starting salary in hospital could be between Rs 3-5 lakhs. The earnings in teching sector are more than this.

Career in Paramedical Services

Paramedical (Para- besides) Services are those which assist medical profession in one or many forms e.g. Radiography,
Medical Laboratory Technology, Nursing, Speech Therapy, Occupational Therapy etc. Para-medical professional supports the
medical team with closely related functions for complete treatment. In modern world, Paramedical science has emerged as an
important branch of medical science. It is proved as a milestone in the treatment of communicable, non-communicable diseases.
In other words, we can say that paramedical science is a backbone for medical science because right diagnosis of any disease
is necessary to prevent fatal diseases. Thus, Medical Science will be paralysed without paramedical science.
The continuous expansion of the health care industry brings a more demand for trained Paramedical Professionals. The
main areas in paramedical education include Physiotherapy, Pharmacy, Nursing, Occupational therapy, Audiology and Speech
therapy, Medical laboratory technology, Radiology/X-Ray technology, Dental hygienist and Dental mechanics, Operation
theatre assistant, Optometry and Ophthalmic assistant and other miscellaneous job oriented courses. These courses are offered
through correspondence as well as full time classes.
Nature of Work: Physiotherapy: It is a branch of medical science which is concerned with the assessment, evaluation
and treatment of physical disability, pain resulting from injury, disease or other health related problems. The professionally
trained person who administers this treatment is called as a physiotherapist. A physiotherapist treats mainly post-operative
cases like fracture, dislocation, amputation, neurological cases, nerve injuries, heart and chest conditions, skin conditions,
muscular diseases, burns, plastic surgery etc.
Pharmacy: The increasing number of hospitals, nursing homes and pharmaceutical companies all over the country is a
clear indication of the growing scope in this sector. A pharmacist’s job is to prepare, mix, compound, or dispense drugs and
medicines, ointments, powders, pills, tablets and injections on the prescription of a medical practitioner, dentist or veterinarian.
Nursing: It is one of the most well-known paramedical professions which is a vital part of medical care. In the hospital,
from general ward to the operation theatre, nursing is the most important component of patient care. Nursing is an essential
component of the healthcare system.
Occupational therapy: It focuses on helping individuals with mental or physical illness / disability to come back to
normalcy. Occupational therapist uses various methods in the treatment of their patients to assist them in maximum recovery
and becoming normal after a prolonged disabling illness. This type of therapy is patient specific, involving recreational,
creative or educational activities.
Audiology and Speech Therapy: Hearing is a crucial means for the acquisition and monitoring of language and speech.
Audiology is the study of hearing disorders. These professionals treat people who are unable to speak or hear clearly. Audiologist
use audiometers and other testing device to measure the loudness at which a person begins to hear sound, the ability to
distinguish between sounds and the nature and extent of hearing loss. Speech therapist uses special instruments as well as
written and oral test to determine the nature and extent of impairment and to record and analyze speech disorders.
Medical Laboratory Technology (MLT): Medical laboratory technologists examine and analyze body fluids, tissues,
blood typing, microorganisms, screening, chemical analyses, cell counts etc. of the human body. They play an important role
in collecting the information needed for treating most pathology cases by sampling, testing, analyzing and reporting such
investigations.
Radiology and X-Ray technology: Radiographers take x-ray films of body parts used in diagnosing medical problems.
They conduct the x-raying of the patient’s body, make the exposure, and then develop the x-ray film. Experienced radiologist
can perform more complex imaging tests. A postgraduate radiologist normally interprets the x-rays.
CAREER IN MEDICINE 59
Dental Hygienist/Mechanic: These technicians assist dentists in treating patients. Dental hygienists are trained to
perform the specific clinical procedures that aim to prevent dental disease and work under the supervision of a dentist. The
basic job of a dental mechanic is making and repairing artificial teeth, straightening of teeth & filling of cavities. They also
help in the prevention and control of dental caries (decay) and gum disease. They also take dental X-rays, apply and remove
periodontal packs, and advise the patient on how to take care of the teeth and mouth after operations.
Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation workers play an important role in restoring normalcy to the patient. Care in a hospital or
rehabilitation center may be necessary for people with severe disabilities. In such settings, a rehabilitation team provides care.
Along with the doctor or therapist, this team may include nurses, psychologists, social workers, other health care practitioners,
and family members.
Personality
Personality of a Paramedical Professional should be according to the circumstances provided. As this is a team work, so
they should have a blend of qualities like sense of responsibility & dedication, good communication skill, analytical and
logical reasoning skill, ability to recall and memorize scientific facts, physical stamina to work long and irregular hours,
patience, cool temperament, team spirit, good observation power, understanding of people, and an ability to inspire confidence
in the patient. Apart from all these, one must have a pleasant smiling face whatever be the situation.
Pre-requisite
The minimum qualification for getting admission to any paramedical course is plus two (10+2) passed or equivalent
examination with Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English. At least 50% of marks should be secured in each of these subjects.
Minimum age limit is for candidate is 17 years.
Professional Courses
The courses available for Paramedical sciences varies from Diploma in particular field of 2 years duration, Bachelor
Degree course of 3 or 4 years duration, Master Degree course of 2 or 3 years as well as Ph.D.
Although eligibility criteria is almost same for all the Paramedical courses but it varies slightly according to particular
courses & disciplines as mentioned below.
Pharmacy: For the three main courses in pharmacy the elgibility criteria is as follows:
D.Pharm. (Diploma in Pharmacy): 10+2 or equivalent with physics, chemistry and biology or mathematics. This course
is of two years duration.
B.Pharm. (Bachelor in Pharmacy): 10+2 or its equivalent with 50% aggregate in physics, chemistry, biology or mathematics.
Alternately, the candidate should have passed D.Pharm. The entrance examination is conducted with the approval of
Pharmacy Council of India. Duration of the course is four years.
M.Pharm. (Master in Pharmacy): B.Pharm with at least 60% marks from recognized university / institute (AICTE / PCI
approved). Duration of the course is 18 months. Pharmacy teachers with B.Pharm and a minimum five years of teaching
experience in any institution approved by AICTE are also eligible for M.Pharm course.
Nursing: For nursing courses like B.Sc. in nursing, eligibility is a 10+2 with biology, physics and chemistry. The course
duration is three to four years.
For masters like M.Sc(Nursing) a B.Sc.(Nursing) degree is the eligibility. The course duration is two years. For General
Nursing and Midwifery (GNM), a 10+2 with biology, physics and chemistry is the eligibility criteria. The course duration is
three years and six months. For Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM), and for Health Worker (female), the minimum qualification
is class X pass. Duration of the course is 18 months.
Specialization
How to choose Course/Institute?
The selection of the course/institute depends on personal interest and of course economic conditions of an individual.
Three different Modes of courses are available. Students can opt for Full Time Regular Course, Part Time Course or
Correspondence Course. The employment opportunity is more for full time regular course & this is suitable for non-working
candidates, at the same time for working individuals part time course or correspondence course is the option. The selection of
institute is one of the important factors to make a better future in the field of Paramedical Science.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Some of the institutes offering paramedical courses are:
1. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110 029.
2. All India Institute of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (AIIPM), Mumbai-400034.
3. All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka.
60 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

4. Andhra Medical College, Vishakhapatnam-530 002.

5. BRD Medical College, Gorakhpur-273 013
6. Govt. Medical College, Amrister-143 001.
7. Govt. Medical College, Patiala-147 001.
8. Grant Medical College. Mumbai-400 008.
9. Guwahati Medical College, Guwahati-781 032.
10. Haji Bachooali Ophthalmic Hospital, KBJM Street, Mumbai-400 012.
11. Institute for the Physically Handicapped, 4, Vishnu Digambar Marg, New Delhi-110002.
12. Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Educational and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry-605 006.
13. Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum-590 010.
14. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal-576 119.
15. Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Sion, Mumbai-400 022.
16. Madras Medical College, Chennai-600 003.
17. Mahatma Gandhi University, (School of Medicine), Kottayam-686 560.
18. Medical College, Alappuzha-688 005.
19. Medical College, Gandhinagar P.O. Kottayam-8.
20. Medical College, Kozhikode-673 008.
21. National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research, Olatpur, PO Bairoi, Cuttack-754010, Orissa.
22. Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad-500 482.
23. Occupational Therapy Training School & Centre, KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai-400 012.
24. Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak-124 001.
25. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh-160012.
26. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Medical College, Raipur(MP)
27. Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Jayanagar General Hospital Complex, 4th T Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore-
560 041.
28. St. John’s National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore-560 034.
29. University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital, Shadhara, Delhi-110 095.
30. University of Delhi, Faculty of Medical Science, Delhi-110 007.
Career Prospects
After completing the basic course in any of the paramedical streams, the candidate can take up a job in a hospital, nursing
home, clinic, health departments etc. With the opening of corporate hospitals like Apollo Hospital, Escorts Hospital etc, the
scope for these professionals has increased tremendously. The candidates can also choose for teaching as a profession. Besides,
they can open their own laboratories/clinics. The career prospects for different paramedical streams are described below.
Like all other medical and paramedical professionals, Physiotherapist can work in hospitals, orthopedic departments,
schools for mentally retarded and physically disabled children, health institutions and defense medical establishments. In a
senior position like senior physiotherapist, supervisor of physical therapy, superintendent of physiotherapy in government
hospital and as demonstrators, lecturers, assistant professors, and associate professors in medical colleges.
Pharmacy professional has good prospects as a medical representative. A pharmacist can also find employment as hospital
pharmacist. Candidates with D.Pharm are employed as pharmacist in government or private hospitals or they can start their
own pharmacy. B.Pharm graduates can work as medical representative or medical detailing man, marketing manager or sales
manager, drug inspectors, and as drug controllers. M.Pharm degree holders can opt for teaching as well as research jobs.
Nursing has wide employment prospects in hospitals, clinics and health department, military, schools, in training institutes
as teachers and in research.
Occupational therapists work with the patients on various disorders such as orthopedic and neurological conditions,
among other conditions. In schools they evaluate children’s ability and provide therapy. They also supervise adult day care,
residential care and mental health care program.
Speech Therapists & Audiologists can work in hospitals, schools, community health and welfare centers, private practice
and even in industry ( to monitor the effect of noise pollution). Postgraduate qualifications can go for a teaching job or
research positions.
Laboratory technician may find job in a hospital, minor emergency centers, private laboratory, blood donor center,
doctor’s clinics etc. A technologist can advance to supervisory or management position in pathology labs and hospitals. They
can also work as laboratory manager, consultant, or supervisor in health care administration.
CAREER IN MEDICINE 61

Employment opportunities for Radiographers are good, both within the country as well as abroad. Increase in health
services’ demand more radiographers in nursing homes, hospitals, diagnostic centers as well as superspeciality hospitals.
Dental hygienist and mechanic can get jobs in dental department of hospitals (government/private), institutions doing
dental research.
Opportunities in Rehabilitation are both in India and abroad. Rehabilitation workers can get job in private hospitals,
nursing homes and diagnostic centers.
Remunerations
The average starting salary for Paramedical Professional varies from Rs.8000/- to Rs 10,000/- per month. It may go to
Rs 20,000/- and more depending on personal skills & experience.
Employment Opportunity
Employment opportunity for Paramedical Professionals is increasing day by day not only in India rather in the western
countries like the USA, Canada, UK, UAE etc. Their role is to help doctors to provide the correct diagnosis of a disease to
enable its best possible treatment. Paramedical sciences have their own value and significance.

Career in Hospital Management and Administration

Hospital administration has become one of the most lucrative careers in the fast growing field of health sector for graduates
willing to serve the humanity. As health sector is booming day by day in the perspective of globalization the demand of
hospital administrator has increased tremendously. Health Administration/Management is among the top ten millennium
professions according to a recent US survey. A large number of private hospitals and clinics have come up all over the country.
With increasing emphasis on quality of health care and patient satisfaction there is a tremendous need for persons with a
professional qualification in Hospital Management. The healthcare concept in India has undergone a tremendous change in
recent years. People have become increasingly aware of the importance of healthcare and this has led to higher expectations
and an increased demand for a high quality of medical care and facilities.
Hospital administration is concerned with planning, organising, staffing, co-ordinating, controlling and evaluating health
services for the community to provide maximum patient care of superior quality at low cost so as to reduce morbidity and
mortality. Administration or management is a science and an art like medical sciences. Professional hospital administrators
have proven how institutions can be managed efficiently, economically and effectively in a targeted time period.
Health care administration or hospital management provides management skills for the delivery of healthcare services.
Doctors and medical specialists have so far been managing hospitals and health centers, without possessing the necessary
managerial training. Moreover, it takes away precious time required by doctors to carry out their medical responsibilities.
Therefore, of late most large and medium sized hospitals have specially trained professional hospital administrators with a
management team responsible for the management of the healthcare services and medical staff, for planning and control, for
continuous supply of materials, the management of the research and clinical work, and so on.
This is an exciting time for healthcare management. Healthcare is changing more rapidly than almost any other field. The
field is changing in terms of how and where care is delivered, who is providing those services, and how that care is financed.
Healthcare management requires talented people to manage the changes taking place. In their roles, healthcare executives
have an opportunity to make a significant contribution to improving the health of the communities their organizations serve.
Nature of Work
The work of hospital administrators is challenging, responsible and difficult. Hospital administrators manage hospitals,
outpatient clinics, hospices, and drug-abuse treatment centers. In large hospitals, there may be several administrators, one for
each department. In smaller facilities, they oversee the day-to-day operations of all departments. Administrators make sure
hospitals operate efficiently and provide adequate medical care to patients. They act as liaisons between governing boards,
medical staff, and department heads and integrate the activities of all departments so they function as a whole. Administrators
recruit, hire, and sometimes train doctors, nurses, interns, and assistant administrators. Administrators plan budgets and set
rates for health services. In research hospitals, administrators develop and expand programs and services for scientific research
and preventive medicine. In teaching hospitals, they aid in the education of new doctors. Administrators plan departmental
activities, evaluate doctors and other hospital employees, create and maintain policies, help develop procedures for medical
treatments, quality assurance, patient services, and public relations activities such as active participation in fund-raising and
community health planning. Hospital administrators work long or irregular hours. Hospitals are open round the clock 24/7 and
administrators may be called in at any hour to make decisions and resolve disputes. Administrators also attend staff meetings,
participate in health planning councils, go to fund-raising events, and travel to professional association conventions. They
need to keep up with advances in medicine, computerized diagnostic and treatment equipment, data processing technology,
government regulations, health insurance changes, and financing options. While doctors strive to keep the blood flowing and
the heart beating, the hospital administrator is doing his job in keeping the hospital alive and healthy.
62 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

The work of hospital managers, therefore, includes the recruitment and management of other staff, the maintenance of the
hospital and of services other than medical services, accounts and finance, marketing and communications and security.
Hospital managers work from the premises of the hospital and need to be physically present in the hospital complex. They
need to walk around the hospital and monitor the different services. They also need to maintain good communications with the
management and staff of all departments, doctors and medical specialists, para-medical staff, health workers, and ensure the
well-being of all patients.
Besides an understanding of the functions of the different departments, hospital managers should be familiar with financial
operations, personnel management, purchase of materials and storage, organizational development and patient care.
Personality
Anyone opting for a career in hospital administration should have a blend of some unique qualities like innovation,
responsibility, self motivation & devotion towards humanity. To be a successful healthcare professional a person requires a
service-oriented bent of mind, high emotional quotient and the ability to work for long hours. The sector also offers prospects
of global recognition with medical tourism becoming more widespread. Service to man is service to God should be motto of
a hospital administrator.
Because health services and medical managers are responsible for hundreds of employees and very expensive equipment
and facilities, they must be able to make effective decisions, interpret data, and understand information systems and finance.
Strong leadership skills are necessary to motivate and execute their decisions. Communication skills, diplomacy, flexibility,
and tact are critical because of their constant interaction with people.
Pre-requisite
For making a career in Hospital Administration the individual may be from medical or non-medical background. Pre-
requisite for career in hospital administration is graduation (medical/non-medical) and a degree/diploma in Hospital
Administration.
Professional Courses
There are many courses available in the field of Hospital Administration for both medical and non-medical persons e.g.
Bachelor of Hospital Administration (BHA) after 10+2/XII standard, Post Graduate Diploma in Hospital Administration
(PGDHA) after graduation in any subject, Master of Hospital Administration (MHA) or MBA (Hospital Administration) after
graduation in any field, as well as M Phil (Hospital Administration) after MHA.
The primary objective of the courses is to impart training to medical and non-medical students to empower them to deliver
world-class healthcare with a service focus. Indeed, there is a great need for excellently trained hospital administrators, who
can deliver and maintain high standards in healthcare.
The programme combines training in management skills, management principles, accounting and business communication,
along with specialized knowledge on the working of a hospital, marketing of hospital services and logistics management. You
also get to know about basic healthcare and nutrition, prevention of communicable diseases, community health and other
medical related services.
How to choose the Course/Institute?
The selection of the course/institute depends on personal interest and ofcourse economic conditions of an individual.
Three different Modes of courses are available. Students can opt for Full Time Regular Course, Part Time Course or
Correspondence Course. The employment opportunity is more for full time regular course & this is suitable for non-working
candidates, at the same time for working individuals part time course or correspondence course is the option. The selection of
institute is one of the important factors to make a better future in hospital administration. Some top institutes provide better
placement or even campus selection e.g. TISS, Mumbai, IIHMR, Jaipur, etc. The desired institute must be selected on the basis
of previous placement records of the institute which is the prime factor for a better tomorrow. PG Diploma course and
correspondence course can be selected by those having medical background e.g. MBBS.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
1. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi , http://www.aiims.ac.in
2. Apollo Institute of Hospital Administration, Apollo Hospital Campus, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad 500033
http://www.apolloiha.ac.in
3. Birla Institute of Technology, Vidhya Vihar Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan- 333031- http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in
4. Tata Institute of Social Sciences, P.O. Box 8313 , Deonar, Mumbai 400 088
5. Symbiosis Centre of Health Care, Senapati Bapat Road, Pune - 411004, http://www.schcpune.org
6. Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Armed Forces Medical College, Wanowrie, Pune - 411040
7. Kasturba Medical College
CAREER IN MEDICINE 63
8. Manipal Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Madhav Nagar,Manipal-576104
9. Indian Institute of social Welfare and Management College, Square West, Kolkata-700 073
10. Nizam Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad
11. Faculty of Management Studies (FMS), Delhi University New Delhi Faculty of Management Studies, University of
Delhi, Delhi - 110007 http://www.fms.edu/
12. Hinduja Institute of Healthcare Management, Hyderabad, The Coordinator ASCI-Hinduja Institute.
13. Healthcare Management College Park Campus, Road No 3, Banjara Hills Hyderabad — 500 034
Email: hihmadmissions@asci.org.in Web site: www.asci-hihm.org
14. Devi Ahilya Institute of Hospital Administration, Indore, Institute Of Management Studies , Devi Ahilya University
Takshashila Parisar , Khandwa Road, Indore(M.P) Web site: www.davv.ac.in
15. Indian Institute of Health Management Research (IIHMR), Prabhu Dayal Marg, Sanganer Airport, Jaipur - 302011.
Career Prospects
The career prospects for the young postgraduates in Hospital Management are excellent. It is a well known fact that
hospitals, healthcare organizations are to be managed professionally like any business entity creating surplus for survival and
growth. The emerging health insurance sector adds to the prospects of these professionals. The scope indeed is large enough
to provide ample job opportunities.
Remunerations
The average starting salary for Hospital Administrator varies from Rs 12,000 to Rs 40,000 per month according to the
Institute. There is no constraint in higher remuneration for deserving candidates.
Employment Opportunities
Employment opportunity is excellent in the field of Hospital Administration if you select a good course and institute.
Because of a growing health services industry, the employment of health services and medical managers is expanding day by
day. Increasing opportunities will be found in large corporate hospitals private/govt, Clinics Consulting firms, Health insurance
organizations, Healthcare associations, Nursing homes, Mental health organizations, Public health departments, Rehabilitation
centers, Universities and research institutions.
Today, an estimated 100,000 people occupy health management positions at numerous organizational levels, from
department head to chief executive officer. Requirements for senior-level positions in healthcare organizations are demanding,
but these jobs also offer opportunities to improve the system of care giving. Thus, the overall conclusion is Hospital
Administration is not only a career rather an opportunity to serve the humanity.

Career in Aroma and Spa Therapy

Introduction

“In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous.” —Aristotle

Who is a Spa therapist? Who is an aromatherapist?
Spa therapists and aromatherapists help people in soothing their mind, mood and health; they use essential oils for this
purpose. These essential oils are derived from plant sources and other aromatic compounds are also used. These essential oils
have many beneficial properties like having a antimicrobial effect. Although they are not used widely to treat medical conditions
but are used worldwide as beauty and wellness products and provide relaxation and rejuvenate the person using them.
What does a professional Aromatherapist do?
Most people assume that aromatherapy is a feel-good and stress relieving therapy but aromatherapy does much more than
that and provide various benefits. A professional aroma therapist works with clients on a holistic basis, addressing both
physical symptoms and their root cause. They usually begin with taking health history and then plan the sessions. Based on the
interview and results of the session, the aromatherapist chooses appropriate essential oils and creates one or more aromatherapy
blends for the client to use at home. Results are generally seen after one to three weeks of regular essential oil use, and a client
may be seen for several follow-up sessions if necessary.
Courses and Eligibility
There are many powerful scents that range from relaxing lavender to energizing citrus. Aromatherapy students study how
different scents affect the brain on mental, emotional and physical levels and learn how to use fragrances and essential oils in
treatments. The courses cover essential oil blending, theories of aromatherapy, fragrance extraction methods, taxonomy, chemistry
and physiology. People who like science and are comfortable in chemistry find the course interesting and easy. In India
64 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

various diplomas and degree course are available. Some of the courses are Diploma in Aroma therapy and Spa Therapy,
Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yogic Science.
Course Fee
Fee ranges from Rs 5000 to Rs 50 000 depending on the institute.
Where to Study
1. SVYASA, Bangalore offers Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yogic Science (5 years)
2. International School of Aesthetics and Spa, Pune offers PG Diploma in Spa therapies and Management.
3. Meirana Spa Academy, Gurgaon offers Diploma in Spa Therapies
4. Indo Canadian National Academy, Mumbai offers certificate in Spa Therapy.
5. VLCC Institute, Pune and other centers offer Certificate course in Spa Therapy
6. The open international University for Alternative Medicines, Kolkata offers Bachelor certification course of 2 years in
Aroma Therapy
7. Ananda Spa Institute, Hyderabad offers Spa Diploma
8. Oriental Spa Academy, Jaipur offers certificate course in aroma therapy.
Career Prospects
Careers in the spa and wellness industry are growing at a good rate as people are going towards more natural ways of
healing and health. One can work in a Spa which offers comfortable work environment and can also open own aromatherapy
centre.

Career as an Audiologist
Audiology is an allied health science, which deals with the study of hearing disorders and its management with non
medical aids and rehabilitation strategies.
Who is an audiologist?
Audiologists are experts in the non-medical management of the auditory and balance systems. They identify and assess
the hearing and balance problems and dispense hearing aids and other systems to manage the condition. In big industries
where there is large scale noise pollution, audiologists do hearing conservation and may plan programs to prevent hearing loss.
They work in hospitals or with medical specialists, speech-language pathologists and in educational institutes.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor’s Degree or B.Sc in Audiology (3-4 years). Eligibility for the course is 10+2 pass in science with Biology/Maths
as an optional.
B Sc Speech and Hearing MSc Audiology: Eligibility for the course is B Sc audiology.
M.Sc. Hearing, Language and Speech
M.Sc. Speech and Hearing
Master in Audiology and Speech Language Pathology (M.A.S.L.P)
Ph.D.
Speech and Hearing Audiologists need to register with Indian Speech and Hearing Association (ISHA) or Rehabilitation
Council of India (RCI).
Where to Study
1. All India Institute of Speech & Hearing, Manasagangothri, Mysore, offers Diploma in HA & ET, BS Ed (Hearing
Impairment), B.Sc (Speech & Hearing), M.Sc (Audiology), B. Sc (Sp & Hg), M. Sc (Speech Pathology) and M. Sc (Sp
& Hg)
2. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
3. Dr. S.R. Chandrasekhar Institute of Speech & Hearing, Hennur Road, Bangalore, INDIA offers Diploma course in
Special Education (Hearing Impaired) [D.S.E. (Hearing Impaired), Bachelors in Speech-Language Pathology & Audiology
(BSLPA), Masters in Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology (MASLP), Doctoral Program in Speech, Language and
Hearing Sciences
4. National Institute of Physiotherapy & Communication Disorders, Patna
5. National Institute of Speech & Hearing, Karimanal PO, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, Courses: Bachelor in
Audiology and Speech Language Pathology (BASLP), Master in Audiology and Speech Language Pathology (MASLP)
6. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
CAREER IN MEDICINE 65

7. Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped, Bandra Reclamation, Bandra (W), Mumbai offers
various diplomas, PG diploma, bachelor’s and master’s level courses in Speech pathology and audiology.
8. Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India offers
Master in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology.
Salary
The average starting salary offered to a fresh graduate ranges between Rs.2.2 lakhs -3.5 lakhs. With increase in experience
and skills the salary increases.
Career Prospects
Audiologists find employment in health care and educational establishments and in government and Non government
organizations. Presently there are a few audiologists and with increasing levels of pollution and urbanization the demand will
increase many folds.

Career in Medical Transcription—Options and Opportunities

Medical Transcription is one of the fastest growing sectors in health care. It is an interesting career opportunity. A person
who accurately transcribes medical records dictated by doctors is known as Medical transcriptionists. His main duty is to
listen and write down the recorded dictations by physicians regarding patient’s diagnosis and treatments. He also assists
physicians, surgeons by transcribing and proof reading their dictated report of a patient’s health history.
Performance and growth of industry in India
Medical Transcription is one of the fastest growing professions in health care industry due to the increased technological
advancement in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. It could be one of the speedy growing IT enable services in India with
a rapid change in the outlook in Indian healthcare and privatization of the insurance sector. The demand for medical
transcriptionists is going to increase even further due to the needs of the aging population and growing popularity of outsourcing
transcription by healthcare providers. If the work standards and quality of services are improved in India then there is a wide
scope of opportunities for the huge mass of English speaking and computer literate people in the country.
Options and Opportunities
It is lucrative career with lots of options available for a medical transcriptionist. He can either work from home or work in
a hospital for a medical transcription service. Other options include working in a doctor’s office, attorney’s office, insurance
company or a company marketing medical products. With some good experience one can move on to become a editor, supervisor,
trainer or manager of a medical transcription unit.
Courses Available
• Certificate Course in Medical Transcription
• Medical Transcription Internship Program
• Diploma in Medical Transcription
Qualification required
To get into this field a candidate should have Graduate degree with English comprehension skills. Training course in
Medical Transcriptionist will be an added advantage. Medical Transcription is one of the fastest growing sectors in health care.
It is an interesting career opportunity. A person who accurately transcribes medical records dictated by doctors is known as
Medical transcriptionists. His main duty is to listen and write down the recorded dictations by physicians regarding patient’s
diagnosis and treatments. He also assists physicians, surgeons by transcribing and proof reading their dictated report of a
patient’s health history.
Performance and growth of industry in India
Medical Transcription is one of the fastest growing professions in health care industry due to the increased technological
advancement in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. It could be one of the speedy growing IT enable services in India with
a rapid change in the outlook in Indian healthcare and privatization of the insurance sector. The demand for medical
transcriptionists is going to increase even further due to the needs of the aging population and growing popularity of outsourcing
transcription by healthcare providers. If the work standards and quality of services are improved in India then there is a wide
scope of opportunities for the huge mass of English speaking and computer literate people in the country.
Options and Opportunities
It is lucrative career with lots of options available for a medical transcriptionist. He can either work from home or work in
a hospital for a medical transcription service. Other options include working in a doctor’s office, attorney’s office, insurance
company or a company marketing medical products. With some good experience one can move on to become a editor, supervisor,
trainer or manager of a medical transcription unit.
66 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Courses Available
Certificate Course in Medical Transcription- Medical Transcription Internship Program- Diploma in Medical Transcription
Qualification Required
To get into this field a candidate should have Graduate degree with English comprehension skills. Training course in
Medical Transcriptionist will be an added advantage.
Some Good Institutes
Askribe Medical Transcription Services, Andhra Pradesh- Delta School of Medical Transcription, Himachal Pradesh-
Focus Infosys, Karnataka- Induj Infotech Ltd, Maharashtra- Infosoftech Technologies, New Delhi- Academy of Medical
Transcription, New Delhi- Baja Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi- K.G Informatino Systems (P) Ltd, Tamil
Nadu- Saral Software Solutions, Gujarat
Entrance Exams
Annamalai University Entrance Exam- University of Mumbai Entrance Exam- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences
Entrance Exam- MGM Institute of Health Science Entrance Exam- Bala Farid University of Health Sciences Medical
Transcrition- BLDE University Post Graduate Entrance Test- DNB-CET 2011 NATBOARD DNB Common Entrance Test
Could medical transcription be one of the fastest growing IT enabled health care service in India?
Medical transcription is one of the fastest growing fields in health care. The demand for medical transcriptionist is not
only limited to India as they are in huge demand in Western countries too where the entire healthcare industry is based on
insurance and detailed medical records are needed for processing insurance claims. It could be one of the fastest growing IT
enabled service in India also, with the rapid change in the outlook in Indian healthcare and privatization of the insurance
sector. Due to large population in India, it acts as an ideal location for conducting medical transcription and also at a comparative
low cost which encourages companies abroad to outsource their work to the Indian medical transcription field.
Not many people in India are aware of the field ‘medical transcription’. Medical transcription is an interesting and challenging
career. It is the process whereby one accurately and swiftly transcribes medical records dictated by doctors and others, including
history and physical reports, clinic notes, office notes, operative reports, consultation notes, discharge summaries, letters,
psychiatric evaluations, laboratory reports, x-ray reports and pathology reports. M.T. or Medical Transcriptionist is a person
who assists physicians and specialty surgeons usually by transcribing, formatting, and proof reading their dictated medically
oriented report of a patient’s health history.
Some of the companies that you can apply into for a job in the field of medical transcription are given below:
• Lloyds Medical Solutions Private Limited
Phone: 91-80- 32522525
Website - www.lloydssolutions.com
• Spheris India Pvt Ltd,
Phone - 91-80-257157
Website - www.spherisindia.com
• Pioneer Transcription Systems
Phone 011-5271696 / 011-5279693
• Webcom Infotech Ltd.
Phone 2826352 / 2881176
• Transcript Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Phone 91-80-3209040 / 91-80-3102423
• ISA Softtech Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Phone 0172-394517 / 0172-394518
• Focus Infosys
Phone 5527231
• Induj Infotech Ltd.
Phone 8368429
• Drish Infotech limited
Phone 0172665653 / 0172665654
What are the various colleges that I can go into for various courses in medical transcription?
There are different institutes for different courses that one can get into. While well-established companies give training on
the job, there are some institutes which offer specialized training in the field.
CAREER IN MEDICINE 67

• Saral Software Solutions, Ahmedabad (Gujarat), Ahmedabad (Ahmedabad Dist.) – 380054

• Academy of Medical Transcription, New Delhi (Delhi) – 110016
• Bajaj Institute of Information Technology (B.I.I.T.), New Delhi (Delhi)
• Academy of Medical Transcription, New Delhi (Delhi) – 110016
• Indian Institute of Medical Transcription (I.I.M.T.), New Delhi (Delhi) – 110049
• Medical Transcription Education Center, New Delhi (Delhi) – 110065
• Ishwarya Techno Solutions, Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh) – 520008
• Indus Academy of Medical Transcription (I.A.M.T.), Secunderabad (Andhra Pradesh) – 500017

There are two basic categories in Medical - Medicine and Surgery.

Medicine
It is the practice of non-operative medicine. Most sub specialties in this area require preliminary training in Internal
Medicine. Internal medicine deals with those diseases that affect the body as a whole. It excludes pediatrics, surgery, gynecology
and obstetrics and psychiatry. Practitioners of such specialties are referred to as physicians. There are several subdisciplines of
internal medicine. Some of these are -
1. Cardiology
2. Critical care medicine
3. Endocrinology
4. Gastroenterology
5. Geriatrics
6. Hematology
7. Hepatology
8. Infectious diseases
9. Nephrology
10. Oncology
Surgery
It is the practice of operative medicine. Most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in General Surgery. A
Surgeon decides when an operation is necessary and also treats many non-surgical cases, especially those in the Surgical
Intensive Care Unit where issues of critical nature arise.
Surgery has many subspecialties. Some of these are:
1. General surgery
2. Transplant surgery
3. Trauma surgery
4. Cardiovascular surgery
5. Neurosurgery
6. Maxillofacial surgery
7. Orthopedic surgery
8. Otolaryngology
9. Plastic surgery
10. Oncologic surgery
Specialties of medicine
These include:
Diagnostic specialties - These are Pathology, Radiology ,Clinical neurophysiology, Clinical chemistry, Hematology,
Clinical microbiology, Clinical immunology etc.
Interdisciplinary specialities - General practice, Bioethics, Biomedical Engineering, Sports medicine, Veterinary medicine,
Wilderness medicine etc.
Sub specialities - Ophthalmology, Dermatology, Emergency medicine, Obstetrics and gynecology, Pediatrics, Psychiatry etc.
There are different types of medical jobs. Healthcare is the largest industry, showing the highest amount of growth of any other
field. All the included medical jobs are in very high demand and have a significant growth, mostly due to the aging population.
68 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

3.7. LIST OF MEDICAL COLLEGES STATE-WISE IN INDIA

Medical Colleges in Andhra Pradesh
• Alluri Sitaram Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, Malkapuram ——————Private
• Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam ——————Government
• Bhaskar Medical College, Yenkapally,Hyderabad- —————Private
• Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad——————Private
• G S L Medical College, Rajahmundry—————— Private
• Gandhi Medical College, Hyderabad- —————Government
• Government Medical College, Anantapur—————— Government
• Guntur Medical College—————— Government
• Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal- —————Government
• Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Nalgonda- —————Private
• Katuri Medical College, Guntur- —————Private
• Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Foundation, Amalapuram——————Private
• Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool- —————Government
• M N R Medical College, Fasalwadi—————— Private
• Maharajahs Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram- —————Private
• Mamata Medical College, Khammam—————— Private
• Medicity Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad- —————Private
• N R I Medical College, Guntur- —————Private
• Narayana Medical College, Nellore- —————Private
• Nizamâs Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad—————— Government
• Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad—————— Government
• P E S Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kuppam————— Private
• P S I Medical College, Chinoutpalli- —————Private
• Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar- —————Private
• Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Adilabad- —————Government\
• Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa- —————Government
• Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Srikakulam—————— Government
• Rangaraya Medical College,Kakinada- —————Government
• S V Medical College,Tirupati—————— Government
• S V S Medical College, Mahboobnagar—————— Private
• Sadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Research Centre and Teaching Hospital, Hyderabad—————— Private
• Santhiram Medical College, Nandyal- —————Private
• Siddhartha Medical College,Vijayawada—————— Government
• Vardhman Medical College & Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar—————— Private

Medical Colleges in Assam

• Assam Medial College, Dibrugarh————Government
• Guwahati Medical College————Government
• Silchar Medical College, Silchar——————Government

Medical Colleges in Bihar

• A N Magadh Medical College, Gaya Government
• Darbanga Medical College, Dharbanga Government
• Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur Government
• Narayan Medical College and Hospital, Sasaram Private
• Katihar Medical College, Katihar Private
CAREER IN MEDICINE 69

• Mata Gujri Memorial Medical College, Kishanganj Private

• Nalanda Medical College, Patna Government
• Narayan Medical College and Hospital, Sasaram Private
• Patliputra Medical College, Dhanbad Government
• Patna Medical College, Patna Government
• Shri Krishna Medical College, Muzaffarnagar Government

Medical Colleges in Chandigarh

• Command Hospital, Chandimandir, Chandigarh: Government
• Government Medical College, Chandigarh: Government
• Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh: Government

Medical Colleges in Chattisgarh

• Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur ——— Government
• Government Medical College, NMDC. ——————— Government
• Pt. J N M Medical College ———— Government

Medical Colleges in Delhi

• All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi ————— Government
• Army College of Medical Sciences —————— Government
• Army Hospital Research & Referral, New Delhi ———— Government
• Central Health Education Bureau, New Delhi ————— Government
• Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi ————— Government
• GB Pant Hospital, Delhi ——————— Government
• Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi —————— Government
• Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Delhi ————— Government
• Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, New Delhi————— Government
• Lady Hardinge Medical College ———— Government
• Maulana Azad Medical College & GB Pant Hospital ——— Government
• National Institute of Health and Family Welfare , Delhi ———— Government
• Rajan Babu T B Institute , Delhi ————— Government
• St Stephen Hospital,Delhi ————— Government
• University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital ———— University
• Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital ————Government
• VP Chest Institute of Medical Sciences,Delhi ———— Government

Medical Colleges in Goa

• Goa Medical College —————— Government
• B J Medical College, Ahmedabad ————— Government
• C U Shah Medical College ————————— Private
• Government Medical College, Bhavnagar ———— Government
• Government Medical College, Surat ———— Government
• Kesarsal Medical College & Research Institute, Ahmedabad ———— Private
• Medical College, Baroda ———— Government
• MP Shah Medical College, Jamnagar ———— Government
• Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College, Rajkot ———— Government
• Pramukhswami Medical College, Karmsad —————— Private
• S B K S Medical Institute & Research Centre, Vadodra ———— Private
• Seth K M School of Postgraduate Medicine and Research, Ahmedabad ———— Government
• Smt. N.H.L.Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad ————— Government
70 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education & Research, Surat ————— Government
• Vivekanand Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Valia ————— Private

Medical Colleges in Haryana

• Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Hisar ————— Private
• Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Ambala ————— Private
• Pt. B D Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak ————— Government

Medical Colleges in Himachal Pradesh

• Dr. Rajendar Prasad Government Medical College, Tanda ——— Government
• Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla ————— Government

Medical Colleges in Jammu and Kashmir

• Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical & Hospital, Jammu ———— Private
• Government Medical College, Jammu —————— Government
• Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, Kashmir ————— Government
• Sher-I-Kashmir Instt. Of Medical Sciences, Srinagar ————— University

Medical Colleges in Jharkhand

• Central Institute of Psychiatry , Ranchi, Jharkhand ———— Government
• M G M Medical College, Jamshedpur —————— Government
• Patliputra Medical College, Dhanbad , Jharkhand ———— Government
• Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences,Ranchi ————— Government
• Ranchi Instt Of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences,Kanke,Ranchi ,Jharkhand ——————— Government

Medical Colleges in Karnataka

• A J Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalore ————— Private
• Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellur ———— Private
• Al-Ameen Medical College, Bijapur ————— Private
• Bangalore Medical College and research Institute ————— Government
• Basaveshwara Medical College & Hospital, Chitradurga ———— Private
• Belgaum Institute of Medical Sciences,Belgaum ————— Government
• Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences,Bidar ———— Government
• Command Hospital Air Force, Bangalore ————— Government
• Dr. B R Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore ————— Private
• Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore —————— Minority-Religious
• Government Medical College, Mysore ————— Government
• Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan ————— Government
• Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore ————— Government
• Institute of Aerospace Medicine Indian Air Force, Bangalore ———— Government
• Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Medical College, Mysore ————— Private
• Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum ————— Private
• Jaya Jagadguru Murugharajendra Medical College, Davangere ———— Private
• K S Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore —————— Minority-Linguistic
• K V G Medical College, Sullia ————— Private
• Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli —————— Government
• Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore ——————— Private
• Kasturba Medical College, Manipal ——————— Private
• Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore ——————— Private
• Khaja Banda Nawaz Institute of Medical Sciences, Gulbarga ———— Minority-Religious
CAREER IN MEDICINE 71
• Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore ——————— Government
• M S Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore ——————— Private
• M V J Medical College & Research Hospital, Bangalore —————— Minority-Linguistic
• Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College, Gulbarga ————— Private
• Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences,Mandya ————— Government
• National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences ————— Government
• Navodaya Medical College, Raichur ——————— Private
• Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences,Raichur ————— Government
• Rajarajeswari Medical College & Hospital —————— Private
• S D M Medical College, Dharwad ——————— Private
• S Nijalingappa Medical College, Bagalkot —————— Private
• S S Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Davangere ————— Private
• Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences,Shimoga —————— Government
• Sri B M Patil Medical College, Bijapur ——————— Private
• Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar ——————— Private
• Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology,Bangalore —————— Government
• Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur ——————— Private
• St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore ——————— Minority-Religious
• Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary ————— Government
• Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bangalore —————— Private
• Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore ————— Private

Medical Colleges in Kerala

• Academy of Medical Sceiences, Kannur ————— Private
• Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur —————— Private
• Amrita Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, Cochin ———— Private
• Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, Kollam —————— Private
• Co-operative Medical College, Kochi ——————— Private
• Dr. Somervel Memorial CSI Hospital & Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram —————— Private
• Government Medical College, Calicut —————— Government
• Government Medical College, Kottayam ————— Government
• Government Medical College, Thrissur ————— Government
• Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Institute, Thrissur ————— Private
• Kannur Medical College, Kannur ——————— Private
• Karuna Medical College, Palakkad ——————— Private
• KMCT Medical College,Kozhikode, Calicut —————— Private
• M E S Medical College, Perintalmanna —————— Private
• Malankara Orthodox & Syrian Church Medical College ———— Private
• Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram ————— Government
• Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre ————— Private
• Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology, Thiruvana ————— Government
• Sree Gokulam Medical College & Research Foundation, Trivandrum ————— Private
• Sree Uthradom Thiurnal Academy of Medical Sciences, Trivandrum ————— Private
• T D Medical College,Alappuzha (Alleppy) —————— Government

Medical Colleges in Madhya Pradesh

• Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior ——————— Government
• Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal ——————— Government
• Index Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Indore ————— Private
72 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• M G M Medical College, Indore ——————— Government

• Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Medical College, Jabalpur ————— Government
• Peoples College of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bhanpur ———— Private
• Ruxmaniben Deepchand Gardi Medical College ——————— Private
• Shri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Indore ————— Private
• Shyam Shah Medical College,Rewa ————— Government

Medical Colleges in Maharashtra

• ACPM Medical College, Dhule ————— Private
• Armed Forces Medical College, Pune ————— Government
• Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,Mumbai ————— Government
• Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical College & Hospital, Sangli ——— Private
• Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Pune ————— Private
• BJ Medical College, Pune ——————— Government
• Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences,Mumbai ————— Government
• College of Physicians and Surgeons, Bombay ——————— Government
• Dr Vaishampayan Memorial Medical College, Solapur ———— Government
• Dr. D Y Patil Education Society D Y Patial Medical College, Kolhapur ————— Private
• Dr. D Y Patil Pratishthan’s Medical College, Pune ————— Private
• Dr. Panjabrao alias Bhausaheb Deshmukh Memorial Medical College, Amravati ——————— Private
• Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College & Hospital, Jalgaon —————— Private
• Government Medical College, Akola —————— Government
• Government Medical College, Aurangabad —————— Government
• Government Medical College, Kolhapur —————— Government
• Government Medical College, Latur ————————— Government
• Government Medical College, Miraj ——————— Government
• Government Medical College, Nagpur ——————— Government
• Government Medical College, Nanded ——————— Government
• Grant Medical Colege, Mumbai ————————— Government
• Indira Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Nagpur —————— Government
• Institute of Navel Medicine,INHS,Aswini, Mumbai ———— Government
• Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha ——————— Private
• K J Somaiyya Medical College & Research Centre, Mumbai ———— Private
• Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad ——————— Private
• Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai ————— Government
• Maharashtra Institute of Medical Education & Research, Pune ———— Private
• Maharashtra Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Latur ————— Private
• Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha ————— Private
• N D M V P Samaj Medical College, Nasik ————— Private
• N K P Salve Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur ————— Private
• National Institute of Virology ——————— Government
• Padmashree Dr. D.Y.Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai ———— Private
• Padmashri Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation Medical College, Ahmednagar —————— Private
• Postgraduate Institute of Swasthiyog Pratisthan,Miraj ,Maharashtra ————— Government
• Rajiv Gandhi Medical College, and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Hospital ———— Government
• Rural Medical College, Loni —————— Private
• Sancheti Institute for Orthpaedics & Rehabilitation ,Shivaji Nagar, Pune ———— Government
• Sanjeevan Medical Foundation ENT Post Graduate Training Instt, Miraj, Maharashtra —————— Government
• Seth GS Medical College,Mumbai ———————— Government
CAREER IN MEDICINE 73

• Shri Vasant Rao Naik Government Medical College,Yavatmal ———— Government

• Smt.Kashibai Navale Medical College and Hospital, Pune ———— Private
• Sri Bhausaheb Hire Government Medical College, Dhule ———— Government
• SRTR Medical College,Ambajogai —————— Government
• Tata Cancer Research Memorial Institute,Mumbai ————— Government
• Terna Medical College, Navi Mumbai —————— Private
• Topiwala National Medical College,Mumbai —————— Government

Medical Colleges in Manipur

• Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal ————— Government

Medical Colleges in Orissa

• Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar ——————— Private
• Instt. Of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar ————— Private
• Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar ————— Private
• MKCG Medical College,Berhampur —————— Government
• SCB Medical College,Cuttack ——————— Government
• VSS Medical College, Sambalpur ————— Government

Medical Colleges in Pondicherry

• Aarupadai Veedu Medical College, Pondicherry ————— Private
• Jawaharlal Institute of PG Medical Education & Research ———— Government
• Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Pondicherry ——— Private
• Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Puducherry ———— Private
• Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry ——— Private
• Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College & Hospital, Pondicherry ———— Private
• Sri Venkateswaraa Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pondicherry ————— Private
• Vinayaka Mission Medical College, Pondicherry ————— Private

Medical Colleges in Punjab

• Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Bhatinda ———— Private
• Christian Medical College, Ludhiana ——————— Private
• Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana ——————— Private
• Gian Sagar Medical College & Hospital,Patiala —————— Private
• Government Medical College, Amritsar —————— Government
• Government Medical College, Patiala ————— Government
• Guru Govind Singh Medical College, Faridkot —————— Government
• Netaji Subhas National Instt Of Sports Medicine,Patiala, Punjab ———— Government
• Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Education and Research, Amritsar ————— Private

Medical Colleges in Rajasthan

• Dr SN Medical College, Jodhpur ——————— Government
• Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur ————— Private
• Government Medical College, Kota ——————— Government
• Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Ajmer —————— Government
• Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar —————— Government
• Mahatma Gandhi National Institute of Medical Sciences, Jaipur ————— Private
• National Institute of Medical Science & Research , Jaipur ————— Private
• R N T Medical College,Udaipur —————— Government
74 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Sardar Patel Medical College,Bikaner ——————— Government

• SMS Medical College,Jaipur —————— Government

Medical Colleges in Sikkim

• Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Gangtok ————— Private

Medical Colleges in Tamil Nadu

• ACS Medical College and Hospital, Chennai ————— Private
• Aravind Eye Hospitals & PG Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai ———— Government
• Cancer Institute, College of Oncological Sciences,Chennai ————— Government
• Chengalpattu Medical College, Chengalpattu —————— Government
• Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Kanchipuram ———— Private
• Christian Medical College, Vellore ————— Private
• Coimbatore Medical College, Coimbatore ——————— Government
• Dr ALM PG Institution of Basic Medical Sciences, Chennai ———— Government
• Government Dharamapuri Medical College, Dharamapuri ———— Government
• Government Vellore Medical College, Vellore ————— Government
• Institute of Opthalmology,Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirapalli ,Tamil Nadu ————— Private
• K A P Viswanathan Government Medical College, Trichy ———— Government
• KanyaKumari Government Medical College, Asaripallam ———— Government
• Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai —————— Government
• M V Hospital for Diabetes & Diabetes Research Centre, Chennai ———— Government
• Madras Medical College, Chennai —————— Government
• Madurai Medical College, Madurai ——————— Government
• Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Kancheepuram ————— Private
• Melmaruvathur Adiparasakthi Instt. Medical Sciences, Melmaruvathur ————— Government
• Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College,Salem —————— Government
• PG Institute of Medical Sciences, Chennai —————— Government
• PSG Institute of Medical Sciences, Coimbatore —————— Private
• Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalainagar ———— Private
• Sankara Netralaya Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu ————— Private
• Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Kanchipuram ———— Private
• Shri Satya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Nellikuppam ————— Private
• Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai —————— Private
• Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, Kanyakumari —————— Private
• Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Chennai ————— Private
• SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Kancheepuram ———— Private
• Stanley Medical College,Chennai ————— Government
• Thanjavur Medical College,Thanjavur —————— Government
• The Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and Family Welfare Trust,Ambathura ,Tamil Nadu Government
• The Institute of Road Transport Perunthurai Medical College,Perunthurai ————— Government
• Theni Government Medical College, Theni —————— Government
• Thoothukudi Medical College, Thoothukudi ——————— Government
• Tirunelveli Medical College,Tirunelveli ———————— Government
• Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Medical College, salem ———— Private

Medical Colleges in Tripura

• Agartala Government Medical College & Hospital, Agartala ———— Government
• Tripura Medical College and Dr. B R A M Teaching Hospital, Agartala ———— Private
CAREER IN MEDICINE 75

Medical Colleges in Uttaranchal

• Himalaya Institute of Medical Sciences ————— Private
• Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health Sciences ———— Private
• Uttaranchal Forest Hospital Trust Medical College,Haldwani ————— Private
• Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Govt. Medical Sc. & Research Instt, Srinagar, Pauri Garhwal-Government

Medical Colleges in Uttar Pradesh

• BRD Medical College, Gorakhpur ——————— Government
• Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow —————Government
• King George Medical College---------------------- Government
• Era Medical College, Lucknow ——————— Private
• GSVM Medial College, Kanpur ——————— Government
• Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi —————— University
• Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh ——————— Government
• LLRM Medical College, Meerut ———————— Government
• Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, Jhansi ——————— Government
• Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad —————— Government
• Muzaffarnagar Medical College ————— Private
• Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur ————— Private
• Regional Instt of Opthalmology Previously Known as:Nehru Instt of Opthalmo ————————— Government
• Rohilkhand Medical College & Hospital, Bareilly ——————— Private
• S N Medical College, Agra ——————— Government
• Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences,Lucknow ,UP ————— Government
• Santosh Medical College —————— Private
• Saraswati Institute of Medical Sciences ——————— Private
• Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly ————— Private
• Subharati Medical College, Meerut ———————— Private
• Teerthankar Mahaveer Medical College, Moorabad —————— Private
• U.P. Rural Institute of Medical Sciences & Research,Etawah ———— Government

Medical Colleges in West Bengal

• All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health,Kolkata ————— Government
• Bankura Sammilani Medical College ——————— Government
• Burdwan Medical College ———————— Government
• Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata ——————— Government
• Chittaranjan Seva Sadan Hospital, Kolkata —————— Government
• Command Hospital, Kolkata ——————— Government
• Dr BC Roy PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Kolkata ———— Government
• Institute of Child Health, Kolkata ——————— Government
• Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata ————— Government
• KPC Medical College and Hospital, Jadavpur, Kolkata —————— Private
• Medical College, Kolkata ——————— Government
• Midnapore Medical College, Midnapore ——————— Government
• Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata ——————— Government
• North Bengal Medical College, Darjeeling —————— Government
• RG Kar Medical College, Kolkata ———————— Government
• School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata ——————— Government
• University College of Medicine, Kolkata ——————— Government
• Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Kolkata —————— Government
 4
CHAPTER

Career in Commerce
4.1. CAREER IN COMMERCE: AN INSIGHT OUTLOOK Chapter Outline
G Career in Commerce: An Insight Outlook
Introduction G The Top 5 Courses at the Graduate
Commerce is all about the understanding of business or trade. It deals G Chartered Accountant (CA)
with studies of market, economics, fiscal policies, industrial policies and so G Company Secretariat (CS)
on. Commerce is a broad orbit of interdisciplinary branches viz. G Cost & Management Accountancy (ICWAI)
accountancy, business administration, finance, economics, marketing, G Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA)
advertisement, e-commerce, and so many. The overall economic health of a G Career in Insurance
nation largely depends on advanced commerce studies. This stream offers a G Career in Actuaries
wide range of career options. G Career as Stoke Brokers
G Career in BPO/KPO
Scope G Career in Direct Sales/Life Insurance
Commerce opens up many career avenues. Globalization, foreign G Career in Sales and Marketing
insurance and foreign banks has created enormous job opportunities for G Career as an Economist
commerce students. Chartered Accountant (CA) is still a coveted career. On G Career as an Entrepreneur
successful completion of B Com, students get jobs relating business and G Career as a Statistician
finance. Professionals can apply for employment in finance sector like G Career in Accounting
banking, company secretary ship, chartered accountancy, Cost and works G Career in Banking
accountancy jobs, etc. Commerce students get jobs in non-finance sector in G Career as a Bank Officer
the fields like mass communication, law, hotel management, etc. B.Com G Career in Taxation - options and oppor-
tunities
degree also serves as the stepping stone for MBA (finance). Commerce students
G Career in Auditing - options and oppor-
can take a route of teaching after graduation and post graduation. Commerce
tunities
students find career opportunities even in public services viz. Civil Services,
G Career in Securities Analysts - options and
Indian Economic Service, Indian Statistical Services, etc. Commerce graduates opportunities
have a very exciting career option such as e-commerce. This career is well- G Career in Insurance Underwriters - options
suited to commerce students because of their sound understanding of business and opportunities
transactions. G Career in Marketing Management -
options and opportunities
Eligibilty G Career in Corporate Training
Graduation and post-graduation is desirable for the higher posts. It mainly G Career in Mathematics and Computing
based on the type of career to be pursued. The certifications and licensing G Master of Business Administration (MBA)
from professional bodies is required for CA, CS, CFA, etc. MBA (finance) is G List of Degree Courses in Commerce
also preferred in many foreign banks.

Career test
If you record “Yes” for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career in the field of
Commerce.
• Do I have better computing skills?
• Do I have ability for analysing numerical data?
• Do I have analytical skills?
76
CAREER IN COMMERCE 77

• Do I have practical business sense?

• Do I have good decision making power?
• Do I have good knowledge of economics and investments?
• Do I have sound knowledge of management and general marketing?
• Do I give utmost important to precision and accuracy at work?
• Do I have computing and interpreting skills?
• Do I have organizational and administrative skills?
• Do I read budgets, business news and economic reviews?
• Do I have computer skills?
• Am I ready to learn and adopt new methodologies?

Career Opportunities
• Higher education: B.Com students can go for higher education (MBA, M.Com, MCA, Ph.D,) or immediate jobs. There
are some prestigious certification courses in Commerce viz. Chartered Accountancy (CA), Certified Financial
Analyst (CFA), ICWA, CFP and Company Secretary Ship (CS).
• Banking: Career is chosen due to fair salaries, job security and high social acceptance. Many local/national/foreign
banks provide good job opportunities.
• Insurance: It is showing exponential growth due to liberalization policy in India. The public and private insurance
companies in life and non-life insurance providing enormous career opportunities. It also offer jobs in actuary and risk
management.
• Investments: One can get job as equity research analyst, investment banker, mutual fund executive, capital market
manager, asset manager, venture capitalist and real estate.
• Capital market: Liberalized Indian economy has opened up capital market for foreign investors along with domestic
investors. The heavy flow of capital into the capital markets has generated many employment opportunities. .
• Management: B.Com and BBA courses provide good background for MBA course. MBA (Finance) requires sound
back ground of commerce field.
• Accounting: Demand for skilled accountants has increased considerably in the domestic and international job market.
• KPO and BPO: Enormous opportunities for commerce students in this emerging field.
• Taxation: Many jobs related to taxation has been created in recent years.
Self-employment
• Business firm
• Stock broker
• Trade consultant
• Management consultant
• Entrepreneur
• Financial analysts
• Tax consultants
Some popular careers options in Commerce
1. Chartered Accountant (CA): He/She is specialized in accounting, auditing and taxation. CA serves as a corporate
caretaker and occupies respectable position in corporate world. The demand of CA has increased. Salaries of C.A.
depend upon academic qualification and experience. Average salaries 25,000-1, 50,000 per month. Abroad, salaries may
go up to Rs. 5, 00,000 per month. CA who does consultancy earns good money. Eligibility: Admission is open to 10 +
2 pass or equivalent examination. CA Program has three sections viz. Common Proficiency Test (CPT), Professional
Competence Course (PCC or PCE) and Final examination. Institute: The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
(ICAI) is an examining and a licensing body.www.icai.org,
2. Company Secretary (CS): He/She co-ordinates various departments, ensures compliance of company legislations and
advises directors on statutory requirements of the company. Apart from this, CS also looks after finance, accounts, legal,
personnel and administrative functions. CS is a well remunerated career option because of its multifaceted nature.
Eligibility: The Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) offers a three-stage course to qualify as Company
Secretary. Foundation course is of 8 months that can be joined after 10+2 exam. Institute: The Institute of Company
Secretary of India conducts and regulates the course of Company Secretary. http://www.icsi.edu.
78 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

3. Cost and Work Accountant (CWA): Certified CWAs maintain cost accounting records, do cost auditing for companies,
certify import and export documents under the Exim Policy, serve as executor, administrator, receiver and Valuer. CWA
facilitates strategic decisions in respect of diverse economic activities of the organization. Eligibility: The ICWAI
examinations are held in three stages: Foundation, Intermediate and Final. A candidate may appear for the Foundation
examination after passing 10+2 examination. Graduates in any discipline are eligible for direct admission to Intermediate
course. Candidates passed in final examination with a minimum work experience of three years are eligible to become
members of ICWAI. Institute: Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India (ICWAI) conducts and regulate course.
Further details: www.icwai.org
®
4. Chartered Financial Analyst: Chartered Financial Analysts (CFA ) utilize their skills in the core areas of financial and
hedge fund research, portfolio management, investment consulting, investment banking, investment management,
international finance and research. Career opportunities for CFAs with IT skills (trained in high-end packages like SAP,
Oracle application and Baan) have increase manifold.CFA regarded as the key position by financial professionals. CFA
gets good salary. Eligibility: To be a CFA, a graduate requires clearing three levels of examination. A minimum of three
years of investment/financial experience is essential. Institutes: ICFAI conducts CFA programme in India. This course
is offered through class room as well as distance learning packages. Further details: www.icfai.org
5. Banking: For a career in banking, one can start off by maintaining accounts. Now a day’s banking sector recruits MBA
graduates, CAs and CFAs to enhance the efficiency of banks. Now banks are in the mutual funds, securitization business,
credit cards, and consumer loans, housing loans, etc this open up many career avenues. Eligibility: Public sector Banks
recruit mainly graduates for Clerical and Probationary Officer posts on the basis of All India Level examination.
Graduates with commerce/economics are desirable candidates but any one from any stream can enter into this service by
qualifying the exams conducted by banks. Foreign Banks prefer take MBAs, CAs, CFAs, etc.
6. Investments: One can job opportunity as equity research analyst, investment banker, mutual fund executive, capital
market manager, financial planner/asset manager, venture capitalist and real estate.
7. Insurance: Insurance field offers jobs in actuary, risk management manager, insurance surveyor, underwriter, etc. The
key factor for success in this field is experience. In private sector, the salary is more attractive. In private sector generally
management graduates are inducted in the areas of marketing and sales gets salary ranging from Rs 15,000 to Rs 50,000
per month. The Commissions are the most common form of compensation for insurance agents and the amount depends
on the type and amount of insurance sold. Eligibility: To pursue a career one has to pass the entrance examination
conducted by the Actuarial Society of India, Mumbai. Students who have passed 10 + 2 or equivalent exam are eligible.
License is needed to work in this field which can be achieved through a training programme.
Employers
• Companies • Banks
• Financial institutions • Insurance companies
• Commercial firms • Business houses.
It is a myth that commerce is only all about money.
On the contrary, it is about figuring out how business works, how to manage a company and personnel, keeping a track of
the stock market, keeping tabs on tax schemes and much more.

4.2. THE TOP 5 COURSES AT THE GRADUATE

The top 5 courses at the graduate level are as follows:
• Bachelor of Commerce (BCom)
• Bachelor of Business Studies (BBS)
• Bachelor of Management Studies (BMS)
• Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
• Bachelor of Business Management (BBM)
However, the Bachelor of Commerce programme itself offers a plethora of specialisations.

1. Bachelor of Commerce (BCOM)

The Bachelor of Commerce course gives students a general idea of buying and selling of goods, provision of services,
productions and property, and much more.
The BCom degree can help establish a career in finance, taxation, operations, etc, depending on the course specification
opted for. There are more than 50 specialisations which can be opted.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 79

Here are some of the most widely picked choices which are commonly available as an option in most colleges in the
country.
Course Duration: 3 years
Top Institutes: Shri Ram College of Commerce (New Delhi), St Xavier’s College (Kolkata), Loyola College (Chennai),
Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics (Mumbai), Christ College (Bangalore).
Career Steps: BCom can be a stepping stone for further degrees like Chartered Accountant (CA), Company Secretary
ship (CS) and Cost and Work Accountancy (ICWA).
Accounting and Finance: Specializing in accounting and finance trains students who are looking to pursue a career in
banks, insurance companies and industries. The University of Mumbai has also created a separate course in accounting and
finance for those students who are focused on getting into the fields. Some of the subjects studied here include financial
accounting, cost accounting, auditing, taxation, business law, economics, business communications, etc.
Economics: For an overall view of the subject, some students opt for a major in economics. This may not train students
for a particular career path but it provides an overall view of the commerce stream and students can choose to follow a career
path or pursue further studies on completion of the course.
Auditing: For those who want to find a career as a Certified Public Accountant, Finance Manager or Chief Financial
Officer, majoring in the field of Auditing is a good idea. Subjects studied under this specialisation are advanced financial
accountancy, auditing, financial markets, corporate financial policy, financial service, etc.
Taxation: Subjects studied under the specialisation of taxation include financial accounting, economics, business
mathematics and statistics, direct and indirect taxation, public finance and taxation, and more. This course prepares students
a career as a business tax consultant or a property tax consultant. Other job roles include Manager of Accounts and Direct
Taxation, Manager of Employment Taxation, Manager of Corporate Taxation and others.
Advanced Accountancy: Advanced accountancy prepares a student for work in the areas of accounting operations,
patterns, merger of public holding companies, foreign currency operations, etc. It also helps provide an understanding in
advanced financial accounting issues such as lease contracts, pension funds, end of service severance payments, etc. After
completing this course, it is possible to have a career as a public accountant or a financial consultant.
Banking and Insurance: Majoring in banking and insurance will enable a student to be well equipped to follow a career
in one of these two growing fields. The University of Mumbai introduced it as a special course to train students so as to provide
the banking and insurance sectors with competent people for their workforce. The course subjects include life insurance, legal
framework, non-life insurance, etc.
Marketing Management: Specializing in marketing management can provide multiple job opportunities starting from
Marketing Executive up to Marketing Manager. It is also possible to start a consultancy firm that advises corporate companies
on marketing strategies. The subjects covered are a range that includes communication, financial accounting, business
regulatory framework, consumer behaviour, sales management and more.
Accountancy & Statistics Banking & Business Economics
Banking Law and Practice Business Economics
Business Statistics Corporate Affairs and Administration
Corporate Secretary ship Cost Accounting
Direct and Indirect Taxation Cost and Management Accounting
E-Commerce Tax Procedure
Environmental and Organizational BehaviourFinance Income TaxOffice Management
Financial & Investment Analysis Home Science
Human Resources Development Indian Financial System &Financial Market Oprns.
Information Technology Insurance
Business Enterpreneurship Business Environment
Business Finance Business Management
While a BCom degree is seen as having little to no value in today’s industry, it provides a base for a CA or MBA course
BCom is a course which is available in most colleges across the country but the specialisations may vary from institute to
institute

2. Bachelor of Management Studies BMS

The Bachelor of Management Studies degree was started to give students a hands-on experience so they can connect
theories learnt during classroom sessions with its application in real-life situations in organisations.
80 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

It has a more practical outlook as compared to other courses.

The course was started by University of Mumbai for Mumbai-specific colleges. Some of the subjects studied in this
discipline include business mathematics, managerial economics, business ethics and corporate social responsibility, human
resource management, etc.
Course Duration: 3 years
Top Institutes: St Xaviers College (Mumbai), SNDT Women’s University (Mumbai), HR College (Mumbai), SIES College
of Arts, Science and Commerce (Mumbai), Sydenham College (Mumbai).
Career Steps: Completion of the BMS degree offers careers in human resource management, sales and marketing,
finance, research and development, etc.

3. Bachelor of Business Studies BBS

The Bachelor of Business Studies provides students with a broad knowledge of business combined with specialist
knowledge of a particular area of business, the choice of which is at the discretion of the student. The course focuses on
developing the ability to think critically and analytically.
It also teaches students to relate classroom ideas to practical business situations which they will face while working in the
industry. Most of the subjects covered in the course are from the fields of accounting and economics so having a prior
background in these fields is helpful. The course was introduced by the University of Delhi to give students a competitive
edge in the business world.
Course Duration: 3 years
Top Institutes: Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College (New Delhi), Jamia Milia Islamia University (New Delhi), Keshav
Mahavidyalaya (New Delhi), Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies (New Delhi)
Career Steps: Graduates from this course can take up careers in the fields of finance, marketing and human resource
management.

4. Bachelor of Business Administration BBA

The Bachelor of Business Administration degree trains students in the field of business administration and has plenty of
specialisations of which the management ones are the most popular. The BBA program usually includes general business
courses and advanced courses for specific concentrations.
Some of the specialisations offered under the program are air travel management, finance and accounting, marketing and
sales, hotel and tourism management, banking and insurance, information technology and international business.
Specific Eligibility: Undergraduate Aptitude Test
Course Duration: 3 years
Top Institutes: Christ College (Bangalore), Shri Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics (Mumbai), Madras
Christian College (Madras), MS Ramaiah College of Law (Bangalore), SRM University (Chennai)
Career Steps: Students can follow up a BBA degree with a post graduation in Master of Business Administration (MBA).
Other career options depend on the specializing subjects.

5. Bachelor of Business Management BBM5. Bachelor of Business Management (BBM)

Bachelor of Business Management is a programme that is aimed at providing knowledge of the theoretical and practical
aspects of business.The most commonly picked specification under this programme is the international business stream.
Some of the subjects in this course are economics, marketing, agriculture business, business laws and ethics, project management,
etc.
Top Institutes: Ness Wadia College of Commerce (Pune), Institute of Business Management and Technology (Bangalore),
New College (Chennai)
Career Steps: This course can open up career options in the products and services sector in terms of job opportunities as
well as entrepreneurship.
Course Duration: 3 years

Career Options in Commerce after Class 12: most chosen

Commerce in India is among the most favoured of career choices after the (10+2) stage and if you have managed to score
80-85% in your Class 12 Board Examinations, you have a number of options to choose from. Traditionally, Commerce is
grouped as a part of Trade or Production. It covers all aspects that include exchange of goods/services through a commercial
or transactional medium.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 81

1. B.Com (H) in Top Commerce Colleges of India

B.Com Honours is the most preferred of undergraduate commerce degrees. It is offered among all the top commerce
colleges in Delhi and in many other, leading commerce colleges of India. An honours course is regarded much better than the
more easily available. The course is designed to inculcate better business insight among the students. Course Curriculum for
B.Com includes all the standard Commerce subjects like Cost Accounting and Organizational Behaviors besides Accounts,
Economics and Chartered Accountancy. After completing this course, students can pursue post-graduation courses like an
M.Com or MBA. These days, commerce graduates too can find immediate employment in outsourcing firms or KPOs—
Knowledge Process Outsourcing firms that handle processing of financial data, including payrolls and administration of
accounts/insurance for the entry-level positions. Basically, if you are comfortable with handling figures, doing balancing of
ledger and making account statements, taking upon the profile of an Account Assistant in financial departments like Auditing
Department is easier if you have completed your B.Com H degree.
2. B.A. Economics Offered by Best Commerce Colleges in India
A B.A. in Economics is among the most wanted of commerce undergraduate courses, particularly among those students
who want to establish themselves in the banking & finance sector. This course emphasizes upon teaching detailed, theoretical
concepts that are needed for higher studies in Commerce such as M.A Eco (H). A BA degree in Economics teaches about nearly
every aspect of commercial or financial processes such as
• Business Studies • Micro economics • Industrial economics
• Macro economics • Labour economics • International economics
Students completing their BA in Economics can seek further specialization in the form of M.Phil in Economics. The other
option is to seek an MBA degree. Today, many students prefer to pursue Masters in Business Economics that is offered among
the top commerce colleges of India. These graduates can also appear for the Indian Economic Services—this stream paves the
way to become a Grade A Officer and join the best government organizations like the Planning Board or the Planning
Commission or even the Ministry of Economic Affairs. BA Economic graduates can also explore work as freelancers who write
reports for the latest economic/business happenings.
3. B.Sc (H) Maths in Top Colleges of India
B.Sc in Mathematics is recommended to students who have a genuine interest in number and plan to sustain a career
involving higher mathematical skills or related subjects such as Statistics. At the graduation level, BSc in mathematics course
teaches about
• Algebra • Calculus • Data analysis
This course also prepares students for higher studies in Mathematics, including post graduate courses and those involving
research.
Top Universities for Undergraduate Mathematics Courses & Higher Studies in Mathematics
The best universities in India offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Mathematics, apart from research
options, have been listed below :
• Institute of Mathematical Science, Chennai
• Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai
• Mehta Research Institute of Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, Allahabad
• University of Pune, Pune
• University of Calcutta, Kolkata
• Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology
• Indian Statistical Institute—ISI
4. B.SC (H) Stats in Top Colleges of India
Statistics is among the more difficult of subjects to study at the undergraduate level, along with mathematics. It is
recommended only to students who are ready to put in some real hard work during their college days. Curriculum of B.Sc (H)
course in top Delhi colleges is configured in such a manner that every aspect of permutations and combinations is covered.
After completing graduation in Statistics, students can pursue PG courses in Actuarial Sciences, apart from pursuing research
subjects. Statistics graduates can also find immediate employment in financial organizations, particularly the banking industry.
Post graduate courses in Statistic include M.Stat. Top PG statistics courses are offered by the Indian Institute of Statistics. Even
with a bachelor’s degree in Statistics, high profiles roles like becoming a Business Analyst, Data Analyst, Investigator,
Research Officer or Lecturer can be pursued.
82 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

5. BCA
BCA or Bachelors in Computer Applications is a popular undergraduate course, sought by students who are attracted to
Computer Science or want to establish themselves in a professional field that is defined by computer applications. Normal
subjects taught in BCA in top IT colleges of India include:
• Programming • Database design • Networks • Information systems
A BCA graduate should be able to offer solutions for a business wanting to use computer technology in an undemanding
and affordable manner.

Courses After 12th Standard

• Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) Duration: 3 years Centres: Commerce Colleges.
• Bachelor in Management Studies (BMS) Duration: 3 years Centres: Commerce Colleges.
• Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Duration: 3 years Centres: Commerce Colleges.
• Bachelor of Business Studies (BBS) Duration: 3 years Centres: Commerce Colleges.
• Bachelor of Corporate Secretary-ship (BCS) Duration: 3 years Centres: Commerce Colleges.
• Diploma in Industrial Accountant Centre: The institute of Computer Accountants.
Some Universities offer the courses such as:
• B. Com (Computer Application) • B. Com (Foreign Trade)
• B. Com (Tax Procedure) • B. Com (Advertising & Sales Management)
• B. Com (E-Commerce) and • B. Com (Office Management)
Courses after Graduation
• Masters of Commerce (M.Com) Duration: 2 years Centres: Many Commerce Colleges.
• Master of Corporate Secretary ship (MCS)
• Master of Finance & Control
• M.Com Banking and & Insurance Management
• M.Com Co-operative Management
• M.Com (Marketing)
• Master of Financial Control (MFC)
• Master of Financial, Administration (MFA)
• Master of Financial Management (MFM)
• Most of the courses are two year duration and available in colleges or in distant mode.
• MBA (Finance): Students interested in learning how to manage a business professionally can opt for a degree in
management. An MBA course can vary in duration with a regular MBA being a 2-year course, while an Executive MBA
taking 1 year to complete. Doing an MBA through correspondence is also an option.
• Post Graduate Diploma in Capital Market & Investment Analysis
• Post Graduate Diploma in Finance & Control
• Post Graduate Diploma in Management Accounting
• Post Graduate Diploma in Banking & Finance
• Post Graduate Diploma in Public Accounting
• Diploma in Banking and finance (DBF) Eligibility: Accountancy and computer knowledge is essential.
• Online course material provided and 24hrs online teachers available for guidance. www.iibf.org.in
Top Colleges Offering Undergraduate Courses
Some of the top commerce colleges for undergraduate courses in India are:
• Shri Ram College of Commerce (Delhi), • St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata
• Loyola College (Chennai), • Lady Shriram College for Women (LSR), Delhi
• St. Xavier’s College (Mumbai). • Narsee Monjee College (Mumbai),
• Christ University (Bangalore), • Symbiosis University (Pune),
• Stella Maris (Chennai), • MOP Vaishnav College (Chennai),
• Hansraj College, Delhi • Jain University (Bangalore),
• St. Joseph’s College (Bangalore), • BM College (Pune),
CAREER IN COMMERCE 83
Prospective students can either apply online or directly fill in the forms at the colleges/institutions. In order to be able to
get into a B.Com program or a BBA/M program, the student will require 10+2 certificates, from a recognized state/national
board, along with any other additional certificates.
Top Colleges Offering Post-graduate Courses
Some of the top post-graduate commerce colleges in India are:
• Shri Ram College of Commerce (Delhi), • St. Xavier’s College (Kolkata),
• Presidency College (Chennai), • Symbiosis University (Pune),
• Hans Raj College (Delhi), • Narsee Monjee College (Mumbai),
• DAV College (Chandigarh), • Nizam College (Hyderabad),
• St. Francis College for Women (Hyderabad) • R.A. Podar College (Mumbai).
Post-graduate students require a first-class (second-class in some cases) commerce degree from any recognized college/
board in India. Any other additional certificates, letters of recommendation and statements of purpose may also have to be
presented. Students can either apply online or directly fill in the forms at the colleges/institutions.
Salary and Remuneration
Remuneration for commerce students largely depends on the industry and the organization the person is working with.
Private and government organizations have their own policies regarding salary of professionals working in various fields
related to commerce. For instance, a fresher can anticipate a salary package of Rs. 18,000 – 20,000 for a junior analyst position.
However, financial analysts can expect anything between Rs. 20,000 – 25,000 as their starting salary package. Senior employees
or financial executives could earn anything between Rs. 30,000 – 50,000 per month. The average pay package of chartered
accountants can be anything between Rs. 5, 00,000 – 10, 00,000 per annum. A number of multinationals may even offer
remunerations above Rs. 10, 00,000 depending on the merits of the candidates.
What are the various Career Options after 12th (Commerce) without Mathematics?
There are lots of thing one can do after 12th commerce without Math. A Candidate can apply for a Clerical Post in Bank
or he/she can go for regular studies like:
BBA BCA BMM
BMA BCOM BCOM (HONORS)
BCOM (MANAGEMENT) BCOM (FINANCE) BCOM (MARKETING)
BCOM (RURAL MARKETING) BCOM (EXPORT-IMPORT) BCOM (ECONOMICS)
BCOM (MSSI): The best choices of individuals include BCom, specialised BCom Courses like BAF (Finance and Accounts),
BBI (Banking and Insurance) offered by some universities or BCom with Cost Accountancy/Chartered Accountancy/Company
Secretary’s course would be typical choice. Or BCA/BSc IT, BAF (Bachelor Financial & Investment Analysis)
Some of the Professional and Core Courses in Commerce Stream

4.3. CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT/CA

How to be a Chartered Accountant (CA) in India
The Chartered Accountancy (CA) qualification is a prestigious qualification in the field of finance. The Institute of
Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) not only trains student in this field, but also conducts the CA exam. Students who clear
the final exam are absorbed by the industry as qualified personnel.
Skill Test
Students who wish to pursue a career in this field must have extensive knowledge of math, law and statistics. They must
also have good time management skills, an aptitude to understand and analyse accounting, auditing and a taxation concept
are must. Since CAs are required to interact with a number of people, communication skills also come handy.
Industry Status
Globally, the scope of qualification of CA is great. Apart from the regular roles, in recent times, professionals in this
industry have also find jobs in the field of advisory, research, forensic audit, international accounting, etc. thanks to the
increasing number of businesses in the field, the industry is looking at hiring a number of qualified professionals by corporate
and MNCs in India.
84 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Renumerations
A fresher in this field can earn up to Rs 25,000 per month. However, the remunerations depend on his/her experience and
skills during articleship period and final exam. Professionals with experience in this field can earn up to Rs 35, 00,000 per
annum.
Registration for CPT
The candidate needs to register with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) for the Common Proficiency
Test (CPT) after passing the Standard X examination.
Passing the CPT Examination
The CPT examination is held twice in a year - in June, and in December. The candidate can appear for the CPT examination
after appearing for the standard XII examination, and after the completion of a period of a minimum of 60 days from the date
of registration for CPT with the ICAI, as on the first day of the month in which examination is to be held, i.e. candidates
registered on or before 1st April / 1st October are eligible to appear in June / December examination respectively.
Registration for IPCC
In order to register for the Integrated Professional Competence Course (IPCC), the candidate should pass both CPT and
10+2. Registration for the IPCC should be done 9 months prior to the first day of the month in which examination is held. IPCC
comprises of a total of 7 papers. Group I consists of 4 papers and Group II consists of 3 papers. For pursuing Articleship, passing
Group I is essential.
Orientation and ITT
The orientation course is one week long, spanning 35 hours and covers topics such as communication skills, personality
development, office procedure general commercial knowledge etc. Information Technology Training (ITT) orientation is
spans 100 hours and must be completed in order to register for Articleship.
Appearing and Passing IPCC Group I Exam
The candidate can appear and pass Group I or both groups of Integrated Professional Competence Examination (IPCE).
Registration for Articleship
After passing either Group I or both IPCE Groups, the candidate can register as Articled Assistant for a period of 3 years
Practicing Chartered Accountant.
Appearing and passing IPCC Group II Exam:
If the candidate has not already passed Group II of the Integrated Professional Competence Examination (IPCE), this can
be done during the Articleship.
Registration for CA Final Course
The candidate may register for the CA Final Course on passing the two groups of IPCC.
Appearing and Passing CA Final Course
The candidate can appear for the CA final examination during the last 6 months of 3 years of articled training.
Complete Articleship
Complete 3 years period of articled training.
GMCS
Successfully complete the course on General Management and Communication Skills over a period of 15 days.
Membership
Enroll as a member of ICAI and designate as “Chartered Accountant”.
Chartered Accountancy or commonly known as CA is the hottest job of the youngsters presently, and more and more
students from the commerce field are opting for this. Chartered Accountancy is a course which is supposed to be done after
passing the 10+2 system of education in India and it has duration of around 5 years. Chartered Accountancy deals with
avenues like corporate finance, taxation, auditing, project evaluation, business & corporate low, and accounting practice.
Getting into a CA training institute is very easy. The Institute for Chartered Accountants in India or the ICAI is the governing
body for all the CAs in India, and they are responsible for making the course curriculum, and also all administrative actions of
the CAs.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 85
The ICAI has several branches all over the country, and the students need to enroll in any of the branches after paying of
the requisite fees. The fee structure for the full CA course is as under. Rs. 1500 is to be paid for the registration of the CPT or
the Common Proficiency Test, which is the prerequisite to enter any CA institute. After qualifying the CPT, the student needs
to pay the tuition fee to the institute which is a total of Rs. 7500, which includes Rs. 500, for registration as an audit clerk, Rs.
500 as the student associations’ fee, Rs. 500 as the registration fee with BOS, Rs. 4000, as tuition fee for PCC, and Rs. 2000 for
the registration fee for 100 hrs of IT Training. After qualifying the second stage, the final course fee is Rs. 8500 which is to be
paid for the last year of the CA studies. The total fee for the whole course comes to Rs. 17,500. There are no other institutes
which provide the CA studies in India excepting the Institute of Chartered Accountants in India or the ICAI.
For more details regarding, search on the official website: www.icai.com

4.4. COMPANY SECRETARIAT (CS)

Career as a Company Secretary
“Behind great corporate progress there’s a strong backbone: The Company Secretary.”
—Institute of Company Secretary
With the growth in the corporate sector, the career of company secretary has also become more lucrative. Company
Secretaries are specialized professionals for maintaining the link between the government bodies like the department of
company affairs, company law board on one side and the corporate sector on the other side.
Company Secretary coordinates with various departments and ensures good corporate governance. They are experts in
laws related to companies such as companies act and laws related to capital market. They advise the Board of Directors of a
company and are responsible for all the regulatory compliance that the company has to adhere to.
Nowadays, these professionals are also entering the capital markets and financial services industry. Their role is getting
extended into the administration, management, planning and general running of the company.
Courses and Eligibility
Institute of Company Secretaries of India is the only recognized organization offering this course. The course consists
of three stages after 10+2 pass or equivalent:
• Foundation Programme
• Executive Programme and Professional Programme
In addition, the student has to undergo Practical Training for about 15 months which a student may opt to start after
passing the Executive Programme. Students who join the Course after passing the Graduation have to undergo two stages of
the Company Secretary ship i.e.
• Executive Programme
• Professional Programme
Foundation Programme which is of eight months duration can be pursued by 10+2 pass or equivalent students of Arts,
Science or Commerce stream (Excluding Fine Arts)
Executive Programme can be pursued by Graduates of all the streams except Fine Arts.
Professional Programme can be pursued only after clearing the Executive Programme of CS Course. Admission to the CS
Course is open throughout the year. Examinations are held twice a year in June & December. (Source official website of
Institute of company secretaries of India)
Course Fees
The fee for CS Foundation Programme is - Rs. 3600/- for Executive Programme - Rs. 7000/- for Commerce Graduates
while - Rs. 7750/- for Non Commerce Students ICSI offices across India. For Professional Programme - Rs.7500/-
Practical Experience and Training
A candidate who has passed the final examination of the institute is required to possess practical experience of 2-3 years
and also undergo four months practical training including 15 days secretarial training programmmes designed by the Institute
and organised by the Institute and its Regional counsels and chapter for becoming eligible to seek associate membership of
the Institute candidates not possessing the requisite practical experience are required to undergo management training for a
period of 15 months or apprenticeship for a period of one year on full time basis and two years on part-time basis under a full
time practising company secretary or in a firm of practising company secretaries.
86 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Membership of the ICSI

Only after the aforementioned conditions have been fulfilled a candidate becomes eligible for admission to Associate
membership of the ICSI.
The course is conducted under a system of compulsory postal tuition against payment of requisite fees. The necessary
study material is provided to the student by the ICSI.
Institutes Address
The Institute of company secretaries of India ICSI House, 22 Institutional Area, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003, Telex-31-
62164 ICSI IN (STD 011) fax-91-11-4626727.
Placements/Prospects
Qualified company secretaries can find well paid positions in the private sector and public corporate sector, Banks and
financial institutions, stock exchanges, the Department of company affairs, company law boards and Government departments.
The larger the co9mpany and wider its fields of activity, the better the emoluments earned by the CS. Private consultancy jobs
are a very lucrative option. ACS could also become an adviser to a single company or to may companies.
Liberalisation and globalisation have given a massive boost to corporate activity and a long with it the openings for
company secretaries continue to grow. In the present age of mergers acquisitions and tie-ups this profession looks forward to
rich dividends
The Institute of company secretaries of India ICSI House, 22 Institutional Area, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003, Telex-31-
62164 ICSI IN (STD 011) faxz-91-11-4626727.
Where to Study
The Institute of Company Secretaries of India is a recognized professional body formed to develop and regulate the
profession of Company Secretaries. It is the only institute which offers this course and awards the certificate bestowing the
designation of Company Secretary to a candidate qualifying for membership of the institute. The institute has its headquarters
at New Delhi and has four regional offices at Calcutta, Delhi, Chennai and Mumbai. In addition there are 36 chapters and 10
satellite chapters located all over the country.
Indira Gandhi National Open University offers a special B.Com. Programme with a major in corporate affairs and
administration and M.Com. In business policy and communication for ICSI students and members.
ICSI across India
The ICSI has its Headquarters at ICSI House 22 Institutional Area Lodi Road New Delhi and Regional offices at Mumbai,
Kolkata, Chennai & New Delhi and 68 Chapters located in various cities in India.
ICSI has 117 Examination Centres scattered all over India including one overseas centre at Dubai.
Pay and Remuneration
Company Secretaries are professionals like Chartered Accountants or Doctors and can choose to join an organization as
an Employee or start their own practice. As employees, the company secretaries get fairly good salaries. The average pay
package is around INR 4.5 lakhs per year for freshly certified Company Secretaries. The pay package increases with experience
and one can also establish own practice and can earn pretty well.
Career Prospects
A qualified company secretary can work for companies also and can also work as independent professional. For companies
with a paid-up share capital of Rs.5 crores or more it is mandatory to appoint a whole time Company Secretary who must be a
member of the Institute of Company Secretaries of India. All companies seeking listing on Stock Exchange are required to
appoint a whole time company secretary.
Self-Employment/Practising Company Secretaries: After obtaining a ‘Certificate of Practice’ from the Institute, Members
of the Institute can go in for Independent Practice. Every company having a paid-up share capital of Rs. Ten Lakhs or more but
less than Rs. Five Crores is required to engage the services of a Secretary in Whole-Time Practice for issue of Compliance
Certificate. Reserve Bank of India has recognized the Practising Company Secretaries to undertake Diligence Report for
Banks.
The CS Course is recognized by the various Universities for admission to PhD Course and Appointment of Lecturers in
Commerce & Management.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 87

4.5. COST & MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTANCY (ICWAI)

A business organization can grow well if it has a strong accounts department. Moreover, it is the accounts department
which can draw up a good resource utilisation programme and cost saving mechanism so that the profit margin of the company
can be increased. Cost and management accountancy in particular is one subject which deals with this problem and helps in
evaluating and managing costs. It finds its origin way back in the II world war period when the need to evaluate defence cost
was felt. These days, in fact, it has attained greater significance, especially in the corporate sector
In the next two years, India may require 30 lakh cost accountants to meet the fast-tracking growth of companies, according
to P. Raju Iyer, chairman of the Southern India Regional Council of the Institute of Cost Accountants of India.
The Institute of Cost Accountants of India (ICAI) which was formerly known as Institute of Cost and Works Accountants
of India (ICWAI) is the only professional body specialized in the field of Cost and Management Accountancy in India aims at
imparting coaching and training in the subject of Cost & Management Accountancy. It was established by an Act of Parliament
in the year 1959, though the same was in existence as a company since 1944. The Institute has four Regional councils in the
Metro cities.
Nature of Work
The role and importance of cost and management accountants has increased manifold on account of growing competition
in the corporate sector. Broadly speaking, their job comprises of closely analysing costs and devising ways to reduce it as far
as possible.
Cost and management accounting helps in planning, monitoring and controlling the cost and price of a product or a
service. Nowadays with multi-product ventures taking place, it has become important to know and understand the exact cost
of production of products and services at different stages, to minimize the expenditure incurred on them and to ensure better
utilization of money. This is where the role of cost and management accountant comes.
Cost and management accountants evaluate the operating efficiency and effectiveness of production and service
management by collecting, compiling, organising, verifying, comparing and analysing information from different departments
of the organisation. In large organisations, these information may be made available on computer based systems specially
designed to systemize the work. The process involves critical monitoring of relevant costs and overheads like material, labour,
and capital costs etc., involved in making a product or providing a service. They analyse the sales trend to strike a balance
between the demand and supply, to prevent over production. They also monitor the performance, to spot and report on
problems and prevent them from occurring in future. This analysis helps in comparing the financial performances, making
assessments and projections, providing figures for future costing and pricing policies and other managerial decisions.
Personality
As cost and management accounting deals with the cost and benefit analysis of a product or service, it demands analytical
and attentive mindset with an objective outlook. Fair amount of awareness about global economic conditions is important.
The CMAs often deal with making future projections and forecasts regarding the prices, costs etc. which makes it important to
have good judgmental qualities. The job also involves interacting and working with a number of people and to coordinate
with them requires, good communication skills and team spirit.
Professional Courses
Cost and management accountancy can be pursued after 10+2. The course comprises of three stages: Foundation,
Intermediate and Final. These stages are further discussed separately in the following segment. The minimum age for enrollment
is 17 years.
1. FOUNDATION: Candidates who have passed senior secondary under 10+2 scheme in any discipline shall pass a
Foundation Course Examination to become eligible as a student for Intermediate Examination. The Foundation Course has
the following subjects.
• Business Fundamentals and Economics
• Management and Organisation
• Basic Mathematics and Statistics
• Commercial Laws
2. INTERMEDIATE: Candidates who have completed graduation in any discipline or those who have cleared the
Foundation Examination are eligible for registration for the Intermediate Examination. It is obligatory for registered students
to undergo either postal or oral tuition imparted by the Institute before appearing for the Intermediate or Final Examinations.
The following are the subjects in the Intermediate Examination.
88 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

GROUP I:
• Financial Accounting • Cost Accounting
• Corporate Laws and Secretarial Practice • Direct Taxation
GROUP II:
• Cost and Management Accounting
• Auditing
• Indirect Taxation
• Quantitative Methods
3. FINAL: After clearing the Intermediate Examination, students are eligible to appear for the Final Examination. The
subjects in the Final Examination are
GROUP I
• Advanced Financial Accounting
• Information Technology and Computer Applications
• Operations Management and Control
• Project Management and control
GROUP II
• Advanced Management Accounting - Techniques and Applications
• Advanced Financial Management
• Advanced Management Accounting - Strategic management
• Cost Audit
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
The Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India was given statutory recognition by the central government in the
year 1959. The Institute has 4 Regional Councils at Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai and New Delhi. It has over a period of time
established a chain of chapters throughout the country and abroad, in all major cities and towns to provide assistance to the
students and to perform other functions.
Specialization
After successfully clearing all the papers of both Intermediate and Final Examinations, students can apply for the
Associateship of the Institute. Students having practical experience of 3 years in fields of financial/cost accounting and
commercial aspect of an industry can apply for the Associateship.
Career Prospects
A qualified Cost Accountant leaves for himself, plenty of career options. The recognition granted by central and state
governments has added to their career prospects. The importance of the profession in economic development of the country
has led to their involvement in advising the government in cost and pricing policies and also in framing of tax and fiscal
policies. They are treated at par with other class - I services. In organisations like Railways, Indian Army, Nationalised Banks
services of Cost Accountants are often required for costing, budgeting, auditing purposes. They can also pursue teaching in
various universities as Professors, Readers, and Lecturers.
Apart from the opportunities available in the government sector, Cost Accountants can also look forward to the corporate
world. They can work as executers, administrators, appraisers, valuers, secretarial and tax consultants, advisors etc. With
advancement in career and experience, they can even rise to top positions like Financial Auditor, Financial Advisor, Finance
Director etc. It is not a bad idea for Cost Accountants to build up their own practice. Cost Accountants can set up their own
practice either individually or in partnership, after obtaining license from the Institute. The clients in a private practice may
vary depending upon the size of practice. It may range from large public and private companies to small partnership and
proprietary concerns.
CIMA Certification
Are you keen on a career as a finance professional in blue chip companies like Nestle, Accenture,GE Money, Ernst &
Young, KPMG,Reuters, Citigroup,Deloitte, Proctor & Gamble,Unilever,PriceWaterhouseCoopers, JP Morgan, Genpact, and
HSBC, to name a few? How about the title of ‘Management Accountant’ with your name, which is recognised by approx. 4,500
companies worldwide? If that sounds interesting, you should definitely consider getting a CIMA (Chartered Institute of
Management Accountants) certification.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 89

The business focus is similar to that of an MBA from a top notch B-school, but the entry barriers are low – you can join
in with a mere pass in the 12th standard. So if you are looking for a career more in sync with the business and management
aspects rather than the more routine jobs like audit, CIMA is the way to go.
What is CIMA?
Founded as the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants (ICWA) in 1919 in the UK, the institute was rechristened as
Institute of Cost and Management Accountants (ICMA) in 1972 and again as Chartered Institute of Management Accountants
(CIMA) in 1986. In 2008, CIMA established a centre for the study of management accounting with the Indian Institute of
Management Calcutta (IIM-C). With 170,000 members and students in 168 countries worldwide, CIMA has grown to be one
of the most widely accepted and respected professional qualification in the unique cusp of the fields of Management and
Accounting.
The natural question that comes to one’s mind on hearing such a qualification in the field of Finance is: how does it
compare with the more popular options in the Indian context such as Chartered Accountancy (CA)/ Chartered Financial
Analyst (CFA) etc. The institute claims that CIMA course has more management accounting, more business strategy, and more
financial strategy compared to a Chartered Accountant/ Chartered Financial Analyst, and is hence more tuned to “business”
requirement. In simpler terms, CIMA is more in-line with the core “management” issues than the rest.
Earning the Spurs
There are a number of entry routes into CIMA. People don’t have to have a degree necessarily. One can start CIMA after
12th standard, in which case the entry route would be the CIMA Certificate in Business Accounting consisting of 5 modules
and having computer-based assessment which one can take any time throughout the year. One could complete this in 3 months
or 6 months or any other timeframe depending on one’s own pace and comfort level. People can come in with a relevant degree
which is usually a BBA or BCom or an Accounting and Finance programme. If one is BCom (Hons.) from Delhi University one
is exempt from the first level, otherwise such graduates enter at the first (operational) level. For a bright student, it should take
somewhere between 2 to 3 years. However, there are special gateways for people with an ICWA or an MBA and they can
complete the course in just one-and-a-half years. There is no time limit as such; it is left to the individual.
Structuring the Course
At every level an award has been built-in that provides a student the option to step-in and step-out at any point and if he
steps-off in the middle of the qualification he is not left high and dry. At each level, there are certain skills that the student is
expected to deliver.
That can be seen from the name of the level, the Operational level is more about operational knowledge, and it is about the
knowledge of transactions. Managerial level is about management and monitoring, and Strategic level is about strategic
decision-making. All-in-all, there are 14 exams one has to clear or get exemption to become a full-fledged professional CIMA
member.
Is there Training/Classroom Teaching?
No. Unlike a CA where articleship with a trained CA is mandatory, CIMA does not mandate training requirement as a
prerequisite. Study centres are present in different cities like Christ University in Bangalore, HL College in Ahmedabad, LIBA
in Chennai, KJ Somaiya in Mumbai, Piron in Delhi, and one can find the detailed listing on www.cimaglobal.com/India.
CIMA conducts exams in 240 exam centres in 90 countries on the same date. They are all uniform, the content, assessment,
curriculum, is the same and that’s the basis of their standard. Each of these exams are of 3 hours of duration.
These can be taken at anytime throughout the year and at the location of one’s choice. CIMA has nine exam centres in
India. The centres are British Council in many cities, and in addition all the colleges which are the study centres conduct the
exams on their own campus.
How Much Does it Cost?
The CIMA Certificate in Business Accounting costs Rs. 20,000 in exam fees. One has to pay extra for tuition support or
study support if one opts for it. There are classes offered by the study centres and online support offered by CIMAstudy.com.
The online support costs around 50 British pounds a month. For the Certificate course there is a package which costs
around Rs. 8,000 for all the five modules. Then one moves on to the professional qualification.
This part of qualification would cost Rs. 80,000 including CIMA fees converted into Indian rupees. If one also includes
the certificate course this comes to around Rs. 1 lakh. Textbooks, which are quite detailed, are available at key distribution
houses in the country, their cost is Rs. 720/- per textbook. There is one textbook per paper. In addition, there are the prescribed
standard reference materials. Other material like revision kits and study kits are also available as an option. In fact, if a person
starts at the certificate level, buys all the textbooks and buys CIMAStudy.com membership and completes the qualification in
3 years it will cost him/her Rs. 159,000/- in total.
90 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Recognition
CIMA is yet to be approved or accredited as a higher education qualification by any arm of the state or university. So it
neither makes you eligible for Govt or advertied PSU jobs, though some PSUs might give weight to CIMA qualifications.
Higher studies too is not an option as of now. As Dr Robert Jelly, Executive Director, CIMA says, “It’s an individual passport
because it enables you to progress within the company you are working with.

4.6. CHARTERED FINANCIAL ANALYST (CFA)

“Money…is like a beautiful thoroughbred horse - very powerful and always in action, but unless this horse is trained very
young, it will be out-of-control and dangerous animal when it grows to maturity.” These are the words of Dave Ramsey, a
famous financial author.
Financial analysts are finance and investment professionals, who help in managing the portfolios and investments of the
clients.
The job of a financial analyst might seem easy, but it is actually quite challenging. The role of a financial analyst is to
analyze and write reports. They analyze companies, their finances, equities, funds and other financial instruments. They also
study the annual reports and other public documents.
Financial analysts are most commonly employed by mutual and pension funds, hedge funds, securities firms, banks,
investment banks, insurance companies and other businesses where their main role is to help their company or their client
make profitable investment decisions.
So, if you have the aptitude and financial services sector interests you, this is perhaps one of the best profession you
should start off with and make an exciting career working in the investment banks, insurance companies, mutual fund
companies, pension funds or securities firms. This job is best suited for all those who enjoy numbers as most of the financial
analysts day is spent exploring over the financial earnings statements.
In the era of liberalisation and globalisation the field of finance has widened to its fullest extent. Financial experts and
their expertise in financial fields has been on high demand by the advanced countries of the West, namely UK and USA. As
India has amalgamated with the globalisation trend the need of financial experts has gone up as well. However, in the new
Millenium the fast moving world of finance with its immense opportunities is attracting the analytical bent of mind. Chartered
Financial Analyst (CFA) is the designation awarded by the I.C.F.A.I (Institute of Chartered Financial Analyst of India) which
was established as a non-profit educational society with the active collaboration of ICFAI, Virginia and USA.
Course
The Chartered Financial Analyst course turns out competent financial analysts and investment managers. It is a unique
professional programme aimed at providing insights into the understanding of the students in the three core areas of Corporate
Finance, Investment Managers and Financial Services. The programme addresses itself more to the broader managerial issues
in the above core areas than to traditional accounting related programmes like book-keeping auditing and taxation.
How to Enter
Admission to the Chartered Financial Analyst programme which is a Post Graduate programme, based on an admission
test, which assesses verbal and quantitative reasoning abilities. In an overall analysis the admission test aims to evaluate
candidate’s aptitude for studies in financial analysis.
Eligibility
A bachelor degree at the initial level is an essential requirement, preferably in the field of finance, business administration,
accounting, statistics or economics. A course in Bachelor of Financial and Investment Analysis is offered by Shaheed Sukhdev
College of Business Studies in New Delhi while courses in other related subjects are offered in many Indian universities.
For Post Graduate Course (Masters in financial management), a graduate degree in any discipline is the minimum
requirement. Most of the top universities need a minimum of 50% in graduation. Most of the universities also conduct an
entrance exam for getting entry to the course.
You need to be a graduate or have 4 years of relevant professional experience to enrol for US Based CFA Institute Exam.
You have to qualify all the three levels to become a CFA Charter Holder member.
The curriculum comprises of three levels of study in the CFA program.
The Level I study program emphasizes on tools and inputs, and includes an introduction to asset valuation, financial
reporting and analysis, and portfolio management techniques. The Level II study program emphasizes asset valuation, and
includes applications of the tools and inputs (including economics, financial reporting and analysis, and quantitative methods)
in asset valuation.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 91
The Level III study program emphasizes portfolio management, and includes strategies for applying the tools, inputs, and
asset valuation models in managing equity, fixed income, and derivative investments for individuals and institutions.
The CFA programme by the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India is also a sought after course for becoming
a financial analyst. The examinations are held four times a year. There are six groups of exams that one needs to clear to get the
certificate of Masters of Financial Analysis. Additional financial analyst courses pursued by the candidate are also accepted in
the industry.
The candidates aspiring to become financial analysts must have a strong hold in statistics, business, economics,
administration and accounting as this enhances the growth potential within an organisation.
Graduation is the minimum qualification. Students in the final year of graduation can also take the admission test.
Their enrolment would be confirmed only when their degrees are completed.
Direct enrolment to the CFA programme, that is, exemption from the admission test is available to professional such as
MBAs, CAs, Cost Accountants and officers in Banks, Insurance companies, Class-I All India Services etc. The CFA admission
tests are held in the months of January, April, July and October at more than 20 centres all over the country.
Duration of the Course
The students enrolled in the programme are allowed a maximum period of three years to complete the preliminary level
of the programme and a maximum period of seven years for the entire programmes. Three months after enrolment in the
programme, one can take the examination in the foundation module. Students can proceed with the next stage of the programme
only after successful completion of the foundation module.
Structure of the Programme
It is divided into three levels – Preliminary, Inter and Final with two groups of papers at each level.
Basically, the course is administered at a distance learning/home study programme by the ICFAI. Therefore, all the study
material, necessary in the form of text books, manuals of sample solutions, assignments, model questions as well as select
readings are provided by the Institute to the students so that they can study at home. To facilitate self study a plan of study is
also given so that the learning can take place in a structured manner.To clarify concepts and supplements of the self-study
programme, ICFAI also holds weekend workshops in cities like Bombay, Bangalore, Calcutta, Delhi, Hyderabad and Madras.
Where sufficient students in other centres are interested the institute can also extend this facility to those centres too on
request.
Students can appear for the examination at each level after passing the previous level. An average of 55% for the two
papers in each group is essential for passing with a minimum of 45% in each paper.
Full Time CFA Programme
Campus CFA programme of two year full time duration or three year part time can be done at various business schools in
the country.
1. Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar.
2. Narsee Morjee Institute of Management Studies, Bombay.
3. S.P. Jain Institute of Management of Research, Bombay.
4. K.J. Somaiya Institute of management Studies and Research, Bombay.
5. Institute for Financial management and Research, Madras.
6. Institute for Technology and Management, Bombay.
7. Goa Institute of Management, Panaji, Goa.
8. Birla Institute of Science and Technology, Pilani.
While there are colleges that offer the B.F.A and M.F.A. courses, as far as CFA exam is concerned, one has to do self study
to clear those exams. Here’s a list of places from where one can pursue courses in being Financial Analyst.
1. H.R college of commerce & economics, Mumbai
2. Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar
3. The ICFAI University, Tripura
4. School of commerce, Gujarat university, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
5. IBS Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
6. SK Somaiya college of arts, science and commerce
7. Nagindas khandwala college of commerce, arts and management studies, Mumbai
8. SP Jain institute of management and research, Mumbai
92 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

9. Birla institute of technology and science, Pilani

10. Narsee Monjee Institute of Management, Mumbai
11. ICFAI business school, Chennai
12. ICFAI business school, Pune.
13. ICFAI business school, Bangalore
14. ICFAI business school, Mumbai
15. International Management institute, New Delhi
Job Opportunities
The ICFAI also provides placement to its qualified CFAs in areas of Corporate Finance, the Investment Management
Sector (Portfolio Management) or in the Financial Services such as leasing, merchant, banking, hire purchase or in developmental
Financial institutions. Representatives of companies like TELCO, INDAL, Zurac Agro Chemicals and Finance and leading
companies regularly attend ICFAI placement meets. Apex financial institutions such as RBI, ICICI, IDBI and EXIM Bank
absorb CFAs in their specialized departments. The scope for employment of CFAs is indeed phenomenal.
Pay and Remuneration
The average salary for a financial analyst is INR 3.5 lakhs per year which may go up to INR 6 lakhs a year or more
depending upon the qualifications of the candidate. This is a job where the employees also get bonus which adds a lot to their
basic earnings. Besides the handsome salary package, financial analysts are respected a lot in the industry. Attractive growth
opportunities for extraordinary talented finance professionals are also available in the industry.
Famous Personalities
Immense knowledge and experience is needed to be a successful financial analyst as this can completely change the
future of an individual or a company.
Peter Lynch is one of the very famous financial analysts. From 1977 to 1990 he successfully ran Magellan Fund. The fund
grew around 28 times which is very commendable for those times.
Peter Schiff is also another very financial analyst as he was the one who predicted the collapse of 2008.
There are many other financial analysts who have excelled in their field. Abby Joseph Cohen, Duncan Harvey, Grant
Mitchell, Harry Browne and Irving Kahn are only few of them.

4.7. CAREER IN INSURANCE

In India, the concept of insurance was never a given a serious thought, as compared to other countries. People still are
under insured, life insurance premia to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio is a mere 1.4% as compared to a healthier rate of
8% amongst other developing countries. The reason being lack of awareness and opportunities combined with poor state of
services provided.
Presently in India, the insurance sector is nationalised, services are rendered by Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)
and General Insurance Company (GIC) alongwith its 4 subsidiaries. While LIC provides life insurance, GIC is concerned with
non life insurance like - motor, marine, fire, health and personal accident insurance. LIC employs people in various departments
- publicity and public relation department, development department, personnel department, accounts department, actuarial
department, secretrarial department, legal department, investment department, inspection department, mortagages department,
vigilance department, foreign department, corporate planning department, building department etc.
Of late, parliament’s nod for the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) bill has changed the whole
scenario. With the passage of the bill, entry of private indian as well as foreign companies, alongwith existing players, in the
insurance sector will add variety and quality to the present
insurance services. The other positive impact would be on creation of new employment opportunities. Till now employment
in the insurance sector was considered akin to any government job, but now with private participation, it will assume
significant importance and probably become an exciting career option.
Nature of Work
The insurance corporation performs various tasks with each department having its own set of responsibilities. The various
posts and their specific jobs are mentioned hereupon.
Administrative Officer and Assistant Administrative Officer: Administrative Officer (AO) and Assistant Administrative
Officer (AAO) belong to the class I officer group. The job begins with the candidates joining LIC and GIC on a probation-cum-
training period of 6 months. This is to provide exposure about the working of insurance sector. AAOs can choose any of the
CAREER IN COMMERCE 93
areas from Administration, Develpoment and Accounts. In Administration AAOs handle policy making, policy claims upto
cetain limit, checking clauses and details, filing official returns and statements to higher regional offices etc. The Development
AAOs deal with marketing and procurement of business, promoting policies, getting contracts etc. The Accounts AAOs
manage the funds including incomes and expenses of the corporation. After 3 years of working as AAOs they can be promoted
to AOs. This adds on more powers and authority and they can be posted anywhere in India. Candidates applying for the post
of AAOs should be between 21 and 28 years of age. They should hold a graduate/postgraduate degree in any subject with
minimum of 50% marks. Recruitment is done by LIC Central Office at Mumbai. The entrance examination has two papers, one
is of objective type and the other is of essay type - test of English.
The objective type paper, tests intelligence and quickness of response. For the quantitative aptitude test good mathematical
knowledge is essential. Logical reasoning, general knowledge, awareness of political, cultural events and happening are also
tested. After the written test, selected candidates have to appear for inteviews which are conducted by the Board and are held
across the country.
Development Officer: The Development Officer belongs to class II officer group. They are incharge of their territory for
the development of the insurance policies. They handle recruitment of agents, train them for procurement of new business and
servicing of the existing policies. Over a period of time Agents recruited by the Development Officers can also rise to the
position of the Development Officer.
Recruitment process of Development Officers is handled by the Divisional Office. Candidates applying for the post of
Development Officer have to be between 21 and 26 years of age and should be graduates. Eligible candidates are then put
through written tests in English and mathematics. On clearing the test, they qualify for the interview which is conducted by the
Board. Later on selected candidates have to serve as Apprentice for a period of one year. This is impotant to impart practical
training in various areas.
Other Jobs
Apart from the class I and II level, there are other posts such as Assistants, Typists, Machine Operators, Stenographer,
Telephone Operators, Clerks etc. This group comes in the class III level category. They are recruited by the Divisional Office.
The candidates applying for these posts have to go through a written test and an interview. There are reservations in the jobs
for Handicapped persons, SC/ST, ex-servicemen. The age requirement for these posts is between 18 to 25 years.
Apart from people directly working in the insurance companies, there are other categories of people related to the
insurance sector. These include the following.
Insurance Agents
An insurance agent is a person who takes up agency from the insurance company to sell their policy on a commission
basis. He acts as an intermediary between the insurance company and the policy holder. But before doing so, he has to undergo
training and get a certificate of proficiency from the insurance company. Mostly insurance policies are bought through agents.
Agents help individuals and companies in selecting the right policy for their needs. They plan for the financial security of
individuals, families and businesses and advise them about insurance protection. They also help the policy holders at the time
of settlement of the claim. The job of agents is quite challenging as selling a product like insurance policy is not easy. For
being successful, agents should be outgoing and social. They should have a knack of convincing people. Recruitment of
agents is done by the Corporation after a written test and an interview followed by a training period of 3 years. Graduates in
the age group of 21 to 35 years are preferred.
Insurance Surveyors
Insurance surveyors are qualified professionals deputed for the assessment of losses, according to their qualification and
experience. They play an important role as they serve a link between the insurer and the insured. Their job is to assess the
actual loss and avoid false claims filed by the insured and on the other hand help the insured who has suffered a genuine loss
by indemnification of the loss. They act as investigators, assessers for determining the loss and liability to be reported to the
insurance company. The work is not always delighting as it often involves a lot of hardwork and travelling at awkward times.
Surveyors are not employees of the insurance companies. They are independent professionals who are hired by the
insurance companies. To hold a license of a surveyor, one must possess any one of these-
• Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute of Insurance Surveyors and Adjustors (IISA), Mumbai.
• A Degree or Diploma in Architecture of a Recognised University or Institute.
• Fellowship or Associateship of the Institute of Chartered accountants or Cost & Works Accountants.
• A Degree or Diploma of a Recognised Institute of Engineering.
• A Degree or Diploma in Naval Architecture.
94 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Career Prospects
Around 1 lakh people are believed to be working in LIC in various departments. Apart from career opportunities available
with LIC and GIC, employment avenues are also open in corporate sector, stock broking firms, finance companies, shipping
companies etc. Now it’s just a matter of time before a number and variety of other employment opportunities open up, with the
insurance sector welcoming private participation. This will lead to competition and create a totally different work environment.
The various areas which are likely to absorb people include the following.
ACTUARIAL: An actuary holds one of the most important position in an insurance business. He is involved in solving
wide range of financial problems related with insurance investments, financial planning and management. Graduates in maths
or satistics are suited for this kind of a job because the work is based on mathematical and statistical skills. In the coming times
it will definitely make one of the highly paid career option in the insurance sector. Entry level salary is expected to be
somewhere around Rs. 8 lakh p.a.
UNDERWRITING: The life and non-life insurance segments require professional underwriters. Underwriters assess the
risk in the business and takes care of risk management. Normally foreign insurers prefer people with medical or life science
background for this job and the same is likely to happen here. Entry level salary can be expected to be around 6 lakh p.a.
MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION: Marketing insurance product is not easy at all. It is like marketing any other
financial product, which requires a push. Marketing therefore would require specialization. Degree holders from reputed
institutes and those with experience in marketing and finance fields can anticipate bright opportunuties in the insurance
sector. Even the role of agents will witness a radical change, they will moreover serve as financial consultants, who will offer
a complete range of insurance solutions.
OPERATIONS: The insurance sector will be requiring Infotech professionals for elaborate databases, network solutions
and for in house packages etc. Like other sectors, demand for database and software professionals is expected to grow in the
insurance sector as well.
INVESTMENT: Like banks and mutual funds, investment professionals will be required in insurance sector.

4.8. CAREER IN ACTUARIES
There is a very famous joke about Actuaries:

“Why don’t Actuaries read novels?”

The only numbers in them are page numbers.”

Who is an Actuary?
Actuaries are professionals who use their mathematics and statistics skills to understand, assess and solve problems
related to the financial impact of risk and uncertainty. They create mathematical models of events and the world around us,
thereby helping us take informed decisions which will lead to the least probability of financial losses. In simple words - every
business faces risk and uncertainty. Actuaries help in understanding the uncertainty and in taking more informed decisions.
They help assess the financial impact of likely future events by analyzing the past and modeling the future, essentially in
financial terms. Thus they help in development of financial products and taking business decisions.
Actuaries make use of statistics and mathematics formulas to create models for solving business problems. They are
involved in pricing and management of investments and use their understanding of insurance, pension and other liabilities to
manage the assets. In the insurance sector, they create price policies to ensure that insurers have the money to cover claims.
They help in designing and advising on pension plans also. Actuary jobs can be found in insurance sector, financial services,
banking and with financial funds. Actuaries get employed by government and private companies also.
Eligibility
A number of universities are offering graduate and post graduate courses in actuarial sciences. Mere completion of such
courses does not make one eligible to practice as an actuary, but such courses give students better conceptual clarity and
training by experts in a classroom environment which makes them better equipped than if they directly write papers of ASI
through self study. To qualify as an Actuary, a candidate has to pass all examinations in the prescribed subjects conducted by
the professional examining body such as the Actuarial Society of India and the Institute of Actuaries, UK.
Any person with minimum 18 years of age and having a high degree of aptitude for mathematics and statistics can take up
the course and become an Actuary. Courses available include Post graduate diploma in Actuarial Science, MSc. in Actuarial
science etc.
A person is eligible to be considered for admission as a student member if he/she satisfies one of the following criteria.
• Should have passed 10+2(HSC) or equivalent with at least 85% in Mathematics/ Statistics
CAREER IN COMMERCE 95
• Graduates or Post Graduate with not less than 55% marks in Mathematical subjects (i.e Mathematics or any of its
branches; Statistics or any of its sub classifications such as Mathematical Statistics and Applied Statistics; Econometrics;
Computer Sciences; Any discipline of Engineering; Subject in Science such as Physics or its branches).
• Candidates with CA/ CS/ CWA/ MBA (Finance)/ PGDBA
• Fully qualified members of professional bodies such as the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), The
institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India (ICWAI) and Certified institute of Financial Analysts of India (IFAI)
and Fellow of Insurance Institute of India (III)- passing with the subjects Mathematical Basis of Insurance and Statistics
Courses Actuary is a fellow member of the Institute of Actuaries of India (IAI). One has to clear 15 subjects in the
actuarial science exam conducted by IAI. There are three groups. The first group comprises of the CT series; these involve
development of theory of actuarial science and applications of mathematics and statistics to the various actuarial applications
such as life insurance, general insurance, employee benefits, investment and other areas. An introduction to economics,
financial economics and financial reporting is also included at this stage. Although most part of the course is somewhat
theoretical, the exercises and the questions in the examination are practical in nature as they reflect real life situations of the
area of work to which the subject is applicable.
Group 1 Subject
CT1 - Financial Mathematics
CT2 - Finance and Financial Reporting
CT3 - Probability and Mathematical Statistics
CT4 - Models
CT5 - General Insurance, Life and Health Contingencies
CT6 - Statistical Methods
CT7 - Business Economics
CT8 - Financial Economics
The second group comprises of CA and ST series subjects. CA3 subject is meant to develop skills of communication for
technical aspect of the CT series subjects in simple language in order for it to be easily explained to non-technical persons.
Here again the stress in examination questions is on demonstration of the communication skills in real life environment. The
ST series subjects are in line with the development of practices and related principles in each area of work. While the option
of distance education can be explored for learning some portion of the CT series (the traditional classroom approach option
is also available for the same), however, the ST series subjects can be fully understood only in a practical work environment.
Group 2 Subjects:
CA1 - Actuarial Risk Management
Specialist Technical Stage (ST)
ST1 - Health and Care
ST2 - Life Insurance
ST4 - Pension and Other Employee Benefits
ST5 - Finance and Investment A
ST6 - Finance and Investment B
ST7 - General Insurance - Reserving and Capital Modeling Specialist Technical
ST8 - General Insurance - Pricing Specialist Technical
ST9 - Enterprise Risk Management
The third group of SA series subjects comprises of a thorough understanding of principles and application of the knowledge
thus gained. It also includes demonstration of skills, professionalism and judgment in an essentially practical situation.
Group 3 Subjects:
Specialist Application Stage (SA)
SA1 - Health and Care
SA2 - Life Insurance
SA3 - General Insurance
SA4 - Pension and Other Employee Benefits
SA5 - Finance
SA6 - Investment
96 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

The actuarial education model, therefore, is based on a combination of work with its application. As such, substantially,
all these educations beyond CT series subjects take place in the work environment itself. The success in examinations is based
on and associated with the corresponding work experience and insight, thus gained. That is to say, examinations for CT series
level takes place, for most of the students, in the work environment.
The career progress of an actuary is directly linked to his / her progress and performance in the examination and as a result,
there is a very high likelihood that by the time a student finishes the ST series, he/she would be placed with management level
of responsibilities.
Actuarial employers recruit graduates and postgraduates who are eligible to take up actuarial examinations at the level
of an actuarial trainee.
The actuarial education model can be likened to that of the medical doctor’s education model, where the emphasis is on
imparting education through the actual hospital work environment.
Certificates in Actuarial Techniques
A student member becomes eligible to get the Certificate in Actuarial Techniques (CAT) on passing all the CT Series
subjects.
Associate ship: A student on passing all the subjects up to and including ST Series becomes eligible to be admitted as an
Associate Member of the society and can use AASI against his/her name as a registered actuary.
Fellowship: A student on passing all the subjects up to and including SA Series and upon satisfying the other criteria
specified for the purpose becomes eligible to be admitted as fellow member of the Society and can use FASI against his/her
name as a recognized fellow.
Examination Centres
The examinations are held every year in the month of May/June and October/November at the following centres.
India: Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Chennai, Bhopal, Bangalore, Lucknow, Coimbatore and Cuttack.
Examination is held at centers outside India if there are candidates desiring to appear at such centers. Below mentioned
centers are those where examinations have been conducted in recent past but they are not permanent centers. Candidates who
wish to appear from Overseas centers should make a formal request to IAI.
Duration
There is no fixed duration to complete the course. The aspirant has to clear the Entrance Examination and the 15 subjects
prescribed. A student can attempt any number of subjects at a time and in any order. However, it is a better option to take the
subjects in the numerical sequence in which these are numbered and not more than two or three at a time.
Course Fees
The registration fee for the entrance exam is Rs.3, 000. This covers the cost of the study material, the online exam and the
online tutorial. In CT series the exam fee per paper is Rs.2000; for CA it is Rs.6000 and for ST series it is Rs.5500 per paper and
for SA series it is Rs.4000.
Where to Study:
Colleges for Actuarial Science
Institute of Actuaries of India, 302, Indian Globe Chambers, 142, Fort Street, Off D N Road, Mumbai.
Amity School of Insurance and Actuarial Science, NOIDA
Course offered: MSc (Actuarial Science and Applications)
Eligibility: Graduation in Maths/ Stats/ Econometrics/ Computer Sc./ Engineering/ Physics (Min. 55% in Mathematical
Subject)
Duration: 2 years
SVKM’s NMIMS University, Mumbai
Course: MBA (Actuarial Science)
Eligibility: Graduates/ Post Graduates in Statistics/ Mathematics/ Engineering/ Economics with minimum 50% marks in
aggregate at degree level. Graduates/ Post Graduates from other disciplines will be eligible provided they have obtained
minimum 80% marks in Maths in 12th Standard. Work Experience: Work Experience in Actuarial Department of Insurance/
Finance/ consulting firms will be preferred.
To become an actuary one must be a Fellow of a recognised professional examining body like the Actuarial Society of
India (ASI), Mumbai or the Institute of Actuaries, London www.actuaries.org.uk Criteria for becoming student member:
CAREER IN COMMERCE 97

A person is eligible if he/she has completed 18 years of age; Passed 10+2 (H.S.C.) with at least 85% in Mathematics/ Statistics;
Graduate or Post Graduate in Maths/Stats/Econometrics; Engineer/CA/CS/MBA (Finance))/ MCA; member of ICAI/ICWAI/
IFAI/ etc. and application should be recommended by a member of professional body like such as ICAI , ICWI.
For further details www.actuariesindia.org
Employabilty Skills
• A strong background in mathematics and statistics. • Analytical skill.
• Practical business sense. • Ability to work with variety of people.
• Creativity to come up with innovative solutions to the problems & Better computer skills
• Effective communication skill. • Good decision making power.
• Good knowledge of computers, economics, investments, marketing and general management.
Job options
• Health and welfare consulting actuary. • Actuarial analyst
• Actuarial Assistant • Actuarial Technician
• Tax CMP Actuary Consultant • Actuary-life Insurance
• Actuary - Audit & CMS Guidance • Actuary - Audit & CMS Guidance
• Actuary- Medicare Drug Pricing • Valuation actuary
Job Description
Actuaries determine future risk, make price decisions, and formulate investment strategies. Some actuaries design insurance,
financial and pension plans and ensure that these plans are maintained on a sound financial basis. Most actuaries specialize
in life and health or property and casualty insurance. Some use a broad knowledge of business and mathematics in investment,
risk classification or pension planning. Regardless of specialty, actuaries analyse data to estimate probabilities of an event
taking place, such as death, sickness, injury, disability, property loss, etc. They also address financial questions, including
those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income level or how accompany
should invest resources to maximize return on investment in light of potential risk. Working conditions: Actuaries have desk
jobs, and their offices usually are comfortable and pleasant. They often work at least 40 hours a week. Some actuaries,
particularly consulting actuaries, may travel to meet with clients. Consulting actuaries also may experience more erratic
employment and be expected to work more than 40 hours per week.
Employers
• The actuaries and actuarial trainees are employed by the following national and international organization:
• Insurance companies (private or public- life or general)
• Firm of Consulting Actuaries.
• Authorities like IRDA, PFRDA & TAC.
• Asset liability Management Companies.
• Big banks and Investment firms like World Bank, ADB, etc
• Pension Banks and Employee Benefit Companies.
• Large Capital & Turnkey Project Handling Companies
• Software Development Companies
• Actuarial BPO Companies
• Insurance Intermediates
• Pension Providers other than insurance companies.
• Education Institution (Providing Courses on Finance and Actuarial Science)
Courses
• B.Sc Actuarial Science Centre: Institute of Actuaries of India Mumbai www.actuariesindia.org
• M.Sc (Actuarial Science) Amity School of Insurance and Actuarial Science (ASIAS), Noida. www.amity.edu/asias
• Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappallli (Tamil Nadu) www.bhc.ac.in
• D.S. Actuarial Education Services Mumbai (Maharashtra). www.dsacted.com
• Post Graduate Diploma in Actuarial Science (P.G.D.A.S)
• D.S. Actuarial Education Services Mumbai (Maharashtra) www.dsacted.com
98 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappallli (Tamil Nadu). www.bhc.edu.in

• International School of Actuarial Science (ISAS) Hyderabad www.iirmworld.org.in
List of Actuarial Sciences Colleges in India
• Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh www.amu.ac.in
• University of Mumbai, Mumbai www.mu.ac.in
• AMITY School of Insurance and Actuarial Science, Noida(ASIAS) www.amity.edu/asias
• University of Madras, Chennai www.unom.ac.in
• Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu annamalaiuniversity.ac.in
• University of Kalyani, West Bengal www.klyuniv.ac.in
• Andhra University, Visakhapatnam www.andhrauniversity.info
• University of Delhi, Delhi www.du.ac.in
• Birla Institute of Management Technology, New Delhi bimtech.ac.in
• Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai www.nmims.edu
• Manipur University ,Canchipur, Imphal manipuruniv.ac.in
• CMD School of Insurance and Actuarial Sciences, Uttar Pradesh dget.gov.in/cirtes/csc/courses Actuary%20as%20a%20career.pd
• Jaipuria Institute of Management, Lucknow www.jiml.ac.in
• Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, U.P. www.rmlau.ac.in
• Institute for Integrated Learning in Management (IILM), Noida www.iilmgsm.ac.in
• Gurunanak Dev University, Amritsar www.gndu.ac.in
• Goa University, Goa www.unigoa.ac.in http://entrance-exam.net/list-of-actuarial-sciences-colleges-in-india
Distance Courses
• MSc/PGDip Actuarial Science http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/mathematics/postgraduate-study/msc/actuarial
Important Institutes
• Institute of Actuaries, London - www.actuaries.org.uk
• Institute of Actuaries, Australia - www.actuaries.asn.org
• Society of Actuaries, USA - www.beanactuaries.org
• Ball State University Muncie, cms.bsu.edu/Academics/.../GradSchool.aspx
• Baruch College of the City University of New York www.baruch.cuny.edu/
• Brigham Young University Provo www.byu.edu
• Central Michigan University www.cmich.edu
• Central Washington University Ellensburg www.cwu.edu
• Drake University, Des Moines, IA 50211-4516 www.drake.edu
Examinations
The study course of ASI is divided into four stages.
• Core Technical Stage: This consists of 8 subjects each with one paper of 100 marks [CT1 to CT8] and all are compulsory.
• Core Application Stage: This consists of 2 compulsory subjects [CA2 to CA3]. CA1 consists of two papers [CA1 and
CA2] whereas CA2 and CA3 shall have one paper each.
• Specialist Technical Stage: This stage consists of 6 papers [ST1 to ST6]. The students would be required choose any
two.
• Specialist Application Stage: This again consists of 6 papers [SA1 to SA6] and the student has to clear anyone. For an
aspiring student, a high level of mathematics is required for course. So a student with mathematical talent is extremely
good.
Pay and Remuneration
After becoming a fellow of IAI one can earn anything from Rs 20 lakh to Rs 30 lakh per annum. With experience of more
than 10 years, the actuaries salary can go up to a crore per annum.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 99

4.9. CAREER AS STOKE BROKERS

When asked what the stock market will do, J.P Morgan (1837-1913) (banker, financier, and businessman) replied: “It will
fluctuate.”
This is the reality in which the brokers and traders work. The experts found that no two days have ever been same in the
stock market. And since only the members of the stock exchange can conduct transactions, individuals and organizations
make their transactions in the stock market through stock brokers.
If you are interested in exploring the career option of a Stock Broker, or if you are looking for information on who is a
stock broker and what is the stock market and how to work in the stock market, the, continue reading: Stock markets in India
are evolving and Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the apex authority to monitor the market and make rules
and regulations. In recent times, many norms have been made to make the operations and transactions more transparent.
Brokers and traders purchase and sell securities. Brokers are sales agents, either on their own behalf or for a securities
or brokerage firm. Traders, on the other hand, tend to work for a large investment management firm and buy and sell - or trade
- securities on behalf of the assets managed by that firm. Brokers tend to have direct contact with clients, either individual or
institutional, and buy and sell securities based on those clients’ wishes. A broker is also responsible for obtaining and
maintaining a client roster. Traders, on the other hand, tend to buy or sell securities based on the wishes of a portfoliao
manager (or managers) at an investment firm.
Courses & Eligibility
Graduates can become stock brokers with at least 2 years of experience with a stock broking firm. However, a class 12
pass-out can become a sub broker. Students with economics, business, and commerce and finance qualifications usually enter
this profession.
Many institutes all over India provide courses related to stock trading and financial markets. Like certificate course in
trading, post graduate diploma in capital markets, Diploma in financial and investment planning etc. MBA in Financial
Markets is also available. Most of the big broking firms prefer MBAs, with specialization in finance or Chartered Accountants
(CAs) and Chartered Financial Analysts (CFAs). This business also requires the services of specialists like economists,
accountants, finance managers, financial analysts, capital market specialists and investment and financial planners.
How to be a Stock Broker
• All the stockbrokers have to register themselves with the stock exchange(s) depending upon their dealings in the
securities listed at various stock exchanges.
• To become a member, you need to clear a written entrance test and then undergo training, which includes subjects like
accountancy, capital markets, securities and portfolio analysis and so on.
• On the application and consequent attainment of the membership, a certain amount has to be deposited with the stock
exchange as security. Membership is given after scrutiny to ensure that the person concerned possesses the infrastructure
(computer, internet connection, etc.) to be able to operate as a broker.
• One has to take NSE’s certification in Financial Markets and BSE certification on derivatives exchange.
Where to Study
• Institute of Company Secretaries of India, New Delhi.
Post-graduate membership course in capital market and financial services.
• NSE and National Institute of Financial Management jointly offer PG program in financial markets (1 year).
• All India Center for Capital Market Studies, JDC Byte Institute of Management Studies and Research,Nasik. It offers a
one-year post-graduate programme in capital market studies, in collaboration with the Mumbai Stock Exchange Training
Institute leading to a diploma from the University of Pune.
• Mumbai Stock Exchange Training Institute, Stock Exchange Building, Fort, Mumbai.
Certificate courses are run periodically throughout the year.
• BSE Institute Limited, New Delhi offers 2 year PG Program in Global Financial Markets.
• Institute of Capital Market Development, Karol Bagh, New Delhi. It offers a one-year post-graduate programme in
fundamentals of capital market development.
• Institute of Financial and Investment Planning, B/303, Ventex Vikas, Andheri East, Mumbai. It offers a one-year
correspondence cum-lecture course leading to a diploma in financial and investment planning.
• Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India, Road 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad. It offers courses on Chartered
Financial Analyst Equity Research. The institute is also planning a number of other related programmes.
100 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Institute of Financial and Investment Planning, Mumbai: One year financial and investment planning course is offered
by this institute.
• National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Maharshi Dayanand University MDU), Rohtak offers two-year MBA in financial
markets. Along with the MBA one also undertakes and qualifies for the 15 modules of NSEs NCFM.
The marks in the NCFM modules are factored in the final grade. The course can be pursued in Distance learning mode or
as weekend classes.NSE-MDU also offers a BBA in financial markets.
• Crisil Certified Analyst Programme (2-year). The selection is through CRISIL aptitude test, eligibility is any graduation.
The program is entry level programme for crafting world class finance professionals; there’s no course fee and after
passing one gets employed with CRISIL and is paid Rs 1.25 lakh pa salary in the first year and Rs 2.25 lakh in the second
year.
• The UTI Institute of Capital Market, Plot 82, Sector - 17, Vashi, Navi Mumbai.
Pay and Remuneration
A Broker/Trader usually gets around Rs. 3 lakhs to 4.5 lakhs per year in the beginning.
Career Prospects
There are many stock exchanges in India with more than 7000 listed companies. This offers a huge potential and room for
many qualified people to take broking as a career.
Famous Personalities
Warren Buffett: Probably the best known investor and world’s wealthiest man. Started selling securities for Buffet-Falk
and company and then worked as analyst with Graham Newman Corp. Then he ventured into family investment partnerships
and later invested in businesses.

4.10. CAREER IN BPO/KPO

Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)
Introduction
The present day India now has a brighter face in the world’s economic map. It is no longer known as a passive and a
redundant economy. We are opening ourselves to the world with the introduction of policy measures like liberalization;
globalization and increasing foreign direct investment. We are witnessing phenomenal changes in the development process
our economy, with the strengthening of social and economic infrastructure, accelerated further by the growth of Information
and Technology. For the world we are now a resurgent and a progressive economy. The present day scenario has a completely
different face, with the Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) emerging
as the core sector areas and driving our country to the epicenter of such a massive change.
India has grabbed a sizable chunk of BPO business from countries like U.S and U.K. There has been an exponential
growth in the BPO sector as India is regarded as a good quality and low cost offshore location for the foreign companies
as it would be expensive and cumbersome for such companies to handle their non-core business activities at their home
country. Moreover we have a time zone advantage due to our unique geographical location and a large bulk of skilled,
talented, efficient English-speaking work force who can meet the expectations of these companies and these companies are
able to earn huge amount of profits by delegating their non-core as well as some core businesses to us.
Nature of Work
BPO sector is now regarded as a major employment-generating sector. According to a survey, this sector is expected to
provide employment to around 1.1 million Indians by the year 2008.
A BPO works through its various Call Centers that may be inbound as well as outbound, which further are dependent on
the Information Technology Enabled Services. The work here includes
• Voice and non-voice based interactions with the clients, handling customer support, technical support and transaction
processing, telemarketing, multilingual support, human resource management.
• High-end jobs of engineering designs and research outsourcing.
• Back end jobs in the field of processing of finance and accounting transactions, payroll processing and insurance
claims, recovery of debts and approval of loans etc.
Here the working environment is quite congenial and target oriented but one has to work in shifts. The whole atmosphere
being very friendly and comfortable makes it easier for the workers to work with their utmost efficiency and makes them better
CAREER IN COMMERCE 101

professionals. So this sector has a ‘fun with work’ image and has attracted the young generation who may begin here as Call
Agents or Customer Care Executives who may need to attend both the inbound and outbound calls, which may be technical
or non-technical in nature depending upon the expertise of the candidate. The call agents are given their own workstation, a
computer and a telephone as their equipment to get their jobs done.
Qualification, Eligibility and Personality
Fresh graduates in any discipline can join a BPO, as they do not require very high qualifications. Even the under-
graduates sometimes get a job here. Recruitment here is mostly done on the basis of one’s competency. To work in a BPO you
need to be
• Proficient in good grammatical English or some other foreign languages
• Should have better communicative skills
• Good voice quality
• Managerial and Operational skills with leadership qualities.
• A proper discipline to regulate ones internal bio-clock, as one would have to work in shifts.
• Jobs, which need require, value added functions catering to technical and professional area would demand an M.B.A, an
M.C.A, a C.A or C.F.A, lawyers, researchers etc.
• Knowledge of computers.
• Ability to convince people over the phone without getting irritated in difficult and tricky situations with a positive
attitude.
• Cool temperament and pleasing personality Good communication skills, Positive attitude Organizational skills
Leadership qualities Dynamism and stamina to work for long hours Ability to take judgments Analytical and a calculative
mind Ability to handle critical situation without getting panicky Tactful and diplomatic attitude.
Professional Training
Call centers, themselves, many times, provide training to their newly recruited staff to hone their soft skills and provide
them with better adaptability to the computers. Apart from this there are many reputed institutes, which provide training to
enter a BPO.
These are:
• American Express Global Service Center, Mathura Road, New Delhi (www.americaexpress.com)
• Convergys, DLF Atria, DLF City, Gurgaon, Haryana (www.convergys.com)
• Daksh e-Services, DBS Business Centre, World Trade Tower, Barakhamba Lane, New Delhi. (www.daksh.com)
• GE Capital India, DLF Corporate Park, DLF Qutub Enclave, Gurgaon (www.gecapitalindia.com)
• HERO Mindmine (www.heromindmine.com)
• Hughes Software Systems (www.hss.hns.com)
• Mahindra BT (www.mahindrabt.com)
• Quadrangle, Sector-5, Noida (www.quadranglesearch.com)
• Reliance Infotech www.reliance.net.au
• Spectramind, Okhla Industrial Estate, New Delhi (www.spectramind.com)
Career Prospects
One can pick up the call center according to the work environment which one likes and which suits ones qualification.
The BPO industry is at its boom at present. Along with the opening of new call centers, the existing ones are spreading their
branches across the country especially in the major cities like Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Mumbai. The job
opportunities in this sector are burgeoning as this sector is increasingly providing more and more value added services like
data analytics, legal process outsourcing, hi-tech manufacturing, healthcare, retail, energy, utilities and resource planning for
global corporations. One would be able to see a newer kind of service know as Knowledge Process Outsourcing or KPO in
coming times, which would generate all the more employment opportunities in the sector. From
a call agent or a customer care executive, one can move on to the ladder as ones experience and performance improves. One
can be a team leader, project leader, project leader, project manager, trainer, training manager and so on.
Remunerations
One can start with a minimum salary, which ranges between Rs8000 to Rs15000 at entry level. A team leader can earn up
to Rs 26000 a month. Managers and Heads can get a pay package from Rs.5 lakh to Rs.8 lakh per annum. Other incentives
besides the salary are:
102 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Performance based bonuses

• Pick and drop facility
• Shopping discounts
• Welfare facilities like gyms, health centers, subsidized loan schemes
• Health support and insurance covers covering parents and spouse and children.

Career in Knowledge Processing Outsourcing (KPO)

Introduction
KPO, Knowledge Process Outsourcing, is a new wave in global outsourcing, which has evolved as an intellectual cousin
of BPO, or Business Process Outsourcing in India. KPO deals with off shoring of high-end jobs in order to save costs and
increase operational efficiencies. India has a huge amount of intellectual resources and specialized expertise, which makes it
a one of the most favorite destinations. According to a report by GlobalSourcingNow, the Global Process Outsourcing industry
is expected to employ more than 250,000 people by 2010 and India it is expected that a business of around $12 billion would
be outsourced to India till 2010.
Area of Work
KPO helps in transfer of domain specific expertise of higher level rather than process expertise. The high-end services,
which Indian KPO sector can provide, are:
• Research and Development • Business and Technical analysis
• Training and Consultancy • Data Analytics
• Legal Services • Intellectual Property and Research
• Medical Facilities • Writing and Content Development
• Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology • Business and Market Research
• Advanced Web Applications
Skills
One should have the following skills if one wants to work in a KPO
• Good communication ability • Strong command over English language
• Enunciation ability • Interpersonal skill like listening, questioning and intonating
• Knowledge of computers and online research skills
• Some job specific skill like writing ability, analyzing raw data, report creation etc
• In-depth domain expertise
Apart from this one should have a positive attitude and a basic interest in the work along with high level of commitment
and so one can grow well along with the growing KPO sector.
Qualifications
People with science background are preferred more as they have an aptitude for mathematics and natural flair for science
and research. But there are no specific qualifications required in a KPO. Some preferred professional categories and qualifications
are:
• MBA’s (HR, IT, Finance, Marketing, IB etc) • Doctors
• Engineers (B.E, B.Tech, M Tech) • Lawyers
• Chartered accountants • Economists
• Architects • Teachers
• Journalists • PHD’s
Career Prospects
According to a report published by NASSCOM India will bag 70% of the 3-lakh jobs to be created in recent years. One can
choose a job from a veritable menu of KPO services. The KPO sector can be divided into 8 segments and there are huge of
amount of career opportunities in each one of them.
• Legal services: These services cater to the drafting of contracts, preparation and review of litigation and transactional
documents, persecution of patents, global filing, legal advice on infringement etc.
• Financial services: These include fund management, underwriting, assessment of risk, insurance services, market
research, debt recovery etc.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 103
• Writing and content development: These services help in proofreading, template designing, text composition, press-
work etc.
• Market research and Analytics: Such services help in writing and editing secondary and primary research work,
formatting of client report etc.
• Pharmaceutical and biotech R&D: Such services include clinical research, drug discovery and development etc.
• Education and training: Such services include content development, teaching preparing curriculum, private tutorials
etc.
• Health services: These include HIV and allergy testing, oncology tests, diagnostic centers etc.
So we can see that jobs in KPO sector are growing more than proportionally to the growth of the sector itself. This sector
promises to provide opportunities of long-term jobs for intellectual and highly skilled workforce. The secret behind the
tremendous amount of job opportunity in this sector is that KPO’s prefer people from diverse academic backgrounds, as they
are known for providing quality work to their clients. So the growing ‘Indian Diaspora’ full of great intellectuals, can look
forward for better job opportunities in this sector.
Remunerations
The pay package depends much on performance shown by the highly qualified individuals.
The beginners may earn between Rs.7000 to Rs.9000 in a month. An experience of 4 to 5 years can get a salary between
Rs. 4 lakh (400,000) to Rs.6lakh (600,000) per annum which can jump on to as high as Rs.15 lakh(1.5 million) to Rs.20 lakh
(2 million) in few years time. Apart from the lucrative pay packages the work environment present in these companies is
beyond comparison.
Recruitment Procedure
Depending on the kind of domain knowledge the companies give cut-off for marks or grades for specific projects. After
the recruitment is done the companies themselves train the candidates in myriad kind of skills required by them. They are
trained to work in teams, under pressure and in different shift timings.

4.11. CAREER IN DIRECT SALES/LIFE INSURANCE

“It is not your customer’s job to remember you. It is your obligation and responsibility to make sure they don’t have
the chance to forget you.” —Patricia Fripp

What do Direct Sales/Life Insurance Executives do?

They represent a business, visit new and existing customers by informing them about the product or service they are
selling, and make sales. A Sales executive is usually the face of a company. A Sales Executive’s role is to make sure that all their
customers have a very good understanding of their product or service - to keep their product top of mind- thus increasing sales.
Typically, a Sales Executive will have a balance of gaining new business, plus focusing on maintaining existing relationships
with customers. They will escort customers on product tours to ensure they are familiar with the product and promote at
industry trade shows. They will hold smaller product training sessions on the customer’s premises. A Sales Executive will have
sales targets that they need to achieve to assist their company to grow its business.
Life Insurance executives are basically sales executives working in the Insurance sector and are involved in selling
insurance policies to various customers.
Courses & Eligibility
To be an Insurance executive minimum qualification needed is graduation. Many organisations take BBA / BBM / BBS
qualified people as executives some may not have these criteria. Many companies take 10+2 students in direct sales and train
them as per the needs of the company.
LIC of India takes graduates for the post of Direct Sales Executives which are advertised from time to time and preference
is given to Bachelor/ Diploma in Marketing/ Management. Selections are made on the basis of a written test, followed by an
Interview of candidates who qualify in the written test. The written test is an objective Sales Aptitude Test. There are some
short term courses in sales available with institutes in India.
Where to Study
• National Institutes of Sales (NIS) offers Diploma in Sales and Marketing, BBA Applied Management.
• University of Delhi (DU), Centre for Professional and Technical Training and the Hero Mindmine Institute Ltd (HMIL)
offer Certificate Course in Sales and Relationship Management, assuring jobs for the DU students in the Banking,
Financial Services & Insurance sector (BFSI).
104 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• IndiaCan offers short term certificate course in sales.

Pay and Remuneration
In Insurance sector or otherwise the Direct Sales Executives are paid monthly remuneration, which are entirely performance
based. The quantum is dependent on DSE’s achievement of specific business benchmarks and performance of assigned tasks
to the satisfaction of company.

4.12. CAREER IN SALES AND MARKETING

Sales & Marketing involves identifying demand of products and services, understanding consumers and market, making
and fulfilling those demands while providing customer satisfaction. It includes large number of activities like:
• Market Research • Pricing • Sales & Distribution
• Product Development • Advertisement and Promotional Activities
Marketing is concerned with finding business possibilities and converting them into real business. It involves interaction
with customers, distributors, retailers, government, media etc. Almost all businesses have marketing division whether they are
providing products or services. Marketing job is of very dynamic nature and one has to deal with tough competition to exist.
However, if you are really good you will be highly award with perks and prizes.
• B.A. (Marketing Management & Retail Business)
• Diploma Programme (Marketing Management)(D.M.M.)
• M.B.A. (Marketing Management)
• M.B.A. Hons. (Marketing & Retail Management)
• Master in Marketing Management (M.M.M.)
• Post Graduate Diploma (International Marketing)
• Post Graduate Diploma (Marketing Management)
B.A. (Marketing Management & Retail Business)
Degree Course, Duration: 3 years with Eligibility: 10+2 Universities: University of Delhi, Delhi
M.B.A. (Marketing Management) : Duration: 2 Years Eligibility: Graduate Degree
Institutes/Colleges/Universities:
• Shridhar University, Rajasthan
• Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore (Director of Distance Education)
• Sardar Patel University, Gujarat
• Barkatullah University, Madhya Pradesh
• Post Graduate Diploma (International Marketing) Institutes/ Universities: University of Delhi, Delhi
Master in Marketing Management (M.M.M.)
Post Graduate Degree , Duration: 2 Years, Eligibility: Graduation Institutes, Colleges, Universities offering Master in
Marketing Management (M.M.M.):
Master in Marketing Management (M.M.M.) colleges:
• Jamnalal Bajaj Institute Of Management Studies - Maharashtra
• Shikshan Prasarak Mandali’s Prin.L.N.Welingkar Inst. Of Mgmt. Development & Research - Maharashtra

4.13. CAREER AS AN ECONOMIST

Introduction
“Geography has made us neighbors. History has made us friends. Economics has made us partners, and necessity has
made us allies.” —John F. Kennedy
Economics is one of the social sciences that is the study of scare resources and how they are used to meet the demands. If
GDP, trade, welfare, financial planning, budgeting, economic policy, etc sound interesting to you, ECONOMICS is the field
to be in.
Economists study and do research of production processes, distribution processes, consumption patterns with the objective
of optimum utilization of resources.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 105
Different economic systems prevail in countries so they work in a variety of settings. They may work at macro level or
micro level. They may work as market researchers or do demographic studies for policy formulations. They may study trends
in equities for a bank or may study overall financial sector to advise the government in policy matters. More than half of the
economists get employed in the government and the banking sector and many join academics. Many may work in financial
sector after relevant additional qualifications.
In the field of economics, one can either go in academics or join industry, both have very good earning potential.
Courses and Eligibility
• Bachelor in economics: 10+2 from any stream, for some universities mathematics is compulsory at 10+2 to go for honors
in economics. A mathematics and statistics background is generally helpful in economics.
• Master’s degree in economics
• MPhil and a PhD degree are recommended.
Where to Study
Graduate Degree courses in Economics are offered by almost all the Central, State and Private Universities in India. Post
Graduate courses are also offered by many of these universities. Listed below are some of the good institutions from where one
can get trained as Economists.
• Delhi School of Economics
• Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Offers MA in Economics with specialisation in World Economy).
• Sarla Anil Modi school of economics (Narsee Monjee Instiute of Management Studies), B Sc Economics with electives
in economics, finance and business management.
• Lady Shri Ram College for women, Delhi University, BA Economics.
• Ramjas College, Delhi University, BA (Hons) Economics.
• IIT Kharagpur, Integrated MSc in economics.
• Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), Kolkata and Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi
• Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research
Pay and Remuneration
In institutions of higher studies, Assistant Professor earns Rs 4 lakh to Rs 6 lakh pa. In industry the entry level salary is
around Rs 7 lakh pa and for higher levels the salaries are very high.
Famous Personalities
Dr Manmohan Singh: Our former prime mister is an economist and in the past has held posts of chief economic adviser to
Government of India, RBI governor and Planning Commission head.
Nobel laureate Amartya Sen is an economist famous for contributions to welfare economics.

4.14. CAREER AS AN ENTREPRENEUR

“Entrepreneurship is living a few years of your life like most people won’t, so you can spend the rest of your life like
most people can’t.” —Anonymous
If Power, Fame and Money are your primary goals in life, being an entrepreneur is one of the best ways to achieve your
goals. This said, becoming a business person is no cakewalk. There are obstacles to be crossed, days, months and years of
patiently waiting to be done. But as the famous saying goes ‘Good things come to those who wait’, your hard work will have
sweet benefits.
This is greatest irony of the situation is that being an Entreprenuer cannot be considered a job. Infact, this is the precise
reason why people choose to be entrepreneurs because they do not have to work under anyone or work for anyone. If you have
a dream of your own, a product to sell or just an idea to sell from which people could benefit immensely, being a business
person could lead you into the path of success. The best thing about being an entrepreneur is that the options are unlimited.
You could engage in a small business that serves a closely knit community or engage in a business that has the potential to
target consumers at a global level.
Entrepreneurship involves being a leader and manager at the same time. Sometimes, it might also be necessary to take up
the tasks performed by the employees in the lowest level of the hierarchy to succeed in business. An entrepreneur comes up
with business plans, arranges for finances, and convinces lenders, consumers and fellow businessmen that he/she is credible for
doing business with. A business person needs to make sure that the marketing for his business is done in a manner that it
106 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

reaches his targeted customers and contributes effectively in increasing his sales. Apart from making sure that the business is
running successfully and there is considerable profit and growth, an entrepreneur also needs to make sure that the employees
are managed well in terms of monetary compensation and work satisfaction.
An entrepreneur needs to constantly come up with schemes to enhance and improve the business. He/she needs to be
ready to handle losses and recuperate so that the business doesn’t shut down. In short, to be an entrepreneur a person needs to
know how to manage crisis, needs to be a strategist, a team player and a boss, all at the same time.
Courses and Eligibility
Although there are several businessmen who have succeeded in business without any formal education, the competition
in the field now demands prospective entrepreneurs to be as competitive as possible. Many entrepreneurs of today have left
their cushy jobs and started on their own ventures. Here are some courses that might prepare you to face the corporate world
fully equipped:
• PG Diploma in Management- Business Enterpreneurship
• Advanced Diploma in Enterprise Management, Duration: 6 months, Eligibility: Graduation, preferably with work
experience of 5 - 10 years.
• Certificate Course in Export Marketing, Duration: 4 months, Eligibility: Graduation
• Certificate Course in International Trade Logistic, Duration: 4 months, Eligibility: Graduation.
• Diploma/Certificate Courses in Entrepreneurship, Duration: 6 months- 1 year, Eligibility: Graduation/ Diploma/10+2
with 3 yr. Exp.
• Diploma in Entrepreneurship, Duration: 9 months, Eligibility: Graduation
• Diploma in Planning and Entrepreneurship, Duration: 2 years, Eligibility: 10+2
• Executive Masters in International Trade, Duration: 1 year, Eligibility: Graduation
• Executive MBA+M.Com/PGDBA, Duration:2 years, Eligibility: Graduation, appearing for final exam
• Executive Postgraduate Program, Duration: 3 years, Eligibility: Graduation (55%)
• Executive Postgraduate Diploma in Management, Duration: 3 years, Eligibility: Bachelor’s/Master’s degree with 5
years exp.
• PG Diploma in International Business/Entrepreneurship/Small Business and Management of Services
• PG Diploma in Management of Small and Medium Enterprises, Duration: 1 year, Eligibility: Graduation
• Postgraduate Diploma in Entrepreneurship Management (PGDEM), Duration: 9 months, Eligibility: middle level
executive
• PGDEM, Duration: 6 months, Eligibility: Graduation.
Admission process: Entrance exam followed by aptitude test and a personal interview. EDI also accepts scores of exams
like XAT, MAT and CAT instead of entrance examinations. Information regarding the application process could be found at
www.ediindia.org or www.ediindia.ac.in and the other respective websites of the institutions to which you wish to apply.
Online applications are also possible. It is advisable to read the information booklets of the applying institutes to gain
thorough and exact knowledge of the application process.
Where to Study
Those aspiring to become entrepreneurs can enrol themselves in both short term and long term courses according to their
convenience and what they are looking for. Here are details of some of the prestigious institutes in India that offer courses for
future entrepreneurs:
• Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India offers PG Diploma in Management- Business Enterpreneurship.
• IIM, Ahmedabad, Bangalore & Kolkata, Lucknow all have centres for entrepreneurship development.
• IIT Delhi, certificate course in enterprise management.
• Xavier Labour Relations Institute (XLRI), Jamshedpur, Jharkhand Offers 6 months full time Post Graduate Program for
Certificate in Enterpreneurship Management.
• All India Management Association Centre for Management Education, New Delhi
• Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT), New Delhi
• Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, Gujarat, PG Diploma in entrepreneurship
• FICCI, New Delhi
• Small Industries Service Institute, New Delhi
• National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development, New Delhi
CAREER IN COMMERCE 107

• National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD), New Delhi, 6 months course.
• ASEED and Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (EDII), New Delhi
• Indian Institute of Planning and Management (IIPM), New Delhi
• Institute of Marketing and Management (IMM), New Delhi
• Xavier Institute of Management (XIM), Orissa
• Management Development Institute, Haryana
• Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management (IIITM), Madhya Pradesh
• Symbiosis Centre for Management, Maharashtra
• Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi.
Pay and Remuneration
Candidates passing out from the above mentioned courses have opportunities to start their ventures and for placements
in companies as business analysts, sales managers, marketing managers etc. If you start a business on your own the money
depends entirely on the success of the venture. While if you take up a job after these courses you can begin with a starting
salary of at least Rs 4, 000, 00 per annum. However, this varies widely depending on the employer, location and the post.
Famous Personalities
One of the best examples in this case would be Steve Jobs, ex CEO of Apple who started his company in a garage and went
on to cross many hurdles to become one of the world’s richest and famous businessmen.
In India, we have got the founders of Infosys, Mr.Narayanamurthy and Mr.Nilekani, who started their venture as a start-up
and made it one of the best managed companies in the Information Technology sectors. One of the best and recent examples
are Sachin and Binny Bansal who were IIT graduates and worked for Amazon. They started Flipkart in the year 2007. The
success of this venture need not be stressed, given how many people make use of their convenient online shopping method to
buy books, electronics and many more products. Dhirubhai Ambani, who left the Reliance legacy for his sons, is a fitting
example of someone who started from scratch and made it to the top.

4.15. CAREER AS A STATISTICIAN

Introduction
Statistics is a branch of science that deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numerical data.
Statisticians collect, verify and interpret data to solve problems in a wide variety of fields. A student pursuing statistics learns
probability theory, statistical methodology, stochastic processes, statistical inference, operational research, bio-statistics, etc.
The services of a statistician are required in every field right from government offices to international sporting events. Almost
in every country there are statistical agencies or bureaus.
Scope
A qualified statistician gets job opportunities in public sector organisations, financial institutions, major corporate
conglomerates, private companies, etc. Students get jobs in Indian Statistical Services, Indian Economic Services and Civil
Services exams. Colleges and Universities, etc. There are many job opportunities available such as econometrician,
biostatistician, research analyst, biometrician, epidemiologist etc. Statisticians are often work for automobile, pharmaceutical
and computer software companies in trial testing and product evaluation. Statisticians are also involved with the manufacturing,
asset, liability, risk management, and marketing departments of firms. Most government organizations and agencies hire
statisticians to evaluate population, demographic and economic measurements. Many other environmental, scientific and
agricultural agencies hire statisticians for similar type of work in their respective fields. Even national defence organizations
hire statisticians to assess weapons and strategy effectiveness. The reputed organizations viz. Planning Commission, the
National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), Institute of Applied Manpower Research (IAMR), Indian Council
of Medical Research (ICMR), statistical and economic bureaus, institutions associated with socio-economic research, banks
and public-sector undertakings employ statisticians.
Remuneration
It depends on the educational qualification and experience. Fresher’s get starting in the range of Rs.20,000 – 30,000 per
month. Those are in senior positions such as like Statistical Analyst, Statistician / Econometrician, etc. get paid in the range
of Rs. 80,000 – 1,20,000 per month. Those are employed by colleges and Universities also receive respectable salary.
108 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Eligibity
The minimum educational qualification required in this field is a bachelor’s degree with a major in statistics or mathematics.
A Master’s degree or Ph.D. is required for higher-level positions. A combination of statistical skills with other subject viz.
economics, operational research, computer science, business administration, etc. give a competitive advantage in the job
market. Job opportunities in industrial research require a master’s degree and several years of experience. A high level of
specialised training is necessary in order to be well placed in industry. Teaching and research field are open to candidates with
a master’s degree and doctorate.
Career Opportunities
• Statistician: Work in crime statistics, census statistics, ecological statistics, medical statistics, statistics on job-seekers,
film statistics, cricket statistics, oil statistics, market statistics, accident statistics, labour statistics, population statistics,
election statistics, district-city-state statistics, tourism statistics etc. They also work in wide disciplines like biology,
economics, engineering, agriculture, medicine, physics, computer science, sociology and psychology.
Actuarial Science
• Banks (RBI and other banks) • Bio-informatics
• Government (Census, Ecology, Forestry, Government Regulation Law, National Defense, Population Research, Risk
assessment, Surveys, etc.)
• Health and Medicine (Animal Health, Biostatistics, Clinical Research, Epidemiology, Genetics, Pharmacology, Public
Health, etc.)
• Quality control and quality improvement • Scientific research
• Teaching field
Job Options
• Actuary • Analysts (Data/Marketing/Quantitative/Risk/Business/Statistical)
• Analytical consultant • Biometrician
• Business Analysis Project Manager • Environmental statistician
• Forensic statistician • Government statistician
• Health service statistician • Market research statistician
• Medical statistician • Pharmaceutical statistician
• SAS programmer • Statistician
• Scientist • Teacher/Professor
Career Tips for Statisticians (in Business Field)
For business to take intelligent decision based on available data is essential. Statisticians are uniquely qualified to help
businessmen to prepare, organize and analyse data. To land an industry job, statistical expertise alone is not sufficient. You
should avoid narrow specialization, improve your writing skills, subscribre the magazines ( The Economist,Business Week),
improve software proficiency (SAS,SPSS and EViews) and programming skills and focus on the impact of your results.
Employers
• Actuary firms • Agriculture companies.
• Armed forces • Banks.
• Bio-informatics institutes. • Business houses
• Industries • Information Technology companies , KPO’s
• Government. • Health and Medicine institutes.
• Insurance companies. • Sports establishments
• Colleges/Universities. • Tourism companies.
Courses
• Certificate Course in Financial Statistics
• One year Diploma in Health Statistics. Kolkata University. www.caluniv.ac.in
• B.Sc. (Hons.) Statistics. • B.Sc. Applied Statistics
• B.Sc. Statistics • M.Sc. Applied Statistics
CAREER IN COMMERCE 109

• M.Sc. Statistics • Master of Statistics (M.Stat)

• M.Phil. Statistics • Ph.D. Statistics
Candidates who wish to apply for Undergraduate course should have passed 10+2 or equivalent examination. For admission
to M.Sc. courses students who have passed B.Sc./B.A. with Mathematics/Statistics as one of the subjects, or passed B.Sc in
Computer Science. Some Universities and Institutes conduct specific entrance tests to gauge the aptitude of the aspirants.
B.Sc. Distant courses
• Acharya Nagarjuna University Centre for Distance Education, Nagarjunanagar www.nagarjunauniversity.ac.in
• Dr.B.R. Ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad www.braou.ac.in
• Osmania University PGRR Centre for Distance Education, Hyderabad. www.osmania.ac.in
Important Institutes
• Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), Kolkata. It is a unique institution devoted to the research, teaching and application of
statistics, natural sciences and social sciences. www.isical.ac.in
• Central Statistical Organisation (CSO), New Delhi. www.mospi.nic.in
• National Sample Survey Organisation(NSSO). www.mospi.gov.in/nsso_test1.htm
• The Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCI&S), Kolkata, www.dgciskol.nic.in
• Institute of Applied Manpower Research(IAMR), Delhi www.iamrindia.gov.in
• Indian Council of Medical Research(ICMR) New Delhi www.icmr.nic.in
• National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), New Delhi www.ncaer.org
• Aligarh Muslim University, Dept. of statistics and Operations Research, Aligarh www.amu.ac.in
• Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Kanpur. www.iitk.ac.in
• Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore www.isibang.ac.in
• Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata www.isical.ac.in
• Indian Statistical Institute, New Delhi www.isid.ac.in
• Loyala College, Chennai www.loyolacollege.edu
• University of Kolkata, Kolkata www.caluniv.ac.in
International Societies/Institutes
• Statistical Society of Canada (SSC). www.ssc.ca
• American Statistical Association (ASA). www.amstat.org/careers
• Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) www.imstat.org
Examinations
Indian Statistical Service (ISS) is for those who are interested in having a career with the government. Every year the
UPSC conducts an All India Level Competitive Examination to fill vacancies in the Indian Statistical Service (ISS). For ISS,
Master’s degree with Statistics or Mathematical Statistics or Applied Statistics from a recognised University is essential.
• UPSC Civil Services Examinations www.upsc.gov.in
• NET examination www.ugc.ac.in
• GATE examination www.iitk.ac.in/gate
Abroad Opportunities
• www.internabroad.com
• www.vistawide.com/studyabroad
• www.studyabroad.com

4.16. CAREER IN ACCOUNTING

Introduction
Accounting is the branch of commerce which deals with keeping financial records, summarizing, reporting and analysing
financial transactions etc. An accountant’s work can range from auditing (formal analysis of an organization’s financial
statements), daily bookkeeping (ensures the accounts are hunky dory), tax records, etc. Accountants also participate in
110 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

strategies for mergers and acquisitions, quality management, tracking financial performance, tax and health care benefits.
Many successful businessmen began their careers in accounting job. This career gives experience of business. Even the most
Chief Financial Officers of large corporations have a background in accounting.
Scope
Taxes, audits, bookkeeping are always needed to be maintained. Therefore there is always demand for good accountants.
Accounting jobs exist in all commercial and manufacturing establishments across industries. With the rapid growth of banking
and financial sectors in the country, the demand for skilled accountants has also been increased considerably.
Remuneration
Freshers get a salary of Rs.10, 000-Rs.200,000. Accountants get higher salary in MNCs and private companies. Advanced
degree in accounting field and experience are required for higher salary in accounting field. Accountant consultancy is highly
remunerative job.
Eligibity
Most of the accountant and internal auditor positions require at least a bachelor’s degree in accounting or related field.
Some employers prefer applicants with a master’s degree in accounting or a master’s degree in business administration with
finance specialization. Accountants and auditors have to obtain certification, Certified Public Accountant (CPA) for
advancement in the career.
Employabilty Skills
• Accuracy. • Analytical skills.
• Communication and customer relations skills. • Computing skills.
• Marketing skills. • Data management skills.
Career Opportunities
• Accountant have career opportunities in auditing and assurance work, management consulting, corporate finance, tax
planning, etc.
• Many accountants move into senior management positions such as CEOs and finance directors after gaining higher
professional qualifications.
• Accounting graduates can hold positions such as staff accountant, internal auditor, budget and credit analysts, credit
specialists, senior accountant, controller and manager.
• In USA and European countries professionally qualified accounting graduates are offered placements as portfolio
accountant, real estate accountant, accounting manager, credit securitized product controller and commodities controller.
Job Options
• Accounts assistant • Accounts executive
• Audit manager • AVP treasury
• Budget and Credit Analysts • Chartered Accountant
• Chief financial officer • Controller
• Credit specialists • Director Assurance
• Financial data analysts • Forensic accountant
• Internal Auditor • Industrial accountant
• Junior Accountant • Junior manager (Accounts)
• Senior Accountant • Senior Manager (Accounts)
• Staff Accountant • Tax manager and many more.
Employers
• Public Accounting Firms • State and central government offices
• Corporations and companies • Accountancy firms.
Courses
• Certificate courses in computer accounting
• Diploma courses in industrial accounting
• Bachelor of Commerce with accounting specialization
CAREER IN COMMERCE 111

• Master of Commerce with accounting specialization

• MBA (Finance)
• ICWAI
Important Institutes
• St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai www.xaviers.edu
• Shri Ram College of Commerce, University of Delhi, New Delhi www.srcc.edu
• St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata www.sxccal.edu
• Loyola College, Chennai www.loyolacollege.edu
• Christ College, Bangalore www.christuniversity.in
• Madras Christian College, Chennai www.mcc.edu.in
• Symbiosis Society’s College of Arts & Commerce, Pune www.symbiosiscollege.edu.in
• Presidency College, Chennai www.presidencychennai.com
• Presidency College, Kolkata www.presidencycollegekolkata.ac.in
• Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Orissa www.ravenshawuniversity.ac.in
• Hansraj College Delhi www.hansrajcollege.com
• Goenka College of Commerce and Business Administration, Kolkata www.goenkacollege.net
Examinations
• Institute of Chartered Accountants of India icaiexam.icai.org
• Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination (Uniform CPA Exam) for Certified Public Accountants in USA.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Certified_Public_Accountant_Examination
• Certified Management Accountant (CMA) exam. The tests are administered by Thomson Prometric at centers around the
United States and internationally. www.testprepreview.com/cma.htm
• CPA Examination www.aicpa.org
• GRE/GMT examination for abroad opportunities.
Emerging Trend
• Certificate Course on Forensic Accounting and Fraud Detection . Course Duration: 100 hours Website www.icai.org,
Accounting for IT industry has become very demanding. Some important courses in Forensic accounting
• Certified Bank Forensic Accounting (CBFA)
• Certified Anti-Money Laundering Expert (CAME)
• Certified Forensic Accounting Professional (CFAP) These courses available with many foreign Universities
Industrial Accounting
• Diploma in Computerized Industrial Accounting
• Certified Industrial Accountant courses ICA

4.17. CAREER IN BANKING

Banking is one of the popular career choices among the career aspirants. Banking jobs are not only for commerce/
economics students but it is for arts, science and engineering students. Banks are now appointing management graduates, CAs
and CFAs but still bright graduates from any subject can get entry in the Public sector Banks through All India Bank
Examination. Banks provides money for various development work and thereby generate thousands of jobs and career
opportunities.
Scope
Now banks are in diverse fields like the mutual funds, securitisation business, credit cards, housing loans, trading in gold
and forex activities. The joining a Public sector Bank as Probationary Officer (Direct Officer) on the basis All India exam has
become a stepping stone for the career growth in the Banking Industry. The private sector banks like IDBI, ICICI, etc are more
technology savvy and offer better salaries. Foreign Banks are the most sought after due to their attractive salary packages. The
Reserve Bank of India as well as all the other nationalized banks recruits personnel in clerical Grade, Grade A Officers and
Grade B Officers. The globalization and privatization has resulted in growth and diversification of banking sector. This has
generated enormous job opportunties in the fianance sector.
112 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Remuneration
Bank sector offers very attractive pay packages. Especially foreign banks provide very good pay packages to their
employers.
Eligibity
Public sector Banks recruit mainly graduates for Clerical and Probationary Officer posts on the basis of All India Level
examination. These jobs require a strong understanding of accounting. Graduates with commerce/economics are desirable
candidates but any one from any stream can enter into this service by qualifying the exams conducted by banks. Foreign
Banks prefer take MBAs,CAs, CFAs, etc. through campus interviews.
Employabilty Skills
• Good communication skills • Good interpersonal skills and ability to deal with customers.
• Good knowledge about information technology.
• Good analytical and creative ability. • An alert nature and basic knowledge of the industry.
• Strong mathematical skills. • Am I ready to learn and adopt new methodologies?
Career Opportunities
• Personnel Marketing: Designing campaigns to promote new and existing services, researching customers’ banking
habits to find new opportunities for the bank.
• Operations: Processing transactions and loans, researching new technology or different working methods to increase
the bank’s efficiency.
• Electronic Services: Writing a new section on the bank’s website, developing interactive digital TV banking services.
• Card Services: Authorizing and issuing cards and managing transactions.
• Credit and Risk: Analysing loans and deciding whether to approve them.
Job Options
• Accountants and auditors • Bill and account collectors
• Bookkeeping, accounting and auditing clerks • Branch managers
• Chief executives • Computer and information systems managers
• Computer programmers • Computer software engineers
• Computer support specialists • Computer systems analysts
• Credit analysts • Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks
• Customer service representatives • Executive secretaries and administrative assistants
• Financial analysts • Financial managers
• General and operations managers • Human resources, training, and labour relations specialists
• Loan interviewers and clerks • Loan officers
• Management analysts • Marketing and sales managers
• Personal financial advisors • Tellers
Job Descriptions
• Book Keeping and Auditing Clerks: They record and classify the financial data. They keep on track of the financial
records.
• Branch managers: They are responsible for overseeing all activities in branch including opening new accounts, loan
origination, solving customer problems, foreign exchange and safe deposit boxes. Most importantly, they are responsible
for establishing relations with customers.
• Financial Managers: They formulate financial policies and also help in its implementation. They make business
forecasts, formulates strategies so as to minimize losses in the insurance sector of banks, prepares financial reports that
reflect the financial health of the bank and monitor the flow of cash.
• Bill and Account Collectors: Collects the money overdue from the debtors.
• Loan Officers (credit analysts): They check the eligibility and creof all the individuals seeking loans from the Bank.
They check their credit worthiness. A thorough evaluation of loan is carried out.
Employers
• Private sector banks • Public sector banks • Foreign banks • Co-operative banks • Corporate banks
CAREER IN COMMERCE 113
Courses
• Indian Institute of Banking and Fianance offers Certificate courses, Diploma courses, Managment courses in Banking.
http://www.iibf.org.in
• B.Com and M.Com. corses
• MBA Finance.
Important Institutes
• National Institute of Bank Management (NIBM), Pune- 411048 www.nibmindia.org
• Centre for Advanced Financial Studies, Institute for Financial Management & Research ( IFMR), Chennai. Website
www.ifmr.com
• The Indian Institute of Banking and Finance. Mumbai. Website www.iibf.org.in
• University of Madras, Centenary Buildings, Chennai www.unom.ac.in
• The Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh www.amu.ac.in
• Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar www.annamalaiuniversity.ac.in
• Sri Venkateshwara University, Tirupati www.svuniversity.in
• SNDT Women’s University, Mumbai www.sndt.digitaluniversity.ac
• Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology, IDRBT www.idrbt.ac.in
Examinations
1. Bank Clerk: Eligibility Criteria: Should be within the age of 18 - 28 years, a degree or equivalent in any discipline
or must be a pass out of 12th/11th/ Intermediate/ Diploma in banking or any other equivalent examination, with at least 55%
marks, good communication skills with fluency in English and a certificate in computer programs. Selection: The Written test
that would be conducted by the Concern
Bank consist of objective questions on (i) Reasoning ability (ii) Numerical ability (iii) English (iv) Banking Awareness,
Socio-Economic, (v) Clerical aptitude and (vi) computer awareness. There is a negative marking for wrong answers. Based on
the scores of the test, merit list candidates are for the interview and selected finally.
2. Probationary Officer: Eligibility Criteria: Should be within the age group of 21- 30 years, a degree in any discipline
from a renowned university and certificate of basic knowledge in computers. Selection: On the basis of the scores of the written
test and interview. Written test is objective type that consist of quantitative aptitude, reasoning, English & Marketing
Aptitude, Socio economic and banking awareness. Remuneration: The salaries in this sector ranges from Rs.10,000-1,00000
per month Professionals like MBAs, CAs and CFAs recruited in this sector get very high pay packages.
Tips for getting through bank examinations
• Strong determination and exclusive focus on bank examination.
• Studying right material for the examination.
• Keeping updated information about banking sector.
• Practicing vocabulary.
• Time management in paper solving.
• Leaving aside doubtful questions at the time of examination and attempting easy questions first.
• Do not adopt any unfair means.
• Practice of previous year question paper sets.
• Reading of news-paper daily and noting down the important news.
• Solving of practice sets per day without any gap.
Abroad Opportunities
• Outside India, an individual who has undergone the rigors of a banking course can get lucrative jobs like Project
Finance Manager, Equity and Fixed Income Settlements Specialists, Commercial Finance Manager, Compliance Officer,
Corporate Banking Trade Analyst, Cash Management Operator and Consumer Banking Asset Operator
• One can also look for various other job profiles like Business Analyst, Market Risk Analyst, Corporate Banking Credit
Analyst, Consumer Banking Asset Operation Manager, Forex Head and Corporate Banking Branch Head, in banks like
ABN AMRO, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Citi Bank, Dresdner Bank, Goldman Sachs, Standard Chartered Bank, Royal Bank
of Scotland and many others.
114 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

4.18. CAREER AS A BANK OFFICER

“Money plays the largest part in determining the course of history”. —Karl Marx
Money is important to every individual and to every economy; and the people who play a major role in managing money
are the bank officers. Banks are of critical importance to every economy and in order to ensure proper demand and supply of
money in the economy, bank officers are essential. A career in banking is a lucrative career option for many as there is
immense scope.
A Bank Officer performs a large amount of financial activities and offer services like Banking Operations, Relationship
Management, Forex Operations, advice related to investment and insurance and for other banking operations like deposits,
withdrawals, drafts, overdrafts etc. Their work may require them to work in different capacities such as a Branch Manager,
Assistant Branch Manager, Loan Officer, Personal Banking Manager, Pension Officer etc. These roles get assigned to the bank
officer depending upon their experiences and job efficiency and their knowledge of banking and financial rules, regulations,
and proceedings. The bank officers are given special training from time to time whenever newer policies are made and
introduced by the government of India.
Apart from dealing with the retail customers, the bank officers also handle the corporate sector clients. Since the
introduction of modern information technology, these officers are trained adequately to meet the growing demands of the
customers.
Courses and Eligibility
The academic qualifications for bank officers’ job is graduation which the candidates can complete from any recognized
college from any UGC approved and affiliated University in India.
However, the positions of Probationary Officers in PSU banks require some additional qualifications including Post
Graduate Diploma in banking which the candidates can undergo from Institute of Finance, Banking, and Insurance. This
institute is recognized by the UGC and it is functioning from a few cities across India. A similar course from Baroda Manipal
School of banking can make the successful candidates suitable for Probationary Officers in Bank of Baroda.
The key however is to clear the Bank PO Exams. These Bank PO Exams are conducted by the various Public Sector
Banks to recruit their Probationary Officers. Many banks like the State bank of India, the bank of India and other such banks,
even the Reserve Bank of India conduct such bank PO exams from time to time.
Course Fees
The banking course fee and duration of these courses varies from one university to another. However, normal graduation
courses take three years and Master’s Degree takes 2 more years. However, courses in banking and insurance are meant for one
year only. There are many coaching institutes also that prepare the students for the upcoming Bank PO exams.
Career Prospects
The emerging roles in banking sector are Relationship Management, Risk Management and Audit and compliance. The
bank officers’ position in PSU banks has lost some of its sheen over the years after the economy of the country has opened up,
but still many people look upto bank officers career as the most sought after one. These days’ private sector banks are also
offering many jobs in banking. Most of these are in their retail segment and a few in corporate, private and investment banking
divisions. Most of the recruits in managerial positions are graduates and MBA from good institutes.
Famous Personalities
The banking sector has been largely under government’s domain in India and as such there are many famous banks like
State bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India etc in the Public Sector space that people recognize, however there are not
many officials who have emerged as pioneers and become very famous. However in Private Sector Banks, we have seen that
the last decade has seen quite a few famous personalities emerge. Like Mr.H.D.Parekh of HDFC, Mr.Aditya Puri of HDFC Bank,
Mr.K.V.Kamath of ICICI Bank and Mr.Vikram Pandit, who became the global CEO of internationally renowned Citibank.

4.19. CAREER IN TAXATION—OPTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Taxation is a process of tax imposing on citizens who earn taxable income. Tax is the sum of money which an individual
also known as taxpayer has to pay to a state or any authorized body. This process involves dealing with direct taxes,
assessment of taxes, filing return and providing advice on indirect taxes. Direct tax is the tax which is directly collected from
the people e.g. property tax, wealth tax, income tax etc. whereas indirect tax comprises of taxes which are collected from the
customers on the purchased goods or the services provided e.g. sales tax, VAT, customs duty, excise duty etc. Taxation is the
government’s main source of revenue which is paid by the citizens and is used in financing projects for development projects
in various sectors.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 115
Performance and Growth of Industry in India
Taxation is very lucrative and fast growing career for those candidates who have interest in this field. Today every
organisation requires people having expertise in this field such as public sector undertakings and corporate houses etc.
Options and Opportunities
The aspirants having sound knowledge of taxation are appointed as tax accountant, revenue managers, tax analyst, tax
recruiter, tax advisor, tax examiners, property tax consultants, business tax consultant, income tax consultant, tax manager and
collectors. There are many other job opportunities:
Lawyers, tax counsels and defence attorneys. Tax people in Indian Revenue Service hold the top positions. They are
aggressive professionals in their field as they have immense responsibilities on them
Courses Available
• B.Com. Taxation
• M.Com. Taxation
• Post Graduate Diploma in Taxation
• Diploma in Taxation
• Diploma in Taxation Laws
• Certificate Course in International Taxation
• Certificate Course in International Taxation
Qualification Required
• To pursue graduate level courses, the aspirants must have passed Higher Secondary Certificate Examination or 10+2
from any recognized state/national Board.
• To be eligible for the PG courses, one has to complete graduation in the relevant stream from any recognised university.
Some Good Institutes
• St. Xavier’s College Kolkata, West Bengal
• Symbiosis Law School Pune, Maharashtra
• India Law Society Law College Pune, Maharashtra
• D.A.V. Centenary College Faridabad, Haryana
• Indira Gandhi Government College Kurukshetra, Haryana
• Oxford College of Business Management Bangalore, Karnataka
• St. Peter’s College Ernakulam, Kerala
• Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Bhawan New Delhi, Delhi
• Sanlok Institute of Management & Information Technology Gurgaon, Haryana
Entrance exams
Tax Assistant Examination, Staff Selection Commission
Join Income tax department, exam. Eligibility criterion: If you wish to join the Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax),
then you should apply for the Civil Services Examination (CSE) conducted by UPSC every year. The minimum qualification
required for applying for CSE is graduation from a recognised University. There is an age limit i.e. you should have attained
the age of 21 years but should not be more than 30 years. Those meeting this age limit criteria are eligible to apply for the
above examination (relaxations as per government norms mentioned in the official website on www.upsc.gov.in). There are
four attempts for candidates who are eligible for this examination (no restriction on the number of attempts for SC/ST
candidates, seven attempts for OBC candidates). There is a preliminary examination (prelims) that is conducted and through
which candidates are shortlisted for the main exam (written examination).
Candidates qualifying for the main (written) exam are called for the personal interview. Based on the marks secured in the
main (written) and interview, a merit list is made, which determines the choice of service (keeping in mind the options
exercised by the candidate in the application). The same examination can lead to the Indian Administrative Service, Indian
Foreign Service, Indian Police Service, Indian P and T accounts and Finance Service, Group ‘A’, Indian Audit and Accounts
Service, Group ‘A’, Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise) Group ‘A’, etc. The staff selection commission holds
a combined graduate level examination which would lead to recruitment as inspector of income tax. The procedure for
selection is a very rigorous in CSE as compared to SSC which is less rigorous.
116 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Some good colleges that are reputed and give good placement opportunity
There are various colleges that offer good courses as well as good placement opportunities. Some of them are named
below:
• I.G.S.S. (Indian Global Software Solutions), Bangalore (Karnataka), Above CitiBank ATM Manuvana, vijayanagar,
Bangalore (Bengaluru Dist.)
• University of Mumbai, Room No.126, 1st floor, Fort, Mumbai (Mumbai Dist.) - 400032
-Ness Wadia College of Commernce, Pune (Maharashtra), 19, Late Princ V.K.Joag Path, Pune (Pune Dist.)
• Bharati Vidyapeeths New Law College, Pune (Maharashtra), Educational Complex, Erandwane, Paud Road, Pune (Pune
Dist.) - 411038
• M.S. Bhagat and C.S.Sonawala Law College, Nadiad (Gujarat), P.B. No. 18, College Campus , Nadiad (Kheda Dist.) -
387001
• Balaji Law College, Pune (Maharashtra), Building No. C-2, Bramha Estate, S.No. 1/1 – A, Kondhwa Khurd , Pune (Pune
Dist.) - 411048
• Kishichand Chellaram Law College, Mumbai (Maharashtra), Mumbai (Mumbai Dist.) - 400008
• University of Madras: Faculty of Law, Chennai (Tamil Nadu), University of Madras, Centenary Buildings Chepauk,
Triplicane PO , Chennai (Chennai Dist.) - 600005
• University of Pune: Faculty Of Commerce, Pune (Maharashtra), Ganeshkhind, Pune (Pune Dist.) – 411007
• Nagpur college of Taxation, Nagpur (Maharashtra), Narsimha Bhavan (IInd Floor, Near Titan Show Room, amount Road
Extension, Sadar, Nagpur (Nagpur Dist.) - 440001
• Guru Nanak Dev University, Faculty of Economics and Business, Amritsar (Punjab), Guru Nanak Dev University,
Amritsar (Amritsar Dist.) - 14300
Educational qualification required to be hired for a job in the field of taxation
The educational qualification that is required to be hired for jobs in the field of taxation is generally graduation and post
graduation in commerce. As you have completed XII from a recognised state/national board, you can pursue graduate level
courses. If you want to go ahead further and do Post Graduate courses then you must complete your graduation in a relevant
stream from a reputed university. Various institutes in India are conducting courses in the field, to produce competent
professionals who can work in the field of taxation. Apart from the above requirements, anyone with a formal education in the
field of taxation or having any degree with taxation as a specialised subject can also opt for this career. So, if you have done
L.L.B degree it will work as a foundation course and will give you basic understanding of the various tax laws which are
rampant in the industry. If you have done your graduation through a B.Com or a BMS (Bachelor of Management studies)
course then that could also give you some edge in the field of taxation. If you want to be good in this field then you should
make full use of the theoretical knowledge at practical applications and learn the concept application skills.
Apart from these educational qualifications you require some personal attributes that build your personality and make
you stand apart from others. To do exceedingly well in your tax consultancy career, an individual should possess a few
qualities. To stand apart from others you should have various skills such as ability to think differently, a creative mind, good
communication skills, updated general awareness, abundant knowledge about taxation sector and the market, and the ability
to work as part of a team. You should also have strong problem solving skills, a command over Microsoft office, especially
Excel spreadsheet skills. In any field strong ethics, interest and desire to succeed is what determines the success of any
individual.
Job Profile
Career in taxation is a very critical job but with it comes lot of incentives. A career in this profile invites you to be a
progressive, innovative team member of a high-quality, professional organisation. Tax consultants are those experts who are
well aware of the different forms of taxes and use their knowledge in order to advice people of companies about tax returns.
Giving suggestions and handy advice on how to deal with various aspects of dealing with taxes is a job of a tax consultant. To
opt for a tax consultant job profile you have to undergo the taxation related courses that are there and should also gain some
work experience in the field of taxation, then only you can achieve your goal. To sum it all up, we can say that the main goal
of any tax consultant should be to make maximum use of all the knowledge and technical skills for the betterment of the
client/company they are employed in.
Specialisations in the Field of Taxation
Now this decision is based on every individual’s interest and what they want to specialise in when searching for a job in
taxation. There are various specialisations in fields such as:
CAREER IN COMMERCE 117

Property tax consultants: They are basically experts who have thorough knowledge and understanding of the various
Property tax rules and regulations, and provide such information to the clients who are interested seekers for such kind of
information. They also advice clients on property taxes which may deal with landed property, commercial, residential as well
as other kinds of property.
Income tax consultants: These are those professionals or advisors who help a client or an individual in filing your
income tax returns every year. They are aware of the various income tax rules and provide service to clients who are individuals
as well as corporate.
Business tax consultant: These consultant’s deals with various issues relating to taxes that a business man must handle
for his business to grow and establish efficiently and effectively. Thus, we can say that business tax consultant gives advice to
business houses regarding various business tax issues that are plaguing them.
Sales tax consultant: A person who gives advice to clients regarding numerous sales tax as well as value added tax
related issues for which they may be seeking clarification, information or advice are known as sales tax consultant.
Tax consultancy is a well paid job or you can say is very lucrative. It also offers great rewards. Remuneration in the field
of taxation varies from one organisation to the other. However, the minimum salary that can be earned as a beginner is somewhere
around Rs. 3,00,000/- p.a. to 5,00,000/- p.a. But again there is an increment but that again depends on the experience and the
educational qualifications that one has.

4.20. CAREER IN AUDITING—OPTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Auditing is one of the main career options in the field of accounting. It is a systematic process of obtaining and evaluating
financial statements or accounts of private business, government undertaking, department etc. It is a specialized form of
accounting and plays a vital role in both private and public organization. An auditor is a person who review, analyze and
evaluate the processes, services, systems, products, organizations and employees. He determines the efficiency, adequacy and
effectiveness of the company.
Performance and Growth of Industry in India
With the huge expansion in the economy, a number of business concerns are boosting day by day. This has increased the
demand of auditors as they are required by every business concern to ensure the credibility of the financial statements in the
public sector as well as public sector companies. Companies registered under the Companies are required to audit their
accounts annually. This has made it an evergreen career field for the candidates. Even the rapid change in the technology and
new software packages has made this a lucrative career. Auditors can switch their careers between internal auditing and public
accounting or from management accounting to internal auditing.
Options and Opportunities
In India, auditors have many career opportunities such as Internal auditors, External auditors, Government auditors,
Forensic auditors in manufacturing sector, insurance companies, banking sector, pecuniary institutions, corporate, financial
firms, government service, public sector, teaching staff, nonprofit organization and government agency etc. Many auditors
carry out their private practice.
Courses Available
• IRCA Certified Course • Post Graduate Diploma in Auditing and Accountancy
• Diploma in Auditing • Diploma in Accounting & Auditing
• IRIS Certification • Advanced Executive Program in Cyber Security, Audit & Compliance
Qualification Required
To pursue a career in auditing a candidate must have Bachelor’s degree in accounting from a recognized university. After
which a candidate has to study Chartered accountant program to work as an auditor. Students who have done their post
graduation can also apply for this course. Candidates who have done IRCA certified training program can also become
auditors.
Some Good Institutes
• The Institute of Internal Auditors-India
• Indian School of Business Management & Administration
• Arcade Business College
• Government Polytechnic Manesar
• Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
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Entrance Exams
SSC conducts entrance exam for the various positions including auditor’s all over India
Is Auditing is a right career for me?
If you are interested in mathematics and are meticulous and also have a flair for numbers, auditing might be a right career
for you. Auditing is a major career option under the broader field of accounting, has a vital role to play in each and every
organisation, be it public or private sector. If you are good with numbers then auditing could be termed as your bread and
butter which generally involve checking ledgers and financial statements within an organisation.The key features of auditing
is to obtain and evaluate the accounts or financial records of a government undertaking, department, private business, or other
entity based on established criteria. In simple and brief words, the work involves the review, analysis and evaluation of
processes, products, services, systems, organisations and employees. Auditing as a field is a specialised form of accounting for
an organisation’s financial information, which generally includes systems policies and records. Auditors not only look into
the financial matter of an industry but may also be required to examine the non-financial documents that could reveal about
a business’s conduct.
Job Profile
There are various tasks performed by an auditor. An auditor is a person from the accounts department who is trained in
auditing. Verification of the financial records of a company is the main task that an auditor has to perform. Auditor determines
the efficiency, adequacy and effectiveness of the organization. They also review the reliability and integrity of management
and ensure compliance with policies, procedures and laws. Their primary responsible is to maintain accurate records of a
company and to help organisations in operating efficiently. In addition to monitoring a company’s finances, they often make
recommendations for greater compliance and better management policies. There are various different roles within an organisation
that are occupied by auditors. The roles of an auditor may vary from tax law specialists to internal resources auditing
professionals. Regardless of their respective areas, all auditors are vital to the financial health of organizations.
There are numerous types of audits conducted by an auditor. Major type of audits conducted by auditors includes
financial audit, operational or management audit and compliance audit. A financial statement audit (or attest audit) examines
financial statements, records, and related operations to ascertain adherence to generally accepted accounting principles. An
operational audit examines an organization’s activities in order to assess performances and develop recommendations for
improved use of business resources. A compliance audit has as its objective the determination of whether an organization is
following established procedures or rules. Thus, the role of an auditor is a very important one
Educational Requirements
If you want to become an auditor then you must have at least a bachelor’s degree in Accounting. Some organisations
prefer students having done their master’s degree in accounting. MBA with specialisation in finance can also be a right subject
choice for you. Courses in economics, business studies and humanities are also helpful. Some universities conduct specialised
courses in auditing. Along with specialisation in these subjects, computer knowledge is also an important aspect that you
should be equipped with, as it is very essential part of an auditor’s day to day work. You must take up a course in computer
accounting software’s such as Tally or some other related diplomas. You can also apply into more advanced courses such as
ICWA, CA, Company Secretary ship or CPA (certified public accountant in the USA)etc.
There are certain auditor certifications provided by international audit associations such as Institute of Internal auditors
(IIA), Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) etc. which are globally accepted. The Institute of Internal
auditors gives Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) designation and ISACA provides Certified Information Systems Auditor
(CISA) certification, respectively. CISA qualified Auditors have been recognized as qualified to conduct Systems Audit by
Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Ministry of Information Technology (MIT), National Stock Exchange, Comptroller and Auditor
General of India (C&AG).
Personal Attributes
Before we talk about the personal attributes that are required you should know what are audits and what are they
associated with. Traditionally, audits were mainly associated with gaining information about financial systems and the
financial records of a company or a business. According of ICAI Institute of Chartered Accountants of India - ‘Auditing is the
independent examination of financial information of any entity, whether profit oriented or not, and irrespective of its size or
legal form, when such an examination is conducted with a view to expressing an opinion thereon. Auditing is done to know
the true and fair view of an organisations financial position’.
If you are planning to be an accountant then you should have an aptitude for mathematics. You should be able enough to
analyse, compare and interpret facts and figures that are presented to them in a quick glance. You must have good communication
skills and should have an eye for detail. Familiarity with computerized accounting packages is a great asset for present
CAREER IN COMMERCE 119
generation auditors. You should be confident while working and should be able to work as a team. An auditor should have high
standards of integrity and accuracy as major decisions are made based on financial statements given by them. This field
requires you to be reliable and trust worthy.
Job Prospects
As we know there is a growth in the economy in the recent years, the business concerns boosting day by day. Demands for
auditors are increasing to ensure the credibility of the financial accounting data and financial statements in the private sector
as well as public sector companies. Any candidate should not just pursue a career in auditing merely because it is a lucrative
field. They must really love working with numbers and should have an aptitude for mathematics as this field requires lot of
focus and a good understanding of the mathematical concept. Companies registered under Companies Act are required to get
audited annually.
This has also made auditing an evergreen career field. Rapidly changing technology and new software packages have
made the work of auditors much easier in the recent times. The job of record keeping and data management which was
considered as a tedious job earlier has now become trouble free. Auditors typically can take advantage of career mobility,
meaning they can switch careers between internal auditing and public accounting or from management accounting to internal
auditing. Internal auditors also learn the skills needed to become upper-level managers through their work, reviewing internal
controls of business units.
In the beginning, most of the auditors work under the supervision of an established auditor. After gaining experience
auditors can work independently. A qualified auditor has the option of joining Government Service, Public Sector undertakings
or taking up a lucrative assignment in the private sector. Some auditors work as teaching staff in colleges or universities.
Auditing professionals may be self-employed and serve the needs of individual clients. i. e. Auditing professionals are
required in virtually every company, non-profit organization and government agency. Those employed in large firms are in
part responsible for an organization’s financial health. Non-profit organizations are also very much reliant on auditors for
continued solvency.
Type of Auditors in the Field of Auditing
There are four major types of auditors, such as internal auditors, external auditors, government auditors and forensic
auditors. They are explained in brief below:
Internal Auditors: Internal auditors are employed by individual corporations, government bodies or other entities.
Internal auditors work for the organisation they audit. Their job is to make sure the organization runs efficiently and effectively.
They perform financial, internal control, and compliance audits for the organisation they are employed in. The effectiveness
of an organization’s internal controls is verified by an internal auditor.
External Auditors: External Auditors are also known as Independent Auditors or Professional accountants in public
practice. An External Auditor audits financial statements for companies, and other organizations. They also give advice in
preparing income tax returns and provide guidance in matters concerning compensation and healthcare benefits for employees.
They are usually self-employed.
Government Auditors: Government auditors work in the public sector, they are employed by local and state governments.
Government auditors maintain and examine the records of government agencies, and audit private businesses and individuals
whose activities are subject to government regulations or taxation. Government auditors’ main task is to act as assurance on
compliance audit and operational audit.
Forensic Auditors: Auditors could specialise in Forensic accounting. Forensic auditors often discover information
that’s used as litigation support. Forensic auditors mission is to detect investigate and deter fraud and white-collar crimes.
Forensic auditors are often employees of corporations, audit firms, government agencies and investigative and consulting
services firms.
Earn CISA designation in US. The qualifications required for the same Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA)
designation is awarded to individuals who have an interest in Information Systems auditing, control and security and who
meet the following requirements:
• Earn a passing score on the CISA exam.
• Adhere to the ISACA Code of Professional Ethics.
• Commit to abide by the CISA Continuing Professional Education Policy.
• Acquire a minimum of 5 years of professional information systems auditing, control or security work experience (as
described in the job practice areas). Substitutions and waivers of such experience may be obtained if certain education
and general IS or audit experience requirements are met.
• Comply with Information Systems Auditing Standards.
120 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

In order to become and remain a CISA an individual must agree to comply with the CISA continuing professional
education program. This program requires an individual to earn a minimum of 20 hours annually and 120 hours every 3 years
of continuing professional education. In addition, an annual maintenance fee of US $45 ISACA member and US $85 non-
member is required.
Contact information of the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) chapters in India
Please find below the contact details of the Institute of Internal auditors (IIA) Chapters in India:
• The Institute Of Internal Auditors, India Website: www.iiaindia.org/
• Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) Website: www.isaca.org/
List of the top 10 institutes in India and courses they offer
There are various institutes that offer courses in the field of auditing. But here is a list of some of the best colleges that are
most opted by students:
• Manipal Institute of Technology – Manipal, Karnataka, Courses – Master of Technology – Auditing and Lighting-
Rajasthan University – Jaipur, Rajasthan, Courses – Post-graduate diploma in Computer accounting and audit
• Kurukshetra University – Kurukshetra, Haryana, Courses – Post-graduate diploma in Environment Impact Assessment
and Auditing
• National Institute of Financial Management – Faridabad, Haryana, Courses – Diploma in Government Accounting and
Internal Audit
• Hindi Vidya Prachar Samit’s Ramniranjan Jhunjunwala College – Mumbai, Maharashtra, Courses – Certificate course in
Environment Audit and Diploma in Environment Audit
• Canara College – Manglore, Karnataka, Courses – Bachelor of Commerce – Auditing
• Akruti Citygold Institute – Mumbai, Maharashtra, Courses – Advanced Diploma in Energy Management and Audit
Remunerations
There are various levels at which the salary package is differentiated. At entry level an auditor can expect a salary ranging
from Rs. 10,000/- to Rs. 20,000/- per month. Once you are established in the field and gained good experience, salary may not
be a constraint.
External auditors can earn more compared to internal auditors, as external auditors handle more than one organisation. In
the case of internal and government auditors salary is fixed to certain extent.
The salary is differentiated as the professionals in an auditing firm carry out complex audits which requires tracing of an
audit trail through a maze of byzantine processes and procedures, documents, records and interviews whereas at an entry level
the process is much simpler and much easier. Salary is also dependent on your hard work and your experience in the particular
field.

4.21. CAREER IN SECURITIES ANALYSTS—OPTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Introduction
Security analysis is the analysis of tradeable financial instruments called securities. These can further be classified into
debt securities, equities etc. Sometimes futures contracts and tradable derivatives are also included. Analysis of securities is
divided into fundamental analysis, which relies upon the examination of fundamental business factors , and technical analysis,
which focuses more upon price trends and momentum.
Performance and Growth of Industry in India
After globalization of Indian economy, requirement for the professionals who are expert in stock market has been increased.
Considering the increase in demand for Stock Market experts, a P.G. Diploma Course in Capital Market and Security Analysis
has been introduced. Now in coming years more and more securities analysts will be required in the market to analyze the trend
in the economy.
Options and Opportunities
After completing course in securities analysis candidates can be appointed in any of the following institutions:
• Stock Analysis and Trading. • Derivatives Analysis and Trading.
• Commodities Analysis and Trading. • Forex Management.
• Portfolio/Fund Management. • Treasury Management.
• Operations Management. • Financial Modeling.
• Academic Research.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 121

Courses Available
• Post Graduate Course in Capital market and Financial Services
• Post Graduate Diploma in Securities Analysis and Trading
• Post Graduate Diploma in Financial Planning
• Securities Markets Programme
• Post Graduate Diploma in Fundamentals of Capital market Development
Qualification Required
Graduation with relevant experience or MBA/Post Graduation from any recognised university.
Some good institutes
• International College of Financial Planning, New Delhi
• Indian Institute of Capital Markets,
• Institute of Company Secretaries of India, New Delhi
• Institute of Financial and Investment Planning, Mumbai
• Bombay Stock Exchange Training Institute, Mumbai
• Institute of Capital market development, New Delhi
Entrance Exams
Every Institute conducts its own entrance exam.
Minimum requirement to become a Securities Analyst
The eligibility for entering this field is MBA. It is also open to students who have a bachelor’s/master’s degree and
experience in the financial services industry or statistical research. You can join as an intern or a trainee if you have done your
graduation and has a bachelor’s degree in business administration, finance or economics or if you have got a post graduate
degree in commerce. There is no mandatory training programme that you can do as an analyst, but it often required that you
should earn a degree in MBA. You should also have a basic understanding and thorough knowledge of subjects like engineering,
biotechnology, pharmacy, etc in addition to subjects like accountancy, economics and statistics to give you an upper edge in
this field. This gives you a better understanding of those subjects which can help you in making investment decisions in these
sectors.
As an analyst you should have computer, analytical, mathematical and problem solving skills. The job of an analyst
requires them to explain their findings and recommendations to others and thus, should have excellent presentation skills,
self-confidence, maturity as well as the ability to work alone. An analyst should also possess skills like strong attention to
detail, a drive for research, an understanding of tax laws, money markets and economy in general. With all these skills, you
should also have PR skills and salesmanship.
Personal Attributes
There are no such pointers that one can give you to climb the ladder of success. But there are loads of factors that one
should keep in mind if they want to do well in this field as this is a very challenging and crucial field. To be successful in this
field, you should have a feel of the capital market swings; you should also have knowledge about stocks and shares, and
logical and analytical ability to analyse. You should be alert and tactful while dealing with clients and should be patient. You
should be a keen learner and should possess a dedicated business expertise
As there are large volumes of work flow there is tremendous work pressure because the volume of money involved is huge.
And this profession generally carries a high risk profile as professional growth depends on the fortunes of the share market,
over which an individual has no control. You can now take up the course in The University of Pune in collaboration with the
Mumbai Stock Exchange which is conducting training programmes in capital market studies.
Courses while doing graduation and post graduation
The basic courses are in the field of Commerce, Accountancy (Chartered Accountancy/ Cost Accountancy, Economics,
Finance and Management. Related postgraduate programmes of the above courses are most suitable base for taking up careers
in capital and stock markets. Post graduate course in Securities Markets, MBA in Capital Markets, Wealth Management,
Financial Engineering, Risk Management, etc are some of the specialisation course that one can do.
There are various short-term specialised training programmes for working professionals which are in huge demand in the
industry. Recruiters have their eyes glued on the premier schools for hiring candidates for investment banking. Crisil Certified
Analyst Programme (CCAP) is a two year intensive entry level programme aimed at crafting world class finance professionals
122 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

for the organisation. There is a certificate programme on Capital Markets which is offered by BSE Training Institute and
Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies.
Various institutes that offer courses in securities and capital markets
Here is the list of some of the finest institutions that offer courses in securities and capital markets, with their eligibility
and the duration of the course they offer :
-Institute of Company Secretaries of India, New Delhi. Website :www.icsi.eduCourses: Post-graduate membership course
in capital market and financial services.
-Indian Institute of Capital Markets Website : www.utiicm.com
Courses: Conducts one-year full-time Securities Markets Programme (SMP) to prepare a cadre of professionals primarily
for careers in the securities markets.
Eligibility: A Master’s Degree of two years duration from a recognised Indian university OR A Bachelor’s Degree of three
years duration from a recognised Indian university with minimum of two years post qualification relevant experience
International College Of Financial Planning (ICFP), New Delhi. Website : www.icfpindia.org
Courses: Post Graduate Diploma in Securities Analysis & Trading
Eligibility: Graduation Duration : 22 months
Admission: CAT/MAT Score or ICFP written test (Quantitative Aptitude, Reasoning ability and language proficiency)
and personal Interview.
Course Description: Meant for people who are looking for a career in Capital Markets & Research, Investment Banking
Companies, Mutual funds, Wealth Management, Equity/Commodity Brokers, KPOs, Research Firms, Forex Dealers, Debt
Market Dealers)
Post Graduate Diploma in Financial Planning Eligibility : Graduation Duration : 12 Months
Admission: CAT/MAT Score or ICFP written test ( Quantitative Aptitude, Reasoning ability and language proficiency)
and personal Interview.
Course Description: Meant for people who are looking for a career in Banking, Mutual funds, Wealth Management,
Insurance, Equity/Commodity Brokers, Investment Advisory services etc.
The Institute of Capital Market Development, New Delhi
Courses: PG Diploma in Fundamentals of Capital Market Development
Eligibility: Graduation
Bombay Stock Exchange Training Institute, MumbaiWebsite:www.bseindia.com
Courses: Certificate courses are run periodically throughout the year.
Institute of Financial and Investment Planning
Courses: It offers a one-year correspondence cum-lecture course leading to a diploma in financial and investment planning.
Work of a securities analyst in an industry
It is good that you have done your graduation in Commerce field and from DU. But it is very important to understand that
the job of securities analysts involves a lot of reading, research, meeting people, writing, etc. There will be a lot of studying
regarding the company’s history, and its products and services. You might take the help of books and trade publications,
financial reports, by studying public records of the company, or by participating in public conference calls or using reference
services like standard and poor’s Outlook etc. you should do a thorough research about the industry or the market you are
interested in and then you should go for further studies in the same field as doing specialised courses after graduation like a
PG diploma or a MBA will only boost your chances to get a good job in the desired market.
Basically an analyst usually studies an entire industry, observing and assessing the current trends in business practices
and industry competition. You should keep track of all the new regulations and policies that are a factor in affecting the
industry.
Once the short listing of the companies, which are a good investment option, is done, an analyst meets the top management
of these companies and gathers detailed information about the company. After all the meeting and gathering of information,
the analyst needs to prepare a report on that particular company. Writing reports is the major part of an analyst’s job
What will be my salary package if I get a job in this field after doing my MBA? And is there a huge difference between
the salaries of people depending upon their educational qualification? There is always an entry level and from there you
gradually increase to a better salary package. MBA’s and post graduates with professional qualifications can earn up to Rs.
20,000/- per month and above at the entry level. Based on individual performance and decision making, which results in an
increase in the profit of the firm, there is an increment in the salary package.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 123
Many employers get bonuses that are equivalent or double the salary of a beginner analyst. There is a commission that is
attached with the salary which is performance driven and is totally dependent on an individual performance.
The earning of a top professional can be sky high i.e. can go up to lacs and crores as per the experience and the
profitability quotient to the firm that they bring.
Which all companies require securities analysts?
Security analyst is a very critical job and is essential for a company or industry in capital market to run successfully. These
companies in stock markets are called as players. There are various players that equip themselves with security analyst to
handle their security department. Some of the major players in trading and stock broking in India include companies like
Kotak securities ltd, Angel Broking, Karvy Stock broking, Anand Rathi, Geojit Financial Services Ltd, JRG Securities Ltd, etc.
There are various international players too such as Bloomberg, Thomson-Reuters and financial news organisation Dow Jones
Newswires. All these companies require the assistance of analysts i.e. security analysts are hired in their research departments.
In India, Security Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the authorized body which regulates the work of the stock exchanges,
banks and other financial institutions.
This body is just in India market. There are different bodies governing or regulating the operation of capital markets.
Different countries have their regulating body and licensing authorities which regulate the operations of capital markets and
finance professionals.

4.22. CAREER IN INSURANCE UNDERWRITERS—OPTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Introduction
Insurance Underwriting means accepting liability of clients for possible losses. It involves identifying, evaluating and
estimating the risk exposure and determines the premium to insure against the risk. Professionals who calculate the financial
risk of insuring a business concern are known as Underwriters. They are the integral part of the organisation’s long term success
and financial viability. Underwriters’ view and review applications for insurance coverage both for companies and individuals.
They take care of risk management by assessing the fitness of an individual for the insurance services provided by an
insurance firm.
Performance and growth of industry in India
Insurance has become a necessity for individuals as well as for business concerns. This profession is considered less
subject to the recession as compared to the other professions and it has been assumed that the need of underwriters is going to
remain constant throughout time. Thus, candidates pursuing their career in this field have a secure career with growth
opportunities.
Options and Opportunities
Today, an insurance underwriter has become an excellent career opportunity in Insurance sector with various job options
to choose from. Underwriting has four categorization namely Life Insurance, health Insurance, Mortgage insurance and
Property Insurance. Once a candidate has decided for underwriting then he needs to choose which field of underwriting out of
the four he wants to opt for. Underwriters work in insurance companies or for the organisations which offer insurance services
to these companies and policyholders, banks, mortgage companies and real estate firms.
Courses Available
• B.Com in Accounting and Finance • B.Com in Accounting
• Masters in Banking and Finance • M.Com. Finance
• BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration)
Qualification Required
• Bachelors Degree- Degree in finance and business administration with course in accounting.
• For health and life insurance underwriting, a degree in medical or paramedical field is important.
Some Good Institutes
• Advance Institute of Mangement, Ghaziabad
• Agra College of Mangement and Technology, New Delhi
• Aligarh College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh,
• Apeejay Institute of Management, Jalandhar
• Arcade Business College, Patna
124 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Asia Pacific Institute of Management Studies, New Delhi

• DAV Institute of Management, Faridabad
Entrance Exams
• Licentiate Exam
• Associateship Exam
• Fellowship Exam
• CIS Exam
• Surveyors Exam
• Actuarial Science Exam
• Amity School of Insurance and Actuarial Science PG diploma Entrance Examination
• Birla Institute of Management Technology PGDRIM Admission Test
• DS Actuarial Education Services (DS ActEd) Aptitude Test
• International institute for insurance and Finance (IIIF) PG diploma Entrance Examination
• Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies PGDAS All India Admission Test
• Symbiosis National Aptitude (SNAP) Test
• Uttar Pradesh Management Common Aptitude Test UPMCAT

Life Insurance Underwriter

It is very important to know the profile before you opt for it. It is very important to understand is. Life insurance
underwriting is the process of accepting the proposal of the customer based on the rules and regulations laid by the insurance
company. There is a procedure set by the insurance companies that one must follow before accepting any new business.
Underwriting department plays a very vital role in any insurance company. Whenever there is an arrival of a new proposal in
the insurance company, its underwriting department studies the proposal in regards to the criteria laid by the insurance
company and then come to the conclusion of rejection or acceptance of the respective proposal. If they find any flaw or fault
in the proposal they ask the agent to take corrective actions for the same.
One cannot claim whatever he desires from an insurance company. The issue of the policy is dependent on income of the
insured individual and whether he can actually pay the premium over the years. Here comes an Underwriter into picture, as
once they are satisfied that all conditions have been met as per the policies of the company they go ahead to accept the
premium and issue the policy. To put in a simple line, Underwriting is the decision making process during which the company
decides whether to insure or not and if yes then at what rate.
Job Profile
Underwriters will be required as long as insurance is considered as a necessity for people in modern times. The term
“Underwrite” means that the insurance company accepts liability for possible losses by clients. Basically, underwriters
calculate the financial risk of insuring a business or an entity, for prospective and current clients. There are various lines of
insurance business such as auto, home, commercial and farm insurance, individual, life and group life and health that an
Underwriter can take up. Renewal of insurance coverage for both individuals and companies is one of the applications of an
Underwriter. It involves identifying, evaluating, and estimating the level of risk involved, establishing premiums matched to
the risk and recommending coverage. Underwriters play an important role in our success and financial capability.
They measure and evaluate the risk involved and the premium that needs to be charged to insure that risk, in simple words,
they take care of risk management. They review the insurance applications and decide their fate. An underwriter evaluates an
applicant’s exposure to risk and decides whether an applicant meets an insurer’s standards. They review the insurance policies
and coverage of the insured entity to determine if the policy holder has the right amount of coverage, or are they a risk to the
insurance company. An underwriter may also be involved in setting prices for insurance applicants and determining potential
clients of a finance company
Eligibilty
It is mandatory these days to have atleast done graduation as it has become a minimum requirement for anyone to apply
for a job in any industry, so is the case here. You must possess atleast a bachelor’s degree/college degree in any field. It can also
be pursued as correspondence course too.
With these basic educational qualifications there are other qualities that you should possess in order to excel in this field.
Excellent communication and computer skill along with a strong background in finance will get you the desired job and you
will have the best opportunity for employment in this field. Work as an underwriter differs depending on the type of insurance,
as the types of clients the underwriter works with and the risks that are assessed will be different. The most important
CAREER IN COMMERCE 125
underwriting skills are learned while you are working but for that the basics should be clear as crystal. Most of the underwriters
start their careers as trainees or assistant underwriters in industry. You should also be open to learning as thorough knowledge
is another important criterion for an underwriter.
If I have done my graduate in finance or business administration then do I have an edge over other candidates applying
for the same job?
Graduates who have a degree in finance or business administration, with courses in accounting definitely have an edge
over others. And they are likely to find opportunities more frequently and easily for employment with large insurance
companies. Getting a degree in finance or accounting is an important factor in your career but people with a normal graduation
degree in any field can also apply for a job in this field. But more importantly if you do a specialisation in property or mortgage
underwriting, which is an additional course in finance, accounts or computer applications, you will be at an advantage while
going ahead in this field. It also depends on the profile that you are getting into. For example, if you are planning to take up
anything related to health and life insurance underwriting job, then a degree in medical or paramedical field is important, as
health and life insurance underwriters have to assess the medical risk along with the financial risk involved with an individual.
Also, apart from the educational qualification you should also have good communication and interpersonal skills which
play an important role in this field as the work of an underwriter involves frequent communication with clients. You should
have computer skills which have become an integral part of an underwriter’s day to day job. Analytical and decision making
skills is also needed because as an underwriter you would be required to take quick decisions with accuracy. As it involves
calculation of risk and premium, having mathematical skills is mandatory. You should have a good power of judgement too.
Career Prospect
Insurance underwriter is an excellent career option that you can opt for in the financial sector as it is career specific in the
Insurance sector. If you like to analyze information and are good with detail orientation then underwriting is a suitable and
satisfying job option for you. There is no shortage of jobs in this field as the need for underwriters will always remain constant
throughout time, as insurance is considered to be a necessity for individuals and businesses both in good times and in times
of crisis. This profession is also considered to have less impact from recession as compared to other career fields. The job
profile includes studying insurance proposals, gathering and assessing background information, calculating possible risk and
determining the premium. They work as a mediator between the policy holder and the insurance company.
As an underwriter you are expected to meet the expectations of the policy holders as well as to maintain the profitability
of the insurance company that you are employed in. Most of the work of an underwriter involves office work and client
interaction over the phone. Thus, insurance underwriter is a very good and booming career prospect in recent times and also
in future.
There are tons of colleges that you can apply for. Here is the list of a few most recognised colleges that comes with an
assured good placement but that doesn’t mean that you would not need to study or score well. It just means that these colleges
are reputed ones and would work as an advantage for you while getting a job.
• Financial Planning Academy (FPA), Mumbai, Colaba, Mumbai
• Delhi Degree College, Janakpuri, Delhi
• TKWs Institute of Banking & Finance, New Rajendra Nagar, Delhi
• Symbiosis Centre for Distance Learning, Pune (SCDL), Indore
• Aizaz Rizvi College of Journalism & Mass Communication, Lucknow
• Symbiosis Centre for Distance Learning (SCDL) - Pune, Model Colony, Pune
• University of East Anglia, Norwich
• Swansea University, Wales
• International Council for Management Studies, Chennai
• College of Insurance & Risk Management (CIRMS), Hyderabad
• International Institute for Insurance and Finance, Hyderabad
• Bhavans Center for Inter-Disciplinary Studies (BCIDS), Mumbai
• DS Actuarial Education Services Private Limited, Vile Parle West, Mumbai
• College of Insurance & Risk Management (CIRMS), Mumbai
Here are the few courses that you might opt for while doing a graduation or post graduation from one of these colleges as
it will help you in getting a good placement.B.Com – Accounting and Finance, B.Com, M.Com, M.Com – Finance, Accounting,
Banking/Finance, Insurance, BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration). You can also do the courses through distance
learning.
126 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

4.23. CAREER IN MARKETING MANAGEMENT—OPTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Introduction
Marketing Management is one of the important discipline in Business Administration which emphasis on the application
of marketing concepts and techniques to organize marketing resources. American Marketing Association has defined Marketing
as an activity, set of institutions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have
value for customers, partners and society at large. In other words, marketing helps the business to grow by convincing people
about a product using different tools. Now a days, it applies to every business firms such as government, social service, etc.
Performance and Growth of Industry in India
Rapid growth in the economy has increased the number of multinational companies in India which has given rise to many
job opportunities for the marketing candidates. Today every firm requires professionals with marketing background. Marketing
professionals are appointed by the company to create brands and promote their products and services.
Options and Opportunities
Graduates with masters degree in marketing can start their career as marketing executive, marketing manager, and with
some experience they can get the top most positions such as brand manager, product manager, market research analyst,
advertising manager, sales manager, director etc in the company. They can also work in computer companies, department
stores, manufacturing firms, arts organizations, construction firms, food producers etc. They can also own theie own consultancy
firm that gives suggestions and advices regarding marketing.
Courses Available
• B.Com in Marketing Management • M.Com in Marketing
• MBA in Marketing • MBA in Marketing and Retail Management
• Master of Marketing Management
• Post Graduate Diploma in Marketing and Retail Management
• Post Graduate Diploma in Advertising and Marketing Communication
• Certificate Course in Marketing and Advertising
Qualification Required
Graduates specially with MBA degree specialized in marketing.
Some Good Institutes
• Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans Sardar Patel College of Communication and Management, New Delhi
• Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
• Banglore Management Academy, Karnataka
• Devi Ahilya Aishwavidyalaya: Institute of Management Studies, M.P
• European Management Institute, New Delhi
• Appejay Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi
• Asia Pacific Institute of Management, New Delhi
• Aligarh Muslim University: Faculty of Management Study and Research, Aligarh
• Institute of Management Education, Ghaziabad
Entrance Exams
Many Business schools and universities conduct their own entrance test. Some of them are:
• National Management Aptitude Test (NMAT)
• Open Management Admission Test (OPENMAT)
• Symbiosis national Aptitude Test (SNAP)
• IBSAT
• Management Aptitude Test (MAT)
Business Requirements for a Marketing Manager in a Firm
Business is the need of the hour and for a potential growth in the market, all kinds of firms depend on the promotion of
their products. Every firm in this industry requires professional with sales or marketing background. It’s important to understand
CAREER IN COMMERCE 127

that marketing is a business requirement which is focused on the application of marketing techniques and administrating an
organisation’s marketing resources. Marketing is the method by which a business grows as it involves convincing people
about a product or concept using various ideas. This field involves advertising, distributing and selling of a product is
regarded as the most important element in the growth of any company.
Marketing managers are required to study the marketability of the product involved and the measures to enhance sales by
implementing these ideas. It’s very important to understand the term marketing as it more than just a word used for transactions
between buyers and sellers occur. It is a well-planned out process of exchange between the customers and the sellers. A marketing
process consists of four major parts, i.e. Product, Pricing, Placement and Promotion
List of top colleges in India for Marketing Management
• Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIM A)
• Indian Institute of Management, Kolkata (IIM K)
• Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore (IIM B)
• Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow (IIM L)
• XLRI – Xavier Labour Research Institute, Jamshedpur
• ISB – Indian School of Business, Hyderabad
• FMS – Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi
• Indian Institute of Management, Indore (IIM I)
• Indian Institute of Management, Calicut (IIM K – Kozhikode)
• Jamanlal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai (JBIMS)
• S.P. Jain Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai (SPJIMR)
• Management Development of Institute, Gurgaon (MDI)
• Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar (XIM B)
• Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune (SIBM)
• Institute of Management & Technology, Ghaziabad (IMT)
• Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Delhi (IIFT)
• Institute of Management Development Research, Pune (IMDR)
• International Management Institute, Delhi (IMI)
Various opportunities that the field of marketing management offers
Marketing management is a profession that offers a number of opportunities in various fields for all the aspirants. You can
start your career as marketing executive after your graduation. Then depending on your skills and experience within a couple
of months or years, they could reach the post of Marketing Manager. The opportunity to the top most positions in the company
i.e. for climbing the ladder of success starts from this post itself. Getting a reputed job position depends upon the educational
qualification too. A well-qualified MBA graduate can be offered positions such as marketing manager, brand manager, market
research analyst, and new product manager, sales manager, advertising manager, PR (public relations) director, etc. Small
companies, big corporate, government and non-government organisations, consultancies, public relation agencies all offer a
wide range of opportunities for marketing professionals.
Advertising, sales, management, creative-writing for product promotion, etc. are the areas of work involved. You can work
in department stores, computer companies, utility companies, construction firms, food producers, manufacturing firms and
arts organisations. After a lot of education you can also establish your own consultancy, which would give advice and
suggestions for various organisations regarding marketing or could start their own advertising agencies.

4.24. CAREER IN CORPORATE TRAINING

A career in corporate training looks exciting to many students. Indeed it is exciting but the path to be a corporate trainer
is pretty long. Corporate training is a job that one can do after gaining considerable experience. The opportunities for trainers
are immense as lot of people are looking to fill their skill gaps and companies are also looking for people to provide training
to their staff.
What do Trainers do?
Trainers usually work for training centers or for a company that provides training internally. They impart skill to the
trainees, sometimes technical or soft skills or depending on the needs of the organisations.
128 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Courses and Eligibility

To be a successful trainer one needs to be expert in the skill that one wants to impart. The skill can be learned with
experience (e.g. technical expertise) or through education in that special field. One can also do a Diploma in training after
educational/Professional course. Masters in Human resource management and additional diploma in training. For Diploma in
Training and Development offered by Indian Society of Training and Development the eligibility is Graduation with minimum
2 years work experience or PG degree or Post-Graduate Degree or equivalent Diploma in Business Management, Personnel
Management or any other recognized discipline. A professionally recognised qualification like BE, ME, MBBS, CAIIB, ACA,
AICWA, M Ed etc. inclusive of degree level education, OR Armed Forces Officers who have successfully undergone course at
NDA /IMA / OTA/ Air Force Academy / Indian Naval Academy and have a minimum of two years working experience.
Course Fee
ISTD charges Rs.25, 000/- for its diploma program.
Where to Study
• Indian Society of Training and Development, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi
Offers 18 months Pot Graduate Diploma in Training and Development
• XLRI, Jamshedpur —> Offers short term certificate program in training # MBA/ PG Diploma in Human Resource
Management is offered at many institutes of repute in India and abroad.
Payoffs
The earnings of corporate trainers depend on their expertise and experience. While a soft skills trainer in the beginning
can expect to earn around Rs 3-4 lakhs, some experienced trainers charge upto a lakh for a a 2-3 days program.

4.25. CAREER IN MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING

Mathematics and computing is an interdisciplinary course that prepares students for career in mathematics and related
areas of application. IIT Guwahati offers 4 year b tech in Mathematics and Computing and IIT Delhi offers integrated M Tech
in mathematics and computing. It is basically a interdisciplinary course that combines, science, mathematics and computing.
The curriculum for this program is designed to meet the need of sophisticated mathematics in modern scientific
investigations and technological innovations. The programme has three components: mathematics, computing and financial
engineering which are perfectly blended so that the strong mathematical and analytical components that are in-built in the
curriculum form the basis on which the technological aspects of computing and finance are developed.
Consequently, the programme, which is run by a team of committed faculty as instructors, produces a group of students
with multiple skills in mathematics, computer science and financial engineering.
Eligibility and Course
Science students with Physics, chemistry and Mathematics at class 12th level are eligible for the 4 year BTech program in
Mathematics and Computing.
Course curriculum
Semester 1: Chemistry, Chemistry Laboratory, Electrical Sciences, Mathematics – I, Workshop/Physics Laboratory
Engineering Drawing, Physics – I, Physical Training – I
Semester 2: Modern Biology, Introduction to Computing, Computing Laboratory, Basic Electronics Laboratory,
Mathematics – II, Engineering Mechanics, Physics – II, Physics Laboratory/Workshop, Physical Training -II
Semester 3: Mathematics – III, Discrete Mathematics, Modern Algebra, Probability Theory and Random Processes,
Digital Design, HSS Elective – I, Physical Training - III
Semester 4: Real Analysis, Monte Carlo Simulation, Computer Organization and Architecture, Data Structures and
Algorithms, HSS Elective – II, Data Structures Lab with Object-Oriented Programming, Financial Engineering– I, Physical
Training - IV
Semester 5: Scientific Computing, Stochastic Calculus for Finance, Operating Systems 3, Operating Systems Laboratory,
Data Communications, HSS Elective - III
Semester 6: Optimization, Formal Languages and Automata Theory, Financial Engineering – II, Financial Engineering
Laboratory, Databases, Databases Lab, Computer Networks, Networks Lab
Semester 7: Matrix Computations, Statistical Analysis of Financial Data, Theory of Computation, Department Elective I,
Project-I
CAREER IN COMMERCE 129

Top Colleges for Mathematics and Computing

1. IIT Guwahati offers 4 year B Tech in Mathematics and Computing.
2. IIT Delhi offers 5 year integrated M Tech in Mathematics and Computing.
3. Institute of Mathematics and Application, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha offers BSc Hons in Mathematics and Computing.
4. Indian Statistical Institute, Culcutta
5. Chennai Mathematical Institute, CMI
Job Opportunities
Graduates of this program find jobs in software industries, financial institutions and government organizations and there
is scope in pursuing research.

4.26. MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)

In today’s competitive world, the more educated you are, better are your chances of getting hired. The MBA equips one
with a large number of opportunities.
The MBA (Master of Business Administration) is an internationally recognised post graduate academic course in a
number of subjects that together can be said to constitute the science of management. It is intended for those who work in the
field of Business and Management and seek career advancement, business ownership, or technical skills or business knowledge.
Career Prospects with an MBA
• An MBA can help you move up the career ladder at a large corporation significantly.
• It gives you credibility to your business peers and demonstrates your commitment to the business.
• It teaches to you to think like a business person.
• An MBA teaches you to look at the problems and opportunities analytically and holistically.
Employability Skills Gained by MBAs
The transferable skills gained from the study of an MBA include the following:
Academic Achievement: demonstrate application and high standards of performance.
Communication Skills: listening, speaking carefully and clearly, the ability to put across your arguments.
Analysis: distinguishing relevant from irreverent information, identifying issues and problems.
Commitment: seriousness of purpose, practicality and realism.
Decisiveness: fact finding skills, judgment, courage.
Group Skills: teamwork, leadership, ability to motivate others.
Master of IT Skills: databases and programming languages, statistical packages and spreadsheets
Cross Cultural Awareness: working with fellow students from many different regions and backgrounds.

Different Areas of Specialisation in MBA

MBA in Marketing
An individual, who has an MBA in Marketing, is responsible for achieving sales target, successful management of brands
through various strategies and achieving market share, designated as Brand Executive, Group Product Manager or Marketing
Manager.
MBA in Human Resource Management
Its function in an organization to maximize employee performance, it is mainly concerned with how people are managed
within an organization. Human Resource Management comprises of three areas
• Plant personnel-concern dealing with the working environment at the company or industry premises.
• Corporate personnel- encompasses all HR activities at the corporate setup.
• Human resource Development maintaining positive and healthy industrial relations, recruitment for the organization,
payroll, appraisals and administrations and all matters related workers union.
MBA in Operations Management
It concerns overseeing, designing and controlling the production and redesigning business operations in the operations
of goods or services. It includes excellent negotiation skills, general idea about manufacturing, sales, and distribution channel
130 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

of the company. it also comprises of supply chain management, quality control, logistics, inventory control, and production
planning and improvement.

MBA in Financial Management

It is responsible for obtaining and effectively utilizing the funds necessary for effective operations of a business organization.
An MBA in Finance is full of options, as it offers variety of subjects like Corporate Finance, Costing, Budgeting, International
Finance, Working Capital management, investments and Security analyst in Brokerage firms. The scope of MBA in Finance
is aplenty. An MBA in Financial Management.
Besides these areas, many other areas also offer scope in MBA degrees:
• Agri-business Management
• Business Intelligence
• Communication and Event Management
• Corporate Social Responsibility
• Entrepreneurship
• Health care Management
• Hospitality and Tourism
• Information Technology
• Insurance and Risk Management
• Pharma Management
• Product Management
• Public Policy
• Real Estate
• Retail Management
• Sports Management
• Systems Management
• Telecom Management and many others
PGDM
An Attractive Alternative to MBA
PGDM from a reputed school scores much above than the MBA from a less reputed school.
PGDM or Post Graduate Diploma in Management is a diploma course offered by the management institutes that are
recognised by AICTE. Even prestigious IIMs and many other reputed business schools offer PGDM, which is a 2 year diploma
course.
Students, who have completed their bachelor’s degree in any discipline from a recognized university, are eligible for this
diploma.

Career in Management/MBA
Liberalized economic policy, growing number of multinationals, quest for profit and fierce competition has increased the
demand of MBA professionals many-fold in almost every field. Business Management has opened up limitless opportunities
with good remuneration, status and scope for professional and personal growth.
Scope
Business Managers have multiple career options in public and private sectors. Banks, financial institutions, corporate
houses, government departments, industries, media, publishing and public relation firms, export and import companies,
investment firms, NGOs, recruit managers for efficient and profitable functioning. Management professionals also can opt to
become entrepreneur or run consultancy.
Remuneration
Managers can get Rs. 20,000 to Rs. 70,000 per month salary. Students from reputed institutes like IIMs and ISB can get
more than 10 lakh rupees per month in international companies.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 131

Eligibity
Under-graduate (BBA)/Post-graduate (MBA/Executive MBA/Distant MBA courses offers numerous job opportunties.
For BBA 12th std pass and For MBA (2 year course) graduation or equivalent degree is essential. Admission is given on the
basis of a written test, group discussion and personal interview. Separate tests are conducted by different institutes. For
Executive MBA industrial experience is taken into consideration.
Employabilty Skills
• Organizational and administrative skills. • Problem-solving ability.
• A knack for working under pressure. • Good communication skills.
• Analytical skills. • Leadership skills.
• Practical knowledge. • Ability of handling team
• Ability to make smart decisions. • Ability to work hard.
• Accuracy. • Creativity.
• Flexibility and adaption of new methodologies. • High intellectual capability.
Career Opportunities
• Retail Management • Human Resource Management
• Real estate management • Production management
• Construction management • Rural management
• Materials management.
Job Options
1. Careers in Retail Management: India has emerged as one of the top ten retail markets all over the world. There are
approximately 4.3 million retail outlets spread over the nation and which needs about 3.25 million retail personnel at present.
Retail management is a promising and highly remunerative career option today with the proliferation of supply chains,
shopping complexes, malls and multiplexes in metros and in developing cities. The retail management offers limitless job
opportunities in supply chains, exporting houses and departmental stores. Manufacturing companies, banks, finance and
insurance companies, telecommunication companies, education and health care industry absorb a large number of retail
managers.
Eligibility: MBA (RM) from reputed institutes. Diploma in retail management (DMR) is open to all graduates from any
background.
Institutes offering Retail management courses:
• Narsee Monjee Institute of Management and Higher Studies, Mumbai. www.nmims.edu
• Birla Institute of Management and Technology, Noida. www.bimtech.ac.in
• Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India (ICFAI), Hyderabad. www.icfai.org
• Indian School of Retail, Delhi. www.indianretailschool.com
• Institute for Integrated Learning in Management, Gurgaon. www.iilm.edu
• Welingkar Institute of Management, Mumbai. www.welingkar.org
• National Institute of Business Management, Chennai. www.nibmglobal.com
• Symbiosis Centre for Distance Learning, Pune www.scdl.net
• National Institute of Retail Management (NIRM), Bangalore. www.nirm.co.in
2. Careers in Human Resource (HR): Success of industry and company is mainly depends on the human resource
efficiency. HR professionals deal with the recruitment of new employees, conducting tests and interviews, managing employees’
benefits and resolve minor grievances of employees. The main task of Human resource managers is to use efficiently and
effectively the available skills and talent of the employees within the organization. Human Resource managers can seek
employment in public and private sector industries, banking and financial institutions, corporate houses and multinational
companies, education industry. Eligibility: MBA (HR).
Institutes:
• Xavier Labour Relations Institute, Jamshedpur. www.xlri.ac.in
• Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar. www.ximb.ac.in
• IIM (Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Kozhikode and Shillong) www.iimahd.ernet.in
• Indian School of Business, Hyderabad. www.isb.edu
132 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Faculty of Management Studies, Delhi University. www.fms.edu

• Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai. www.jbims.edu
• Management Development Institute, Gurgaon.www.mdi.ac.in
• Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai. www.nmims.edu
• Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune. www.sibm.edu
3. Careers in Real Estate Management: Property and Real Estate Managers help to coordinate all financial as well as
administrative operations of real estate investments. Property & Real estate Managers get jobs with real estate departments in
banks, NBFCs, trust companies, estate firms, community association management companies and national and international
property management firms. Remuneration: Top level real estate manager can earn a salary of Rs. 70,000-1,00000 per month
along with other fringe benefits. Eligibility: MBA (Real Estate Management) is desirable. Post-Graduate Diploma and
Certificate level courses are desirable.
Institutes:
• Delhi Business School, Delhi.www.dbs.edu.in
• IILM Institute for Higher Education, Gurgaon. www.iilm.edu
• Yajnas Academy of Real Estate Management (YAREM), Hyderabad.
• Institution of Estate Managers and Appraisers, Kolkata. www.iesma.net
• International Institute of Real Estate, Investment and Finance, Delhi.
• St Xavier College, Kolkata. www.sxccal.edu
Distance courses:
Centre for Continuing and Distance Education, Raipur and Karnataka State Open University Mysore
4. Careers in Production Management: Production Managers are experts in technical aspects of the production process.
A production manager deals with the overall production process, economic efficiency and in-time delivery of goods and
services. Production Managers gets jobs in manufacturing industries viz. automobiles, engineering goods, heavy machinery,
iron-steel and other metal industries, chemical and fertilizer, biotechnology industries, agro-base industries, telecom industries,
etc. Eligibility: B.E/B.Tech degree along with MBA (production management). Engineering/Technology graduates have
relative advantage over general graduates.
Institutes offering training courses:
• International Council for Management Studies, Chennai. www.aicomas.org
• All India Institute of Management Studies (AIIMAS), Chennai. www.aiimas.com
• Indian Management Training and Research Institute, Jalandhar.
• Modern Institute Of Management, Delhi. www.templeoflearning.com
5. Careers in Construction Management: Liberalization and growing economy has resulted in many new infrastructure
development projects particularly in the area of transportation, power, petrochemical, telecom, information technology and
real estate. Construction/Project managers have limitless employment opportunities both in public and private sector
infrastructure development companies. In public sector air port, highways, port development, institutions, railways and
defence are among the top employer of construction/project managers. Experienced project managers also can work
independently as consultants. Eligibility: MBA (Construction Managment). Diploma and Certificate level courses in
construction/project management. Bachelor in Engineering/Technology/Architecture students is eligible for these courses.
Institutes
• National Institute of Construction Management and Research (NICMAR), Pune. www.nicmar.ac.in
• The Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology, Ahmedabad. www.cept.ac.in
• Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. www.iitm.ac.in
• Anna University, Chennai. www.annauniv.edu
• Distance learning courses Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi www.ignou.ac.in
6. Careers in Rural Management: Professional Rural Managers are required to assist the villagers in their process of
development. They get employment opportunity in government’s developmental agencies and Non-Government Organizations.
Highly talented managers can find lucrative job options in UN and its specialized agencies or programmes run by them.
International NGOs prefer rural managers for various projects related to rural development. Eligibility: MBA
Institutes offering training courses in rural management:
• Indian Institutes of Management, Ahmedabad and Calcutta. www.iimahd.ernet.in
CAREER IN COMMERCE 133
• Institute of Rural Management, Anand. www.irma.ac.in
• National institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad www.nird.org.in
• Gandhigram Rural Institute, Dindigul District (TN) www.tn.gov.in
• Indian Institute of Rural Management, Jaipur www.iirm.ac.in
• Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi www.xiss.ac.in and
• Tata Institute of Social Science, Mumbai. www.tiss.edu
7. Careers in Materials Management: It provides limitless job opportunities with attractive pay packages are available
in material management. They can be employed in purchasing, storing and supplying departments of defence, railways,
public transport, etc. They also can find lucrative employment opportunities in industrial establishments, corporate houses,
supply chain industries, etc. Eligibility: MBA in any discipline. However, some institutes prefer only engineering graduates.
Institutes offering training courses:
• Indian Institutes of Materials Management, Mumbai www.iimm.org
• Balaji Institute of Management Studies, Pune www.bimmpune.com (Distance learning).
Employers
• Banks • Institutes.
• Companies. • Industries.
• Educational institutes. • Business houses.
• Business firms. • Management colleges.
• Government offices.
Courses
Diploma courses:
• Diploma in Foreign Trade Management
• Diploma in Marketing Management (DMM).
• Diploma in Hotel Management
• Diploma in Tours and Travel management
• Diploma in Export Management
Bachelor programmes
• Bachelor in Hotel Management, Travel & Tourism (BHMTT)
• Bachelor in Business Administration (BBA)
• Masters of Personnel Management (MPM).
• Masters of Marketing Management (MMM)
• Masters of Management Sciences (MMS)
• MBA Pharmaceutical Marketing
• Post-graduate Diploma in Agri-business management
• Post Graduate Diploma Import & Export Management (PGDIEM)
• Post-Graduate Diploma in Hospital Management (PGDHM)/ PGDBM /PGDFS /PGDEM)
• Post-Graduate Diploma in Event management
• Post-Graduate Diploma in Energy Management.
• Post graduate Diploma in Fitness management (PGDFM).
Criteria for selection of B-school:
• Course content. International exposure. • Placements.
• Admission procedure. • Amount of fees.
• International linkages. Industry interface • Affiliation with University or AICTE.
• Autonomous coursed should be selected with caution.
Important Institutes
• IIM (Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Kozhikode and Shillong)
• Xavier Institutes (Jamshedpur and Bhubaneswar). www.ximb.ac.in
134 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Indian School of Business, Hyderabad. www.isb.edu

• Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai. www.jbims.edu
• Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai. www.nmims.edu
• Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune. www.sibm.edu
• Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Delhi. www.iift.edu
• Institute of Management of Technology (IMT) Ghaziabad www.imt.edu.
• Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nasik http://www.ycmou-st.com
Examinations
• Entrance examination for MBA: Management test papers are set with the aim to find out the standard of knowledge,
the aptitude of the candidate and ability to take admission in a management program. CET exam conducted by different
states.
• Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT): It is for admission in leading business schools worldwide. The
Graduate Management Admission Test® (GMAT) is a critical part of the selective admissions process for nearly 4,000
graduate management programs at 1,800 schools around the world. http://www.gmac.com/gmac/thegmat
• ATMA (AIMS Test For Management Admission): ATMA is an all India test that helps potential candidates gain entry
into over 350 Indian management schools in various national and international forums. The selection is done purely
based on the candidate’s performance. www.atma-aims.org
• Commonwealth Executive Master of Business Administration (CEMBA) and Commonwealth Executive Master of
Public Administration (CEMPA) programs: Admission test is conducted by the Indira Gandhi Open University twice
every year for admission. www.col.org/cemba
• Common Admission Test (CAT): The common admission test or CAT is conducted by the Indian Institutes of
Management (IIM’s) every year. The test is conducted to find out the aptitude of the prospective candidates and their
ability to undertake the management programs offered by the institutes. Candidates who appear for CAT can apply to a
total of 40 other institutes apart from the IIM’s. This examination is held online. www.catiim.in
• ICFAI Business School Aptitude Test (IBSAT): ICFAI business school conducts IBSAT aptitude test every year to short
list candidates who wish to take admission in its management programs. Candidates who wish to apply for the 2 year
post graduate management program or the 1 year executive management program can appear for the IBSAT test. By
passing the IBSAT test, candidates can apply for admission to any of the ICFAI business schools situated in Ahmedabad,
Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Goa, Gurgaon, Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur, Kochi, Kolkata, Lucknow,
Mangalore, Mumbai, Noida and Pune. www.ibsat.org
• Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT) MBA Admission Test: The Indian Institute of Foreign Trade conducts its
admission test every year for candidates who wish to get admission in its 2 year management programs. IIFT has
campuses in New Delhi and Kolkata. www.ibsat.org
• Management Aptitude Test (MAT): All India Management Aptitude Testing Service (AIMATS), New Delhi conducts a
Management Aptitude Test (MAT). Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM), Post Graduate Diploma in
Information Technology & Management (PGDITM) are offered by All India Management Association (AIMA-CME) or
other Management Institutes (MI).
• Management Entrance Test (JMET): It is conducted for the admission to the two year full time Postgraduate Degree
Programmes in Management offered by the IITs (Currently IIT Bombay, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Madras
and IIT Roorkee).
• Xavier’s Admission Test (XAT): Admission Test on all India level to select the most appropriate students for management
education. More than 60 Management Institutes select students for XAT associate Institutes. http://www.xlri.edu
• Institutes of Management Technology Entrance (IMT): Admission for doctorate, post graduate and diploma courses.
Distance mode education available.
• Symbiosis National Aptitude Test (SNAP) for autonomous post-graduate programmes.
The great demand for MBA degree has led to mushrooming of business schools around the country. However, an MBA
aspirant must ensure the credibility of an institution before enrolling in the same.
Job Opportunities
The career prospect of professionally qualified managers from India’s top management schools has been excellent in the
recent years. Every year during January and February scores of blue chip companies, banks and financial institutions and
construction houses, both Indian and foreign, throng to the campuses to recruit management students. Most students in top
schools end up with lucrative job-offers with foreign postings.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 135
MBA Courses in India
If you want to become a management graduate and make a mark in the management of business in the Country or abroad,
there are many institutes, both State - run and private, which can provide you the requisite degree. For getting admission into
these management institutes, you have to appear for entrance tests. These Include CAT (for IIMs), MAT (AIMA), XAT
(XLRI), FMS, JMET (IITs & IISc), OPENMAT (IGNOU) and a large number of others.
Top Business Schools In India
1. Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad
Website: www.iimahd.ernet.in
2. Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore
Website: www.iimb.ernet.in
3. Indian Institute of Management, Kolkata
Website: www.iimcal.ac.in
4. Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow
Website: www.iiml.ac.in
5. Institute of Rural Management, Anand
Website: www.irm.ernet.in
6. XLRI, JamshedpurWebsite: www.xlri.edu
7. Management Development Institute, Gurgaon
Website: www.mdi.ac.in
8. Indian Institute of Management, Indore
Website: www.iimidr.ernet.in
9. SP Jain Institute of Management and Research, Mumbai
Website: www.spjimr.org
10. Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Delhi
Website: www.iift.edu
11. Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai
Website: www.nmims.edu
12. International Management Institute, New Delhi
13. Fore School of Management, New DelhiWebsite: www.fsm.ac.in
14. Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad
15. Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai
16. Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneshwar Website: www.ximb.ac.in
17. TA Pai Management Institure, Manipal
Website: www.manipalgroup.com/tapmi/index.html
18. Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore
19. Faculty of Management Studies, Delhi
Website: www.fms.edu
20. Loyola Institute of Business Administration, Chennai
Website: www.liba-loyala.com
21. Vinod Gupta School of Management, IIT Kharagpur
22. Symbiosis Center for Management and HRD, Pune
Website: www.scmhrd.edu
23. NITIE, Mumbai, Website: www.nitie-im.com; www.nitie.edu
24. Nirma Institute of Management, Ahmedabad
25. KJ Somaiya Institute of Management, Studies and Reaserch, Mumbai
26. Department of Management Studies, REC, Trichy
27. Department of Business Administration, Aligarh
28. LB Sastri Institute of Management, New Delhi
29. Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune
30. IILM, New Delhi
136 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

MBA Entrance Exams are conducted all over all India, every year get admission into one of the top management
colleges / institutes. These are also referred as Management Entrance Exams/tests. In some Reputed Management Institutes
like IIM’s etc., 2 year Post Graduate Diploma in Management is awarded which is considered equivalent to 2 years management
degree. Management test papers are set with the aim to find out the standard of knowledge, the aptitude of the candidate and
his or her ability to take admission in a management program.
MBA Entrance Exams Eligibility
The minimum requirements for almost all institutes to seek admission to their Master’s Degree / Post-Graduate Diploma
in Management are :
• A Bachelor’s Degree (or equivalent) in any discipline, with at least 50% aggregate marks (45% for reserved categories). OR
• Appearing at the final-year examination of a minimum three years duration of a Bachelor’s Degree, in any discipline of
a statutory university in India (so recognised by the Association of Indian Universities) OR
• Post-Graduate candidates having at least 50% marks (45% for reserved categories) in either their Bachelor’s or Post-
Graduate Degrees.
Note: Some institutes also require that applicants have 50% at 10th and/or 12th level. Some also have higher eligibility
percentages (55-60%) at graduation level.
List of MBA Entrance Exams
AIMA MAT - AIMA Management Aptitude Test Exam
ATMA - AIMS Test for Management Admissions Entrance Exam
AMU MBA Entrance Exam - Aligarh Muslim University
MBA Entrance Exam AU MBA Entrance Exam - Allahabad University MBA Entrance Exam
AIMT Entrance Exam - Army Institute of Management & Technology Entrance Exam
APIMEE - Asia Pacific Institute of Management Entrance Exam
BIM - Bharathidasan Institute of Management Exam
BVU B-MAT - Bharati Vidyapeeth University Management Aptitude Test
BIMTECH - Birla Institute of Management Technology Exam
BK School of Business Management Entrance Exam
CUMAT - Calicut University Management Aptitude Test
CENTAC MBA ET - Centralised Admission Committee MBA Entrance Test
CAT - Common Admission Test
CMAT - Common Management Admission Test
EMPI Entrance Exam - Entrepreneurship & Management Process International Business Exam
FMS Entrance Test - Faculty of Management Studies Entrance Test
FDDI AIST - Footwear Design & Development Institute All India Selection Test
FSM Entrance - FORE School of Management Entrance Exam
GIM - Goa Institute of Management Entrance Exam
GMAT - Graduate Management Admission Test
GCET - Gujarat Common Entrance Test
GJUST HSB MBA Entrance Ex - Haryana School of Business MBA Entrance Exam
HP CMAT - Himachal Pradesh Combined Management Aptitude Test
IBSAT - ICFAI Business School Aptitude Test
IITD - IITD Department of Management Studies Exam
IIBF - Indian Institute of Banking & Finance Exam
IIFT - Indian Institute of Foreign Trade Exam
IIIT - Indian Institute of Information Technology Entrance Exam
IISWBM - Indian Institute of Social Welfare & Business Management Entrance Exam
IMU-CET(MBA) - Indian Maritime University Combined Entrance Test
ISMU - Indian School of Mines University Entrance Exam
IGNOU OPENMAT - Indira Gandhi National Open University OPEN Management Admission Test
IMDR - Institute of Management Development and Research Entrance Exam
CAREER IN COMMERCE 137

IPMG - Institute of Petroleum Management Entrance Exam

IRMA - Institute of Rural Management Entrance Exam
IMI PGDM - International Management Institute Exam
JIMS - Jagannath International Management School Entrance Exam
JBIMS - Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies Entrance Exam
JEMAT - Joint Entrance Management Aptitude Test
KMAT - Karnataka Management Aptitude Test
KAUMAT - Kerala Agricultural University Management Aptitude Test
KIITEE Management Exam - KIITEE Management Entrance Exam
KIAMS - Kirloskar Institute of Advanced Management Studies Entrance Exam
SIMSR PGDM - KJ Somaiya Institute of Management Studies and Research Entrance Exam
LBSIM - Lal Bahadur Shastri Institute of Management Entrance Exam
LUMAT - Lucknow University Management Aptitude Test
MP MET - Madhya Pradesh Management Entrance Test
MAH CET - Maharashtra CET for MBA/MMS/PGDBM/PGDBA
MAST - Management Aptitude and Skills Test
MDI - Management Development Institute Entrance Exam
MDI PGPM PT Entrance Exam - Management Development Institute PGPM PT Entrance Exam
MICAT - Mudra Institute of Communications Ahmedabad Admission Test
MBS - Mumbai Business School Entrance Exam
NMAT - Narsee Monjee Management Aptitude Test
NIBM - National Institute of Bank Management Entrance Exam
NICMAR Entrance Exam - National Institute of Construction Management and Research Entrance Exam
NITIE - National Institute of Industrial Engineering Exam
NDIM - New Delhi Institute of Management Exam
NIPER JEE - NIPER Joint Entrance Exam
NUIM - Nirma University Institute of Management Exam
PU MBA (Off Campus) Entra - Panjab University MBA (Off Campus) Entrance Exam
PIMR - Prestige Institute of Management and Research Entrance Exam
PU MET - Punjab University Management Entrance Test
RMAT - Rajasthan Management Aptitude Test Exam
SPJIMR Exam - S P Jain Institute of Management & Research Exam
SDM Institute for Management Development Entrance Test
SBS Entrance Exam - Skyline Business School Entrance Exam
SNAP - Symbiosis National Aptitude Test
TAPMI - T.A. Pai Management Institute Entrance Exam
TANCET - Tamil Nadu Common Entrance Test (MBA)
UPES MET - University of Petroleum and Energy Studies Management Entrance Test
UPMCAT - Uttar Pradesh Management Common Aptitude Test
VIT MBA Entrance Exam - Vellore Institute of Technology MBA Entrance Exam
XAT - Xavier Aptitude Test
XIMB - Xavier Institute of Management Bhubaneswar Entrance Exam
Discontinued Exams
JMET - Joint Management Entrance TestDiscontinued
KSM - Karunya School of Management Entrance ExamDiscontinued
MBA Entrance Exams Application Procedure
• Most institutes advertise in all leading newspapers giving information on details regarding prospectus and application
forms. On receipt of duly filled application forms, the institutes issue test admit cards which entitles the candidate to
take the entrance test.
138 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• The Prospectus for various institutes are priced anywhere between Rs. 300/- to Rs. 1000/-. Most of the institutes include
the examination fee in this price. However some may ask for additional amount as examination fee. It is advisable for
students to plan out in advance with regards to exam preferences and fill up only those forms as the cost of entering in
these exams is high.
MBA Entrance Exams Pattern
These may vary from Institute to Institute. Some have no Group Discussions and some include unrehearsed speech.
• Written Test - The first phase of selection of candidates for admission to the Masters / Post-Graduate Diploma in
Management is on the basis of their performance in a Written Test. This seeks to test the aptitude of the candidates in
four major areas - Verbal Ability, Reading Comprehension, Quantitative Ability and Business Data Interpretation. Some
institutes also ask Business and General Awareness questions while some may include an essay writing section.
• Qualitative Assessment - After the entrance exam every institute shortlists candidates for qualitative assessment which
mainly includes two stages.
• Group Discussion.
• Personal Interview.
This stage of selection evaluates candidates Leadership abilities, grasping power, analytical thought process, communication
skills and other personality attributes.
Final selection is based on assessment based on marks in the written exam, the Group Discussions and Personal Interview.
Work experience is given additional weightage at most of the institutes.

Studying MBA Abroad: The Popular Choice

It is estimated that almost two thirds’ of India’s GDP comes from family business. Little wonder then, the majority of
Indian students go abroad to study business and commerce related subjects. At the master’s level, an MBA is by far the most
popular option. The degree offers specialization in a number of subjects including
• Finance and Accounts management
• Marketing,
• Human resource management,
• Strategy management,
• Operations & logistics management
• General management
• E-commerce
• Supply chain management
• Entrepreneurship
Thanks to the tremendous growth in online business space, e-commerce etc.
An MBA is perfect choice for students with at least three years of full time work experience and who want to become an
effective managers and leaders. Students from backgrounds including Engineering, medicine, law and even teaching, can
apply for the MBA program.
An MBA is an expensive degree. However do not let the cost deter you from pursuing it. You can find less costly MBA
options and apply for scholarships as well. If you do not have the funds needed for MBA consider a specialized Master’s.
While an MBA is most suited for students with at least three years of full time work experience, fresh graduates can also
join the program. The US and Canada are the top choices of an aspirant. admission seekers are required to take the Graduate
Management Aptitude Test(GMAT) and the Test Of English as Foreign Language(TOEFL).do keep in mind some universities
will still need a Graduate Record Examination (GRE) or GMAT score and sometimes even require to have the work experience.
Many students who wish to setup new business or expand existing family business opt for Entrepreneurship for specialization,
learning how to manage the risks that go along with launching business ventures.
Financial Management
It is responsible for obtaining and effectively utilizing the funds necessary for effective operations of a business organization.
An MBA in Finance is full of options ,as it offers variety of subjects like Corporate Finance, Costing, Budgeting, International
Finance, Working Capital management, investments and Security analyst in Brokerage firms. The scope of MBA in Finance
is aplenty.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 139

Marketing Management
It involves application of marketing techniques and the management of firm marketing resources and activities. He/She
works a marketing manager for the business organization.
Human Resource Management
Its function in an organization to maximize employee performance, it is mainly concerned with how people are managed
within an organization. Human Resource Management comprises of three areas
• Plant personnel
• Corporate personnel
• Human resource Development maintaining positive and healthy industrial relations, recruitment for the organization,
payroll, appraisals and administrations and all matters related workers union.
Operations Management
It concerns overseeing, designing and controlling the production and redesigning business operations in the operations
of goods or services. It includes excellent negotiation skills, general idea about manufacturing, sales, and distribution channel
of the company. it also comprises of supply chain management, quality control, logistics, inventory control, and production
planning and improvement.
The Finance Formula:
Tips on how students can manage their finances while studying abroad…….
Studying abroad is an exciting yet expensive affair. Most countries, other than US, allow international students to work
off campus while studying. In US, international students are permitted to work for a period of 20 hours per week .While other
countries, too, have a similar limitation on the number of hours. International students to find jobs on and off campus as well.
For instance, in Canada, yoy can apply for a permit that allows working off campus 20 hours per week during the academic and
40 hour s per week during the vacations. The rules are not very different for students who study in UK and Australia.
By working on or off campus, you can expect to earn sufficient funds for your personal expenses and sometimes even
living expenses. But very rarely, you will able to fund your entire education from this income. The work students typically do
on campus includes working in the library, laboratory, dining halls, admission offices, etc. off campus employment usually
involves working in restaurants and petrol pumps. The average minimum wage in the US is $8.25 per hour. Thus working for
20 hours in the minimum wage can fetch you about $660 per month.
Graduate Assistantships
Students unable to work on or off campus can apply for funding from the university as well. Most universities in the US
and some in Canada and Australia offer students GRADUATE ASSISTANTSHIPS (GAs). A GA is an award which pays for your
entire tuition fee as well as your monthly stipend. They can (TAs) or research assistants (RAs)., to assist professors in grading
pares. Teach in small classes and help with research. Assistantships are extremely competetiveand are granted to students with
excellent grades and, those wit work experiences. Students can earn a stipend up to US$1,200 per month.
Need Based Funding
If you do not land up with a GA or an on or off campus job, you can still apply to the university for merit or need based
funding. Many universities offer scholarships to students with excellent grades, these are not only competitive but also based
on need. Thus, if you can demonstrate that you actually need the funds, you may have better chance to receive them directly
at the university level. Such scholarships generally cover 10-75% of the tuition fee.
Education Loans
Finally, if you have no other choice, you can apply for education loans in India. Several banks offer education loans up
to Rs. 30, 00,000 with an interest rate around 11.75% and the repayment starts after one year of the completion of course or six
months after getting a job, whichever happens earlier. The loan must be paid within 12 years. The security require to obtain it
is usually around 115% of the loan amount.
Banks in the US give loans to international students without security only if a citizen or a green card holder with good
credit history acts as their guarantor. It has lower rate of interest 7-9% and repayment period is up to 25 years.
A good way to fund your education is a combination of the several options listed above.
If you wish to pursue your education overseas, make sure that you plan your finances before applying for admissions
or at least before you leave the country.
140 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Career Opportunities in MBA-FINANCE

• Equity Research • Investment Banking
• Derivatives • Technical Analysis
• Mergers & Acquisitions • Corporate Finance
• Credit Research • Private Equity
• Trading • Portfolio Management
• Own Business • Financial Research
Finance — the sector most battered by the global meltdown — is making a comeback. News streaming in from top B-
school campuses such as the IIMs talks of finance positions once again claiming their place in the sun. Financial heavyweights
are flexing their muscles once again on Day Zero. Names currently doing the rounds are Morgan Stanley, JP Morgan Chase,
Credit Suisse, UBS, HSBC, RBS, Barclays, Bank of America — Merrill Lynch, Nomura and many more.
Although a lot of us may want to take advantage of this, a lot of questions may also arise in our mind.
What are the roles these financial companies offer? What is the meaning of all the perplexing finance positions in these
companies? What does one do exactly? What is the skill set required? How much does one get paid?
Finance as a career option is a very wide term. In a survey by an education portal, it was pointed out that over 75 per
cent students took finance purely because they felt that it paid the most. That shows one thing: mostly students and job-
seekers find who opt for this specialisation do not know what they are getting into.
This is an attempt to simplify some of the financial career options students should look at when contemplating a career
in finance.
1. Private equity: The role of private equity is to raise funds from large investors and invest the money directly into
businesses. The usual manner is to raise money from overseas investors and then find businesses in the growth stage. Most
private equity funds ‘exit’ the investment after a period of time by selling their holding in the business to some other investors
or doing an initial public offering of the shares of the business. Investment banking comprises two major businesses. One is the
advisory/ corporate finance role which entails mergers and acquisitions. This would entail understanding valuations, finding
targets, negotiation and compliance with legal regulations. The second role is what is more popularly called equity capital
markets role. This entails helping corporates raise funds from investors or the public. So it may entail working on IPOs or
Institutional Offerings.
2. Fund Management: As a fund manager, one is an important decision-maker typically at a mutual fund. The fund
manager has a good overall understanding of the macro factors which affect the markets as well as the micro factors about
which company to invest in. He invests money in stock market, debt market, directly into companies, etc depending upon his
fund mandate.
3. Equity Research& Sales: The role of equity research is to find out the correct value of the stock which is trading on
the stock exchange doing various types of research namely fundamental and technical analysis. There are two types of ERs
though. One is the sell-side research which belongs to a brokerage, the aim is to do research and sell investment ideas to
investors so as to earn commission on trading by the investor. The second is buy-side research, which is a part of usually a buy
side fund like a mutual fund. They analyse the research results of various brokerages in addition to their own research on
investment ideas for the fund manager.
This role entails arranging for long-term finance for infrastructure and industrial projects which will take a long time to
pay back. The first step is to understand the project, conduct a feasibility study, risk assessment and a detailed financial model.
This is done with the purpose to rope in equity partners (known as sponsors) and lenders. Generally the lending part is done
by multiple banks under leadership of the syndicate bank.
4. Financial Risk Management: Financial risk management is the practice of creating economic value in a firm by
using financial instruments to manage exposure to risk, particularly credit risk and market risk. Similar to general risk
management, financial risk management requires identifying its sources, measuring it, and plans to address them. Financial
risk management can be qualitative and quantitative. As a specialisation of risk management, financial risk management
focuses on when and how to hedge using financial instruments to manage costly exposures to risk. In the banking sector
worldwide, the Basel Accords are generally adopted by internationally active banks for tracking, reporting and exposing
operational, credit and market risks.
Within corporate banking some of the departments are:
• Credit Borrowing to companies for their expansion and working capital requirements. Would entail doing a credit
evaluation on the company and sanctioning the loan
• Treasury Help companies manage various types of risks such as foreign exchange, interest rate fluctuations. Treasuries
also take proprietary positions to make profit in the ‘forex’ and bond markets.
CAREER IN COMMERCE 141
• Cash Management Solutions: As most companies have a large number of customers, distributors or branch offices across
the country it becomes a huge challenge to deal in money. Banks offer cash management solutions to help streamline
this entire operation for its corporate customers.
5. Wealth Management: Wealth management is an investment advisory discipline that incorporates financial planning,
investment portfolio management and a number of aggregated financial services. High net worth individuals, small business
owners and families who desire the assistance of a credentialed financial advisory specialist call upon wealth managers to
coordinate retail banking, estate planning, legal resources, tax professionals and investment management.
Wealth managers can be independent, certified financial planners. One must already have accumulated a significant
amount of wealth for wealth management strategies to be effective. Wealth management can be provided by banks, brokerages,
independent financial advisers or multi-licensed portfolio managers whose services are designed to focus on high-net worth
customers.
The fallout of the events of 2008 has produced a high level of skepticism and distrust among investors, and they will
demand greater transparency from their providers to understand what they own, the value of their investments and associated
risks.
6. Corporate Finance: A career in corporate finance means you would work for a company to help it find money to run
the business, grow the business, make acquisitions, plan for its financial future and manage any cash on hand. You might work
for a large multinational company or a smaller player with high growth prospects.
The job of the financial officer is to create value for a company. As a corporate finance professional one is typical involved
in four main activities to meet its objectives: (1) designing, implementing and monitoring financial policies, (2) planning and
executing the financing programme, (3) managing cash resources, and (4) interfacing with the financial community and
investors.
Jobs in corporate finance are also relatively stable. Performance in these jobs counts, but your job is not going to depend
on whether you’re selling enough this week or getting good deals finished this quarter. Some of the benefits of working in
corporate finance are:
• You generally work in teams which help you work with people
• It’s a lot of fun to tackle business problems that really matter
• You’ll have many opportunities to travel and meet people and
• The pay in corporate finance is generally quite good
Thus, a budding financial wiz should look at understanding which area interests him/her the most and build skill sets
which can help take the leap into financial sector.
A career in finance - essentially perceived as a back office record keeping job, has become much more challenging and
interesting these days with the liberalisation of the Indian economy. Today, it is seen as a career that provides a greater role in
decision making, planning and controlling operations in any organisation.
Acquiring an appropriate professional qualification is the first positive step towards a successful career. A bachelor’s
degree in commerce or economics is a good starting point.
The big three Indian professional bodies offering finance-related certification - chartered accountancy (CA), management
accountancy (ICWA) or company secretary (CS) allow students to pursue their courses after finishing school by enrolling for
the foundation stage without having to wait for completing a bachelor’s degree. These courses take approximately three years
and are a good blend of theoretical education and practical training, designed to equip students with the relevant level of
knowledge and skills for the profession. Though the chartered accountancy course has enjoyed wide popularity with those
keen on traditional finance, accounting and tax career, ICWA and CS programmes have gained popularity over the last few
years.
An MBA in finance or a master’s programme in finance and control are some other options to consider. In order to widen
knowledge and diversify skills, most students opt for two professional courses, a good combination to provide flexibility with
career options. All institutes do provide the benefits like paper wise exemptions based on each other’s qualifications.
International Qualifications
In recent years, the ceasing of economic barriers has put India at the forefront of trained human resource pool, not only in
information technology but also in finance. Thus, international careers have become highly remunerative and provide good
mobility.
There is a good mix of international qualifications that are open to students in India - Chartered Financial Analysts (CFA)
programme offered by the Association for Investment Management and Research (AIMR), Certified Public Accountants
(CPA), Chartered Institute of Management Accountants course (CIMA) and the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants
(ACCA).
142 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Those willing to commit themselves to a full-time course may consider pursuing a programme from an overseas university
or a business school. There are several leading American, British, European and Asian institutes that offer specialised courses
in finance with good post qualification placement options.
Employment Options
The professional careers’ market is hard hit these days due to recession and finance is no exception. The financial markets
may not be soaring, putting careers in equity sales, research and trading out of favour. However, areas like traditional banking
with specific knowledge of leasing and derivative products, fixed income and credit derivatives still hold a lot of promise.
Besides, opportunities for fresh graduates and experienced professionals exist in traditional finance areas - avenues exist
in finance departments, audit and taxation, banks, management consulting and public services hold a lot of promise, both in
professional practice and industry.
There is a section of the corporate world that believes that finance professionals make better CEOs. Undoubtedly,
competent and enterprising finance professionals are a captive requirement to keep the wheels of corporate businesses turning.
Foreign Institutions
London School of Economics: www.lse.ac.uk
London Business School: www.london.edu
Standard University: www.standford.edu
Wharton School at University of Pennsylvania: www.wharton.upenn.edu
Harvard Business School: www.HBS.EDU
University of Oxford: www.ox.ac.uk University of Cambridge: www.cam.ac.uk
University of Reading-ISMA centre: www.isma.rdg.ac.uk

M.Com versus MBA

Factors such as stiff competition from professional degree including MBA, the slow pace of updating curriculum, lack of
practical focus and a misconception that the degree only leads to teaching jobs ,have contributed to steady decline to the
popularity of an MCom Degree.
However, most students at the crossroads of choosing their higher education path fail to realize that a foundation lead by
a BCom degree, but also imparts the much needed skills to handle task such as accounting, financial analysis, actuarial
analysis and risk management etc.
The two year M.Com program covers a wide range of subjects in the financial domain such as economics, financial
management, corporate financial , accounting , quantitative analysis , income tax , corporate law, organizational behavior,
security analysis etc. This also includes marketing, human resources, foreign trade, advertising, sales management, consumer
behavior, business, e-commerce etc., all of which are either taught as separate courses or as exclusive specialization.
“The syllabus of both MBA and M.Com degree are almost the same. However, an MBA hones an individual’s soft skills;
a PG degree in commerce inculcates a much deeper understanding of finance among students.”
“A degree in M.Com refines the analytical abilities and problem solving skills of student’s while opening up avenues in
academics.”
Furthermore the syllabus of M.Com is enhanced to involve components of assignments and theoretical basis which
develop business and marketing strategies.
Other aspect is its low cost when compares to an MBA degree, as well as its focus on niche subjects such as accounting,
taxation and securities management, which have a great market demand.
So, it is said that pursuing an M.Com degree helps in gaining a clear understanding of economic concepts.
M.Com graduates are recruited to tax planning, strategic accounting, costing and related areas. Banks and PSUs such
as SBI, HDFC Bank, BSNL BHEL Andhra Pradesh’s APCPDCL and AP civil supplies recruit them, as do the stock
exchanges, the securities and exchange board of India, IIM’s and research institutes. An analytical aptitude, basic knowledge
of accounting, polished verbal and written communication skills and presentation are required.
“For a CA student completing an M.Com not only gives them an additional degree but also enhances their job prospects”.
You can also apply for distance learning program, such as IDOL by Mumbai University.

4.27. DEGREE COURSES IN COMMERCE

B.Com. B.A. (Business Economics)
B.B.A. (Accounting and Finance) B.B.A. (Banking and Finance)
B.B.A. (Banking) B.B.A. (Marketing and Finance)
CAREER IN COMMERCE 143
B.B.M. (C.A.) B.C.S. (Bachelor of Corporate Secretary ship)
B.Com. (Accountancy) B.Com. (Accounting & Taxation)
B.Com. (Accounting and Finance) B.Com. (Actuarial Science)
B.Com. (Advanced Accountancy) B.Com. (Advertising & Brand Management)
B.Com. (Applied Economics) B.Com. (Banking & Finance)
B.Com. (Banking and Insurance) B.Com. (Banking Management)
B.Com. (Business Administration) B.Com. (Business Economics & Business Envir.)
B.Com. (Business Economics) B.Com. (Business Mathematics and Statistics)
B.Com. (Fundamentals of Auditing) B.Com. (Hons.)
B.Com. (Hons.) (Accountancy) B.Com. (Hons.) (Accounting and Finance)
B.Com. (Hons.) (Banking and Insurance) B.Com. (Hons.) (Comp. Applications & e-Business)
B.Com. (Hons.) (Cost & Management Accounting) B.Com. (Hons.) (Direct and Indirect Taxation)
B.Com. (Hons.) (Indian Financial System and Financial Market) B.Com. (Hons.) (International Accounting)
B.Com. (Hons.) (Marketing Management) B.Com. (Hons.) (Marketing)
B.Com. (Garment Production & Export Management) B.Com. (Human Resource Management)
B.Com. (Industrial Management) B.Com. (Information Systems)
B.Com. (Information Technology) B.Com. (Insurance Management)
B.Com. (Management and Marketing of Insurance) B.Com. (Hons.) (Taxation)
B.Com. (Management of Tourism Business) B.Com. (Management Studies)
B.Com. (Commercial Law) B.Com. (Computer Applications & Informatics)
B.Com. (Computer Applications) B.Com. (Corporate Accountancy)
B.Com. (Corporate Affairs and Administration) B.Com. (Corporate Secretary ship)
B.Com. (Customer Service Management) B.Com. (e-commerce)
B.Com. (Elements of Cost and Management Accounting) B.Com. (Electronic Education)
B.Com. (Entrepreneurship Development & Business Comm.) B.Com. (Executive Communication)
B.Com. (Export Import Management) B.Com. (Financial Accounting)
B.Com. (Financial Markets) B.Com. (Tourism & Travel Management)
B.Com. (Marketing & Advertising) B.Com. (Marketing and Retail Management)
B.Com. (Marketing Management) B.Com. (Money and Financial System)
B.Com. (Office Mgmt. & Secretarial Practice) B.Com. (Principles and Practice of Accountancy)
B.Com. (Principles of Management) B.Com. (Professional)
B.Com. (Information Technology and its Application in Business) B.Com. (Secretarial Practice)
Bachelor of International Business and Finance - BIBFB.Com. (Stat.) B.Com. (Taxation)
B.Com. (Supply Chain Management) B.Com. (Tax Procedure and practice)
B.Sc. (Banking and Finance) Bachelor of Business Studies (B.B.S.)
Bachelor of System Administration - BSA Final Course for Company Secretary (CS)
Final Course for ICWAIFoundation Course for Company Secretary (CS)
Foundation Course of ICWAIIntermediate Course for Company Secretary
Intermediate course of ICWAIM.B.A. (Banking & Taxation)
M.B.A. (Banking and Finance) M.B.A. (e-Commerce)
M.B.A. (International Business and E-Commerce) M.B.A. (Sales & Marketing)
M.C.A. (Commerce) M.Com.
M.Com. (Accountancy and Business Statistics) M.Com. (Accountancy)
M.Com. (Accounting and Auditing) M.Com. (Accounting and Finance)
M.Com. (Accounting and Taxation) M.Com. (Advanced Accountancy)
M.Com. (Finance and Systems) M.Com. (Finance and Taxation)
M.Com. (Finance) M.Com. (Finance, Banking & Risk Management)
M.Com. (Financial Management) M.Com. (Financial Management)
M.Com. (Financial Services) M.Com. (Financial Studies)
M.Com. (Foreign Trade Management ) M.Com. (Hons.)
M.Com. (Human Resource Development) M.Com. (International Banking)
M.Com. (Management) M.Com. (Marketing)
M.Com. (Sales & Marketing) M.Com. (Statistics)
M.Com. (Garment Production & Export Management) M.Com. (Taxation)
M.Com. (Tourism Administration) M.Com. (Trade & Services)
M.Com. International Business
144
M.Com. (Management Accounting & Financial Strategies)
M.Phil. (Business Finance & Economics)
M.Phil. (Commerce)
M.Phil. (Operational Research)
M.Sc. (Finance and Computer Applications)
M.Sc. (Financial Mathematics)
M.Com. (Business Studies)
M.Com. (Business Policy and Corporate Governance)
M.Com. (Finance & Computer Applications)
M.Com. (Computer Applications)
M.Com. (Computer Oriented Business Application)
M.Com. (Corporate Accountancy)
M.Com. (Corporate Secretary ship)
M.Com. (Cost Control and Control Accounts)
M.Com. (e-Commerce)
M.Com. (Entrepreneurship)
Master of Finance and Control (MFC)
Diploma Courses in Commerce
Advanced Diploma Course In Banking Services
Advanced Diploma in e-Commerce
Advanced Diploma in Financial Accounting & Taxation
Advanced Diploma In Taxation
Diploma in Accounting & Auditing
Diploma in Administrative Services
Diploma in Advance Accounting
Diploma in Advance Cost Accounting
Diploma in Banking & Finance
Diploma in Banking & Insurance Management
Diploma in Banking and Insurance
Diploma in Banking Laws
Diploma in Banking Management
Diploma in e-Commerce
Diploma in Finance, Budget and Accounting (DFBA)
Diploma in Financial Accounting & Taxation (DFAT)
Diploma in Income Tax & Company Law (DITCL)
Diploma in International Banking & Finance
Diploma in Mother & Child Health & Family Welfare
Diploma in Operational Research
Diploma in Statistical Process Control & Operations Research
Diploma In Stock Analysis and Trading (DSAT)
Certificate Course in Operations Research (OR) with
Applications in Engineering and Management
Certificate Course in Applied Managerial Economics
Certificate Course in Banking
Certificate Course in Financial Accounting & Taxation (CCFAT)
Certificate Course in Personal Management (CCPM)
Certificate in Accounting Technicians (CAT)
Certified Management Accountant
CFA - Chartered Financial Analyst
IFRS Certification - ICAI
CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH
M.Phil. (Accounting)
M.Phil. (Corporate Secretary ship)
M.Sc. (Banking & Finance)
M.Sc. (Financial Economics and Administration)
Master in Banking, Finance and Insurance
Master of Investment and Financial Analysis
Master of Marketing Technology (MMT)
Master of Valuation (Real Estate)
Ph.D. (Banking & Finance)
Ph.D. (Business Economics)
Ph.D. (Business Economics)
Ph.D. (Financial Studies)
Ph.D. (Statistics)
Professional Education (Course PE-I)
Professional Education (Course PE-II)
Advance Diploma in Urban Co-Operative Banking
Post Graduate Diploma in Banking
Post Graduate Diploma in Capital Market & Financial Services
Post graduate Diploma in Development & Investment Banking
Post Graduate Diploma in E-Commerce
Post Graduate Diploma -Financial Markets & Insurance
Post Graduate Diploma in International Financial Accounting
System (PGDIFAS)
Post Graduate Diploma in Taxation
Post Graduate Program in Financial Engineering (PGPFE)
Post Graduate Programme in Securities Markets
Professional Diploma in Accounting
PGDPA - Post Graduate Diploma in Professional Accounting
PGSCS -Post Graduate Diploma (Company Secretaryship)
Post Graduate Diploma in Investment & Financial Analysis
PGDBM - Post Graduate Diploma in Bank Management
PGDAS - Post Graduate Diploma in Accounting Software
PGDBFM - Post Graduate Diploma in Banking and Financial
Management
Diploma in Taxation
Diploma in Tally Software
Certificate Courses in Commerce
Certificate Course in Office Automation
ACCA - Association of Chartered Certified Accountants
Association of Chartered Certified Accountants
Certificate Course in Central Excise (CCCE)
Certificate Course in Income Tax (CCIT)
Certificate Course in Micro Finance
Certificate Course in Financial Engineering and Risk
Management - CFERM
Certificate in Accounting
Certificate Programme on Capital Markets (CPCM)
Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
CIMA - Chartered Institute of Management Accountant
Post Graduate Certificate in Investment Banking
 5
CHAPTER

Career in Law
5.1. CAREER IN LAW: INTRODUCTION Chapter Outline
A Complete guide for helping you to become an advocate in India. This G Career in Law: Introduction
article includes highly researched information on Job introduction, how to G Common Law Admission Test
steps, Course Structure, Job opportunities, eligibility and remuneration for G Major Law Entrance Exams for Admission
helping you to become a good advocate. to LLB Courses
G LSAT India
Job Introduction G Other Law Entrance Exams
An advocate is defined as the one who publicly supports or recommends G List of Law Schools in India
a particular cause or policy. In legal system an advocate pleads the cause of
another in a court of law. An advocate is the compulsory constituent of the
legal system of any country. He is responsible for accurate presentation of the case and to bring it to an end. The duty of an
advocate is extremely crucial. He has to deal with the highest individual and social interest. The judiciary passes its verdict on
the basis of the facts and debates presented by the advocates. An Advocate can effectively make or ruin any case. Due to such
enormous and significant role in the legal system, he is also known as ‘the officer of the court’.
Advocate meets the client and form the basis or outline of the case. The final documentation and the case structure are
however formed only after undergoing the facts and the ground situation. Indian legal system is quite intricate and demands
the highest standards of knowledge for comprehension. An advocate is responsible for putting up the things right in place so
as to frame a strong case in interest of his client. In a nut shell, an advocate meets up the clients; frame cases/litigations/appeals
etc and effectively represent his client in the court of law. Those who have a sense of social responsibility and possess high
morality and sense of commitment should pursue their career in law.

Instructions
Bachelor’s degree in Law (L.L.B)
It is compulsory to possess a Bachelor’s degree in Law (L.L.B) duly recognized by bar council of India to become an
advocate.
Types of Course
In India, there are two types of courses offered by various universities for the degree of law. One is the three years course
offered after graduation and another one is the five year’s integrated course which commences right after the completion of
12thstandard. Choose the appropriate course as per the eligibility conditions.
Common Law Entrance Test
A common law entrance test (CLAT) is conducted on all India basis for getting admissions into five year integrated course
in various law schools of the country. Only those who meet the eligibility criteria and pass this test are allowed admissions in
the law schools all over the country. However, there are some universities that conduct their own entrance examination, viz.
Symbiosis, NLU Delhi, NLU Orissa etc. Some universities grant the admissions on the basis of test conducted by Law School
Admission Council (LSAC). Then there are several state level entrance tests also. The topics that are mainly covered in these
entrance exams are: legal aptitude, Logical reasoning, English including comprehension, General knowledge/ current affairs
and Elementary mathematics.
145
146 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Three Years Degree

For three years degree course, some universities conduct separate entrance exams. On the other hand, some universities
give admissions on the basis of merit only.
Internship
After the successful completion of the degree in law, a mandatory internship is compulsory for every aspiring advocate as
per the guidelines and the norms of the institution.
Enrollment as a Advocate in India
An advocate has to get himself/herself enrolled to any State Bar Council regulated by the advocate’s act, 1961 before
getting into the profession of law. It is only after this registration that they are allowed to practice in any part of the country.
Course Structure for Advocate
The 3 years bachelor’s degree program comprises of six semesters. The main teaching tools for the course are seminars,
tutorial work, moot courts and practical training programs. Though the subjects vary as per the chosen specialization filed but
the common subjects among different courses are code of civil procedure, contracts, jurisprudence, legal methods, litigation
advocacy, and political science. The general degree of law can be obtained after the completion of four semesters but the
complete degree is granted only after the successful completion of six semesters only.
Recognition of the Course
It is important to possess a bachelor’s degree in law duly recognized by Bar Council of India. To practice anywhere across
the country, a duly recognized degree from bar council of India is mandatory. Both the three year and the five year integrated
degree holders are equally eligible to practice law anywhere in the country. Bar Council of India is the supreme regulatory
body to regulate legal profession in the country. Any university or college granting any degree or course which is not duly
recognized by BCI is considered invalid for pursuing the law profession.
Job Opportunities
There are umpteen options for a law graduate. An advocate can set up his office and can practice independently from the
very first day of career. The area of specialization can also be chose according to individual instincts and inclinations.
Criminal lawyer, civil lawyer, corporate lawyer or one dealing with the income tax cases etc are some of the widely available
options. The new beginners can also join the senior lawyers in the profession to gain the necessary experience and learn the
intricacies of subject.
An advocate can also serve in the government sector. There are various tests conducted for the selection of public lawyer.
Judicial career is also an extension of the law graduate only. Clearing the judicial services examination of states can help in
becoming the Civil Judge or Judicial Magistrate. An advocate is also eligible to appear for administrative examinations held
on state and national level.
There are several other options in the private sector also. One can join a legal firm and can work as legal assistant in the
beginning and can add experience and enjoy monetary gains with the passage of time. Or one can also join corporate houses
as legal advisor and can rise up to higher strategic posts in the times to come. Advocates are in high demand in banking sector
also.
Eligibility of Advocate
There are two types of courses available in the country. For the integrated five year course, the eligibility criteria is a
minimum 50% passing marks in the 12th grade examination. And the candidate should not be above 20 years of age in general
category.
The three years course covets a successful completion of bachelor’s degree with minimum 50% passing marks in any
stream. There is no set age limit for this course.
With the successful completion of the degree anyone is eligible to practice law in the country. However, there is an
amendment effective from December 2010, for all the fresh law graduates or those who have not yet enrolled with bar council
of India to clear a bar examination before starting practice in any court or tribunal of the country.
Typically no lawyer works nine to five instead this is time they are in court. All spade work and preparation for the case
has to be done after court and thus, lawyers work beyond regular working hrs.
These days, most of the large companies and MNC’s have a separate legal department where there are job hierarchies for
the work. The jobs of all the lawyers require a lot of research and analysis and a very thorough knowledge of the subject.
CAREER IN LAW 147

Some of the Career Options that one can pursue after completing Law Courses are as follows:
• Advocate, Advocate General, Attorney General, Company Secretary, District Attorney
• Legal Advisors, Legal Process Outsourcing (LPO) • Magistrate
• Notary / Oath Commissioner • Public Prosecutors, Solicitor, Teacher
Remuneration
The remuneration is variable for an advocate. Generally, the career is not highly rewarding in the initial years of private
practice. But once you set up your name and prove your reliability, there are no limits to the earnings. With the advancement
of time and career, the remuneration of the advocate rises sharply.
Those who join the private sector can earn as much as Rs.50, 000 per month in the early years of professional life. For those
who prefer the government sector, the remuneration is satisfactory along with the emoluments etc.
An advocate’s profession is one of the highest rewarding and lucrative career option. But it demands hard work and
dedication towards the cause.
INDIA’s Top LAW Colleges, 2014-15 (5 year law schools)
1. NLSIU, Bangalore
2. NALSAR Hyderabad
3. NUJS, Kolkata
4. NLU, Jodhpur
5. NLU, Mumbai
6. NLIU, Bhopal
7. GLNU, Gandhinagar
8. AMITY LAW OF SCHOOL, Delhi
9. SYMBIOSIS, Pune
10. GLC, Mumbai
11. HNLU, Raipur
12. ILS, Pune
Bachelor of Law Specialisation
• Corporate law • Civil law • Criminal law • International law • Labour law
Bachelor of Law Subjects
Subject of law vary from one’s choice of specialisation.however,there are some common subjects. These are
• Legal methods • Contracts
• Jurisprudence • Code of civil procedure
• Litigation advocacy • Political science
Personal Attributes
Who can and who should pursue a bachelor of law degree. People who have good presence of mind and who are
extrovert are the most suited for this profession. A lawyer should also have the good communication skills. They have to cross
check the observer and set up facts before the court. The skills related to analysis are extremely important to a successful lawyer.

5.2. COMMON LAW ADMISSION TEST

Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) is a centralized test for admission to prominent National Law Universities in
India. The test is taken after the Higher Secondary Examination or the 12th grade for admission to integrated under graduation
programmes in Law and after Graduation in Law for Master of Laws(LL.M) programmes conducted by these law universities.
This test was conducted for the first time on 11 May 2008 by NLSIU-Bangalore. A total number of 1037 seats from seven law
schools were offered to be filled by the test. The two-hour admission test consists of objective type covering questions on
English, general knowledge, basic mathematics, besides legal and logical reasoning. The second CLAT, for the academic
year 2009-10, was conducted on 17 May 2009 by Nalsar-hyderabad and subsequently by the preceding NLU(s) according to
their establishment.
Today, CLAT has become one of the most competitive admission tests in India with an acceptance rate of only 2% under
general merit, which makes admission to National Law Universities much more difficult than other premier law schools of the
148 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

world such as Harvard Law School, Yale Law School and others statistically.
Background
Before the introduction of CLAT, the autonomous law schools in India conducted their own separate entrance tests,
requiring the candidates to prepare and appear separately for each of these tests. The schedule of the administration of these
tests sometimes conflicted with the other or with other major entrance tests such as the Indian Institute of Technology Joint
Entrance Examination and the All India Pre Medical Test. This caused students to miss tests and experience much stress.
There are fifteen National Law Universities in India, the first of which is the National Law School of India University,
which admitted its first batch of students in 1987. Out of the fifteen, the National Law University, Delhi conducts its own
separate entrance test know as All India Law Entrance Test. With the emergence of other law schools, which also sought to
conduct their admission tests at around the same time, students faced a hard time preparing for them. From time to time this
issue to conduct a common entrance exam to reduce the burden of the students to give multiple tests was raised, but given the
autonomous status of each law school, there was no nodal agency to co-ordinate an action to this regard.
The Ministry of Human Resources Development, (Government of India) and the University Grants Commission of India
organized a meeting of the Vice-Chancellors of seven National Law Universities along with the Chairman of the Bar Council
of India. After a few such meetings, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed by the Vice Chancellors of the seven
National Law Universities on 23 November 2007 to conduct a common admission test. The Common Law Admission Test was
to be conducted each year by each of the law colleges and the responsibility of conducting the exam was to be rotated and
given on the basis of seniority in establishment. Nonetheless, the matter has not been resolved completely as there are other
national law universities which are not taking part in CLAT.
Eligibility
Only Indian nationals and NRIs can appear in the test. The foreign nationals desirous of taking admission to any course
in any of the participating Law Universities may directly contact the concerned University having seats for foreign nationals.
Under-Graduate Courses
Senior Secondary School/Intermediate (10+2) or its equivalent certificate from a recognised Board with not less than
45% marks in aggregate (40% in case of SC and ST candidates) and an age below 20 years as on 1st July of the year of test (22
years in case of SC and ST candidates). Students whose results are awaited can also appear in the test.
Post-Graduate Courses
LL. B/B. L. Degree or an equivalent degree from a recognized University with not less than 55% marks in aggregate (50%
in case of SC and ST candidates). The candidates who have passed the qualifying degree examination through supplementary/
compartment and repeat attempts are also eligible for appearing in the test and taking admission provided that such candidates
will have to produce the proof of having passed the qualifying examination with fifty-five/fifty percent marks, as the case may
be, on the date of their admission or within the time allowed by the respective universities.
Participating Law Schools
Name of the Institution Location Year of joining CLAT
National Law School of India University Bangalore 2008
Nalsar University of Law Hyderabad 2008
The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences Kolkata 2008
Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law Patiala 2009
National Law Institute University Bhopal 2008
National Law University, Jodhpur Jodhpur 2008
Hidayatullah National Law University Raipur 2008
Gujarat National Law University Gandhinagar 2008
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University Lucknow 2009
Chanakya National Law University Patna 2009
National University of Advanced Legal Studies Kochi 2009
National University of Study and Research in Law Ranchi 2012
National Law University, Orissa 2012
National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam 2012
CAREER IN LAW 149
The first entrance examination through CLAT took place to admit students for the academic year 2008-09 on 11 May
2008. While, in the first CLAT seven law schools participated, 3 other NLUs; Chanakya National Law University, Dr. Ram
Manohar Lohia National Law University, (Lucknow) and Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law agreed in principle to
utilize the CLAT score for admission. The second entrance examination through CLAT for admitting students for the academic
year 2009-10 held on 31 May 2009. From seven last year, the list of participating law schools for this year has increased to
eleven. Eleven previous NLU(s) participated in CLAT 2011, whereas National University of Study and Research in Law,
Ranchi admitted students by utilized CLAT 2011 scores.
NLU-D, NLU-O and NLSJA—ASSAM conducted their own admission test. The fifth edition of CLAT was organised by
Jodhpur on 13 May 2012. Also, National University of Study and Research in Law, Ranchi National, and National Law
University and Judicial Academy, Assam are the three NLU(s) who joined CLAT 2012 this year making the total number of
Universities to 14.
However, National Law University, Delhi conducted its own admission test, and Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law
University, Vizag used the CLAT score for admission.
Non-participating Schools
Despite the efforts of the Ministry of Human Resources Development, not all law schools in the country could come to an
agreement to be participants to CLAT. While the number of participating institutions has increased from seven to fourteen
from 2008 to 2012, there are still a number of reputable law schools which choose to continue with their existing system. Some
of the main ones are;
• Government Law College, Mumbai
• National Law University, Delhi
• Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University
• Faculty of Law, Jamia Millia Islamia
• Jindal Global Law School, Sonipat
• Symbiosis Law School, Pune
• ILS Law College, Pune
• Indraprastha University, New Delhi
• Amity Law School, Delhi
• Faculty of Law, University of Lucknow
Institutions utilizing CLAT 2012 Scores
The following institutions have been permitted to utilize CLAT 2011 scores for the purposes of admissions to their
undergraduate and postgraduate courses:
• Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhapatnam
• Jodhpur National University, Narandi, Jahnwar Road, Jodhpur
• Siddhartha Law College, Sahastradhara Road, Near IT Park, Dehradun
• SOA National Institute of Law, Faculty of Legal Studies, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar
In addition to this, CLAT has also entered into a MOU with the Indian Oil Corporation, whereby IOC would be utilizing
CLAT scores as one of the selection criteria for recruitment of legal professionals to IOC.
Method of Allocation
The CLAT form provides the students with a preference list. Each student fills the preference list, according to the
colleges he/she desires. On the basis of these preferences and ranks obtained, students are allocated colleges. CLAT 2011 has
seen a dramatic change. The previous system of asking applicants preferences of institution at the time of filing the application
form has been done away with. In an attempt to allow for more informed choice, CLAT 2011 applicants would be asked to
make a selection of institutions after the declaration of results.
Formal structure
The first CLAT Core Committee consisting of Vice-Chancellors of the seven participating NLUs at that time decided that
the test should be conducted by rotation in the order of their establishment. Accordingly, the first Common Law Admission
Test (CLAT) was conducted in the year 2008 by the National Law School of India University, Bangalore. Subsequently, CLAT-
2009, CLAT-2010, CLAT-2011 and CLAT-2012 have been conducted by NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad, National
Law Institute University, Bhopal, The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata and National Law
150 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

University, Jodhpur respectively. The 2013 edition of CLAT is being organised by Hidayatullah National Law University,
Raipur.
Controversies
The CLAT 2009, which was scheduled to be held on 17 May 2009, was rescheduled to 31 May 2009 due to leak of
question papers.
The CLAT 2011 candidates were disappointed with the standard of exam, as up to 12 questions in the various sections
had underlined answers due to the oversight of the organisers and students also found the paper lengthy in comparison to the
time limit provided (i.e. 2 hours).
The 2012 CLAT organised by NLU, Jodhpur was marred by number of controversies, which includes allegation of setting
questions out of syllabus and out of the pre- declared pattern. The declared rank list also contained error, due to which the first
list was taken down and a fresh list was put up. The declared question-answer keys contained several error, which resulted in
petitions being filed by the aggrieved students in different High Courts.
CLAT 2013
CLAT 2013 was conducted by HNLU; Raipur saw the introduction of provision of negative marking. For every wrong
answer, a deduction of one-fourth of the right answer, i.e. -0.25 is made.
Two types of Courses
The LLB course is now in two formats - 5-year integrated LLB course for Class 12 passouts and a 3-year LLB course for
graduates of any stream. Those who miss the bus after Class 12 still have an opportunity to study law after graduation.
3 year LLB versus 5 year LLB
How good is a three-year LLB versus a 5-year integrated law programme? Every law faculty is asked this question by a
large number of students. The answer is very simple. Both courses are equally good and they should not be compared in the
first place simply because they serve to two different audiences. If a candidate is a Class 12 student or has already passed out,
he should go for five-year law without giving any thought to the three-year course in future. There’s no doubt that both the
three-year and five-year courses should co-exist in an equitable manner; this is in the best interest of legal education and
profession.
Universities and Law School network
We have law schools, which are universities in themselves; like the 16 premier National Law Universities or State Law
Universities set up by Governments of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. We also have Departments or Faculties or Schools of Law
in the Central, State, Deemed or Private Universities. Further, there are hundreds of aided and unaided, government and private
law colleges affiliated.
Increase in Test Takers
Law entrance exams are becoming increasingly popular and competitive with the passing of each year. The number of
applicants for Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) rose from 10,773 in 2008 to 25,769 in 2012. The number of applicants for
the three-year LLB course by Delhi University’s (DU) Faculty of Law doubled from 6127 in 20080to 11,384 students.
Some top law schools or faculties like Faculty of Law, DU and Faculty of Law, Banaras Hindu University (BHU) continue
to only offer the three-year LLB course. However, some top law schools like Government Law College (GLC), Mumbai and
ILS Law College, Pune have also started offering the five-year LLB course.
Eligibilty Criteria
1. Five-year LLB entrance exams: A candidate should be below 20 years of age as on July 1 to be eligible for CLAT.
At some top law schools like NLU Delhi; GGSIP University, Delhi (including Amity Law School) and Faculty of Law, Jamia
Milia Islamia, Delhi, the upper age limit is 21 years whereas at AMU Law Faculty it is 22 years. Candidates from reserved
category are given a relaxation of two years. Further any student who has passed Class 12 with 50% marks (less 5 % for
reserved categories) or has appeared for the Class 12 is eligible to write CLAT and other law entrance exam.
2. Three-year LLB entrance exams: There is no upper age-limit for admission. However a candidate must be at least 17
years of age on the date of application. A graduation degree with 45% marks (40% for reserved category) is the basic
qualification required. Universities like DU and BHU require minimum 50% marks while universities like Kurukshetra,
Rohtak, Meerut require only 45% marks in graduation.
As per the recent directive by Bar Council of India, applicants who have passed 10+2 or have a graduation degree through
distance learning or correspondence mode will also be considered eligible for admission for the integrated five-year or three
CAREER IN LAW 151

year LLB course. However, applicants who have obtained 10+2 or graduation or post-graduation through open universities
system directly without having any basic qualifications for pursuing such studies are not eligible for admission in law courses.
Most new generation law schools, that is, those set up in the 10-15 years including the National Law Universities (NLUs)
have excluded the three-year LLB and have marched ahead only with 5-year LLB course.

5.3. MAJOR LAW ENTRANCE EXAMS FOR ADMISSION TO LLB COURSES

5-year Integrated LLB (After Class 12)
Entrance Exam Participating law schools
CLAT 14 National Law Schools/Universities www.clat.ac.in
AILET - NLU Delhi National Law University, Delhi www.nludelhi.ac.in
LSAT India Over 40 Law Schools including Jindal Global
Law School, Sonipat, Petroleum & Energy Studies
(UPES), Dehradun, Faculty of Law(ICFAI University),
Dehradun and 24 more colleges under it. www.pearsonvue.com/lsatindiawww.jgls.edu.in
CET of GGS Indraprastha University, Delhi
6 law schools including USL, LS and Amity Law
School, Delhi IP University: Admission test
conducted for app 685 seats (60 seats in USSLS)
in University
School of Law & Legal Studies Amity Law School,
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies, Delhi
Institute of Rural Development, Ideal Institute of Mgt.
& Tech,Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies. www.ipu.ac.in
SET Symbiosis Law Schools Pune & Noida www.set-test.orgwww.symlaw.ac.in
CUSAT Cochin School of Legal Studies, Cochin www.cusat.ac.in
Bharti Vidyapeeth New Law College, Pune www.bvuniversity.in
Pune
Christ University Christ University’s School of Law www.christuniversity.in
Punjab Univ. UILS Panjab University Chandigarh www.puchd.ac.in
Chandigarh
AMU Aligarh Faculty of Law, AMU www.amu.ac.in
Jamia Millia, Delhi Faculty of Law, Jamia Milia Islamia www.jmi.ac.in
LAWCET of Andhra All law colleges in AP affiliated to state universities www.apsche.org
Pradesh
CEE - Kerala Four government Law colleges of Kerala www.cee-kerala.org

3-year LLB (After Graduation)

University of Faculty of Law- Law Centre I&II and www.du.ac.in
Delhi (DU) LLB Campus Law Centre
Entrance Test
BHU – UET (Law) Law School, Faculty of Law Benaras Hindu
University www.bhu.ac.in
LSAT-India Jindal Global Law School OP Jindal Global
University, Sonipat www.jgls.edu.in
Panjab University Department of Law, PU Chandigarh www.puchd.ac.in
LAWCET of Andhra All law colleges in AP affiliated to state www.apsche.org
Pradesh universities
CEE – Kerala Four Govt. law colleges in Kerala www.cee-kerala.org
152 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Kurukshetra Department of Law, KU Kurukshetra www.kuk.ac.in

University
MD University, Department of Law, MDU Rohtak www.mdurohtak.ac.in
Rohtak
IIT Kharagpur Rajeev Gandhi School of Intellectual www.iitkgp.ac.in
(Own Test & Property Law, IIT Kharagpur)
LSAT-India)
Employment Trends
The five-year LLB, particularly at the NLUs have placed their graduates in national and international law firms, corporate
legal departments and consulting companies, in much better way. However, the judges, academicians and law officers in the
government mostly come from three-year LLB courses offered at university law departments and faculties. Important in this
context for a law aspirant is to aim for and secure admission to a top law school/faculty to get a wholesome legal education and
learning experience.
Admissions System
The admission process to law programmes is not uniform. We have law schools admitting stud- ents through All India
entrance exams like CLAT for National Law Schools/Universities, LLB Entrance Tests for Delhi University, and law colleges
admitting students on merit, that is, secured in qualifying examinations. However, a vast majority of the top law schools admit
students through entrance exams only. CLAT for NLUs and LLB Entrance Test for DU could be considered to be the most
important law entrance exams of the country for five-year and three-year LLB courses respectively (view table for listing of
major law entrance exams in India).
The tuition fee at National Law School is Rs 80,000 per year.
Famous Personalities
Some of the famous people who were lawyers are Mahatma Gandhi, Bill Clinton, Franz Kafka, Dr. Rajendra Prasad and
Abraham Lincoln. Apart from them , a lot of politicians copme from the profession of law.
In India, quite a few of central ministers and politicians of opposition parties are lawyers by profession, like Mr.Kapil
Sibbal, Mr.Ravi Shankar Prasad, Mr.Arun jaitley etc. Even the current US President, Mr.Barack Obama is also a lawyer.
Career Prospects
Law as a career holds a lot of promise. Some of the fast developing areas of specialisation are genetic law, cyber law,
corporate law and human rights. A career in any of these fields comes with the right law degree and right amount of marketing.
Another option available is to choose the State Judicial Services and start a career as a Judicial magistrate or a civil judge and
move up the ladder. Apart from becoming a judge in the court, one can also work with the corporates, business houses,
nationalised banks, defence services etc.
Pay and Remuneration
There is a lot of variation in the pay packets of lawyers. For a lawyer who gets associated with a senior lawyer and starts
practicing in the court can get a salary of Rs. 25000 to abour Rs. 40000 The amount will depend on the firm or the lawyer one
is associated with. There is also an option to work with a legal process outsourcing firm and the salary will vary from Rs. 20000
to Rs. 50000 initially. Once successful, the legal profession is a very highly paid one but the salary depends on the popularity,
experience, calibre and success of the lawyer. A very important factor that determines the salary in the initial years is the
college from which one has graduated.
LSAT
The Law School Admission Test (LSAT) is conducted in order to admit students into the law schools in United States of
America, Canada, and Australia.
Whereas LSAT - India is an entrance test designed by the Law School Admission Council (LSAC), USA and is conducted by
Pearson VUE, LSAC’s affiliate in India to admit candidates in the associated Law colleges of India like Jindal Global Law School etc.
LSAT Eligibility
Although the Eligibility requirements of the participating law schools providing admission to Law courses may vary but
the basic eligibility for LSAT exam is +2 for taking admisssion to 5 years integrated LLB programme and Graduation in any
stream (50% marks may be the minimum percentage for some participating law schools) for admission to LLB and integrated
LLB-LLM programmes.
CAREER IN LAW 153

LSAT Syllabus
LSAT consists of questions from the following given topics/subjects.
These questions measure the ability to understand a structure of relationships and to draw logical conclusions about that
structure. The test taker is asked to reason deductively from a set of statements and rules or principles that describe relationships
among persons, things, or events. Analytical Reasoning questions reflect the kinds of complex analyses that a law student
performs in the course of legal problem solving.
Logical Reasoning
These questions assess the ability to analyze, critically evaluate, and complete arguments as they occur in ordinary
language. Each Logical Reasoning question requires the test taker to read and comprehend a short passage, then answer a
question about it. The questions are designed to assess a wide range of skills involved in thinking critically, with an emphasis
on skills that are central to legal reasoning. These skills include drawing well-supported conclusions, reasoning by analogy,
determining how additional evidence affects an argument, applying principles or rules, and identifying argument flaws.
Reading Comprehension
These questions measure the ability to read, with understanding and insight, examples of lengthy and complex materials
similar to those commonly encountered in law school. The Reading Comprehension section contains four sets of reading
questions, each consisting of a selection of reading material, followed by four to eight questions that test reading and
reasoning abilities.
LSAT Pattern
Section Number of Questions Timing
Analytical Reasoning Approx. 24 35 minutes
1st Logical Reasoning Approx. 24 35 minutes
2nd Logical Reasoning Approx. 24 35 minutes
Reading Comprehension Approx. 24 35 minutes
Total 92-100 questions 2 hours and 20 minutes
There is one 15-minute break between section 2 and section 3. All questions are in a multiple-choice format, some with 4
answer choices and others with 5.
LSAT Exam Dates
The LSAT is conducted for four times throughout the year, i.e. in the months of June, September/October, December, and
February, out of which the June month’s examination is considered to be the start of a new cycle, as most of the applicants
appears for the June month’s LSAT examination for the following year’s law schools’ admission process.
How to Register for LSAT Exam?
LSAT India Registration
Candidates need to register online for the LSAT-India at the website www.pearsonvueindia.com/lsatindia.
Confirmation of completed registration and payment will be sent by electronic mail only.
There is no provision for on-the-spot registration for the LSAT-India on the day of the test. Candidates have to follow the
prescribed registration process published as part of the LSAT-India announcement on the website.
Only one registration can be made by a candidate. Duplicate registrations are liable to be rejected.
A form is considered valid only if submission is made, and the registration fee is received by Pearson VUE by the due date.
Registration forms, for which the registration fee is not received in time, will be rejected outright.
In case the candidate registers online using a credit card that does not belong to him/her, the candidate needs to furnish
a signed statement from the credit card holder as per the format provided below. Failure to furnish the afore stated signed
statement, if applicable, shall render the registration form invalid, and the same shall be voided without prior notice. The
candidate needs to print the following statement, get it filled out and signed from the credit card holder, and carry the physical
signed statement along with the credit card that was used for the transaction, for signature verification, to the test venue on the
day of the exam. The candidate will not be allowed to sit for the test if this requirement is not fulfilled.
• LSAT-India Registration Fee Rs. 3500
• LSAT-India Registration Fees (overseas test centers) USD 150
Registration for the LSAT-India is online and can be done by submitting the form on the LSAT-India website. Payment for
the registration by test takers in India can be done online (via credit card only) or through a demand draft.
154 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

The demand draft should reach the below mentioned address on or before the mentioned date.
Pearson VUE c/o Blueshift
21 Abdul Razack Street,
Saidapet Chennai – 600015
Tamil Nadu, India
Phone: 044–42272727
Candidates should write “LSAT-India” at the bottom of the envelope. If you are a candidate testing from outside India,
you can pay online via a credit card only.
In case your registration is accepted, an acknowledgement of the same will be e-mailed by Pearson VUE. If your registration
is not accepted, a notification will be e-mailed to you.
LSAT Test Centres
• North: Chandigarh, Delhi, Jaipur, Lucknow
• South: Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kochi
• West: Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Mumbai
• East: Bhubaneswar, Kolkata, Raipur, Ranchi
Main test centers for LSAT outside India are:
• Bangkok
• Hong Kong
• Johannesburg
• London
• Manila
• Singapore and Sydney
Institutes considering LSAT Score to providing admission
LSAT-India 2015 scores will be consisdered by folloiwng colleges to provide admission to their Law courses.
• Amity Law School, Gurgaon (Affiliated to Amity University, Gurgaon)
• Central India College of Law, Godhani - Nagpur (Affliated to RTM, Nagpur University)
• College of Legal Studies - Dehradun (UPES, Dehradun)
• Faculty of Law - Dehradun (A constituent of ICFAI University)
• G. H. Raisoni Law College - Nagpur (Affiliated to RTM Nagpur University)
• ITM College of Law - Gurgaon (ITM University)
• Jindal Global Law School - Sonipat (Haryana) (Jindal Global University)
• JSS Law College – Mysore (Autonomous under Karnataka State Law University, Hubli)
• K.L.E. Society’s Law College – Bangalore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• MATS Law School, MATS University - Raipur (MATS University)
• Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law (RGSOIPL) - 3 yr LL. B. (IIT Kharagpur)
• Saveetha School of Law - Chennai (Saveetha University)
In addition to the above mentioned list of Colleges, LSAT—India 2013 scores are also accepted by the following
institutes. Candidates can choose the colleges individually or select “all” option to apply to these colleges while registering
for LSAT—India.
• Alliance College of Law, Bangalore (Private University established in Karnataka State)
• AURO University School of Law, Surat (Affiliated to AURO University, Surat)
• Balurghat Law College - Dakshin Dinajpur (WB) (Affiliated to University of Gour Banga)
• Bharat Law College – Jaipur (Affiliated to University of Rajasthan)
• B.N. Law College - Udaipur (Affiliated to Mohanlal Sukhadia University Udaipur)
• B. S. Anangpuria Institute of Law - Faridabad (Affiliated to Maharshi Dayanad Universitry, Rohtak)
• Bundelkhand Vidhi Mahavidyalaya - Orai (UP) (Affiliated to Bundelkhand University, Jhansi)
• Durgapur Institute of Legal Studies – Durgapur (Affiliated to University of Burdwan)
• Dr. Anushka Vidhi Mahavidyalaya - Udaipur (Affiliated to Mohan Lal Sukhdev University)
CAREER IN LAW 155

• Dr. Milind Yerne College of Law – Bhandara (Affiliated To Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University Nagpur)
• Ganjam Law College -Berhampur (Affiliated to Berhampur University)
• Geeta Institute of Law - Panipat (Affiliated to Kurukshetra University)
• Haldia Law College – Midnapore Affiliated to The Vidyasagar University
• Himgiri Zee University Law School, Dehradun (Himgiri Zee University, Dehradun)
• IMS Law College – Dehradun (Affiliated to HNB Garhwal University)
• Institute of Law and Research – Faridabad (Affiliated to M.D. University, Rohtak)
• I. P. E. M. Law Academy - Ghaziabad (Affiliated to CCS University, Meerut)
• Jagan Nath University, Law Faculty – Jaipur (Affiliated to Jagan Nath University)
• Jai Hind Defence College of Law - Bhopal (Affiliated to Barkatullah University)
• Jaipur School of Law, Jaipur (Affiliated to Maharaj Vinayak Global University, Jaipur)
• Jodhpur National University - Jodhpur (Affiliated to Jodhpur National University)
• J. S. S. Sakri Law College - Hubli (Affiliated to Karnataka University, Dharwad)
• K. L. E. Society’s Law College – Chikodi (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University, Hubli)
• K.L.E. Society’s B. V. Bellad Law College – Belgaum (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• K.L.E. Society’s Gurusiddappa Kotambri Law College – Hubli (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University, Hubli)
• K. L. E. Society’s S. A. Manvi Law College - Gadag (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University, Hubli)
• Maa Sharda Law College - Azamgarh (Affiliated to Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur)
• M A B Institute of Judicial Science - Murshidabad (Affiliated to Kalyani University)
• Mewar Law Institute – Ghaziabad (Affiliated to C. C. S. University, Meerut)
• Midnapore Law College - Midnapore (Affiliated to Vidyasagar University)
• Mother Teresa Law College- Jabalpur (Affiliated to Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur)
• M. P. Law College - Aurangabad (Affiliated to Jodhpur National University)
• M. S. Government P. G. College - Guna (Affiliated to Jiwaji University)
• R. N. Patel Ipcowala School of Law and Justice, Anand (Affiliated to Sardar Patel University)
• Royal College of Law - Ghaziabad (Affiliated to Choudhry Charan Singh University, Meerut)
• Saifia College - Bhopal (Affiliated to Barkatullah University)
• Sardar Patel Subharti Institute of Law - Meerut (Affiliated to Swami Vivekananda Subharti University)
• Sarwa Dharma Vidhi Mahavidyalaya - Gwalior (Affiliated to Jiwaji University, Gwalior)
• School of Law, Gitam University, Visakhapatnam (AP) (Affiliated to Gitam University, Visakhapatnam)
• Shri Swami Dayal Bhatnagar Law College, Sikandrabad (UP)
• Siddhartha Law College - Dehradun (Affiliated to Uttarkhand Technical University)
• Smt. Kamalaben Gambhirchand Shah Law School - Mumbai
• SOA National Institute of Law - Bhubaneswar (Affiliated to Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan, Deemed University)
• S.P. College of Law - Chandrapur
• Sri Vaishnav Institute of Law - Indore (Affiliated to Devi Ahiliya Vishwavidyalaya)
• Tagore Institute of Law – Jaipur (Affiliated to University of Rajasthan)
• Unity Law College - Rudrapur (Affiliated to Kumaun University)
• Vaikunta Baliga College of Law – Udupi (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University, Hubli)
• Vidya Pratishthan’s Vasantrao Pawar Law College - Pune (Affiliated to University of Pune)
• Vivekananda College of Law - Bangalore
Other Law Entrance Exams
• NLU NET Exam - National Law University Jodhpur National Entrance Test
• Chanakya National Law University Entrance Exam
• KLEE - Government of Kerala Law Entrance Exam
• NLSIU - National Law School of India University Entrance Exam
• NUJS - W.B. National University of Juridical Studies Entrance Exam
• SET - Symbiosis International University Entrance Exam
156 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• RMLNLU - Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University Entrance Exam
• NALSAR - NALSAR University of Law Entrance Exam
• GNLU - Gujarat National Law University Entrance Exam
• CLAT - Common Law Entrance Test
• AIBE - All India Bar Exam
• NLUO Admission Test - National Law University Orissa Admission Test
• ILSAT - ICFAI Law School Admission Test
• AILET - All India Law Entrance Test
• UTU CLAT - Uttarakhand Technical University Common Law Entrance Test
• AIL Entrance Test - Army Institute of Law Entrance Test
• PU LLB Entrance Exam - Panjab University LLB Entrance Exam
• RULET - Rajasthan University Law Entrance Test
• BHU BLAT - Banaras Hindu University B.A.LL.B.(Hons) Admission Test
• BHU UET for LLB - BHU LLB Entrance Exam 2014

List of Law Schools in India_State wise

Andhra Pradesh
• Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhapatnam
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College of Law, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
• Nyaya Vidya Parishad(N.V.P) Law College, Visakhapatnam
• NBM Law College, Visakhapatnam
• All Saints Christian Law College, Visakhapatnam
• Visakha Law College Visakhapatnam
• Sri Shirdi Sai Law College, Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam
• M.R.V.G.R. Law College, Vizianagaram
• M.P.R. Law College, Srikakulam
• Veeravalli College of Law, Rajahmundry
• D. N. Raju College of Law, Bhimavaram, West Godavari district
• P.S.Raju. Law College, Kakinada, East Godavari district
• G.S.K.M. Law College, Rajahmundry, East Godavari
• Sri R.K.M Law College, R.V.S Nagar, Chittor
• Andhra Christian College of Law, Guntur
• V. D. Siddhartha Law College, Vijayawada, Krishna district
• D. S. R. Hindu Law College, Krishna District
• Indira Priyadarshini Law College, Ongole
• Jagarlamudi Chandramouli College of Law, Guntur
• V.R. Law College, Nellore
• Sri Eshwar Reddy College of Law, Chittoor District
• K.K.C. College of Law, Chittoor
• Dr. Ambedkar Law College, Tirupati Chittoor District
Arunachal Pradesh
• Arunachal Law Academic, Naharlagun
Assam
• Deshbandhu Chittaranjan School of Legal Studies, Assam University, Silchar
• National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam
• National Education Foundation (NEF) Law College Guwahati, Assam
• Diphu Law College Diphu, Assam
CAREER IN LAW 157
• A. K. Chanda Law College Silchar, Assam
• Centre for Juridical Studies, Dibrugarh University Dibrugah, Assam
• S.I.P.E. Law College, Dibrugarh, Assam
• Jorhat Law College, Jorhat, Assam (Estd.1964)
• North Lakhimpur Law College, (Estd.1999) North Lakhimpur
• Tinsukia Law College (Estd.1973)
• University Law College, Gauhati (Estd.1976)
• B.R.M. Govt. Law College Guwahati
• Barpeta Law College (Estd.1972)
• Dhubri Law College (Estd.1967)
• Tezpur Law College, P.O.Napaam Sonitpur
• Goalpara Law College (Estd.1967)
• Bongaigaon Law College (1994)
• Nowgong Law College, Nagaon (Estd.1990)
• Dispur Law College
• Kokrajhar Law College (Estd.1988)
• Mangaldai Law College
• J. B. Law College Guwahati
• Nalbari Law College (Estd.1991)
• Karimganj Law College
Bihar
• Chanakya National Law University, Patna
• Braja Mohan Thakur Law College, Purnia
• Patna Law College, Patna University, Patna
• C M Law College, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga
• Bihar Institute of Law, Patna
• S.K.J Law College Muzaffarpur. B.R.A.Bihar university Muzaffarpur.
• T.N.B Law College Tilka Manjhi University, Bhagalpur, Bihar
• Sasaram Law Collage, Sasaram, Rohtas
• Surya Deo Law College,Katihar B.N.M University [ Madhepura ]
Chandigarh
• Department of Laws, Panjab University, Chandigarh
• University Institute of Legal Studies, Panjab University
Chhattisgarh
• MATS Law School, Raipur
• Hidyatullah National Law University, Raipur
• [(Dhamtari law college)], [{Dhamtari}] Delhi
• National Law University, Delhi
• Jindal Global Law School, Sonipet
• ITM Law School
• Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, New Delhi, with 3 centres: Campus Law Centre, Law Centre I and Law Centre II
• University School of Law and Legal Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi
• Lloyd Law College, Greater Noida
• Amity Law School, Noida (Constituent college of Amity University)
• Amity Law School, New Delhi (affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)
• Faculty of Law, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
• Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies, New Delhi (affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)
158 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Indian Law Institute, New Delhi

• Chandra Prabhu Jain College of Higher Studies, Narela, New Delhi (affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha
University)
• Ideal Institute of Management and Technology and School of Law, Karkardooma, New Delhi (affiliated to Guru Gobind
Singh Indraprastha University)
• Delhi Institute of Rural Development, Holambi khurd, New Delhi
• sharda university, school of law, greater noida
Goa
• V.M. Salgaocar Law College,Panaji (affiliated to Goa University)
• VVM’s Govind Ramnath College of Law, Margao (affiliated to Goa University)
Gujarat
• Baroda School of Legal Studies, Faculty of Law, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara
• Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar
• Nirma University, Ahmedabad
• Law College, Bharuch, Gujarat
• VT Chowksi Law College, Surat
• Sidharth Law College Surat
• Dinshaw Daboo Law College, Navsari
• SKM Law College, Valsad
• Shree P.M.Patel College of Law & Human Rights, Anand
• Anand Law College, Anand
Haryana
• Lala Ami Chand Monga Memorial Collge of Law, Ambala (affiliated to Kurukshetra University)
• Jindal Global Law School (JGLS), Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana
• Department of Law, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak
• Vaish college of law, Rohtak
• Smt. Shanti Devi Law College, Saharanwas, Rewari Affiliated with MDU, Rohtak
• Institute of Law, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
• Department of law, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, [Sirsa]
• Chajju Ram Law College, Hisar. Affiliated to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
• Geeta Institute of Law, Panipat (affiliated to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra)
• SBS College of Law, Gohana road, Rohtak Affiliated with MDU, ROHTAK.
Himachal Pradesh
• Department of law, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla
Jammu and Kashmir
• Department of law [Kashmir University, Srinagar]
• Department of law [Jammu University, Jammu
• The Law School [Jammu University, Jammu]
• Dogra Law College, Bari Brahamana, Jammu
• K.C. Law College, Jammu
• School of Legal Studies, [Central University of Kashmir, Srinagar]
• Sopore Law College, Sopore, Kashmir
• Kashmir Law College, Srinagar
• Pulwama Law College, Pulwama, Kashmir
• Vitasta Law College, Srinagar
CAREER IN LAW 159

Jharkhand
• Law College, Dhanbad
• Chhotanagpur Law College, Ranchi
• National University of Study and Research in Law, Ranchi
Karnataka
• Al-Ameen College of Law, Hosur Road, Bangalore.
• S. S. L. Law College Gulbarga
• Siddharth Law College Gulbarga
• Alliance School of Law, Alliance University, (Bangalore)
• Karnataka State Law University’s Law School, Navanagar, Hubli. (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University) offers
5yrs B.B.A.,LL.B.(Hons), B.A.,LL.B.(Hons) & LL.M in IPR & Constitutional Law. Visit www.kslu.ac.in for more details.
• Jagadguru Sri Shivarathrishwara Law College, Mysore (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University) offers BBA LL.B
(5 years), BA LL.B (5 years), LL.B (3 years) and LL.M (1 year) along with other Certificate Courses.
• Society’s Law College, Bangalore (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• Raja Lakhamgouda Law College, Belgaum
• R.K Law College, Banglore (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara Law College and Centre for Post Graduate Studies in Law, Mangalore, Affiliated to
Karnataka State Law University.
• Garden City College of Law, Bangalore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• CMR Law School, Bangalore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• Govt Law College Ranebennur, (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• Hurkadli Ajja Law College-Dharwad, (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• Bangalore Institute of Legal Studies, Bangalore (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• M.S. Ramaiah College of Law, Bangalore (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• School of Law, Christ University, Bangalore
• Indira Priyadarshini College of Law, Bangalore (affiliated to Karntaka State Law University) offers LLB.& BA, LLB,.
• National Law School of India University, Bangalore
• University College of Law, Karnataka University, Dharwad
• University Law College, Bangalore University, Bangalore
• Vaikunta Baliga College of Law, Udupi
• Vivekananda College of Law, Bangalore (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• Bishop cotton Women’s Christian Law college, Bangalore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• B.M.S College of Law, Bangalore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• S. B. R. R. Mahajana Law college, Mysore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• Saradavilas Law College, Mysore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• Vaikunta Baliga College of Law, Udupi
• Vidyavardhaka Law College, Mysore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• M. Krishna Law College, Hassan (Affiliated to UKarnataka State Law University)
• PES Law College, Mandya (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• Vivekananda Law College, Puttur, Dakshina Kannada
• Vidyodaya Law College, Tumkur. (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
• Seshadripuram Law College, Bangalore (Affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
Kerala
• Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram, under Kerala University, Thiruvananthapuram
• Government Law College, Ernakulam, under Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam
• Government Law College, Thrissur, under Calicut University, Calicut
• Government Law College, Calicut, under Calicut University, Calicut
• NSS Law College, Kottiyam, Kollam, Affiliated to Kerala University
160 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Sree Narayana College of Legal Studies, Kollam, Affiliated to Kerala University

• Mar Baselious Law College, Nalanchira, Trivandrum, Affiliated to Kerala University
• National University of Advanced Legal Studies, Kochi
• School of Legal Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi
• School of Indian Legal Thought, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam
• Center for Legal Studies, Kannur University, Kannur
• Kerala Law Academy Law College, Thiruvananthapuram (affiliated to Kerala University)
Madhya Pradesh
• Department of Legal Studies & Research (DLSR), Barkatullah University, Bhopal
• Department of Law, Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur
• Faculty of Law, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya PradeshSagar
• National Law Institute University, Bhopal
• School of Law, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore
• College of law, Maharani Laxmibai Govt. College of Excellence, Gwalior
• Indore Institute of Law, Indore
• Amity Law College
• Altius Institute of Universal Studies, Indorewww.altius.ac.in
Maharashtra
• Government Law College, Mumbai (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
• Siddharth College of Law, Mumbai (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
• Central Law College, Nagpur (affiliated to Nagpur University)
• Ismailsaheb Mulla Law College, Satara (affiliated to Shivaji University)
• K.C. Law College, Mumbai (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
• S.V.K.M’S College Of Law (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
• Rizvi Law College, Mumbai (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
• G.J. Advani Law College, Mumbai (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
• Dr. Ambedkar College of Law, Wadala, Mumbai (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
• New Law College, Mumbai (affiliated to University of Mumbai)
• N.C.Law College, Nanded (Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University, Nanded)
• S.C.P. Law College, Nanded (Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University, Nanded)
• V.N. Law College, Nanded (Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University, Nanded)
• Shri Sivaji Law College, Kandhar, Nanded (Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University, Nanded)
• Dayanand College Of Law, Latur (Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University, Nanded)
• ILS Law College, Pune (affiliated to University of Pune)
• DES Law College, Pune (affiliated to University of Pune)
• A.K.K. New Law Academy, Pune (affiliated to University of Pune)
• DES Law College, Pune (affiliated to University of Pune)
• New Law College, Ahmednagar (affiliated to University of Pune)
• New Law College, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune
• Symbiosis Law School, Pune (Symbiosis International University)
• P. E. Society’s [[Modern Law College]www.modernlawcolege.org], Pune (University of Pune)
• Navjeevan Law College, Nashik (affiliated to University of Pune)
• Narhar Balwant Thakur College of Law, Nasik (affiliated to University of Pune)
• Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh College of Law, Amravati (affiliated to Sant Gadge Baba Amaravati University)
• M.P. Law College, Aurangabad (affiliated to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University)
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College of Law (BACL), Nagpur University, Nagpur.
• Ambedkar Law College, Dhule
CAREER IN LAW 161

• St. Wilfred’s College of Law, Panvel, Mumbai University, Raigad

• Y.C.New Law Collage Malakapur, Karad, (affiliated to Shivaji University)
Manipur
• L.M.S. Law College, Imphal
Meghalaya
• Shillong Law College, Dhankheti, Shillong, Meghalaya (Affiliated North Eastern Hill University)
• Faculty of Law, North Eastern Hill University, Main Campus,
• Mawlai Mawkynroh-Unshing (Established in the year 2005)
Mizoram
• Mizoram Law College
Nagaland
• City Law College, Dimapur (Affiliated to Nagaland University)
• Kohima Law College, Kohima (Affiliated to Nagaland University)
• Mokokchung Law College, Mokokchung (Affiliated to Nagaland University)
Orissa
• National Law University, Orissa, Cuttack
• KIIT School of Law, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar
• SOA National Institute Of Law, SOA University, Orissa, Bhubaneswar
• University Law College, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar
• M.S. Law College, Cuttack
• Jeypore Law college, Jeypore (Koraput)
• Lingaraj Law College, Brahmapur
• Dhenkanal Law College, Dhenkanal
• Law College, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur
• Law College, Berhampur University, Berhampur
• Madhusudan Law College, Cuttack
• Ganjam Law College, Berhampur
• The Law College, Cuttack
Pondicherry
• Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Pondicherry, [affiliated to Pondicherry University]
Punjab
• Baba Farid Law College, Faridkot
• Army Institute of Law, Mohali (affiliated to Punjabi University, Patiala)
• Department of Laws, Punjabi University, Patiala
• Department of Laws, Panjab University, Chandigarh
• Department of Laws, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
• Department of Laws, Guru Nanak Dev University Regional Campus, Gurdaspur
• Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala
• University Institute of Legal Studies, Chandigarh, Ludhiana
• St. Soldier Law Collage, Behind REC, GT Road, Jalandhar
• Baba Kundan Singh Memorial Law College Moga (Affiliated to Panjab University, Chandigarh)
• Guru Hargobind Institute of Law for Women Sidhwan Khurd, Ludhiana (Affiliated to Panjab University Chandigarh)
• Bathinda Of Law, Bathinda [affiliated by Punjabi University Patiala]
• KCL Institute Of Laws, Jalandhar
162 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Rajasthan
• National Law University, Jodhpur
• Mody Institute of Technology and Science
• Seedling School Of Law & Governance, Jaipur National University, Jaipur
• Faculty of Law, Jai Narayan Vyas University, Jodhpur
• Faculty of Law, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
• University College of Law, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur
• University Five Year Law College, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
• Department of Law, Guru Nanak Khalsa Law College, Sri Ganganagar
• Department of Law, Maharishi Dayanand Law College, Sri Ganganagar
• Department of Law, Government Law College, Sri Ganganagar
• Department of Law, Girdhari Lal Bihani Sanatan Dharam Law College, Sri Ganganagar
Tamil Nadu
• Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai (established 1891)
• Government Law College, Madurai (established 1979)
• Government Law College, Tiruchirapalli (established 1979)
• Government Law College, Coimbatore (established 1979)
• Central Law College, Salem, Salem (established 1984)
• Government Law College, Tirunelveli (established 1996)
• Government Law College, Chengalpattu (established 2002)
• School of Excellence in Law, Chennai, (SOEL) (established 2002)
• Government Law College, Vellore (established 2008)
• Tamil Nadu National Law SchoolSrirangam, (Tiruchirappalli) (established 2012)
• SASTRA University, School of Law, Thanjavur
Telangana
• Nalsar University of Law, Hyderabad (established 1998)
• Osmania University College of Law, Osmania University, Hyderabad
• Paddala Ram Reddi Law College, Hyderabad
• Pendekanti Law College, Hyderabad
• Sultan-Ul-Uloom College of Law, Hyderabad
• Mahatma Gandhi Law College, Hyderabad
• University College of Law, Kakatiya University, Warangal
• Adarsha Law College, Warangal
• Manair College of Law, Khammam
• Department of Law, Telangana University, Nizamabad
Tripura
• Tripura Government Law College, Agartala
Uttar Pradesh
• Sardar Patel Subharti Institute of Law, Subharti University,Meerut
• Janhit College of Law, Greater Noida
• Faculty of Law, Agra College, (Agra) Estd 1823
• Teerthanker mahaveer college of law and legal studies(moradabad)
• Mjp Rohilkhand university,Bareilly
• Innovative Institute Of Law, Greater Noida
• Lloyd Law College, Greater Noida
• Department of Law, D.A.V. Degree College, Muzaffarnagar (Meerut University)
CAREER IN LAW 163

• Shri Ram College of Law, Muzaffarnagar (Meerut University)

• Department of Law, Meerut College, Meerut (Meerut University)
• Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (Central University)
• Faculty of Law, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (Central University)
• Institute of Legal Studies, Chaudhary Charan Singh University Campus, Meerut
• Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University, Lucknow
• Faculty of Law, Allahabad University, Allahabad (Central University)
• Faculty of Law, Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, (Agra)
• Faculty of Law, University of Lucknow (New Campus), Lucknow
• Department of Law, Brahmanand College, Kanpur City (CSJM University Kanpur)
• DAV Law College, Kanpur City (CSJM University Kanpur)
• Department of Law, VSSD College, Kanpur City (CSJM University Kanpur)
• Faculty of Law, NAS College, Meerut (Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut)
• Integrated School of Law, Ghaziabad (Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut)
• J.V. jain college, Saharanpur
• Babu Jagjivan Ram Institute of Law, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
Uttarakhand
• Chanakya Law College, Rudrapur, http://www.chanakyalawcollege.in
• Faculty of Law, ICFAI University, Dehradun
• Shakuntala law college, Dehradun
• University Of Petroleum And Energy Studies, College Of Legal Studies
• Institute of Management Studies(also known as Unison law school), Makkavala greens, Mussoorie road.
• Siddhartha Law College, near IT Park, Sahastradhara road.
• Law College Dehradun.
• Selaqui Law College, Selaqui, Dehradun
• Chandrawati tiwari law college, Kotdwara
West Bengal
• Department of Law, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
• West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata
• Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
• Jalpaiguri Law College, Jalpaiguri, (affiliated to University of North Bengal)
• Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College, Kolkata (affiliated to University of Calcutta)
• South Calcutta Law College (affiliated to University of Calcutta)
• Surendranath Law College, Kolkata (affiliated to University of Calcutta)
• Bengal Law College, Shantiniketan (affiliated to University of Burdwan)
• Snehangshu Kanta Acharya Institute of law, Kalyani (affiliated to University of Kalyani)
• Bimal Chandra College of Law, Murshidabad (affiliated to University of Kalyani)
• Haldia Law College, Haldia, (affiliated to Vidyasagar University)
• Midnapore Law College, Midnapore, (affiliated to Vidyasagar University)
• Sarsuna Law College, Sarsuna(Kolkata), (affiliated to Calcutta University)
• Department of Law, University of Burdwan, Burdwan
• Hooghly Mohsin College, Hooghly, (affiliated to University of Burdwan)
• Law College Durgapur, (affiliated to University of Burdwan)
• Kingston law College, Barasat (affiliated to West Bengal State University)
 6
CHAPTER

Career in
Arts and Design
6.1. CAREER IN FINE ARTS AND COMMERCIAL ARTS Chapter Outline
G Career in Fine Arts and Commercial Arts
Career in Fine Arts G Career in Designing
Fine Arts is a form of art that encompasses a number of specialisations G Career in Fashion Designing
such as applied arts and design, dancing, music, drama, sculpting and textiles G Careers in Accessory & Jewellery Design
and 2D and 3D designing. The stream is interdisciplinary in nature and offers G Careers in Footwear Design & Technology
a number of options for students to choose from. G Careers in Textile Design
At UG level, the most popular specialisation includes painting, sculpture, G Careers in Visual Merchandising
print making (graphics), design (ceramics and textiles) and art history. There G Other Occupations Related to Art and
is an immense scope, which requires a lot of practical work. Design
G Acting
Most colleges offer a 4 or 5 years bachelor in fine arts course. The
G Advertising
general criteria for admission are the completion of class X or XII. The course
G Accessory and Jewellery Designing
typically comprises two years of preparatory classes and three years of
G Footwear Technologist
bachelor’s education. Even those who have completed the +2 level have to
G Sculptor
follow the 5 year plan. Apart for completion of class XII, some universities
G Animation and Multimedia
conduct an entrance test and vivas for admission.
G Cartoonist
Prospects Galore G Gemology
G Music
Graduates can either work as professional artist creating their own works
G Museology
or work in school and colleges in design sector, museums and galleries.
G Graphic designer
Students can also choose to work as freelancer in India and abroad as well.
G Interior designer
They can auction their creations at exhibitions. Those with a flair for writing
G Cosmetologist
can choose to become critics for newspapers and magazines. Countries such
G Painter
as US, Canada, Italy and many offer good opportunities, and hence it is an
G Modeling
ideal destination. They can also choose job as an assistant professor, art
G Photographer
director, or work in advertisement and film making. G Yoga Instructor
Those who wish to study abroad can also pursue their degree from abroad, G VJ/DJ/RJ
for more exposures, scholarships are there. G Photojournalist
A BFA in applied arts (better known as communication design or art G Visual merchandiser
used to convey a specific message) and crafts offers a number of job profiles G Videographer
to graduates. G Singer
G Dancer
Jobs Prospects G Art Restoration
Since almost every industry needs qualified fine arts professionals. G Choreographer
In the present times, not only the fascination for beauty is expressed in G Textile Designing
the field of Art but it also has the capability and potential to offer much more G BA or Bachelor of Arts
than that. Opening up of more and more art galleries, exhibitions and G Arts Courses in India
appreciation of art as a decorative tool has led to the growth of opportunities
in the field of arts.

164
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 165
Development of fine arts was primarily for appreciation and expression of aesthetics. Its practical applications were
considered to be negligible. But owing to the globalization, this is developing into a full-fledged profession providing
employment to the artists like painters, sculptors.
One has many options in Commercial and Fine Arts. There are various courses ranging from sculpture, applied arts,
painting, craft, graphic interior design and painting. A professional and formal training can equip the person with various
technical skills and a competitive edge in the industry.
Nature of Work
Fine Arts mainly include:
• Painting: Drawing of portraits, murals, sketches, landscapes and abstract designs etc.
• Sculpture: Carving of figures, statues, monuments on stone, wood or clay.
Commercial Arts includes:
• Designing: interior designing, mural designing, ceramic designing.
• Graphics: photography, lettering, typography and designing of books, packaging, book jackets and covers, newspapers
and tabloids, booklets \ brochures, magazines and periodicals, logos, billboards, stamps etc.
Professional Courses
The inbuilt aptitude can be sharpened and chiselled by formal training in the field of interest. Degree, diploma and
certificate courses are offered by various universities and private institutes.
Bachelor of Fine Arts or BFA is a four year course. The BFA (applied arts) course imparts training in print media,
advertising and electronic media.
At the post graduation level the course offered is MFA. The duration of this course is two years. Other than these degree
courses there are many diploma and PG Diploma courses available.
India is regarded as the hub of Top Arts Colleges in Asia, home to some of the most famous Foreign Language Institutes
that provide training across nearly every foreign language and various art forms. India also boasts of Asia’s Top Law Colleges,
with many of its Top Law Schools counted among the best in the world.
Common Courses Offered by Top Arts Colleges in India & Abroad
• B.A. (Hons) Drawing & Painting
• B.F.A. Sculpture
• BPA—Bachelor of Performing Arts
• BVA—Bachelor of Visual Arts
• Bachelor of Music (B. Music)
• Bachelor of Drama
• B.A. (Hons) Dance
• B.A. (Hons) Music
• B.A. Drama
• B.A. Fine Arts
• B.A. Music
• B.A. Painting
• B.F.A. Dance
• B.F.A. Painting
• B.A. Sculpture
• Bachelor of Fine Arts Courses
• B.F.A. Commercial Arts
• B.F.A. Applied Arts
Academic Eligibility
For pursuing BFA one should have passed 10+2 level examinations. MFA can be pursued by those who have a BFA degree
with them. Specialized branches can be chosen according to interest and aptitude of the student. Online courses are also
offered by some of the foreign universities.
166 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Career Prospects
After the successful acquiring of a degree or a diploma, one has plethora of employment opportunities in this field. Artists
can work as free lancers. Employment can easily be sought in advertising agencies, textile industry and media houses. One can
work in art studios and fashion houses. Artists can seek employment in advertising agencies, textile industry and media
houses. Besides fine arts professionals can also work in production houses, theatre and drama houses. Those specialized in
dancing, music, painting can work independently or on contractual basis. Teaching can also be one of the options. Some of
them can also work as art critics and writers on art. Website development companies also offer job opportunities.
Institutes
Many premier institutes in India offer courses in Fine Arts and Commercial Arts. These include:
• Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art (Mumbai)
• Faculty of Fine Arts (Baroda)
• Kala Bhavan, Shantiniketan
• Jamia Millia Islamia (New Delhi)
• College of Art (New Delhi)
• Sir J. J. Institute of Applied Art, Mumbai offers training for various types of Degree and Diploma courses.
The Department Of Painting offers:
• BFA (Painting) 4 years
• Post Degree MFA (Painting) 2 years
• MFA (Painting) (by papers) in Portraiture
• MFA (Painting) in Graphic Art
• MFA (Painting) in Creative Painting.
The Department of Sculpture and Modelling offers:
• BFA (Sculpture) 4 years
• Diploma Sculpture and Modelling 4 years.
The Department of Arts and Crafts offers:
• BFA (Craft- Metal Work) 4 years
• BFA (Craft - Textile Design) 4 years
• BFA (Craft- Interior Decoration) 4 years
• BFA (Craft - Ceramics) 4 years.
The Department of Art offers:
• Teacher Training Art Teacher’s Diploma ( A.T.D.) 2 years
• Diploma in Art Education (Dip. A. ED.) 1 year
• Art Master Certificate Course (part-time).
Symbiosis Institute of Design, Pune offers the following degree programs:
• Bachelor of Design (B. Des) in Communication Design
• Bachelor of Design (B. Des) in Product Design
• Bachelor of Design (B. Des) in Fashion Communication
• Bachelor of Design (B. Des) in Fashion Design.
The institute tries to offer an optimum mix of traditional skills, new media skills and soft skills.
• Allahabad University, Allahabad
• Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam
• Anna University, Chennai
• Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
• Bangalore University, Bangalore
• Goa University, Goa
• Gujarat University, Ahmedabad
• Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
• Karnataka University, Dharwad
• Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 167

• Nagpur University, Nagpur

• Punjab University, Chandigarh
• Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
• University of Ajmer, Ajmer
• University of Calcutta, Kolkata
• University of Delhi, Delhi
• University of Chennai, Chennai
• University of Mumbai, Mumbai
• University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
• Visva Bharati, West Bengal
Remunerations
Visualisers may earn from Rs.12000 to Rs.20000 p.m.
An Assistant Art Director may earn from Rs.15000to Rs.20000 p.m.
An Art Director may earn from Rs.25000 to Rs.40000 p.m.
Graphic designers in publishing houses, the print and electronic media and other e-learning businesses can command
salaries going into the six-digit category. Working with media and publishing houses, advertising agencies and textile
industries can get the candidates pay packages of Rs 12,000 to Rs 25,000 per month. Those who get employment in theatre,
drama and production houses can get salary of Rs 15,000 to Rs 20,000 per month. Teachers can also earn well.

6.2. CAREER IN DESIGNING

Introduction
Designing is the blend of artistic talents and creativity. Design encompasses different fields viz. Fashion designing,
Product designing, Graphic designing, Interior designing, Accessory and Jewellery design, foot ware design, textile design,
and many more. Fashion designing deals with clothing and textile, product designing with designing the products and
graphic designing deals with designing for websites, movies, logos, signage, etc. Interior designing is the arrangement of
living space i.e organizing, managing and planning of the interiors of rooms at homes, offices, retail shops, showrooms, hotels,
airports, exhibition halls, conference centres, theatres, TV and film studios and commercial establishments etc.
Scope
A trained fashion designer finds job in the areas like designer wear production, planning and concept management,
fashion marketing, design production management, fashion media, quality control, fashion accessory design and promotion
of brands. You will also work as costume designer, fashion consultant, personal stylist, technical designer, graphic designer,
production pattern maker, fashion coordinator, apparel production manager, fabric buyer, fabric quality control manager, show
room sales representative, illustrator, cutting assistant and outside sales representative in this industry. Those interested in a
career in fashion designing can also become entrepreneurs and form their own companies.
Career Opportunities
1. Career in Fashion Designing
Introduction
Fashion designing is one of the most exciting career options in today’s world. The recent boom in fashion designing has
led to innovation and new prospects in the existing domain of garment and accessory design. This career is good for the
individuals who have a creativity, style and originality. The career in fashion designing satisfies creative fancies and materialistic
needs. It also promises glamour, fame, success and even high pay packages. If you can create magic with colors, designs and
shapes and have some professional skills then this will be the right career for you. http://creationsindia.net
Job Employers
• Export houses
• Garment store chains
• Textile mills
• Leather companies
• Boutiques
168 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Fashion show organizers

• Jewellery houses and
• Media houses recruit professionals interested in a career in fashion designing.
Courses
To become successful in this industry it is always advisable to complete professional courses to gain expertise in various
areas of this industry such as garment manufacturing technology, textile science, apparel construction methods, fabric dyeing
and printing, colour mixing and computer-aided design. You can identify your area of interest and match it with your aptitude
while choosing from the courses offered in various areas of Fashion Designing. http://www.merinews.com.
Training Centres in India:
• National Institute of Design Paldi, Ahmedabad Textile and Apparel design www.nid.edu/academics_ug.htm
• National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), Kolkata
• The Northern India Institute of Fashion Technology. Mohali Fashion Design & Garment Manufacturing www.niiftindia.com
• Northeast Institute of Fashion Technology, Guwahati Assam. 2 years diploma in Fashion Designing. www.neift.com
• Peal Academy of Fashion: New Delhi Fashion Technology, Apparel Designing & Cloth Manufacturing www.pearlacademy.com
• National Institute of Fashion Technology NIFT Campus, Bangalore Textile Design www.bangalore.niftindia.com
• National Institute of Fashion Technology Chennai Apparel, Textile & Leather Design & Technology
www.chennai.niftindia.com
• National Institute of Fashion Technology Gandhinagar Gujarat Fashion design & Technology
www.gandhinagar.niftindia.com
• National Institute of Fashion Technology , Hyderabad Fashion Design, & Technology www.hyderabad.niftindia.com
• National Institute of Fashion Technology Navi Mumbai www.mumbai.niftindia.com
• Mayura School of Fashion Technology Trichy (Tamil Nadu) EMBROIDERY, FABRIC PAINTING www.texnett.com
• Jewellery Design & Technology Institute Noida ( U P) Jewellery Design & Technology www.jdtiindia.com.
• School of Fashion Technology Soft Campus, Near Cummins Engineering College, Karve Nagar
• Pune Apparel Production, Design Email :softpune@vsnl.net
Some More Best Designing Colleges in India
• Apeejay Institute of Design, New Delhi
• Amity School of Fashion Technology, Noida
• J D Institute of fashion Technology,
• Srishti School of Art, Design and Technology, Bangalore
• Maharashtra Academy of Engineering Education and Research (MAEER) MIT, Institute of Design
• Footwear Design and Development Institute, NOIDA
• Symbiosis Institute of Design, Pune
2. Careers in Accessory & Jewellery Design
Introduction
This field has emerged as a glamorous as well as lucrative. In order to cater to the rising demands of skilled manpower in
this sector, many fashion institutes offers diverse fashion technology programs including Accessory & Jewellery Design.
Scope
The popularity of these accessory design & jewellery design courses can well be gauged from the legendary passion of
human beings for jewelleries and rising use of accessories complementing today’s fashion trends. Several types of diploma,
certificate and advanced diploma courses are offered in Jewellery Design in India. The computer aided Jewellery design
courses are becoming very popular. This accessory design courses are offered at diploma, certificate and post-graduate levels.
The knowledge of Computer Aided Design (CAD) is essential for Computer aided Jewellery design course.
Training centres:
• Gemmological Institute of India Mumbai www.giionline.com
• Jewellery Design & Technology Institute www.jdtiindia.com
• SG Jhaveri Centre for Diamond Technology, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai.
• National Institute of Jewellery Design and Technology New Delhi Website: www.nijdt.in
• Indian Diamond Institute Katargam, Gidc, Surat Gujarat. www.diamondinstitute.net
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 169
• Indian Gemmological Institute , New Delhi Tele No: 011-7779732
• Indian Institute Of Gemmology New Delhi www.iigdelhi.com
3. Footwear Design & Technology Courses in India
Introduction
In the world of fashion shoes play a significant role in enhancing beauty and smartness. The foot wear has acquired large
significance in symbolizing one’s fashion statement, personal taste as well as sense of comfort. However, the designing and
making of shoes is quite complex and this industry needs efficient craftsmen trained with apt technical know-how.
Scope
There is growing demand for qualified professionals in this industry. Several kinds of Footwear Design & Technology
courses are available in India. You can choose from these courses according to your needs and qualifications. The various
courses such as Management program in Footwear Technology, Masters Program in Footwear Design, Higher Diploma course
in Footwear Technology, Diploma course in Footwear Designing as well as short term courses in Footwear, leather garments or
Leather Goods are offered. http://www.dmu.ac.uk
Courses
• Certificate courses in Footwear design & technology (can be generally pursued after completion 12th)
• Advanced diploma course in footwear technology require the candidate to be a graduate in any stream or diploma
holder in leather, engineering or Footwear technology.
• For the basic courses in footwear manufacturing technology, shoe making or design, you need to pass 10+2 level.
Courses in India
• AVI School of Fashion and Shoe Technology, S.C.O 493-94, IInd Floor, Sector 35-C, Chandigarh
• Central Footwear Training Institute C-41-42, Site-’C’, Industrial Area, Sikandra Agra-282007
• Footwear Design & Development Institute Noida Uttar Pradesh www.fddiindia.com
• MSME Technology Development Centre (Central Footwear Training Institute), Chennai www.cftichennai.in
• Central Leather Research Institute (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) Adyar, Chennai
• Government Tanning Institute, Jalandhar Punjab Email: info@gtijal.org
4. Textile Design Courses
Introduction
The world of fashion has emerged as a major medium of self-expression in India today. The popularity of textile design
courses in India is rapidly rising among the people who are interested in working in the Textile industry. The career aspirants
with creative ingenuity and technical skills opt for the textile design course in India. If you join a Textile design course, you
will gain an insight into Textile structure and design, Print and weave design, Indian Textiles as well as Embroidery. Students
can opt for diploma, postgraduate diploma, masters and certificate courses in Textile Design field. After completing these
courses, you will be able to work in areas of knitting, weaving and printing and prepare designs so that textile products can be
manufactured for artistic or commercial use.
Scope
Textile designers are in high demand for creating textiles for interior designs or fabrics. The students who are trained in
textile design can work in the allied industries such as paper and ceramics industry. They can also start their own design group
and remain self employed. http://www.thecampuschronicle.com
Eligibility
A degree or diploma course completed from reputed institutes like NIFT, NID, AID or any other reputed institute. The
knowledge of Photoshop is desirable.
Textile Design Institutes
• Vidya Institute New Delhi Email: vidyains@ndb.vsn.net.in
• National Institute of Design Paldi, Ahmedabad www.nid.edu
• Academy of Fashion Studies, New Delhi www.afsfashion.com/admissionform.pdf
• International Polytechnic for Women New Delhi www.womenpolytechnic.com
• Apeejay Institute of Textile Design (AID) www.apeejay.edu
Jobs
• Textile Designer.
• Assistant Textile Designer.
170 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

5. Careers in Visual Merchandising

Introduction
Today visual merchandising plays an important role in this business- generation of retail-industry. Visual Merchandisers
are the professionals who are responsible for granting any brand a face. Visual Merchandising (VM) is the art of presentation
whereby Visual merchandiser conceptualizes designs and implements window and in-store displays for retail stores. Visual
merchandising helps in educating the customers, creating the desire and enhancing the sell of products. Visual Merchandisers
must combine their artistic flair and creativity with technical know-how to set up displays that maximize the space of the store
while effectively catching the eye and appealing to the senses of their target customers.
Scope
There are many allied fields that can expand the scope for a visual merchandiser. Exhibition displays, birthdays, set
design (theatrical sets included), theme parties, hotel lobbies, home and wedding decorations are some of these areas. Many
big garments brands like Provogue, Shopper’s Stop, Ebony and Liliput etc. maintain in-house teams.
Eligibility
• One can enrol after 10+2 to the different diploma programmes.
• Creativity and ability for artistic expression plays key role in field.
• Technical and design expertise (e.g. building stet, props, setting up proper lighting, etc.) are helpful besides the knowledge
of fashion and art/design industry trends and forecasts and an ability to work well with others.
Institutes
• Birla Institute of Management Technology, New Delhi www.bimtech.ac.in
• Asia-Pacific Institute of Management, New Delhi Website: www.asiapacific.edu
• Indian Retail School, New Delhi www.indianretailschool.com
• K J Somaiyya Institute of Management Studies & Research, Worli, Mumbai- www.simsr.somaiya.edu
• Pearl Academy of Fashion, New Delhi www.pearlacademy.com
• Mudra Institute of Communications, Shela, Ahmedabad www.mica-india.net
• International Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi. www.iiftindia.net
The Common Entrance Examination for Design (CEED) is a joint entrance exam for post graduate studies in the field
of technological design held annually jointly at all IITs and Indian Institute of Science (IISc). The examination is hosted by
the Industrial Design Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay on behalf of Ministry of Human Resource Development,
Government of India. It is a descriptive test covering a student’s logical, creative, observation and drawing skills, tested in
particular for admission to various design courses in the field of Product Design, Industrial Design, Visual Communication,
Animation Graphic and, Vehicle Design and Mobility.
Eligibility
There is no bar to either the age of the candidate or the number of times a candidate can participate. The minimum
academic qualification for appearing in the examination is a Bachelors degree in Architecture, Fine Arts or Engineering from
a recognized college or university of India. All qualified candidates with a valid CEED Examination score become eligible to
apply for admission to various design programs under IITs and IISc. A valid CEED score does not, however, promise admission
to the desired institute. Candidates are always required to appear a second test known as the Design Aptitude Test (DAT)
followed by an interview prior to final selection by the respective institutes.
Examination Pattern
From year 2012 CEED has changed its examination pattern. Now the examination is conducted into two parts,A and B.
All the candidates have to answer both parts.
Part A is a screening test.There are about 40 questions in this part having negative marking.All questions in this part
checks general knowledge and awareness.Part B is evaluated for those candidates who are short listed in screening test(Part A).
All question in this part examines the drawing and creative skills of the candidate.
Programmes
CEED qualified candidate can apply for the following programmes in designing in IIT’s UPES and IISc, Bangalore
(a) Master of Design programmes (MDes, M.Des. or M.Design)
• IISc, Bangalore - M.Des. in Product design and Engineering
• IIT Bombay - M.Des. in (a) Industrial design, (b)Visual Communication, (c) Animation, (d) Interaction Design,
(e) Mobility and vehicle Design.
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 171
• IIT Delhi - M.Des. in Industrial Design
• IIT Guwahati - M.Des. in Design
• IIT Kanpur - M.Des. in Industrial Design
• IIITDM Jabalpur -M.Des. in Design
• School of Design Studies- UPES Dehradun - M.Des. in (a) Industrial design, (b) Product Design, (c) Interior Design,
(d) Transportation Design
(b) Ph.D Programmes in Design
• IISc Bangalore and IIT Bombay
If you think there are only a few options for careers in the arts and design field, you’ll be pleasantly surprised that there
are dozens of choices. Here are some of the most popular career options for people who want to work as artists or in an
occupation related to art and design.
• Acting • Advertising • Accessory and Jewellery Designing
• Footwear Technologist • Sculptor • Animation and Multimedia
• Cartoonist • Gemology • Music
• Museology • Graphic designer • Interior designer
• Cosmetologist • Painter • Modeling
• Photographer • Yoga Instructor • VJ/DJ/RJ
• Photojournalist • Visual merchandiser • Videographer
• Singer • Dancer • Art Restoration
• Choreographer • Textile Designing

6.3. CAREER IN ACTING

Introduction
“I don’t use any techniques; I’m not trained to be an actor. I just enjoy working in films.” —Amitabh Bachchan
The actors portray the role of another character, fictitious or otherwise, for the benefit of an audience or for their own
creative satisfaction. Actors do films, TV shows, videos and theater. They also do commercials, and sometimes even appear as
superheroes in computer games. Some actors do voice-overs and narrations for movies and other programs. Some go on to
teach at the drama schools or start their own academies. Overall, they play many roles / characters in their careers.
Actors bring their interpretations of characters from screenplays or scripts to life. They’re both entertainers and storytellers.
They spend a lot of time preparing for their performance. Many actors are also talented dancers, singers, painters, and mimicry
artists.
Courses & Eligibility
How to be an actor? It is said that actors are born and not made. But a formal program gives a person exposure, training
and education which enhances the chances of success. Thus the budding actors go to a college or university to study theater
and some go to performing arts schools. Although there is no defined educational qualification required for this career but a
course in acting or theater and a good command over language is a prerequisite.
The National School of Drama, New Delhi offers a Diploma course in Dramatic Arts, which is recognized by the
Government of India for the purpose of recruitment to superior posts and services under the Central Government, where
specialization in the field of Dramatics is required. The prerequisite for this course is a degree in graduation with at least 10
years of experience in amateur drama.
A week long crash course to a full fledged academic courses spanning over 3-4 years leading to a graduate degree in
acting are offered at many institutes.
Where to Study
Institutions and Universities
• National School of Drama, Bahawalpur House, 1 Bhagwandas Road, New Delhi
• Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Law College Road, Pune, Maharashtra
• Asian Academy of Film & Television, Marwah Studios Complex, FC-14/15 Film City, Sector-16A, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh
• The Imago School of Acting, Sudhan Bhawan (1st floor) 37, Saidulajab Village, Saket, Mehrauli Badarpur Road, New
Delhi
172 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Film and Television Institute of Andhra Pradesh, Saraswathi Nilayam, 8/3/169/69 Siddartha Nagar, Adjacent to Vengal
Rao Nagar, Hyderabad
• Adarsha Film Institute No.39, Netaji Road, Bangalore, Karnataka
• Actor Prepares, 2nd Floor, Film Industry Welfare Trust House, Next to Ajivasan Hall,Juhu Road, Santcruz
(West), Mumbai, Maharashtra
• Daisy Irani’s Film Institute 682, Roop Kala, 16th Road, Khar (W), Behind Khar Gymkhana, Mumbai,
Maharashtra
• Barry John Acting Studio, Mumbai - FullTime and Part Time courses in acting
• Zee Institute of Media Arts course in acting
Career Prospects
Actors can work in films, television, theaters, or other public performances (travelling groups, theme parks, etc.). Indian
Film and TV industry is booming and prospects are bright for the budding actors.
Famous Personalities
Amitabh Bachchan is synonymous with Indian film industry, he has done over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more
than four decades. He has won many awards in his career, including three National Film Awards and fourteen Filmfare Awards.
In addition to acting, Bachchan has worked as a playback singer, film producer and television presenter. He also had a stint in
politics in the 1980s. He has received both the Padma Shri and the Padma Bhushan civilian awards from the Indian government.
Naseeruddin Shah is also a famous Indian film actor and director. He has won three National Film Awards, three Filmfare
Awards for Best Actor, and a Best Actor Award (The Volpi Cup) at the Venice Film Festival. The Government of India has
honored him with both the Padma Shri and the Padma Bhushan civilian awards for his contributions to Indian cinema. He is
an alumni of National School of Drama.
A Day in Life
There is not a typical day in life of an actor. When they are not performing any role they usually spend time taking acting
classes for the betterment of their careers. If they have a role on which they are working the days are spent in rehearsing and
performing.
Their days are filled with checking emails and coordinating with the agent and searching for auditions and meetings with
industry people, reading scripts and other related work.

6.4. CAREER IN ADVERTISING

Introduction
“Creativity without strategy is called Art; creativity with strategy is called Advertising.” —Jef I Richards, advertising expert
Indeed, it is the advertising professionals who, through their creative renderings, using a few good pictures and a few good
words, help sell almost anything under the sun. Marketing as a function would be very dry without advertising.
Advertising is the business of communicating a message to an audience through the media newspapers, magazines, radio,
television, hoardings in public places etc. Every product that is available in the market needs to be advertised. Advertisement
helps in the publicity of the product by creating awareness among the consumer. The consumer comes to know about the
different features of household goods (like T.V. fridge, cooking oil, soap etc) or a service provider (Airlines, Insurance etc.) An
attractive advertising campaign helps in popularizing a product/service and gives a boost to the sales figures. It forms the basis
of marketing.
Advertising offers jobs on the executive side or the creative side. While the executive department deals with client
servicing media planning and market research the creative department employs copywriters and visualizers along with the
scriptwriters, storyboard artists, typographers, etc.
Work of Advertising Professionals
A career in advertising is very creative and generally gives lot of professional satisfaction. Advertising professionals
work in close coordination with the companies whose product or service has to be promoted or sold. They first decide about
the desired outcome of the advertisement planned and then accordingly work out a strategy. This part is usually done by senior
people in the advertising agency and the marketing team of the company.
The advertising agency then gives the work of developing the advertising material to the creative team. The creative
teams work on different ideas and after lot of fine-tuning, produce the advertising material for different media like Print
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 173
(newspapers or magazines), Radio (in the form of radio advertisements or jingles), TV (in the form of TV advertisements) and
Internet (in the form of online ads). After the advertising material is produced then it is released in different Medias and it is
here that the advertising people specializing in different media help the company in negotiating and buying media space for
effective dissemination of the advertisement.
Personality Traits
I. Good power of observation, II. An insight into the psyche of the people,
III. A creative visual imagination, IV. Patience and perseverance.
Courses & Eligibility
• BA Advertising: 10+2
• Bachelor of applied art/Courses in multimedia and mass communication/ any graduation (For Copy Writer), Entrance
test- Copy Test.
• Graduation in communication Design/ Graphic Design/Animation Design (For Visualiser)
• Post Graduation Advertising: Any Graduation and entrance exam and/or interview.
• MBA/Communication Management/ Media Management
Entrance Exam
• Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Bhartiya Vidhya Bhavan, Jamia Millia Islamia, Rajendra Prasad Institute of
Communication and Management, Xaviers Institute of communications, School of Communication and Management
Studies, Cochin conduct various entrance exams for admission to their courses.
Where to Study
• Mudra Institute of Communication (MICA), Ahmedabad.
• Mass Communication Research Centre (MCRC), Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi
• Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) Offers Post-graduate Diploma Course in Advertising & Public Relations.
JNU new campus, New Delhi Phone
• National Institutes of advertising, New Delhi offers Two Year Post Graduate Diploma in Marketing Communications
Management (PGDMCM) -Full Time and Two Year Post Graduate Diploma in Advertising and Communications.
• The Delhi School of Communication, New Delhi Offers 2 year Post Graduate Program in Communication integrating
Advertising, Public Relations, Marketing and Strategy.
• Asian Academy of Film & Television, NOIDA
• Sardar Patel College of Communication & Management, New Delhi Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi
• University of Delhi Website: www.du.ac.in
• University of Mumbai, Mumbai Offers Bachelor in Mass media (BMM) 3 years course.
• Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi
• South Delhi Polytechnic for Women, New Delhi.
• Sir Aurobindo Institute Of Mass Communication New Delhi
• The Advertising Academy, New Delhi
• International Institute Of Mass Media, New Delhi
• Institute of Mass Communication, Manipal
Prospects
With the growth in markets and ever-increasing number of consumer goods, advertising is here to stay. Well-known
Advertisement Agencies have openings for copywriters, editors, visualisers and even musicians. One can also be self-employed
by opening up own advertising agency.
Course/Training
In order to be a successful advertiser one does not need any formal qualification as such. Any one with a talent to
understand public perception and preferences can excel in this field. However, training in also available in the field of
executive and creative departments.
Executive Department: In this department students are taught marketing, media planning, graphics, and group campaigns
with all other aspects of advertising and public relations.
(i) Graduation in any discipline with a flair for writing.
174 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

(ii) Diploma or degree in Mass-Communication/Advertising/Social Communication.

(iii) MBA Graduates with specialization in marketing.
Creative Department
I. Bachelor of fine arts (BFA) can be taken after +2. The duration is four or five years.
II. The National Institute of Design at Ahmedabad offers a School Leaver’s Professional Education Programme (SLPEP).
Pay and Remuneration
Usually the fresh people in advertising industry get Salaries of around Rs. 1.5 to Rs.2 lakhs per year, after about 5-6 years
of experience the professionals in this field start earning anywhere between Rs.4 to Rs.8 Lakhs per annum and very senior
professionals usually get anywhere between Rs.15 to Rs.40 lakhs per annum.
A Day in Life
The advertising professionals usually start their careers in either Art (Visual Creativity) or Copy (Written Creativity).
Professionals in Art are usually trained in fine arts or visual graphics. Professionals in Copy are essentially those trained in
language. As the profession is quite creative, therefore it is also not very structured. Most of the advertising agencies where
advertising professionals work have an open and not very formal structure.A typical day for a new or fresh pass-out starts with
checking for new work brief sent by the superiors over Email or in person. After the brief is taken, then the person spends time
in conceptualizing the new campaigns. After making a few concepts, the same is forwarded to the supervisors. Thereafter the
person works on giving finishing touches and finalizing the campaigns where the clients and superiors have given their
feedback.
There are days when the professional is relatively free by early evening and there are also days when they have to meet the
clients’ deadlines and it becomes really late. However there is always creative energy flowing in an advertising agency and the
professionals never feel bored.

6.5. CAREER IN ACCESSORY DESIGNING

Introduction
“Fashion Changes, but style endures.” —Coco Chanel
Fashion continues to attract many youth, and why not! The fashion industry is growing at a very healthy rate across the
World as well as in India. Fashion accessories are an integral part of any fashion item and the scope is pretty good. Many
reputed institutes in India offer accessory designing as a course.
Who is an accessory designer?
Accessory designers design all the products and items that compliment fashion like Headgears, fashion jewelry, belts,
scarves, bags, gift wares, etc. In most cases, they specialize in a specific line of accessories as well as their target clients,
whether they are men, women or kids. Fashion in the outfits keep changing with seasons and accessories designers have to
come up with complementary products and thus should be aware of the latest trends and color patters etc to get good business.
Courses & Eligibility
There are many courses like Diploma and Post Graduate Diploma in Accessory Design are available. The duration of these
diploma courses range from 1 – 2 years.
B. Design (Accessory) (4 years)
Accessory Design and Technology courses at PG level are also available.
Generally students from all streams are eligible to apply in design courses. For pursuing M Design one should have done
B Design course.
Entrance Exam: Most of the reputed Institutes like NID, NIFT take their own entrance exams which has Design Aptitude
test and interview.
Where to Study
Institutes offering Accessory Design Courses in India:
• National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad offers PG Diploma in Lifestyle Accessory Design
• Eligibility: Degree in Design, Engineering, Technology, Architecture or Fine Arts, OR Diploma in Design (under 10+2+4yr)
• Apeejay Institute of Design, Meherauli-Badarpur Road, New Delhi offers Post Graduate Diploma in Accessory Design (1Year)
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 175

• Eligibility: A Bachelor’s Degree (10+2+3) in any stream with 50% Marks, (Age not above 35 years)
• ARCH Academy of Fashion Art Design, Malviya Nagar Institutional Area, Jaipur offers course in Life Style Accessory
Design (2 years)
• National Institute of fashion Technology, Delhi and other cities Offer B. Design (Accessory Design) (4 years) 10+2
students from recognised board are eligible.
• Footwear Design and Development Institute, FDDI, Noida, Offers Bachelor in Leather goods and accessory Design (4
years)
• Jewellery Design & Technology Institute, A-89, Sector-2 Noida
• National Institute of Jewelry Design and Technology, Near Delhi Jal Board, Sri Maa Anandmayee Marg, Okhla Industrial
Area Ph-II, New Delhi. Phone No: 011-2638-7941
• Indian Gemological Institute, F-32-33, Jhandewalan, Flatted Factories complex, near Jhandewalan Temple, Rani Jhansi
Road, New Delhi Tele No: 011-7779732
• (i) National Institute of Fashion Technology, HAUZKHAS near Gulmohar Park, New Delhi-110016. It offers 3 years
Diploma in Accessory Design Courses. Candidates who have completed 10+2 or are in their 12th Std. from any recognized
Board with a minimum of 50% (45% for SC/ST) marks are eligible. Admission is made on the basis of written test and
Group Discussion.
Some Other Institutes are:
• Srimati Nathibai Damodar Training (SNDT) Womens’ University, Mumbai.
• St. Xavier’s College, Gemology Department, Mumbai.
• Small Industries Services Institute, 65/1, G.S.T. Road, Chennai-600032.
• Jewellery Export Promotion Council, D.15 Commerce Centre, Tardeo, Mumbai-400034.
• Gemology Institute of India, 29, Gurukul Chambers, Mumbadevi Road, Mumbai-400002 offers Grading and cutting
course.
• Gem and Jewellery Export promotion council, Rajasthan Bhavan, Jaipur-302003.
• Indian Diamond Institute, Sumul Dairy Road, Katargam, Post Box-508, Surat-395008 offers courses in Jewellery Design
and Machine cast Jewellery.
Salary
Accessory designing is coming up as a lucrative career option in the design field. Fresh pass outs at graduate level begin
with a package of Rs.1.8 – 2.5 lakhs per year. Many people start their own businesses and do very well.
Career Prospects
After this course one can work as a designer, stylist, merchandiser among others. Accessory designing is a profitable
business. The global fashion industry has significantly expanded in the last decade and good designers are in demand.
Famous Personalities
Kenneth Cole: Designer best known for his extensive lines of shoes, also produces men’s and women’s clothing and
accessories.
Christian Dior: House of Dior is involved in creating wonderful couture gowns, and fabulous line of accessories.
Some Indian Personalities in this field are Manish Malhotra, Neeta Lulla, Ritu Beri and Ritu Kumar.

6.6. CAREER IN JEWELLERY DESIGNING

Introduction
Since time immemorial jewelry has been associated with wealth and status. In the present time, not only it is a status
symbol it is also a style and fashion item. This has revolutionized the traditional jewelry and now modern jewelry for different
occasions with different price ranges are available. No wonder, Gems and jewelry industry is doing quite well and has provided
employment to many.
Jewelry designing is the art or profession of creating, crafting, fabricating, or rendering designs for jewelry. The ancient
practice practiced by the goldsmith or metalworker that has now evolved in to a billion-dollar industry. Today with the
modern computer aided design software, conceptualizing has become much easier. Apart from conceptualizing, a professional
jewelry designer is also trained in the architectural and functional knowledge of fabrication techniques, composition, wearability
and market trends.
176 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Jewelry designers are creative people who make designs for new jewelry and then help in manufacture of various jewelry
products. Jewelry designers are also skilled in stone cutting, handling of various metals, engraving, polishing, stone setting
etc. The make new designs and help convert the designs into jewelry. As a jewelry designer one can specialize in many aspects
of jewelry designing.
Courses and Eligibility
• Bachelor of Design (Jewelry) (4 years): eligibility is 10+2 and stream. Most of the reputed institutes like NIFT, NID, Arch
Academy, take students through entrance tests.
• Diploma course in design 2 years, Certificate in Jewelry Design (1 Year), Certificate in Gem Processing and Identification
(1 Year)
• For most of the courses practical training with a jewelry house is a requirement.
Entrance Exams
• AIEED of Arch Academy
• NIFT entrance test for B Design
• NID entrance test
Course Fee
A one to two year study program fee is around Rs 65,000 to Rs 1.80 lakh and short-term courses are available for Rs
15,000 to Rs 65,000.
Where to Study
• B.Des. (Accessory Design) (4 Years), National Institute of Fashion Technology, Gandhinagar, Kolkata, Chennai, Madhapur,
Hyderabad, Navi Mumbai; Entrance Examination
• B Des (Jewelry) 4 years, Diploma Program 2 years, ARCH Academy of Design, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur; AIEED Entrance
Examination
• Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years) Delhi Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi
• Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years), National Institute of Jewelry Design and Technology (N.I.J.D.T.), Hi-
Tech Vocational Training Center, Shri Maa Anand Mayee Marg, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-II , New Delhi (Delhi)
• PG Diploma program in lifestyle accessory design, NID, Paldi, Ahmedabad.
• Advanced Diploma in Metals & Jewelry (1 Year) Dhiyoh International School of Design, Shukrawar Peth. Pune
• Diploma in Jewelry Design, Diploma in Gemology, Diploma in Diamond Grading - rough & polish diamonds,
Gemmological Institute of India (GII), Mumbadevi Road, Mumbai.
• B Sc in Jewelry Design (3 Years) Inter National Institute of Fashion Design (I.N.I.F.D.), Ajmer (Rajasthan), INIFD
Campus, Shastri Nagar , Ajmer, Rajasthan.
• Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years), Global Jewelry and Gemological Institute, Surat
• Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years) Goyam Institute for Diamonds and Jewelry, Surat
• Diploma In Gems & Jewelry (1 Year), Indian Institute of Gems & Jewelry (IIGJ), Bagmal Laxmichand Parikh Campus,
Andheri (E),Mumbai.
• Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years), Indian Institute of Jewelry (I.I.J.), Modern Centre, Sane Guruji Marg,
Mahalaxmi, Mumbai.
• Advanced Diploma in Jewelry Design (2 Years), International Gemological Laboratories and Institute, New Delhi.
• Jewelry Design (Hons.)(4 Years), Pearl Academy of Fashion, Jaipur, Chennai; Entrance Exam
• Advanced Diploma and Degree in Jewelry Design (2 Years),Raffles Millennium International, Delhi/NCR, Pusa Road
Delhi
• B Sc in Jewelry Design (3 Years) Sindhar Institute of Gemology, Kolkata (West Bengal)
Pay and Remuneration
Remuneration and salaries of a jewelry designer can differ depending on the education and experience. For a starter, one
expects salary around a lakh to 1.5 lakhs a year. Top-rated designers get very high salaries to the tune of Rs 12 lakhs a year. One
can also work as a freelancer and the earnings completely depend upon one’s creativity and skills and hence there is no limit
for how much you can earn.
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 177
Career Prospects
In the multibillion dollar gems and jewelry industry there is very good demand for design professionals, Product
development professionals, Jewelry entrepreneurs, Merchandisers and Sales and marketing professionals.
Famous Personalities: Jean Schlumberger, French jewelry designer especially well known for his work at Tiffany &
Co.In India Poonam Soni, Asha Modi, Farah Khan are some of the well known names.

6.7. SPATIAL DESIGN

The modern term used for designing of SPACES is spatial design. This term encompasses both interior and exterior
design. Spatial designers are in great demand because of growing consciousness for style and décor. They are not only creative
but technically sound professionals who work as a part of a team which includes architects, furnishers, craft designers etc. They
plan the entire structure of homes, offices in such a way that along with style their planning does not ignore the practical
aspects involved like proper ventilation, drainage system, water supply, safety etc. They have to keep in mind the latest colour
schemes, fabrics, light effects, directions of different rooms etc.
Personal Attributes
Spatial designers must be artistic, creative and imaginative. They should have numerical ability enabling them to
calculate dimensions etc. The ability to draw is important. They should be able to express their ideas in sketches and translate
them into accurate working specifications: Interior designers should have an analytical mind and the ability to understand the
technicalities involved. They should posses excellent communication skills, patience and team spirit.
Employment Opportunities
The best way is to join any established designer as an assistant. Later on designers generally start their own business or
work as free lancers.
Institutes and Courses
The only-5 years professional course in interior design is available at the following Institute:
School of Interior Design, Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology (C.E.P.T), University Road, Nawrangpur,
Ahmedabad 380009.
Admission Requirements
Must have passed 10+2 or equivalent examination in the science stream. For admission one is required to appear a written
Test followed by interview.
Other Institutes
1. SNDT WOMENS’ UNIVERSITY, NATHIBAI THAKERSEY ROAD, MUMBAI, offers 3 years course in Interior Design.
2. School of Interior Design and Institute of Environmental Design, Vallabh Vidya Nagar, Gujurat, 388120, Offers 4 years
Interior Design Course.
3. Polytechnics and Vocational training schools in most cities conduct short term courses in Interior Design.
For details regarding course fees, Admission procedures etc. One can write to these Institutes.

6.8. CAREER AS A FOOTWEAR TECHNOLOGIST

Introduction
Looking at the current trends in people’s spending on lifestyle and related products, the prospects for footwear industry
look very bright. Footwear technology is emerging as a sought after career for many motivated young people.
Footwear manufacturing requires sophisticated machinery and technically skilled professionals who must be competent
to handle all the processes related to shoe-making. There are course available at Diploma, Degree and Post Graduation level
that train an individual to become footwear technologists.
Footwear technologists work mainly in a shoe-factory or related organizations. They specialize in design, production
management, industrial engineering, quality control, or in general and executive management. They learn all the aspects of
footwear production and are involved in factory production situation using a variety of complex raw materials, either natural,
or synthetic, or both. They also work with technologically advanced machinery, electronics and computer systems used in the
manufacturing process. After completion of course they may work in industry or choose to start their own factories, specializing,
for example, in sports footwear.
178 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Courses and Eligibility

• Bachelor of Design (Leather Design)
• Certificate course in Footwear Design and production, Shoe designing and Pattern Cutting
• Computer aided shoe designing
• Diploma in Footwear design and production, diploma in Footwear technology
• Post Graduate Diploma in Footwear technology
• B Tech Leather Technology (Only for science students)
Students from all streams are eligible for the courses but B Tech is open only for science students and admission is through
entrance exam. For admission to B Tech one has to sit in all India entrance JEE Main and reputed footwear technology
institutes conduct their own entrance exam.
Where to Study
FDDI is one of the best institutes for footwear technology. It is widely recognized as a centre of excellence. The institute
conducts wide range of professional programmes in the area of Retail Management, Footwear Design, Technology, Management,
Fashion Merchandising, Visual Merchandising, Marketing, Creative Designing & CAD/CAM and Leather Goods & Accessories
Design etc. The long-term programmes are of two to three years duration. All programmes offered by the institute meet the
international standards.
Some other institutes of repute are :
• HBTI Kanpur offers B Tech Leather Technology
• Govt. College of engineering and Leather Technology, Kolkata offers B Tech Footwear Technology
• The Footwear Design and Development Institute, Noida and Chennai, offers PG Diploma in Management - in footwear
technology (PGDM-FT) and other related courses
• Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai offers CAD course for footwear design
• AVI school of fashion and shoe technology, Chandigarh
• Govt Leather Institute Agra
• National Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi & Gandhinagar
• Central Footwear Training Centre (CFTC), Chennai
• National Small Industries Corporation Limited, Chennai
Pay and Remuneration
Footwear technicians earn around 2.5 to 3 lakhs a year but Managers and Senior Designers get around 10 lakhs a year.
Career Prospects
One can easily find employment in various shoe factories and Since establishment costs for a small factory are reasonable,
one can start your own business after getting the necessary qualifications.

6.9. CAREER AS A SCULPTOR

A sculptor is a person who practices the art of sculpture as a profession. They create and design 3D structures using clay,
plastic, glass, paper fabric, various metals, wood, stone, ice etc.
Hard materials are generally carved with tools called chisels. Different kinds of chisels are used to carve away the stone,
shape the forms, and finish the details. Depending on the materials used, a sculptor may also use techniques ranging from sewing to
molding to cutting. Sometimes they also use molding, casting, welding and firing to get the desired structures. Sculpting as an art is
not simple. It requires craftsmanship and expertise to use tools. It takes time and practice to carve out perfect structures.
Sculptors are usually self employed and may work part time sculpture and have another full time job. People with higher
qualifications also take up teaching assignments at various levels. Sculpture have to market themselves and create a name for
themselves. Usually one has to make a portfolio of the pictures of their sculptures and one may have website of one’s work.
Sculptures usually try to get their work displayed in local artist’s galleries or museums. Many sculptors work long hours. One
who perseveres and has a real passion and talent for original sculpting is the most likely to receive average or above average
payment, as well as recognition, for his or her sculpture work.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor of Fine Arts (Sculpture) is usually a 4 year course, 10+2 students of any stream are eligible. Diploma in Painting
is two years. At the post-graduation level the course offered is MFA. The duration of this course is two years. BFA pass students
are eligible for MFA course. Many other short duration courses are also offered by universities and colleges all over India.
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 179
Institutions of repute take their own Aptitude Test / Entrance exam to select students for their courses.
Where to Study
Institutes and Colleges
• College of Arts, Delhi University, BFA (4 Years), admission through Entrance Test, MFA and other courses
• Kala Bhavan, Visva Bharati, Shantiniketan, West Bengal, BFA, MFA and other courses
• Faculty of Fine Arts, MS university Baroda, BFA, MFA and other courses
• Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi
• Government College of Arts and Crafts, 28, Nehru Road, Calcutta
• Faculty of Fine Art, BHU, Varanasi, BFA (4 Years) admission through Entrance Test, MFA and other courses
• Punjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, BFA (4 Years), other courses
• Nagpur University, Nagpur
• University of Jammu, Jammu
• Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, BFA (4 Years) admission through Entrance Test, MFA and other
courses are also offered
• Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam
• Goa College of Art, Panaji, Goa, Admission through entrance test
• University of Bombay, Fort Mumbai, BFA ((5 years), admission through Entrance Test
• Dr. B R Ambedkar, Marathwada University, Aurangabad
• Govt College of Art & Craft, Chennai
• College of Fine Art Kumara Kurupa Road, Bangalore
• College of Fine Art, Palayam, Trivandrum
• University of Mysore, Crawford Hall, Mysore
Remuneration
Mostly sculptors work on assignment basis and thus earnings vary a lot depending on assignments. Famous scultors take
a fee which may be even be a a few lakhs for one piece. People in teaching career can begin with Rs 3-4 Lakhs per year salary.
Famous Personalities
Great Sculptors of India
Dhruv Mistry: He gave way to amalgamation of standard market art with traditional art descending from the most
primitive civilizations. His sculptures reconnoiter art in scores of media other than sculpture such as drawing, painting,
sketching and the like.
Anish Kapoor: He is distinguished for being a winner of Turner Prize. His sculptures have the power to capture the
onlooker as they are mysteriously marvelous. His sculptures range between brilliantly colored and being monochromatic and
are mostly simple forms.
Sadanand Bakre: He was amongst the most celebrated sculptors of India. He studied at the famous J. J. School of Art and
was the winner of numerous awards here. He was amongst the founder members of the Progressive artists’ group immediately
after independence of India. This artist has displayed his works of creativity in a lot of locations in America and Europe. He had
also exhibited his artworks in 1961 at the Commonwealth Institute.

6.10. CAREER IN ANIMATION AND MULTIMEDIA

• 3D Animation
• 2D Animation
• Visual Effects
• Graphic Designing
• Web Designing
• Bachelor’s Courses in Animation
• PG Courses in Animation
• Gaming
180 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Get Familiar with Animation as a Career Choice

Animation & Multimedia courses are largely considered among the most sought after of IT courses in India. Animators
are interpreted as technologically-proficient individuals who can develop artistic impressions using various computer-based
technologies. Animators are employed across a wide range of industries and their demand is unlikely to slowdown in the near
future as the demand for more expressive web-based technologies is rising. This has ensured a constant requirement for
creating better, more impactful visuals, making animators among the more sought-after of professionals.
Studying Animation Courses in India—Explore Top Multimedia & Animation Institutes in India
There are plenty of institutes across India that have gained the reputation of being the best 2d animation institutes or top
3D Animation Institutes. The sustained interest in this career choice means that animation institutes can now be found beyond
metropolitan centres. Students wishing to pursue animation courses should note that there is a certain pattern in how animation
courses are offered among such institutes.
2D/3D Animation Courses in India can be pursued in various forms, including:
• Certificate courses/Short-term diplomas at both, the starter and specialization level
• Undergraduate degree courses
• Post-graduate short courses aimed at further specialization
Animation Colleges in India offer Animation Courses in various forms, including Certificate and Diploma course options
offered by numerous state universities and private organizations. These are essentially short-term courses aimed at preparing
individuals with basic skills in animation. For instance, an individual can take-up a Certificate Course in Animation immediately
after completing this (10+2). Students can also pursue courses that help them to specialize in a particular aspect of animation
technologies. For example, a student can pursue a Diploma in VFX (visual effects). Students can pursue such Animation
Courses in India from private institutes catering to specific animation technologies. For instance, a Certificate Course in
MAYA-a specific form of animation application can be studied at any of the Top 3D Animation Institutes.
Animation Courses in India as an undergraduate degree—many students have started opting for undergraduate courses
offered by ‘animation schools’. A common example of such courses is a Graduate Diploma Program in Design. Such multimedia
and animation courses are aimed at preparing thorough professionals with comprehensive knowledge about various animation-
based skills.
Students searching for the best animation courses in India should note that some colleges have modified conventional
courses like Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) to create options like B.Sc. in Animation & Multimedia.
Such courses are available in many of the Top Animation Schools besides globally-accredited private institutions.
Students graduating in animation might find it slightly hard to find Post-graduate options. These courses are slightly limited,
with only a few of the established colleges offering regular M.Sc. or post-graduate diplomas in Animation. However, there are
plenty of private institutions that offer post-graduate level specializations.
Animation is a world of special effects and unbelievable graphics. It creates unbelievable real and virtual experiences.
Animation is blend of the entertainment industry and technology. The animators provide graphics for educational programs,
movies, television shows, websites and advertisements. The boom of children’s TV channels (like Disney, Cartoon Network,
Pogo, Hungama, Nick etc.) and increasing trend of using animation in Ad films has created numerous job opportunities.These
days animation is used in almost all the industries viz. automobile, pharmaceutical, medicine, aerospace, civil and architectural
and many more. The film industry has shown an insatiable appetite for animation. The digital animation is one of the
youngest, fastest-changing and most rewarding career options. India is rapidly growing as a major animation outsourcing hub
with a phenomenal 30% growth rate.
Scope
Over 30,000 animation studios around the world and 70 percent of them have a turnover of US $1 million. A typical
animated film requires 700 to 800 animators. A large number of animators are needed but the number of skilled animators is
falling very short. This resulted in imbalance of demand and supply ratio. The demand for animation production services from
international animation studios is spurred in large part due to India’s lower costs of animation production and technical
manpower to meet 2-D and 3-D animation requirements. The Indian companies are now creating a number of animated films
and cartoons for US and European studios. India has over 300 animation studios employing over 12,000 animation professionals.
Animation has become a high paying profession that is matching the pay packets of software professionals. The career in
animation is challenging as well high rewarding.
Remuneration
In general, the ranges between Rs. 12,000-1,00000 per month. It mainly depends on the animation skills, the nature of
work and employer.
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 181
Eligibity
Minimum 12th pass and must have completed Certificate/diploma/advanced diploma/Graduation course in animation
from reputed institute. A good drawing skill is desirable.
Employabilty Skills
• One must be methodical, accurate, creative and innovative.
• Good communication skills.
• Good at hand-eye coordination, drawing, design and layouts.
• Good knowledge of CAD (Computer Aided Designs) systems.
• Good visualization, imagination and observation
• Passion and inclination towards art.
• Good computer skills.
• Ability to visualize three-dimensional objects.
Career Test
If you record “Yes” for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career in the field of
Animation.
• Am I creative and innovative?
• Do I have good communication skill?
• Do I am a good at hand-eye coordination, drawing, design and layouts?
• Do I have good knowledge of CAD (Computer Aided Designs) systems?
• Do I have good visualization, imagination and observation?
• Do I have passion and inclination towards art?
• Do I have good computer skills?
• Do I have ability to visualize three-dimensional objects?
• Do I have mathematical precision?
• Do I have design skills?
• Am I open minded and ready to implement new ideas?
• Do I have ability to work hard?
Career Opportunities
• Multimedia careers: Multimedia is used in fine arts, entertainment, commercial art, journalism, media, designing and
software services. A multimedia specialist is expected to possess technical, analytical as well as creative skills.
• Graphic designing: A graphic designer is work for the layout and presentation of different types of media (poster,
package, website). Graphic designers work on creating logos, websites, business cards, advertisements, brochures,
hoardings, product packaging, posters, book designs, magazine and newspaper layouts, as well as a vast variety of other
communication-related products.
• Game designing: Computer and console game designing is a fast-growing entertainment field. High-end gaming
consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and the growing popularity of online virtual reality games are providing good
opportunities for game designers. This field offers tremendous scope for web designers with cutting-edge skills.
• Print and publishing: Graphic designers and multimedia specialists have a lot of scope in in Desk Top Publishing (DTP).
Animators are needed in virtual reality/3D modeling, e-learning, e-commerce, fashion design, interior design and
architecture, jewellery designing, film set designing as well as for developing content for mobile phones.
Job Options
• 2D animator • 3D animator • Character animator • Compositing artist
• Editor • Effects artist • In-between artist • Lighting artist
• Modeler • Rigging artist • Special effects • Storyboard artist
• Texture artist
Employers
• Crest Communications • Films Division • Maya Entertainment • Silverton Studio
• UTV Toons • Zee Institute of Creative Arts (ZICA) • 2NZ Studios
182 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Prasad Studios • Acropetal • JadooWorks • Color Chips

• Toonz Animation • Heart Animation
Courses
• Advance Diploma in 3D Animation • Advance Diploma in 3D Animation and VFX
• Advance Diploma in Animation • Advance Diploma in Multimedia
• Animaster Graduate Programme (AGP) • B.A. 3D Animation
• B.Sc. Animation • B.Sc. Animation and Game Technology
• B.Sc. Multimedia
Some Selected Courses
• Anitoons: Duration: 18 months Further details: www.anitoonsindia.com
• Race: Further details: www.race-india.com
• ToonSkool: Duration: 3 year (diploma) Further details: www.toonskool.com
• ZICA: 3-year Diploma and 10 months www.zica.org
• MAAC: Further details www.maacindia.com
Important Institutes
• Colorchips Animation Training centre www.colorchipsindia.com/aboutus.html
• Digital Media College of Arts in Chennai.
• DSK Supinfocom-animation institute Pune www.dsksic.com
• Ants: Animation Training School, Bangalore www.animationeducations.com
• International Animation College, Hyderabad” (collaboration with Canada-based Centennial College).
www.sadanapalli.net
• SAE Institute www.sae.edu
• LPU offers degree course in animation, film and TV production.
• National Institute of Design (NID, Ahmedabad) www.nid.edu
• J.J School of Arts www.sirjjarchitecture.org
• Industrial Design Center (IDC), IIT - Mumbai www.idc.iitb.ac.in
• Academy of Animation and Gaming www.aag.edu.in
• Arena Multimedia, Pune www.arena-multimedia.com
• Maya academy of advanced cinematics. jmroad@maacindia.com

6.11. CAREER AS A CARTOONIST

“Animation is not the art of drawings that move, but rather the art of movements that are drawn.” —Norman McLaren
When one of the most successful animators of all time makes a statement like this, he clears the ground that to be
successful in the field of animation one needs to be creative as well as express what they truly feel.
Who is an Animator?
An animator is a person or an artist who creates animation through a series of successive images.
What is Animation?
Animation can said to be an illusion where the animator creates several images which when moved sequentially at high
speed create a movement. The multiple images that an animator is expected to create are usually called frames or key frames.
In order to make an animation effective and complete, several animators usually work together. Of course a single animator can
do the same, but it would get too hectic and troublesome for the same.
There are quite a few different approaches of creating images and frames, which entirely depends on the creativity of the
animator as well as their styles and field. There is couple of specializations available in the field of animation such as
character animators and special effects animators. The character animators are responsible for the movement of characters,
acting, the dialogue delivery etc. While the special effects animators are those who are responsible for all other effects and
animations apart from characters. For instance: the special effects animators take care of the vehicles, natural phenomenon,
machinery etc.
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 183

6.12. CAREER AS AN ANIMATOR

The requirement of animators is in a lot of fields such as movies, television, internet and video game. There are other
artists whose role is extremely important in animation but they are not considered as animators. For example: storyboard
artists, layout artists, voice actors, musicians etc. When it comes to large scale, the animators are usually supported by
assistants who are also called as “inbetweeners” or “clean-up artists”. Once the main drawings are done by the animators,
these people help the animators with redrawing or do the in between drawings.
Courses & Eligibility
Animation is fast becoming one of the most popular courses not only in India but in other countries as well. It provides
candidates with wonderful opportunity to express their talent and creativity. The following is a list of Animation Courses that
one can pursue:
• Advance Diploma in 3D Animation
• Advance Diploma in Game Art
• Bachelor of Art in Digital Media
• Diploma in Fusion Animation
• Diploma in VFX and Animation
The basic eligibility criteria for any animation course is that candidates need to have completed their intermediate
(10+2). Candidates, who have already graduated preferably from arts background, can apply for the Post Graduation in
animation courses. However some renowned institutes allow only graduates from Architecture, Technology and Engineering
background or Fine Arts to go ahead with the PG courses. Having an artistic side to a person always is desired as a base skill
for becoming an animator along with the basic computer skills.
One can go for short term courses which range from 6 months to one year or the diploma courses that range from 2 to 3
years. There are lots of institutes which provide with animation course but most of them require candidates to undergo an
entrance test. Some of the entrance examinations meant for Animation Career are as follows:
• National Animation Admission Test
• Arena Animation Academy Entrance Exam
• Picasso Animation College Entrance Exam
• FX School of Animation Entrance Exam
• National School of Design Animation Entrance Exam
Course Fees
The Animation Course fee usually differs and varies from institute to institute. However, in general, the fees varies from
Rs.50,000/- to Rs.3,00,000/- for the course duration.
Where to Study
Some of the best animation institutes in India include:
• National Institute of Design (NID), Ahmedabad: Set up in the year 1961, this is one of the most premier institutes of the
country when it comes to animation courses. It provides undergraduate course in Faculty of Communication design and
is of four years. It also provides a Post Graduate Diploma Programme in Design which is of one to two years.
• Manipal University, Bangalore: The institute provides a three year Degree course and comprehensive training in
Animation which includes several components such as Hands-On Workshop, Holistic Personality Enhancement, Support
Skills, Traditional Skills etc.
• Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra: One of the most renowned institutes of the country, BIT Mesra not only provides
degree courses but also makes efforts to turn the candidates into professionals needed by the industry.
• Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune: Standing for over 50 years, the institute has been providing
students with diploma and certificate courses in the field of animation.
• Industrial Design Center – Indian Institute of Technology (IDC – IIT): IIT is without any doubts one of the premier
most institutes of the nation and the courses provided by them are surely one of the best. The course deals with all the
aspects of animation such as theory, drawings, anatomy, sound, visual scripting etc.
• AJK Mass Communication Research Centre,Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) University,New Delhi Offers MA visual effects
and animation.
Some of the other prominent animation colleges in the country are as follows:
• Maya Academy of Advanced Cinematics (MAAC)
184 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art, Mumbai ( JJIAA)

• Anwar Jamal Kidwai Mass Communication Research Center (AJK – MCRC)
• Toonz Academy, New Delhi
• DSK Supinfocom, Pune
• ICAT, Chennai
• Whistling Woods, Mumbai
• Graphiti School of Animation, Mumbai
• Arena, Delhi
• Picasso, Mathura Road
Pay and Remuneration
The salary of an animator depends on lots of factors such as their experience and the field of work. A beginner can earn
anything between Rs. 1.2 lakhs per year to Rs.4 lacs per annum, which may or may not include bonus of up to Rs.1,00,000/-
on a yearly basis. With a few years of experience in their bags, animators can earn very high indeed.
Career Prospects
India is comparatively new to the animation industry, but that does not stop the possibilities for animators. As India is
moving forward in the direction of animation, lots of companies and firms are showing great deal of interest in animators.
Animators can become part of the film industry as well. This exciting field provides with lots of career opportunities. Infact
these days, a lot of Film Production houses of Hollywood, outsource the animation work to people in India.
Famous Personalities
The role of an animator calls for a completely innovative and creative head who can think out of the box. World has
witnessed several such personalities who dedicated their entire life to animation. Walt Disney is one of the most renowned
animators of the world. He, along with his brother Roy O. Disney, have had immense influence on the world of animation. Walt
Disney would be always remembered for his immensely popular character of Mickey Mouse. Akio Watanabe is a Japanese
animator, animation director and character designer who is famous by the name Poyoyon Rock. He has provided Japan with
some of its most memorable animated characters. Aaron Augenblick is a well known animator from the United States of
America who is widely recognized for his animated films “The Midnight Carnival” and “The Wire”. He is currently involved
with a project by the name “Ugly Americans”. Another personality who has earned lots of respect for himself over the years is
William Denby Hanna. He is an American animator known worldwide for lots of animated television series.

6.13. CAREER IN GEMOLOGY

Since the beginning of human civilization, jewels and jewelery have been an integral part of our lives. They have been
regarded as a symbol of wealth and glory. It is also believed that certain kind of gemstones can influence our behavior and our
fate as they are to believed to possess some magical powers. Designs and fashions of jewelery and ornaments keep on
undergoing a constant change with the changing times. So there has been increasing need of professionals who cater to this
demand of designing and manufacturing ornaments and jewelry. In India this industry is emerging as an important source of
employment and has lot of potential for growth. Even many foreign brands and companies are tieing up with Indian industry
for manufacturing gold and diamond studded jewelery. The exports of gems and jewelery are also increasing.
Nature of Work
Gemology is a subject which deals with gems stones, identifying them ,grading them and sorting them according to their
physical properties and values. A gemologist studies about the classification of the natural gem stones and finds the way to
prevent their damage. He has to examine their surfaces, internal structure using polariscope and refractometer and grades them
according to their color and quality. He can also work as a jewelry designer and can introduce his own line of jewelry, designer
watches cufflinks and even tie pins for men. One who becomes a gemologist can specialize as a gem grinder, polisher and even
can become a teacher and trainer who can train students in this art.
Personality
One who wants to be a gemologist should possess following qualities which may help him specialize in this work:
• a keen eyesight • creativity
• imagination • aesthetic sense and a sense of color combination
• knowledge of traditional designs
• communicative skills • an ability to work hard and feel the pulse of the customers
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 185
Employment
Many jobs and lucrative offers are available in this industry. More and more people are opting for this profession now
days. One can work in the following fields
• Designing: A person can become a jewelry designer as the demand for fine product and better quality has been
increasing with the changing tastes and fashions. One would have to prepare intricate designs and produce a perfect
piece of ornament that would suit evolutionary trends
• Manufacturer/Merchandiser: As a manufacturer one would have to look into the production part of the business and
using the stones with utmost care so that their value remains intact and doesn’t get damaged while cutting ,polishing
and grinding.
• Management: As a manager one can organize the production process as a whole. So one would require to have a proper
managerial expertise and a management degree for this
• Research: Those who are interested in research work can do research in the field of gems and their physical properties
and characteristics
• Academics: One can also be involved in training and teaching in this field
• Professional Valuer: One can work for insurance companies for appraisal of value of precious and semi precious
gemstones.
Professional Courses
Various colleges and institutions that offer various degrees and diplomas are:
• NIIFT offers a three year diploma in accessory and jewelry deisgn
• Art colleges offer Bachelors/ Masters degree in fine arts (BFA/MFA)
• Indian Institute of Gemology (New Delhi) offers a three and a half month in gemology.
• Indian Diamond Institute and Indian Gemological Institute offer advanced one year fellowship programmes for science
and engineering students.
Many certificate courses and diplomas available are:
• Post graduate diploma in diamond technology
• Diploma in diamond processing
• Diploma in diamond trade management
• Certificate course in International System of Diamond Grading
• Certificate course in Grading , Cutting , Bruiting and Polishing etc
• Certificate course in Planning and Marketing
• Certificate course in Hard shape Grooving
• Diploma in Gemology
• Diploma in Colored gemstone Cutting and Polishing
• Courses in Jewelry Design and Machine Cast jewelery
Eligibility
For P.G courses the eligibility is Graduation and for other courses 10+2, Higher secondary or equivalent would be suffice.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities:
• National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) at
• NIFT Campus, near Gulmohar Park, Hauz Khas, New Delhi.
• Tata Mills, Parel, Mumbai (Maharashtra)
• Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata (West Bengal)
• GIDC Electronic Estate, Gandhinagar (Gujarat)
• Chenatha Bhavan, Nampally, Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)
• Co-optex Building , Egmore Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
• Gemstones Artisans Training School Jhalana Mahal, Jaipur (Rajasthan)
• Gemology Institute of India, 29, Gurukul Chambers, Mumbadevi Road, Mumbai (Maharashtra)
• Indian Gemological Institute, Nirmal Towers, 10th Floor, 26, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi
• St. Xavier’s College, Geology Department, 5 Mahapalika Marg, Mumbai (Maharashtra)
• The Jasami Department of Jewellery Design & Manufacture, SNDT University Campus, Santa Cruz, Mumbai (Maharashtra)
186 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Small Industries Service Institute, 65/1 GST Road, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
• Indian Diamond Institute, katargam, GIDC, Sumul Dairy Road , Surat (Gujarat)
• Dr. Dhamambal Government Polytechnic for Women, Canada- Indian Institutional Cooperation Project, Thanamani,
Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
• The Indian Diamond Institute, Gem & Jewellery EPC, Rajasthan Bhavan, Jaipur (Rajasthan)
• Vakall’s Academy of Jewellery Design, 114, Arun Chambers, Tardeo Road, Mumbai (Maharashtra)
• ShriBhaubhai Mafatlal Polytechnic, VileParle W, Mumbai (Maharashtra)
• Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council, Jaipur (Rajasthan)
• Jewellery Design and Training Institute (JDTI), NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh)
• National Institute of Design (NID), Paldi, Ahmedabad (Gujarat)
Remunerations
The pay package in this industry can range from Rs 5,000 to Rs 25,000 depending on the qualification, skill and experience.

6.14. CAREER IN MUSIC

India is a culturally vibrant country with a rich past. Music has always been an inherent part of her heritage and continues
to be so. Music offers a choice of career either in vocal or instrumental form. A person may choose to become a performer or a
teacher of the concerned arena of study. In the field of vocal one can either choose Hindustani or Oddisi. As far as instrumental
music is concerned one can choose violin, sitar, tabla, flute, pakhawaj, or Karnataki veena etc. In every sphere of music- vocal
or instrumental, classical or light, stage or playback- the competition is keen and opportunities are plenty. The electronic
media- Radio and TV- offer openings to talented musicians. Playback singers are in demand for lending voice to movies. Apart
from this one may form a musical troop with like minded people and perform live on stage.
Personality Traits
1. An understanding of music,
2. Outstanding talent,
3. Creative imagination,
4. Patience and perseverance,
5. Confidence and indifference to set-backs.
Course Training
Training in music may start very early in life under a qualified and acknowledged ‘guru’. Early training is especially
important for those children who reveal interest in and aptitude for, music at a very young age so that their talent may be
nurtured and allowed to blossom. Almost every state has institutions for professional training in music. Some of them are
recognized for their diplomas or degrees or they are affiliated to recognized bodies such as the Prayag Sangeet Samiti
(Allahabad) or Bhatkhande Sangeet Vidyapeeth (Lucknow) for Hindustani Classical Music.
Apart from college education major universities in India offer a five-year Bachelor’s degree course in Music after successful
completion of the plus two or equivalent stage of education. The Bachelor’s degree programme may be followed by the
Master’s degree programme of two-year duration.
1. Intermediate in Music after class 10
2. Bachelor of Music after 10+2 Pass.
3. Master’s in Music after Graduation.
• Banaras Hindu University.
• Kalakshetra, Adyar, Madras.
• Rabindra Bharati University, Calcutta.
• Visva Bharati University, Sangit Bhawan, Bolpur (Birbhum, West Bengal).
• Bhatkhande Sangeet Vidyapeeth. Lucknow.
• Prayag Sangeet Samiti, Allahabad.
• Kala Academy, Goa.
Job Opportunities
Employment prospects for talented and qualified artists are available in Radio, T.V and Govt. departments of Culture and
Public Relations. Appointments are competitive and based on performance in audition and screen tests. Professionally trained
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 187

musicians may set up their own schools and offer training programmes for different age groups. Apart from this they may seek
a career in play-back singing for movies, T.V serials and for advertisement jingles. Playback singing is financially rewarding
and offers fame. Singers or instrumentalists can also perform live on stage as part of musical troops.

6.15. CAREERS IN MUSEOLOGY

Every nation with a cultural heritage preserves momentous of the past for the future generations. Museum is a place for the
collection of those artifacts which reflect the life-patterns of a bygone era. It may be in the form of manuscripts, coins, journals,
photography etc. The main functioning of a museum include the collection, preservation and display of national treasures.
Museums attract both domestic and foreign tourists. Museums need professionally trained and dedicated personnel for them
maintenance. Some of the posts in the museum are that of curator, librarian, designer and lecturer. A person interested for this
career should have the following attributes.
Personal Attributes
1. Love for art and culture.
2. A genuine interest in the legacy of the past.
3. Patience and commitment to the job.
Course/Training
For a career in museum one can be professionally trained by pursuing a course in ‘Museology’.
Course Eligibility Institution
B.A. (Museology) 10+2 University of Ajmer, Ajmer-305001.
B.A.(Museum & Tourism) 10+2 Kurukshetra university, Kurukhetra, Haryana.
nd
M.A.(Museology) B.A (2 Division) B.H.U., Varanasi.
Post Graduate degree course in Graduation M.S. University, Department of Museology, Faculty
Museology. of Fine Arts, Maharaja Shahajirao University, Baroda.
2 years diploma in Museology. Graduation University of Calcutta, Senate House, Kolkata
1 year diploma in Museology M.A. with History. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P.-202001.
1 year diploma in Museology M.A. with Ancient Histry, Osmania University, Administrative Building,
Culture, Archaelogy or Hyderabad (A.P).-500007.
M.A. (Museology)
1 year diploma in Museum Administration
1 year diploma in museum Institute of History of Art
modelling; Conservation and Museology, New Delhi
1 year diploma in museum photography;
5-6 months course in Art Appreciation;
M.A. in Conservation of works of Art.
(Graduation with high second class proficiency in foreign language)
Some of the well known Museums in Orissa are: State Museum at Bhubaneswar, Tribal Museum at Bhubaneswar and the
Museum at Ratnagiri (having Buddhist Artefacts).
Career Prospects
Apart from the state-run museums, these days new museums are also being developed on private initiative. Hence young
people with the right academic and intellectual background can surely find placement in museums.

6.16. CAREER AS A GRAPHIC DESIGNER

“To design is to communicate clearly by whatever means you can control or master”. This is what Milton Glaser, the
person behind the famous I Love NY designs, said.
Who is a Graphic Designer?
A graphic designer is a professional who works in the industry of graphic arts and graphic design. He brings together the
knowledge of typography, images and motion graphics along with their creativity to present a design. The work of a graphic
designer is usually very much public and is quite often part of advertisements that we see in print media. Graphic designing
is a lot about blending one’s creativity along with being innovative.
188 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Courses and Eligibility

With advertising becoming more and more important part of our lives, it is only inevitable that the demand for graphic
designers would increase. There are quite a few courses that one can take up such as the certificate courses, diploma courses
and degree courses to get trained as a graphic designer. Following is a list of courses that one can take up if they want to get
into graphic designing.
• Advance Diploma in Graphics • Advance Diploma in Graphics and Animation
• Animaster Graphic Designer (AGD) • B.A. Animation and Graphic Design
• Bachelor of Graphic Design • Certificate Course in Graphic Designing
• Certificate Course in Motion Graphics with Apple Motion
• Certificate Course in Multimedia and Graphic Design
• Diploma in Graphic and Web Designing • Diploma in Graphic Designing
• Diploma in Graphics and Animation
• Diploma in Publishing and Graphic Designing (DPGD)
• Graduate Diploma in Graphic Design • Graphics and Web Design (GWD)
• Bachelor of Arts in Graphic Design • Bachelor of Fine Arts in Graphic Design
• Master of Arts in Graphic Design
There is a huge requirement of graphic designers in the current times. For entry level and advanced level graphic
designing, one usually needs to undergo bachelor’s degree in graphic design or fine arts. The basic eligibility criterion for
getting into graphic designer course is that one needs to have completed their intermediate (10+2). Along with the above
criteria it would be preferable if one has a creative side to them. The course duration of the graphic design related courses range
from 6 months to 3 years. The usual degree courses are of three years, where as in some countries it is up to four years.
Course Fees
The course fee of the various graphic designer courses varies for all universities and colleges. For instance, one can do a
graphic designing course for Rs 10000 as well as for Rs. 50000.
Where to Study
National Institute of Design
The institute is one of the premier most institutes of the country, providing with the best educational facilitates one can
think of. The institute follows a very practical approach which helps it to groom its students well for the industry.
National Institute of Fashion Technology
NIFT has created a niche for itself over the years and it is all because of the excellent education provided at the college.
The fact that there are several branches of the institute all over the India makes things easier for graphic design aspirants.
Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology, Ahemdabad
CEPT is a renowned name in the graphic designing industry. The institute has been providing with undergraduate as well
as post graduate programmes for quite a few years now. The faculties ensure their best to inculcate practical approach among
the students.
St. Joseph College of communication (SJCC), Chaganassery, Kerala
St. Joseph College of Communication or SJCC has been a pioneer in the field of graphic designing for a quite a few years
now. The institute has the distinction of being the first affiliated university in South India and has been providing the best
quality education with an equally god environment.
Raffles Design International, Santa Cruz, Mumbai, Maharashtra
The institute provides with certificate and diploma programmes to all those candidates who are willing to make their
future in graphic designing. The institute also provides with excellent placements which makes it an institute to look out for.
• Academy of Animation and Gaming (AAG Gurgaon), Gurgaon
• Institute of Multimedia Arts and Graphic Effects (IMAGE), Chennai
• Times Multimedia Academy
• Institute of Fine Arts, Chandigarh
• Sadhna Academy for Media Studies, Noida, Uttar Pradesh
• Flash Frame Visuals Academy of Film and Television (FFVA), Bangalore
• Aakriti Insititute of Art, Animation and gaming, Noida, Uttar Pradesh
• Indian Global Software Solutions, Bangalore
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 189

• Don Bosco Institute of Graphic Arts Communication Technology, kochi, Kerala

• A.D.M.E.C, New Delhi
• Pradeshik Centre for Information Technology and Management training (PCITMT), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
• M.A.E.E.R’s M.I.T Institute of Design, Pune
Pay and Remuneration
The salary of a graphic designer depends largely on the field that he or she is working in. The remuneration provided to
the candidates also varies as per their responsibilities, experience, industry in which they are working as well as the trainings
they have undergone.Freshers can expect a pay scale between Rs.1 Lac to rs.2.5 lac Per Annum. As one gains experience and
exposure, the graphic designers get around Rs.4 to Rs.7 lacs Per Annum .
Career Prospects
The tremendous growth of media and advertisement industry all over the world brings out a world of opportunities for a
graphic designer. Thus anyone who has lots of passion towards sketches and arts can take up graphic design as their profession.
There are lots of opportunities in various fields such as one can become creative director, art director, layout artist, brand
identity designer, logo designer, flash designer, illustrators, web designer, multimedia designer, prepress technician etc. One
can without any doubts take up a job with any firm and continue to do the same. At the same time if you are one of those who
like to be your own boss, then you can become a free lancer as well.
Famous Personalities
Graphic designing has to do a lot with creative heads, but training and proper guidance is very essential to learn the
minute details which matter a lot in the long run. There are some people who have gone ahead of times and provided us with
designs and graphics we thought never existed. Some such personalities are Charles Csuri is usually referred to as the father of
computer graphics. That in itself shows the contribution he has provided the industry with. He started off experiments with
computer graphics technology in the year 1964 and the following year he started making films.
Jacob Cass is a modern day graphic designer who shot to fame with his famous blog just creative designs. Jacob specializes
in logo design, product branding, print design and web interface.
Thomas Knoll is a graphic designer who has inspired many with his works. He is the person behind one of the most
successful software of all time, the Photoshop.
A Day in Life
A typical day in the life of a graphic designer would vary a lot depending on the specialization that a person has or the
field in which he or she is working. In the shortest possible way one can say that a day in a creative designer’s life is usually
surrounded by lots of creativity. Every day is different from the other day.

6.17. CAREER IN INTERIOR DESIGNING

Introduction
Interior designing has become popular as a specialization only in recent years. Previously, architects would handle both
exterior and interior design work. Only over the last few years have people become more mindful of the design and layout of
their working and living spaces. This new importance has given professional interior designers greater opportunities.
The interior design discipline involves the arrangement of living space to attain greater functionality and the creation of
the perfect atmosphere for the space’s intended purpose. Interior design makes use of different aspects of other disciplines such
as architecture, product design, environmental psychology and decoration. It emphasizes the essential characteristics of all
design styles: color, concept, proportion, ergonomics, balance and function of design.
As an interior designer, an individual may choose to specialize in a particular area of expertise such as residential,
commercial and landscape design. Further specializations include institutional design and the focus on specific rooms like
bathrooms, kitchens and bedrooms.
Nature of Work
The interior design process starts with a face to face meeting with the client to determine the requirements, the client’s
needs and the amount of work to be done. The designer should take into consideration the purpose of the room, client’s design
preferences and budget.
The next step is the formulation of a design plan which includes design sketches and layouts using a computer-aided
design (CAD) program and a breakdown of costs. The design proposal will then be submitted to the client for approval or
190 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

revisions. The designer should work with the client closely in order to come up with a final and approved design that satisfies
the client’s needs.
Personality
Success in the interior design profession depends largely on the client’s satisfaction. As such, interior designers not only
need to have the essential artistic and technical skills, they must also possess important interpersonal skills. Excellent
communication skills are necessary because interior designers interact with numerous people through the whole design
process. They need to be able to translate technical details for their clients and convey the creative and artistic ideas they have.
Interior designers will also have to coordinate with other professionals such as building contractors, electricians and carpenters.
Self-motivation, confidence and the ability to accept criticism are also important qualities to have.
Professional Courses
Interior Design is offered as a specialization in 4 year Bachelor of Fine-Arts (BFA) programs. A 5 year professional
program in Interior Design is also offered in the School of Interior Design in the Centre for Environmental Planning and
Technology (CEPT) in Ahmedabad. Requirements for the program are a +2 with a 55% aggregate in Math/Biology, Physics,
Chemistry and English. There are also numerous part time one year diploma programs being offered in India, which requires
minimal qualification. Many private learning institutions, meanwhile, offer certificate courses in interior design whose
requirement for qualification is a Secondary School Leaving Certificate (SSLC).
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Arch Institute of Fashion and Design
• 3 years - Advance Diploma course in Interior Design
• 2 years - Diploma in Interior Design
• 1 year - Diploma in Interior Design
• 6 months - Certificate in Furniture Design
• 2 month - Certificate in Computer Aided Design
Website:www.archedu.org
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science & Higher Education for Women:
• 3 years - Bachelor of Science in Interior Design and Environment
Website:www.avinashilingam.edu
Karavali College
• 3 years - Bachelor of Science in Interior Design and Decoration, Website:www.karavalicollege.ac.in
National Institute of Fashion Design
• 3 years - Bachelor of Science in Interior Designing
• 2 year - Advance Diploma in Interior Design
• 1 year - Diploma in Interior Design
• 12 months - Interior Design Professional Course
• 6 months - Interior Design Vocational Program, Website:www.nifd.net
Rachna Sansad School of Interior Design
• 3 years - Government Diploma (part time), 4 years - Bachelor of Fine Arts (full time)
St. Francis Institute of Art and Design
• 3 years - Diploma in Interior Design
• 3 years - Diploma in Commercial Art
• 3 years - Master Diploma in Interior Design, Website:http://www.sfartinstitute.com
School of Interior Design, Centre for Environmental Planning Technology (CEPT)
• Courses Offered: 5 years - Diploma in Interior Design, Website:www.cept.ac.in
Shree Devi College of Interior Design
• 3 years - Bachelor of Science in Interior Design and Decoration
Website:www.coastaleducation.com/sridevi_college/sridevi1_new.htm
South Delhi Polytechnic for Women
• Lajpat Nagar-1V, New Delhi-110024 Courses Offered: 1 to 4 years - Interior Design Website:http://www.polytechnic-
sdpw.com
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 191
UB&A Architecture and Education
• 1 ½ years - Advance Diploma in Interior Design
• 1 year - Diploma in Interior Design·Certificate Course in Home Interiors Website:www.ubaworld.com
Career Growth & Prospects
The increasing importance placed on interior design has made the profession one of the fastest growing fields in India.
Employment opportunities for interior design professionals are plentiful. Fresh graduates from interior design courses can find
gainful employment with independent architects or in large architectural firms, building contractors, hotels and resorts.
Professionals may also find work in private design consultancy firms, theaters and exhibition organizing companies. The
public sector also has a large demand for interior designers. Public institutions such as town planning bureaus, metropolitan
and regional development departments and the public works department have a need for the expertise of interior designers.
This profession can prove to be very lucrative and fulfilling, especially once the interior designer has made a name for
himself in the industry. The nature of the interior design profession also offers excellent prospects for individuals who want to
work part time and those who aspire to be self-employed. Interior designers who wish to start their own business may find that
this profession is one of the few that allows you to operate out of your own home with minimal investment.
Remunerations
The earnings of interior design professionals differ greatly due to a number of factors. The most significant factor
influencing an interior designers’ compensation package is their talent. Their specialization and the size of the firm where they
are employed also plays a huge role in determining their pay scale. Depending on these factors, fresh graduates may receive
monthly salaries of Rs.5,000 to Rs.8,000 or even Rs.6,000 to Rs.10,000 for those coming from reputable educational institutions.
Starting from this base salary, they may then begin to work their way up to Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 75,000 monthly compensation
levels when they become more established in their field.
Interior designers say that their profession is very rewarding and one will find that apart from monthly earnings, a lot of
non-monetary benefits are also involved.

6.18. CAREER AS A COSMETOLOGIST

Introduction
“Love of beauty is taste. The creation of beauty is art.” —Ralph Waldo Emerson, poet
As the country’s economy is growing and the spending power of people is increasing, beauty and wellness industry has
gained lot of lucrativeness. Interestingly, this industry remains unaltered during inflation, recession and economic crisis in the
world. Women keep on spending a good amount in maintaining their skin and hair and men are not far behind. Cosmetologists
or Simply speaking the Beauty and wellness professionals are those who give beauty therapy essentially facials and other
services like make up and cosmetics to the clients. They also help in weight management of the clients and offer special
therapies and dietary regimen to the clients.
Courses and Eligibility
This is essentially a Vocation and there are quite a few courses available (both in organized and unorganized sectors).
There are specialized courses like aroma therapy or hair styling and one can choose according to one’s interest. There are many
vocational institutes in India that are providing courses on cosmetology.
Courses at certificate, diploma and degree level are available.
An individual does not require to be highly qualified to take up this profession. Any person can learn cosmetology after
he is adult. An individual with 10+2 can get enrolled in practical training of cosmetology.
Course Fees
A number of courses are available on cosmetology. Students can get enrolled in a certificate course on cosmetology,
make-up, hair diploma, advanced paramedical aesthetic course, etc. The fees start from Rs 5000 and can go up to Rs. 3 lakhs
or more. The fees would depend on the institute and the level of the course. The course fee generally include theory classes as
well as training with practical exposure.
Where to Study
• Anand SPA Institute (adjudged as SPA academy of the year 2011) offers Ayurveda foundation Intensive program of 4
weeks and Diploma in Ayurvedic spa therapies, duration 12 weeks.
192 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Nagpur University offers a B.Tech. in Cosmetic Technology, perhaps the only one of its kind.
• National & Regional Vocational Training Institutes for Women (Ministry of Labour, Govt. of India) in Delhi, Noida,
Allahabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Vadodra, Hissar, Indore, Trivandrum, Tura.
• Shahnaz Husain’s Woman’s World, International Institute of Beauty (affiliated to ITEC, UK) M-106, Greater Kailash - 1,
New Delhi - 110 048 Offers Diploma in personal Grooming. The institute has franchise training centres in all large cities.
• Men’s World International Institute of Cosmetic Therapy and Hair Design for Men B-23, Greater Kailash - 1, New Delhi -110048
• Smiles, A-160, Azad Nagar, Vera Desai Road, Andheri West, Mumbai (Course in make-up and professional training/
hairdressing)
• Habib’s Hair Academy M-3, South Extension II, New Delhi - 110 049 (Courses in make-up and hairstyle)
• Maharani Bagh Polytechnic for Women New Delhi - 110 065 (Course in beauty therapy)
• South Delhi Polytechnic for Women South Extension - I, New Delhi - 110 049 (Course in beauty therapy and hair
dressing)
• Delhi Institute of Management and Services A-3, Akashdeep, New Delhi (Courses in beauty therapy and saloon
management).
• Pearl Academy of Fashion, New Delhi offers a Diploma in Fashion Media Make-up (1-yr). In association with London
College of Fashion, UK.
• VLCC Institute offers Diploma in Beauty Culture & Hair Design, Fitness & Personal Training (8-mth); Diploma in Dietetics,
Health & Nutrition (1 yr+ 3mth); Short-term Basic /Advance courses in Makeup, Hair Designing, and Beauty Culture.
• Slyvie’s Hair and Beauty Academy, New Delhi.
Pay and Remuneration
Individuals working as an intern in a beauty parlor normally get a stipend. This stipend amount can be from Rs 3000 to
Rs 10,000. As this is a vocation, therefore many of the practitioners start their own small business. The earning of practitioners
varies from city to city and also at times within the same city, the earnings can vary depending upon the type of clients that one
services. An experienced beautician can easily charge Rs 500 in the lower limit in bridal make up and rise up to Rs 4000. Make
up is also quite necessary for the photo shoots required for advertising. Here, the beautician can easily charge an amount
between 1500 – Rs 2,500 for makeup and dressing in an advertisement shoot. Experienced beauticians and make up artists in
advertising and film industry can earn around Rs. 3,500 for a single day.
Career Prospects
Today, if someone wants to start earning early in ones’ life and does not want to pursue higher education for any reason,
then pursuing a career in the field of beauty and wellness is a very good option. As a start, an individual can work as an intern
in a beauty parlor. One gets a good exposure being an intern. If one wants to achieve big in this field then there is always the
world of advertising, fashion and films which offers very good remunerations. A wellness professional in spa and weight
management also earns a decent package these days. People in this field who are entrepreneurial, can start their own beauty
and wellness saloons and clinics and earn much more.
Famous Personalities
Jawed Habib, Shehnaz Hussain, Jolene Hart, Andrew Collinge, Charles Worthington, Richard Ward, Daniel Galvin
A Day in Life
Begin the day with setting up of the room before the arrival of client with the help of support staff. All the oils, lotions,
other essentials are arranged. After arrival, make the client comfortable and help them relax to enjoy the benefits of aromatherapy.
Personalize the therapy session to the needs of client. Perform the therapy and see the client satisfied. One may have to perform
therapies for many clients in a day.
Is Beauty and Wellness, not the career you are looking for? Here is a detailed list of all career options that you can explore.

6.19. CAREER IN PAINTING

Introduction
“Painting is a blind man’s profession. He paints not what he sees, but what he feels, what he tells himself about what
he has seen.” —Pablo Picasso
Out of many, drawing and painting is one profession where formally educated and informally educated have been equally
successful. To become a successful artist (painter there are three things you must have talent and I mean real god talent, should
have a style ie your own philosophy that you want to share and you must know how to sell it.
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 193
Painting is an art in which colours and lines make a visual impression. It is the means of expressing ones ideas or feelings
to others in pictorial form. Painting not only mean the traditional paintings on canvas, but also on glass, ceramic, pot, fabric
etc as well as it could be using different paint mediums such as watercolor, pastels, oil etc. Not only brushes but knives,
spatula, nibs and even twigs could be used for painting designs.
Educational
Even though Painting is an art that requires no qualification, by taking a course a person can be trained and his inherent
ability can be polished and developed under a trainer. There are many fine arts colleges and institutions offering undergraduate
level to higher level degrees in drawing and painting. You can do bachelor, master’s or diploma courses to polish your skills.
Minimum qualification is 10+2 to take up a Bachelor diploma course which is of 3 years and 1 year duration respectively.
Master level course is of 2 years and qualification required is degree. There are also various short term courses.
Personal Attributes
In this field, creativity is more important than educational qualification. As per technicality is concerned, you should be
well aware of the different shades of colors and the methods that help in mixing them. To make money in this field you should
have the ability to sell yourself. You must have good communication and language skills to present your work.
Indian paintings have huge demand worldwide and prices of paintings done by Indian artists have soared in the global
market. Requirement for different forms of painting such as allegorical, religious, historical, landscape and portraiture have
also churned out unexpected demand for talented professionals. These days’ paintings have also become an integral part of
interior decoration. Be it a commercial enterprise or a house or hotel, an elegant painting hung on the wall is a common sight.
This too has increased the demand for paintings. Hence a career in this area is a right choice for those with artistic talent.
Painters can specialise painting in a particular medium such as Glass, Ceramic, Oil etc or a particular style, such as
Sketching and Indian Folk Painting. There are various career choices for a painter. He can opt freelancing or work under
someone. A freelancer can hold his/her own painting exhibitions. They can also work for art galleries where the art work can
be kept for auction and can be sold for prices depending on the work. If you join some firm, then you will have comparatively
routine work to do.
Painting is a career which one can carve out of your hobby. Making a name initially in the field is not easy. As in any other
fine arts field, perseverance is the name of the game. One should keep contacting art galleries, exhibit their paintings, make
connections, meanwhile keep at improving ones talent. If you are apprehensive about taking a full time painting career, you
could do freelance work as a painter, while continuing with a regular job.
A painters work is not limited to canvas that is framed and sold in galleries or exhibitions. He/she can try their hand in
doing art work or cartoons for newspapers, magazines, posters, film and TV industry. They could also diversify and be an
illustrator, graphic artist, henna artist or take up website designing and animation. One can also opt for teaching as a career by
joining Fine arts institutes/colleges or starting own coaching classes.
List of Indian institutes offering courses in Painting can be had from the following links.
• B.A. Painting
• B.A. Painting, Sculpture, Applied Arts
• B.F.A. Painting
• Certificate course in painting
• Diploma in painting
• M.A. Drawing and painting
• M.A. Painting, Sculpture, Applied Arts» M.F.A. Painting
• M.Phil. Drawing and Painting
• Ph.D. Painting
• Post Graduate Diploma in Painting, Sculpture, Applied Arts
Where to Study
Institutes and Colleges for Fine Arts Course:
• College of Art, Delhi University, BFA (4 Years), admission through Entrance Test, MFA and other courses.
• Kala Bhavan, Visva Bharati, Shantiniketan, West Bengal, BFA, MFA and other courses.
• Faculty of Fine arts, MS university Baroda, BFA, MFA and other courses.
• Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi.
• JJ school of Applied Art.
• Government College of Arts and Crafts, 28, Nehru Road, Calcutta
194 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Faculty of Fine Art, BHU, Varanasi, BFA (4 Yrs) admission through Entrance Test, MFA & other courses.
• Punjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, BFA (4 Years), other courses.
• Nagpur University, Nagpur
• University of Jammu, Jammu
• Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, BFA (4 Years) admission through Entrance Test, MFA and other
courses are also offered.
• Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam
• Goa College of art, Panaji, Goa, Admission through entrance test.
• Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, Admission through entrance.
• University of Bombay, Fort Mumbai, BFA ((5 years), admission through Entrance Test
• Dr. B R Ambedkar, Marathwada University, Aurangabad
• Govt College of Art & Craft, Chennai
• College of Fine Art Kumara Kurupa Road, Bangalore
• College of Fine Art, Palayam, Trivandrum
• University of Mysore, Crawford Hall, Mysore
Career Prospects
Career as a professional painter is fast emerging as a good option. Now a days paintings are bought and traded as assets
and seen as investment option. This has proved to be very advantageous for the painters. One can easily get into commercial
art and earn quite well. Many art houses have served as incubation centers for budding artists.
Famous Personalities
Some of the leading painters are John Wilkins, Tyeb Mehta, S.H. Raza, M.F. Husain, Francis Newton Souza, Akbar
Padamsee, Manjit Bawa and many more.

6.20. CAREER IN MODELLING

“The secret to modeling is not being perfect. What one needs is a face that people can identify in a second. You have
to be given what’s needed by nature, and what’s needed is to bring something new.” —Karl Lagerfeld

What do models do?

As we hear the word “fashion model” - glamour, camera, fun, and a lot of money comes to our mind. But for a fashion
model it is a life of hard work, long hours of work, work outs and diets. Models are people who display, advertise and promote
commercial products like fashion clothing, jewelry, cars, etc. People with good looks and fit bodies do well in this field. Career
in modeling is also known as the stepping stone to enter the bigger industry of Films and TV. Models work with companies and
designers to display products and new trends. They appear on ramps, advertisements in print, TV and websites. Though
models have been used in art for centuries, the title of first “fashion model” is usually given to a French woman named Marie
Vernet Worth, a shop assistant who worked with the designer Charles Worth in 19th century.
Modelling is a glamorous profession. The past few years have seen an upsurge of interest in modelling as a serious career
option. In India until recently it was considered at best a part time occupation for students to earn a little pocket-money and
for beauty queens and aspiring actresses waiting for a break in films. This perception has only lately begun to change. Models
like Namrata Sirodkar, Madhu Sapre, Sushmita Sen, Aishwarya Rai, Manpreet Brar, Priyanka Chopra, Diya Mirza and Lara
Dutt have placed India firmly on the international modelling map. The recent hike in advertising budgets of major companies
by an unprecedented 30 to 50 percent has also given a tremendous boost to this glamorous career.
While this career was once open only to women, men have now began to make an impact. Opportunities are still
somewhat loaded in favour of female models but show promise of opening up for men. Men’s fashions have become big
business. Some advertisers prefer to show pairs - a man and a woman to appeal both sexes.
Types of Modelling
(1) Ramp Modelling
Ramp modelling means doing the catwalk at a fashion show to display designer collections.
Naturally all aspirants need above average height coupled with a proportionate body, poise, grace and the right attitude.
Self-assurance, spontaneity, presence of mind and the ability to vibe with the audience are needed. These models should be
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 195
efficient enough to change dresses and accessories with minimum fuss and time. A graceful, coordinated rhythmic walk is a
very basic requirement for models on the catwalk.
Male models vying for ramp modeling assignments should ideally be six feet and above in height and female models at
least five feet six inches and above.
(2) Advertisement Campaigns
Both electronic and print media require a photogenic face and the ability to emote in front of the camera. Print media
involves posing for still photographs used in press advertisements, folders, brochures, calenders etc. The electronic media
includes commercials for television, video, films, radio, internet etc.
The age requirement varies according to the content of Ad campaigns. Household products and welfare schemes for
instance, generally concentrate on the family unit. Hence models of all age groups may feature in such ad campaigns.
(3) The Show Room
Export house garment manufacturer or large clothing retailer are the place where models work as mannequins wearing
finished designs to display their cut, drape and workmanship to buyers.
General Requirements
Model should have
1. Above average height- Males should be above six feet and Females at least 5 feet six inches tall.
2. Have a photogenic face, perfect skin, hair and teeth, good health and stamina.
3. Must be hard working, self confident and energetic.
Career Prospects
Successful models find constant work in product advertising, in fashion shows for designers, export houses, clothing
manufacturers and textile companies, showroom and garment fairs with export houses and garment manufacturers. Model also
work on a free lance or contract basis.
Remuneration
Professional modelling is a lucrative career. Earnings are high though dependent on the volume and frequency of
assignments as on a individual’s popularity ratings. An Established model can earn on an average Rs. 20,000 to 30,000 a
month.
Length of Career and Diversification
If models are watchful of their diet exercise sleep and grooming, they can hope for a long innings of as many as 10 years.
After a successful career models can divert their expertise, to model coordination or set up modelling agencies. Another
popular option is to carve a niche in the world of the small screen. Today we are discovering a new role for models on TV- as
anchor persons on show biz programmes, talk shows, as comperes and even as actors or actresses.
Course/Training and Fees
Looking at the high visibility of this career, wide ranging opportunities and emerging popularity, many modeling schools
have come all over the country especially in Delhi and Bombay mainly by ex-models. Modeling schools charge fees ranging
upward of Rs.5000 per programme including guidance on make-up, hair-styling, dressing, grooming, tips on the right diet and
exercise regimen. Some schools also supplement the programme with personality development tips and guide aspirants on
how to approach advertising agencies.
Before stepping into the highly unpredictable and glamorous world, one should study oneself objectively and then take
the plunge. No school can create what isn’t there. They can at best, hone or develop inherent qualities and attitudes. ‘Gladrags’
promotes modelling models in India and abroad through competitions.
Modeling is one career where more than qualifications one’s physical features and manners matter. Thus there are many
short term courses offered by institutes in personal grooming, ramp walking, communication, make up and taking care of one’s
health and beauty etc.
Where to Study
• Elite School of Modelling NDIIT, 105 MOR Pocket, Kalkaji, New Delhi, Phone: 91-11-4155 1111 (Mumbai, Bangalore)
• Models Guru DU-161, Pitampura, Near Income Tax Colony, Delhi. Ph.: +91-11-27341050
• Polytechnic for Women, A-3, South Extension, Part-1 New Delhi
• Glitz Modelling, F-100, Lajpat Nagar, Part-II, New Delhi. Phone: 011-2981-0921 / 2981-6950
• Platinum Models Inc. A-57, Shivalik, Malviya Nagar, Delhi. Phone: (91)-(11)-26684010, 41881355, 41881356, 41881124
196 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Face 1- headed by former Femina Miss India Mehr Jesia 797, Jesia Bldg., Jam-e-Jamshedji Rd., Parsi Colony, Dadar,
Mumbai. Phone: 4149968
• YSG Worldwide Model and Promotion Co. Orient House, 4th Floor, Adi Marzban Path, Mumbai. Tel: 2616732, 2615029
• Ozone Models Management-Set up by Ashok Shetty, an ex-model. B. Choksey Building, Gamdevi, Nana Chowk,
Mumbai. Phone: 3892668, 3892542, 3876244
• The Tina Factor- Started by Tina Shah in 1983 C-31, 1st floor, Defence Colony, New Delhi. Phone: 011-4690213
Modelling Schools and Agencies
Some of the leading modelling schools and agencies in India are:
Face-1 : Headed by super model Mehr Jessia, 797, Jesia Building, Jam-e-Jamshedji Rd., Parsi Colony, Dadar, Mumbai-
400014, Tel-4149968/4126878.
TSG Worldwide Model and Promotion Agency, The Tina Factor, New Delhi
Catwalk : K-40, Hauz Khas, Enclave, New Delhi.
The Ramp : A-22, Gulmohar Park, New Delhi-110049.
Glitz : F-100, Lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi-110029, Tel-6830921.
Aditi Modelling Service : 324, Upper Palace, Orchand, Bangalaore-560080, Tel-3342518.
Passion: EC 191, Sector-1, Salt Lake, Calcutta, Tel-3593502/3346319.
For latest information one can log on to one of the web-sites named www.fashionindia.net, devoted to modelling. Contact
email – models@fashionindia.net
Eligibility for Admission
No special qualifications are required for entry. Those joining as models need to be young, ready to start between the ages
of 16 to 18. It is not necessary to be extremely beautiful but should be photogenic. Modelling is a promising career.

6.21. CAREER IN PHOTOGRAPHY

“A great photograph is one that fully expresses what one feels, in the deepest sense, about what is being photographed”.
While many people consider photography as a glamorous field, not many know that it takes a lot of effort, hard work and
time to produce quality pictures.
A career in photography is a fine blend of art, business, management, patience and people skills. Photography captures
events, people and objects to a very message.
A professional photographer usually works for firms, newspapers, magazines, websites, blogs or freelancer, knowledge
channels (NatGeo, Discovery channel etc.). The importance of photographers simply cannot be neglected as they are required
in lots of fields. With time, the base of photographers and demand of their work is spreading. As a result policemen, real estate
agents and even scientists need photographers for their aid. A few photographers do not work for anyone but themselves.
Photographers have basic knowledge of music, travel, food, fashion, trends and local culture. Once they are done with their
pictures they put it up for display or sell.
There are quite a few types of photography and it depends solely on the interested person, which field they wish to
choose. For an instance one can take up candid photography (for a candid photographer, they must have an eye of an eagle
to capture the important moments, before it’s too late), wildlife photography (clicking animals in their natural habitat),
document photography, street photography, wedding photography, forensic photography, war photography,
photojournalism (capturing events and evidences through pictures, which are later published with relevant information.),
fashion photography or commercial photography. A photographer is also at times responsible for moving pictures and at
such times they are called as cinematographer.
What really separates a professional photographer and a casual photographer is the amount of stress given to minute
details which make a photo better or perhaps, the best. A photographer has a different perception of life and things and tries his/
her best to bring along emotions along with creativity. It is only when people feel they are connected to a picture or photo that
a photographer can claim that he or she is successful.
Courses and Eligibility
There is an immense demand and career opportunities available for photographers not only in India but abroad as well.
There is no such eligibility criteria for becoming a photographer, however to succeed in the field of photography, one needs
to have lots of creativity and ability to perceive things in various ways. The only reason for going for a course is to learn the
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 197

technical aspects so as to enhance and hone up your creativity. This is the very reason that lots of colleges and institutes have
introduced professional photography courses in their curriculum. The following is a list of all the courses that one may find
suitable for taking up photography seriously.
• Certificate Course in Advanced Photography
• Certificate Course in Basic Photography
• Certificate Course in Digital Photography
• Certificate Course in Fashion Photography
• Certificate Course in Photography
• Diploma in Fashion Photography
• Diploma in Motion Picture Photography
• Diploma in Photography
• Diploma in Professional Photography
• Foundation Degree Photography
• The Bachelor of Photography
• Bachelor of Arts Design : Photography
Being a photographer opens up a world of possibilities and that is the reason one must not hesitate in taking it up
professionally. The presence of so many institutes can only make things better as one gets a chance to learn things very
minutely. There is no educational qualification required for photography as such, but if you are willing to join a Diploma
course, then one must have completed their intermediate (10+2). One can also take up part time course along with their
college degree so that they do not invest additional time in the same. Though there are lots of institutes and universities
providing courses for photography, most of them do not require you to undergo any sort of entrance tests.
Course Fees
The duration of the course and the fee structure depend greatly on the course one wishes to pursue along with the institute.
The usual duration of photography courses range from 2 months to 3 years. Depending on the courses and duration, the fee
ranges from Rs. 8,500 to Rs. 70,000 for the high end courses.
Where to Study
• National Institute of Design (N.I.D), Ahmedabad: NID is one of the premier most institutes of the nation and has been
providing world class courses and training for students interested in photography. The institute provides one year post
graduate program in photography design.
• Sir JJ School of Applied Arts, Mumbai: The institute has created a niche for itself with all credits to the kind of
training and courses that it has been providing in the past years. One can get a bachelors degree in Fine Arts from the
institute which is very helpful for the candidates aspiring to be photographers.
• College of Art, Delhi University: The College was established in the year 1942 and offers course bachelors degree for
photography under Delhi University. Interested candidates can also pursue Masters Degree from the institute.
• Xavier Institute of Communications, Mumbai: The name Xavier in itself says volumes, so any course from the same
would obviously mean a lot in the industry as well. The institute provides with certificate course in basic as well as
advanced photography.
• Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University, Hyderabad: The institute is one of the premier institutes in the country
when it comes to photography. It offers a part time post graduate course in photography and visual communication.
Some other leading colleges in the nation for photography are as follows:
• Shari Academy of Photography and Digital Imaging, Mumbai
• Sri Aurobindo Centre for Arts and Communication, New Delhi
• Bangalore School of Arts and Photography (B.S.O.A.P), Bangalore
• National Institute of Photography, Mumbai
• Ambitions 4 Photography Academy, Chennai
• Shoot School, Thrissur
• Center of research in Art of Film and television (CRAFT), New Delhi
• Academy for Photographic Excellence (Apex), New Delhi
• Udaan School of Photography, Mumbai
• Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad
198 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi

• Barkatullah Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal
• Deen Dayal Upadhya (DDU) Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur
• Light and Life Academy, Ooty
• Fortune Institute of Communication and Television, New Delhi
• Academy of Photography, RabindraBhartiUniversity, Kolkata - Diploma Course
• Dept of Continuing and Adult Education and Extension Work, Church gate Campus, SNDT Women’s University,
Mumbai
• Camera Art Institute, Triveni Kala Sangam, 205 Tansen Marg, New Delhi
• Film & Television Institute, Pune - Diploma Course (motion Picture Photography)
• Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, E.M. Bye Pass Road, Kolkata - Diploma Course (motion Picture Photography)
• Jiwaji University, Gwalior - Integrated course in Photography in Bachelor of Arts
• University of Pune, FergussonCollege, Pune - Integrated course in Photography in Bachelor of Art
• Film and Television Institute of Tamil Nadu, Chennai - Photography as a subsidiary subject
Career Prospects
With the advent of online media, the need for good photographers has also gone up. Today, there are good opportunities
available for photographers, for instance, one can take up a job that is highly technical while someone else may take up a job
that requires high creativity. Learning finer points from professional photographers can open up lots of other opportunities as
well. As mentioned earlier there are lots of fields in which one can get into such as press photographer, editorial photographer,
commercial photographer, feature photographer, portrait/ wedding photographer, advertising photographer, fashion photographer,
fine arts photographer, digital photographer, wild life photographer, forensic photographer and at last free lancer.
Famous Personalities
It is with lot of experience and knowledge of minute details that a photographer turns into good and later on a great
photographer. Every generation sees a photographer whose work remains long after they are gone. Some of the most famous
personalities are below. If the talk is going on about the most famous and great photographers of all times, the name of Ansel
Adams is sure to feature in the list. Stunning landscapes and an unparallel ability to use contrast to great effect keeps him on
the top. Almost all the photographs taken by Yousuf Karsh have a story in them, which one can easily understand. It is ability
to capture stories and yet express it effortlessly through pictures that he is counted as one of the best photographers. Dorothea
Lange’s photograph during the Great Depression of a migrant mother is considered to be one of the best historic pictures ever.
When it comes to historic pictures, the name of Murray Becker would always be celebrated in the world of journalism for his
picture of the burning airship.
Nature of Work
Those who want to pursue photography as a career have the following options before them:
Photo Journalism
Here images are taken and used to tell news stories. The photo journalist creates a news story with the help of pictures
taken during an event like war, riots or festivities etc. This field is full of adventure and risk as the Photo Journalists have to
visit places of disasters, riots or war fields. A Photo Journalist has to shoot pictures for the whole incident and prepare a story
based on that.
Fashion and Advertising Photography
This genre of photography includes taking pictures to display clothing and other fashion items. One has to shoot models
and actors. This area of work is full of glamour.
Nature and Wildlife Photography
Wildlife photography is devoted to taking the pictures of animals in action, such as eating, fighting, or in flight. Game
farms are also a preferred location for wildlife photography. Natural elements such as landscapes, wildlife, plants, and close-
ups of natural scenes and texture are displayed in Wildlife Photography.
Event photography
Pictures are taken for weddings and other events like sports meets, family functions etc.
Still Photography
Pictures of natural or man-made objects are taken. One such example of this kind of photography is Portrait photography.
Pictures of children, pets etc are captured.
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 199

Travel Photography
Those who have an interest in travelling and have an adventurous aptitude can opt for this field. One has to take right
shots at right moments.
Professional Courses
The students who have passed 10+2 exam are eligible for the diploma/certificate courses in photography. Photography
can be learned and Diploma/Certificate can be obtained even by attending part time classes of Photography. In this way a
person can do other studies as well. A formal training can build confidence in the individual and teach the latest technologies.
Photography is also an optional subject for a Bachelor’s degree in Fine arts. B.A courses in Photography are also offered
by some of the institutes.
Some of the courses offered in Photography are:
• Certificate Course in Advanced Photography
• Certificate Course in Basic Photography
• Certificate Course in Digital Photography
• Certificate Course in Fashion Photography
• Certificate Course in Photo Journalism
• Certificate Course in Photography
• Diploma in Fashion Photography
• Diploma in Motion Picture Photography
• Diploma in Photography
• Diploma in Professional Photography
Eligibility
To become a successful photographer you need to have creativity and a sense of aesthetics. You have to be focussed on
your work. A basic course in Photography should be done in order to learn the technicalities of the work. For the basic course
minimum educational requirement is 10+2. A successful career in photography doesn’t call for a degree or diploma in the
subject. But you will do better with a basic course in photography. For film and video, you must have a formal training. A
background in computers or electronics is an added advantage.
Personal Attributes
You should have:
• A keen visual sense
• Understanding of shapes, colours, patterns, and hues
• Strong observational skills
• Interest and ability to express life and nature in a visual art form
• Spatial perception - the ability to capture and understand objects from different dimensions and locations.
• An eye for details
• A lot of patience and perseverance
• Ability to work under stress
• Ability to meet deadlines
Career Prospects
A wide range of opportunities exist for the aspiring and budding photographers. One can get work in fashion houses,
advertising agencies, magazines and photo studios. They can find employment in television channels and even websites.
Television serial producers also employ photographers. Photographers who work for some special agencies can earn royalties
on their pictures. Avenues are open in the areas of scientific laboratories and research institutions. Government agencies often
avail the services of photographers for doing general documentation and for covering routine events and functions.
Photographers can also work for newspapers, fashion journals etc. Free lancing is also one of the options. A digital photographer
can shoot wildlife and landscape for T.V channels like Discovery and National Geographic.
Even the police and forensic departments need their services to take pictures of the scene of crime.
Institutes
• Academy of Photography, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
200 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi

• College Of Art, University of Delhi, Tilak Marg, New Delhi
• Film and Television Institute of India, Pune
• Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad
• JJ School of Art, MG Road, Mumbai
• Mass communication Research Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
• National Institute of Design, Paldi, Ahmedabad
• National Institute of Fashion Technology
• Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
Remunerations
A creative and hard working professional photographer can earn good sum of money. An assistant working with senior
professional can earn at least Rs. 7,000 per month. Free lancing jobs can fetch you around Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 40,000 per month.
Fashion photographers earn huge sum of money. They may charge Rs. 5,000 a day at the minimum and more than 5 lakh a
campaign. If you are self employed you may be able to earn Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 50,000 a day depending on the assignment you
take up. Wedding Photographers do earn a lot. Specialist photographers like wildlife photographers, may earn up to Rs. 2-10 lakh
or more per project. Those salaried in a company/newspaper house can get about Rs. 7,000-40,000 a month as their salary.
Photojournalist and Press photographers get Rs. 4,000-25,000 a month or more. Assistant Film Photographers get Rs. 50,000-
100,000 per film. Thus the amount of earnings depends on your expertise and the hard work you put along with your experience.

6.22. CAREER AS A YOGA INSTRUCTOR

Courses & Eligibility
An individual can easily take up the profession of Yoga Therapist or trainer immediately after the completion of X or XII
class. If you are really interested in making this as your career, you can start at the earliest too. If you opt for post-graduation
in Yoga, you should be a holder of Bachelor’s degree in any field. Many institutes and universities offer the course on Yoga all
over India. They are:
Kaivalyadhama Yoga Institute, Lonavla having different departments that are scientifically researched.
• Gordhandas Seksaria College of Yoga & Cultural Synthesis have different types of Certificate Courses, Yoga Training
for teachers of schools, Advanced teachers training courses in yoga.
• Pranava Yoga Dhama in Mysore specializes in training courses of intensive teachers, instructors in Yoga Therapy course
and other special programs and courses, such as hatha yoga, basic yoga asanas, pranayam, yoga during and after
pregnancy, etc.
• Purna Swasthya Yoga Therapy Centre, Mumbai specializes in the yoga therapy and other respective courses, such as,
backache, frozen shoulder, coronary artery diseases, cervical spondylosis, bronchial asthma, and program for weight
loss, dyspepsia, osteoarthritis and other simple courses on techniques of pranayams.
Individuals interested in the yoga trainer course can appear in the entrance exams held in the month of May – June
organised by many states and independent educational institutions. The entrance exams usually contains objective type
questions in English, GK, Aptitude, any one local language, basic teaching of arithmetic subjects.
The time of exam and application forms can be directly collected from the training institute.
Pay and Remuneration
It has been a decade since yoga has been accepted in the fitness industry and more than Rs.2000 crore approximate gains
are generated in the business of fitness. Therefore, the pay or remuneration in this field of Yoga Therapist is high if you are
employed in any spas, gyms, fitness centres, etc. As the remuneration depends on the experience of the yoga trainer, the pay is
also good for freshers and the inexperienced trainers too.
If you are an independent or personal yoga instructor, your earnings depends certain factors, like, number of clients, fees
demanded by you and number of clients you teach each day. Normally, the charges per session are around Rs 400-Rs 500, i.e.,
Rs 20,000 a month for starters. If you are a professional of middle-level, you can get Rs 40,000-Rs 50,000 a month. For the
experienced and senior trainers doing fulltime can earn around Rs 1 lakh per month.
Career Prospects
The acceptance of yoga has increased the demand of a Yoga Therapist and job prospects of these trainers are immense. You
can start your career as a yoga instructor by learning few asanas, but requires experience in this field and once you have gained
experience, the returns are high.
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 201
You can get employment in institutions, organizations, clubs, fitness centres, gymnasiums, etc. If you do not wish to join
any institution, you can become a personal instructor. Being a personal instructor gives you the liberty of setting up timings
and dates according to your choice.
Famous Personalities
T.K.V. Desikachar the co-founder of Krishmacharya Yoga Mandiram in India is a famous personality in this field. T.
Krishnamacharya is regarded as the founder of modern yoga and translated the ancient yogic texts and taught yoga postures
to many people worldwide.

6.23. CAREER AS A VJ/DJ/RJ

A Video Jockey (or VJ) is an announcer who introduces and plays videos on music channels. It is a derivative of the term
Disc Jockey as used in the radio industry. A VJ’s role has stretched beyond making mere announcements. Now, VJs anchor
reality shows, host comic series along with countdown shows, they also incorporate live television feeds and music. VJing has
expanded to the internet in 2012 with Rap Genius’s YouTube personality Nicole.
A club Disc Jockey (or a DJ as is commonly called) is an individual who selects and plays pre-recorded music for an
intended audience usually in a club setting, a neighborhood party or even a discotheque. The making of a Club Disc Jockey
requires the knowledge of the mood of the intended audience, the performance setting, the preferred medium, and the
development of sound manipulation.
A Radio Jockey (or RJ) entertains listeners of a radio program and provides information along with selecting and playing
records. They have their own style and they create newer ways to entertain the people while they are listening. RJs need to
have very good awareness of the events and things going around in the city, they must know the city well and of course they
should know a lot about Indian films and film music. They usually write their own scripts and have to be very innovative at
the same time keeping their style intact. RJ’s begin with odd-hours duty and with experience and popularity they come in the
prime time.
Courses & Eligibility
From time to time, channels invite young aspirants for VJ hunts and radio channels invite people for the RJ hunts. Else one
can apply directly to the channel for audition and start working as an intern. People begin early in DJ industry and learn while
assisting the established DJ’s. Many models and actors have become VJs.
There is no education route to be a VJ/DJ/RJ. There are short term certificate and diploma courses and some mass
communication courses have radio jockeying as part of their syllabus. Some personality enhancement courses and language
course can equip one in becoming a VJ.
Where to Study
There are no institutes that offer course in VJ.
To be a DJ one must have knowledge about DJ mixer (which is used to mix the music) and other equipment and sound
mixing.
Institutes for DJ’s
• The Studio Bakers , Pusa Road and Kailash Colony run by Rummy Sharma, a DJ with Djinns at the Hyatt.
• ‘Sound of Music’, Vasant Kunj run by DJ Sunny
• Modus Operandi run by Sumit Budhiraja
• Sound of soul, New Delhi.
• ScratchZ D J academy Bangalore.
• SSR DJ workshops, Chennai
• Grooves Entertainment
Course fee: Beginner: Rs 15,000; intermediate: Rs 18,000; both combined: Rs 25,000
• Spin Gurus DJ & Remixing Academy
Course fee: CD DJ Course: Rs 20,000; Vinyl DJ Course: Rs 18,000; CD Turntable Course: Rs 28,000
• Dance Café, Gurgaon
Course fee: Beginner Rs 5,000; advanced Rs 10,000
Institutes for Radio Jockey Course
• CRAFT Delhi, Offers P G Diploma IN Radio Jockey.
• The Radio School, Mumbai
202 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Some other institutes that offer related courses are:

• IILM Academy, Gurgaon
• Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) New Delhi
• AJK Mass Communication Research Centre New Delhi
• Amity School of Journalism & Communication, New Delhi
• Asian Academy of Film & Television
• Delhi University
• Xavier Institute of Communications, Mumbai
• EMDI, Mumbai
• Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
Pay and Remuneration
At entry level, a radio jockeys get Rs 1.8 lakhs to Rs 2.4 lakhs a year and the pay increases according to your job profile
and experience. Senior RJs make around Rs 10 lakhs to Rs 15 lakhs in a year.
The average take-home for a disc jockey at the initial level is Rs 1.5 to Rs 2 lakhs a year. Pay increases with one’s skills
and the market condition and label/club/music composer one is working with.
Career Prospects
The demand for professional in Disc Jockeying and Radio Jockeying is increasing. People are spending a lot these days
on hosting big parties and events which has opened a lot of opportunities. Professional have worked out contracts with
banquets halls, discotheques, farm houses, and any other place where such parties are organized.
Famous Personalities
DJ Akeel (he played twice at World economic forum and entertained the likes of Bill Clinton), DJ Akbar Sami (known as
the Indian remix guru). Some famous VJ’s are Cyrus Baroacha and Rhea Chakraborty. RJ Richa Vyas and RJ Prateek are two
most popular radio jockeys of contemporary radio.
A day in life: On typical days these professionals are on air or are performing. The timings depend on the show timing if
it’s a live show, if it is a delayed telecast/broadcast /Podcast then they reach the studios and record the programs as per the
schedules. The off air time is spent in planning for the next day/show and increasing awareness and learning about new music,
videos, news and other current affairs.

6.24. CAREER IN VISUAL MERCHANDISING

Career in Visual Merchandising includes a wide spectrum of innovative ideas applied in the creative presentation of a
particular item or service. This course is specially meant for professionals who yearn to imbibe the art of impeccable presentation
emanating verve, flamboyance and simultaneously drawing the attention of consumers in the retail stores, exhibition, fashion,
boutiques and museums.
Merchandisers are coordinators, who are involved in every stage of the products development from concept to sales. They
study buying trends and the buyer’s needs, and then liaise between the market and production process. They are involved in
business planning and analysis, buyer management, order fulfillment and product development.
Eligibility and Course Details
An aspirant must have completed their higher secondary education in any discipline in order to enroll in one of the visual
merchandising courses. Apart from the educational qualification the individual must possess an aptitude towards designing
and a sheer sense of aesthetics. The potential candidate can then appear for a Bachelors degree program in fashion design or
technology where visual merchandising is one of the majors.
There are many other Indian institutes that hold a special workshop on visual merchandising. The J. D. Institute of
Fashion Technology is one of the most prominent places that conduct these courses. Graduates in fashion design or technology
can apply for these courses that will further improve their skills of visual merchandising. There are other institutes that
conduct short term certificate courses in the field.
Skills and Aptitude
After undergoing some training in visual merchandising you will have learn all the integral parts of the job. The main
focus of the course is on retail store layout and decoration along with aligning and presentation of fixtures on display. You will
also generate a fine idea about the use of colors and setting up window displays.
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 203

Furthermore the students are made aware of the intricacies of super market merchandising as well as furniture layout and
the presentation of equipment. You will also learn how to use communication tools to attract customers and other attention
grabbing techniques. Basically you will be sharpening up on your imagination skills and learning how to best execute them.
You will also learn how to make use of lights and sounds to interact with customers.
The use of graphics to create an ambiance and various other elements of interior design are also taught to the student.
In the end the student is totally geared up for the job. With the concept of visual merchandising taking birth in India there are
plenty of job opportunities for youngsters in the field.
Career Prospects
With the concept of visual merchandising taking birth in India there are plenty of job opportunities available for youngsters
in the field. The visual merchandisers are employed by retail stores where they act as the store’s brand gatekeeper, ensuring that
the image and style of the company is projected at all times. The scope of duties and responsibilities varies depending on the
size of the retail operation and the level of the visual merchandising position one holds.
Employment in the field of visual merchandising is expected to grow faster than the average. In fact, job outlook is quite
excellent since more visual merchandising jobs will be generated because of the increasing interests of people in the fashion
industry. Retailers know the importunate of store visual displays in attracting the interest of the buying public; hence, the
expertise of visual merchandiser professionals will definitely be in high demand. Hiring expert visual merchandisers will
ensure that store traffic will be increased. Therefore, the need for visual merchandiser professionals will absolutely increase in
the coming years.
Remuneration
Remuneration in visual merchandising industry is decided by personal skills and abilities of the person concerned.
The normal pay packages of fresh graduates in this industry are Rs 25,000 to 30,000 per month. With some years of experience
and extraordinary talent one can easily reach up to Rs 40,000-50,000 per month.
Some of the reputed colleges providing courses in Visual Merchandising
• Academy of Applied Arts New Delhi, Delhi NCR Diploma in Visual Merchandising (Others)
• International Institute of Retail Management New Delhi, Delhi NCR
• Certificate Program in Visual Merchandising & Diploma in Visual Merchandising
• Indian Institute of Textile Training Diploma in Visual Merchandising
• JD Institute of Fashion Technology Diploma in Visual Merchandising (Full Time - Class Room) (extending over many
cities)
• Videography course @ Film & TV Institute of India (FTII)
Institute: Film and Television Institute of India (FTII)
Programme: Basic Videography
No. of Trainees: 12
Fee: 20,000 /- (without accommodation)
Eligibility: HSC / Graduation
(Preference will be given to participants having experience in Videography or relevant field)
Course Information
• The main objective of this course is to familiarize the participants with the basics of broadcast quality video cameras,
their operations and applications in various practical situations for.
• To understand basics of Visual Composition and Camera Movements
• To understand the basics of Multicam TV Studio Operations for ENG purpose.
How to Apply
The filled - in application forms received will be scrutinized and list of selected candidates will be displayed on the
website by January 31, 2012. Selected candidates must send the fees by Demand Draft (Nationalized Banks) drawn in favour
of “Accounts Officer, FTII” payable at Pune.
Address: Film and Television Institute of India
Law College Road, Pune - 411 004,(Maharashtra) INDIA.
Phone: (020) 25431817 / 25433016 / 25430017
Website: www.ftiindia.com
204 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Anna University, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)

• Sardar Patel Road, Guindy , Chennai (Chennai Dist.) - 600025
Certificate Course in Professional Videography
Three years full-time B. Sc. (Major) in Mass Communication and Videography (divided into six semesters) under University
of Calcutta with Film Studies as one of the compulsory elective subjects
The Mass Communication & Videography (MCV) department was founded in 1996. This course is aimed at creating
media professionals who would emerge as experts with further specialization.
Three years full-time B. Sc. (Major) in Mass Communication and Videography (MCV, divided into six semesters) under
University of Calcutta with Film Studies as one of the compulsory elective subjects.
Placement
Those from the last batch who are not pursuing any PG courses and those who have completed their PG courses, most of
them are working in the television, advertising & film industries (viz, NDTV, CNN-IBN, AAJTAK, ZEE Network, STAR
Network, SONY Entertainment; Percept, JWT, O&M etc) either as trainees/assistants or as full-time journalists, programme
producers, production executives, technical experts, independent filmmakers etc.

6.25. CAREER AS A SINGER

The charms of music have comforted, persuaded, inspired and entertained countless listeners throughout the world since
the dawn of civilization. Music expresses what cannot be said. Music is your own experience, your own thoughts, and your
wisdom. Music is the divine way to tell beautiful, poetic things to the heart. People probably started to sing as soon as
language developed. Hunting tools struck together may have been the first musical instruments. No matter what culture we’re
from, everyone loves music. Are you one of those caught in the dilemma as to whether to make your hobby your career or to
pursue a more conventional profession? If yes, then the sooner you decide the better for you. Researcher believes that one
should start seriously by the age of nine if you really wish to train your voice as beautiful as Lata Mangeshkar or the versatile
Kishore Kumar.
Courses & Eligibility
What are the different kinds of Music to specialize in?
To learn singing is the first step towards becoming a singer. Learning from a reputed singer is an added advantage. Practice
is the golden rule for success as a singer. A specialized voice lesson is another step towards becoming a singer. India has a
classical musical tradition that is around five thousand years old. Originally, classical music was performed only in courts and
temples, but in todays time it is performed at public concerts or on the radio for anyone to hear. It can be purely instrumental
or may feature singers who are telling ancient tales. All of Indian Classical music are of two types viz, Hindustani and Carnatic.
Hindustani music developed in the northern regions of the country, while Carnatic music is indigenous to the south.
Carnatic music is considered one of the oldest systems of music in the world. Songs of both these faculties of music are
composed by great artists and handed down through generations of disciples. An important element is its devotional content.
Western Classical music is a term that is applied to a body of notated European music that extends back in time to the first
millennium. The Classical period reached its majestic culmination with the masterful symphonies, sonatas, and string quartets
by the three great composers: Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. While many
composers throughout the twentieth-century experimented in new ways with traditional instruments, many of the twentieth-
century’s greatest composers, such as Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini and the Russian pianist/composer Sergei
Rachmaninoff, remained true to the traditional forms of music history. In addition to new and eclectic styles of musical trends,
the twentieth century boasts numerous composers whose harmonic and melodic styles an average listener can still easily
appreciate and enjoy. Contemporary music comprises forms that are built up from very well defined structures. They consist of
pop music or music that today features in movies. It is heard at festivals, ceremonies, dances, and is part of daily life.
The ghazal is one style which is known for its rich poetic and romantic content. The Hindi geet which is basically just a
song, and undoubtedly the most popular, is the film song.
Indian pop is hotter than ever. With the reach of cable to millions, pop stars have become household names like Alisha
Chinai, Bally Sagoo, Colonial Cousins, Daler Mehndi - Bhangra King, Lucky Ali, Shweta Shetty, to name a few. The different
forms of improvization add different facets to music and thereby, provide variety. The ability to improvise varies from
performer to performer.
Moreover, each of these forms of improvisation evokes different moods. Again, the ability to evoke, characterize and
exploit these different moods vary from performer to performer, and forms an integral part of the exhaustive and demanding training
that is required. All of the above make music a highly refined, demanding, complex and, most importantly, an exciting art form.
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 205

Where to Study
Most of the universities like Delhi University, Khairagarh University, Gujarat, offer BMus, MMus and PhD programmes.
There are other institutes, which have many flexible courses for all age groups. Some of the reputed institutes are:
• Bhatkhande Sangeet Vidyalaya, Lucknow
• Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, Pune
• Prayag Sangeet Samithi, Allahabad
Some of the colleges abroad are Berkeley College of Music, Trinity College, London, and Julliard College in New York.
There are also options offered by most colleges for students studying in different streams to take a performing arts class as an
additional subject.
Salary
A play back singer can get Rs.10,000 to some lakhs per song depending on the voice quality and reputation and
popularity of the singer.
Career Prospects
In the contemporary times, the demand for good playback singers is on a rise and those who have the caliber and
versatility are widely appreciated. Hard work and patience are essential qualities that are required to become a singer. Some
people have the talent but don’t know how to become a professional singer and some with poor voice but clever marketing
reach the status of a successful singer.
Starting a singing career requires more than just having a great voice and loving to perform. It is a business where you
need to market and promote yourself. As your resume improves, you may obtain agent representation to help you get bigger
performances and recording contracts and to negotiate higher pay.
You need to record a demo and then contact a company. If you get a good deal, your musical journey begins from here.
Develop a style of your own. A distinct style of your own will separate you from the herd. People like to listen to those singers
whose style is fresh and unique.
You may not be the next singing superstar or make millions of money from concerts or CDs. However, it is possible that
you can still be a singer and make a decent living. There are singing jobs in country clubs, resorts, or on cruises.
To be specific - If you are a classical or light singer with good music training and a good voice, you can
• Launch private music albums.
• Become playback singers: sing songs for films and movies.
• Host music shows on television.
• Lend voice for jingles & advertisements.
• As a professional singer one can host live shows & perform on stage.
• Open a music school and provide training in singing or playing a musical instrument.
• Join a music school as a teacher and train students in vocal music or in playing a musical instrument.
• Teach music in schools, colleges & institutes.
• Become a music director and give music for songs in movies, films & individual artist albums.
Famous Personalities
Lata Mangeshkar, pride of Indian music industry, the Nightingale of India - she is blessed with a beautiful voice and she
is the most well known Indian vocalist. Highly versatile, she has sung in more than 20 languages.
Asha Bhosle: A very well known Bollywood playback singer who mesmerized the entire country with her amazing
voice and dominated the Indian music industry for a period more than six decades.
Kishore Kumar: A famous Bollywood playback singer, actor, lyricist, composer, producer, director, screenwriter cum a
scriptwriter. He used to be among the three leading male Bollywood playback singers along with Mukesh and Mohammed
Rafi during his life time.
Shubha Mudgal, although a trained classical singer, is blessed with unique voice, which can be used in all kinds of singing.

6.26. CAREER IN DANCING

Introduction
“Great dancers are not great because of their technique; they are great because of their passion.”—Martha Graham
What better way to define dance. As an art form dance is an integral part of Indian culture. India has produced many
internationally known dancers. Most of us enjoy dancing and many of the younger people now want to make it a full time
206 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

career. If one has the aptitude and is willing to put a lot effort this is a very good career where one would earn while doing what
they enjoy the most.
What do dancers do?
Dancers are artists who perform various types of dance forms. Indian classical forms like Bharatnatyam, Kathak, kathakali
etc. or contemporary like Jazz or ballet. Dancers usually start their training early so as to build stamina and learn the various
techniques. Important qualities of a dancer are flexibility, energy, grace, rhythm, etc.
To become a dancer one should get training and qualifications if one is serious about career a dancer. There are many
dance associations that award certificates and many institutions that offer courses related to dance. People who can compose
a sequence of dance are called choreographers. Usually anyone who is good in dancing in general, and very good in a
particular dance form goes on to compose dance sequences. With a lot of Television Programs that are based on dance,
choreography as a career is gaining ground. Most of the choreographers are absorbed in the entertainment industry. There are
formal courses offering diploma and post graduate diplomas in dance and choreography.
Courses and Eligibility
• B.A. (Hons) Dance, B.A. Dance, B.F.A. Dance, Bachelor of Dance (B. Dance)
• Certificate Course in Dance
• Diploma in Dance
• M.A. Dance, M.F.A. Dance, Master of Dance (M. Dance)
• Ph.D. Dance
BA in dance is 3 years, BFA dance is 4 years, PG in dance is 2 years and the duration of diploma courses varies from
institute to institute.
Course Fees
A graduate level course in Government University costs around Rs 25,000 per year
Where to Study
• Shiamak Davar Institute of Performing Arts, at several locations.
• Banaras Hindu University
• Rabindra Bharati University Kolkata
• Kalai Kiviri College of Fine Arts, Tiruchirappalli (Tamil Nadu)
• Capital College of fine Arts, New Delhi (Delhi)
• Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana)
• M.S. (Maharaja Sayajirao) University of Baroda : Faculty of Performing Arts, Vadodara (Gujarat)
• Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (Punjab)
• Adarsh Sangeet Mahavidyalaya, Sagar (Madhya Pradesh)
• Ravindra Bhawan (Near Stadium), Vrindavan Ward, Sagar (Sagar Dist.)
• The Danceworx (Ashley Lobo), at several locations.
• FLAME school of performing Arts, Pune.
• Salsa India, at several locations
Famous Personalities
Mallika Sarabhai (Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi), Padma Subramanyam (Bharatanatyam), Pandit Birju Maharaj (Kathak),
Sonal Mansingh (Odissi), Yamini Krishnamurthy (Bharatnatyam and Kuchipudi)
In the contemporary dance forms: Uday Shankar (Indian Ballet) also know as father of Modern dance in India, Shiamak
Dawar (Jazz and Contemporary Dance), Ashley Lobo (Jazz, Classical Ballet and Contemporary Dance)

6.27. CAREER IN FASHION DESIGNING

Introduction
“What you wear is how you present yourself to the world, especially today, when human contacts are so quick.
Fashion is instant language.” —Miuccia Prada
These are the words of Miuccia Prada, the famous Italian fashion designer and entrepreneur during one of the events at the
fashion week in 2011.
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 207

If you find clothes and accessories as not just things to wear but as things to express oneself, as a piece of one’s’ creativity
then fashion designing should be the career for you. Fashion designing has come up as a good career option in the last decade
or so. There are many designers who have become national celebrities. Today fashion designing is not just a vocation but a
fully fledged professional career with duly recognized educational qualifications.
The clothing industry occupies an important place in a country’s economy. The changing styles of clothes have given
impetus and upsurge to the Indian textile and fashion industry. The fashion industry though only recently established as a
high growth sector in India, its multicrore annual turnover promises many employment openings.
The Fashion Designer profession has recently emerged as one of the most sort out careers among the youths. These youths
have their own creative style of dressing and believe in setting a trend rather than following a trend set by others. A career in
Fashion Design not only involves meeting glamorous people and interacting with rich and famous but also gives a impetus to
the creative flair of the people who possess a sense of style. The major functional areas in the industry are designing garments,
cutting the cloth, sewing the pieces together and finally merchandising. Popularizing and marketing of the various styles and
products is done through ramp shows and fashion write-ups.
Nature of Work
Fashion Designer create designs for almost anything which is part of the garment of men, women, and children. Designers
understanding the needs of their clients create attractive and functional garments and accessories according to the latest
trends, market conditions, weather and also keeping a close watch on the fit, style, colour, texture, size and material.
The process of making a dress starts with the sketching the original idea on paper. Then shaping the pattern pieces which
make the garment. The pieces are then drawn in actual size on paper and cut out on a rough material. These pieces are stitched
together and fitted on a model. From the rough model sample garments are made in the final fabric. Much time of the designer
is spent in exploration and research. Knowledge about fabric, weave, draping qualities, material, colour and design and the
changing trend is important.
Personality: A Fashion designer should be artistic and creative. They should be able to express their ideas in sketches.
They may not be brilliant artists but must be able to combine colours, shades, and tones. Designers have the flair for creating
with fabric and know how to use textiles effectively. Designers need to have visual imagination and the ability to think in
three-dimension to translate into garments what they visualize.
Fashion designers must be fashion conscious and must be aware of market requirements. In order to have an International
perspective, they must read more and more of international fashion journals, books, on history and art. They must also visit
various art gallery and exhibition and interact with traditional artists whenever they get a chance. As a designer one should
have knowledge and experience of basic tailoring skills i.e. cutting, sewing, draping,etc. Besides this they should be able to
distinguish among various fabric quality and particular about choosing a good cloth to work on.
An understanding of the market and customer lifestyle is required, so that design are suitable for people they are made for.
Designers must be good communicator and very clear with their ideas which is reflected in the presentation of fashion shows.
Courses & Eligibility
• Diploma in Fashion Design: 10+2 (Arts, Commerce, Science) /P.U.C./Polytechnic/equivalent with 45% marks in aggregate
(40% is sufficient for SC/ST candidates).
• Reputed institutes like NIFT/ NID select candidates on the basis of admission test.
• Four-year graduate programme in apparel design/equivalent course: 10+2, Entrance test Apeejay institute of design.
• B.Sc in apparel/fashion design/equivalent course: 10+2, Entrance test, Mangalore Institute of Fashion Technology
(MIFT) Kulai, Mangalore
• Postgraduate programme in apparel design from NID: Any graduation
Course Fees
Government institutes charge around Rs 50,000 as tuition fee. For private institutions the fee is higher.
Where to Study
• National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) (various campuses): B.Des. (Fashion Design) and B.FTech. (Apparel
Production)
• International Institute of Fashion Technology, South Extension Part I, New Delhi
• Apeejay Institute of Design, 54, Tughlaqabad Institutional Area, New Delhi
• National Institute of Design (NID) Paldi, Ahmedabad.
• National Institute of Fashion Design (NIFD), Chandigarh
• Northern India Institute of Fashion Technology (NIIFT) C-115, Phase-VII, Industrial Area, Mohali
208 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Pearl Academy of Fashion, C-56/2 Okhla Indl Area, Phase II, New Delhi
• Srishti School of Art, Design & Technology, PO Box 6430, Yelahanka, Bangalore (Karnataka)
• Institute of Apparel Management, Gurgaon.
• University of Mumbai, M G Road, Fort, Mumbai
• Mangalore Institute of Fashion Technology (MIFT), Mangalore
• Wigan fashion school, New Delhi
• J D Institute of Fashion Technology, Jaipur
Fashion Designing Entrance Examinations in India
CEED (Common Entrance Examination for Design)
NID Entrance Exam
NIFT Entrance Exam
Pearl Academy of Fashion Entrance Exam
UID
Career Prospects
Fashion designing graduates find employment according to their specializations in Fashion houses, export houses,
Textile businesses, garment manufacturing companies, in government handlooms and with textiles manufacturer, and in the
film and TV industry.
There are opportunities for work with the various sectors dealing with fashion. The opportunities for job exist in the
following sectors :
• Export houses dealing with garment/textile/handloom exports.
• Retail and wholesale garment businesses in men’s/women’s/children clothing in sportswear /casual wear, etc.
• Haute Courture
• Government/Semi government-handloom/textile manufacturers
• Fashion show organisers/Fashion publishers
• TV/Film fashion programme producers/comperes/costume designers, etc.
Specialization
The main area of work in the fashion industry are :
• Design Department: Manufacturing units work on a large scale. They employ designers, cutting assistants, sketching
assistants, junior designers. Cutting assistants have to cut samples as per specifications of the designer. This is followed
by draping and garment construction. Sketching assistants make the technical sketches of the garment which are passed
on to cutting assistants. From the making of specification drawings decide how a garment has to be fabricated to the
selection of fabrics is often the duty of the sketching assistant. Junior designers generally do the first pattern cutting.
They assemble the first samples with fabrics they have selected from the market.
• Marketing and Merchandising: Fashion trends are constantly changing, the people in the merchandising and marketing
have a good knowledge of fashion trends, of sales data and the organisations marketing objectives. Based on this
information the marketing department plans the company’s overall direction. It determines the price, product requirement,
and hence they often work with the styling department when a new product id concieved.
• Manufacturing Department: The production manager is at the head of the manufacturing unit. He is responsible for
scheduling work goals, training of workers, managing all activities in order to maintain quality in production. The
Production manager oversees the work of pattern cutting - from pattern grading, spreading and marking to cutting,
assembling and finishing. With the production manager are the production assistants who supervise the work at each
stage.
• Fashion Coordinators: They coordinate with the buyer and the production manager. The fashion coordinator makes
sure production schedules are kept, meets buyers goes through specification for fabrics, colours, designs, and keeps an
eye on the quality.When buyers give their own designs, the coordinator helps decide the fabric coloursand accessories
that should be used to suit the designs. They explain the design to the production pattern makers and get sample pieces
made. The sample is draped on a dummy to see if some changes in details or style are required. Once the sample is
finalised, its pieces are measured precisely. It is the coordinator who suggests how the cloth should be cut so as to
minimise wastage. The garment is then finally presented for sale.
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 209
Famous Personalities
Ritu Kumar: Ritu Kumar has often been labelled as ‘the empress of Indian haute couture’. Her natural sense of design
and beautiful styles has led her to the top spot amongst the whole array of Indian fashion designers. Her styles include a
combination of ancient Indian handicrafts like zardozi, bandhani and chikan work presented with a touch of contemporary
flair which has resulted in extremely beautiful creations. Almost every Indian bride dreams of having an original Ritu Kumar
creation in her trousseau.
Manish Malhotra: Manish Malhotra is an Indian fashion designer par excellence. He is the face behind the style and
designs adorned by some of the popular Bollywood leading ladies such as Kajol, Karisma Kapoor, Kareena Kapoor Khan, Rani
Mukherji, Aishwarya Rai Bachhan, Priyanka Chopra, Katrina Kaif, Sonam Kapoor and Preity Zinta. What made Manish
Malhotra popular was his unique sense of style and his expertise in envisioning an authentic ‘feel and look’ for the on screen
characters. Apart from popular Indian biggies, Manish Malhotra has also designed the attire for Michael Jackson during one
of his India visits.
Miuccia Prada: She is a famous Italian fashion designer and entrepreneur. Forbes.com wrote in its article titled ‘The
World’s Richest People 2001’: “She and her husband, Patrizio Bertelli, took over the family-owned luxury goods manufacturer
in 1978. Since then, they’ve turned it into a fashion powerhouse”. The prestigious Council of Fashion Designers of American
International Award was bestowed on Miuccia in 1993. This fashion powerhouse has expanded so exponentially that its
portfolio now includes international labels such as Azzedine Alaia, Fendi, Helmut Lang, and Jill Sander.
Job of a Fashion Designer
Fashion designing is essentially about designing garments. Fashion designers use their creative abilities and sense of
style to use various fabrics and techniques to create work of art. Fashion designing is science and art both. The designers need
to know the science or the techniques behind creating garments.
The designers take inputs from the clients and put a fine piece together. But that is not always the case. Sometimes they
design outfits and showcase them on ramps and it becomes fashion. Thus marketing and popularizing a particular couture is
an integral part of the career in fashion design.
Fashion Technology Entrance Exams
Fashion Technology in India is one of the creative fields which has slowly and steadily gained a repute in the International
scenario especially with many Indian Designers getting a recognition at the world level. Fashion Technology Entrance
Examination are those which are conducted on an All India basis for admitting candidates to various Universities / Institutes.
Fashion Technology courses aims at developing professionals to taking up position of Global Leadership positions in fashion
business. Various Fashion Technology Institutes in India provide a common platform for fashion education, research and
training.
List of Fashion Technology Entrance Exams 2014
AIEED - All India Entrance Exam for Design
NID Entrance Exam - National Institute of Design Entrance Exam
NIFT Entrance Exam - National Institute of Fashion Technology Entrance Exam
NIIFT Entrance Exam - North India Institute of Fashion Technology Entrance Exam
Fashion Technology Entrance Examination Eligibility
• +2 level for UG Courses and Graduation for Post Graduate Courses
• Candidates appearing for their qualifying examinations can also apply
Fashion Technology Entrance Examination Pattern and Admission Process
• Written entrance examination to test the knowledge, skill and aptitude of the candidates for the programme opted.
Subjects vary from English, General Knowledge, General Science etc. of +2 level.
• The objective type tests are not subject to negative marking. The entrance exam consists of General Ability Test (GAT),
Creative Ability Test (CAT) and Managerial Ability Test (MAT).
• The shortlisted candidates in the written test will be invited for Situation Test, Psychometric Test, Group Discussion and
personal interview at designated centres. These may vary from institute to institute. In the prominent institutes, admission
is strictly on merit- through written test, situation test, group discussion and interview.
There are many types of Fashion Technology Entrance Exams in India. These are
• NIFT Entrance Exam - National institute of Fashion technology Entrance Exam
• IIFT - International Institute of Fashion Technology
210 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• SOFT - School of Fashion Technology Entrance Exam

• NID - National Institute of Design
• IIAFT - Indian Institute of Art and Fashion Technology
• Pearl Academy of Fashion Entrance Exam.

6.28. CAREER AS A FILM DIRECTOR

Introduction
“My movie is born first in my head, dies on paper; is resuscitated by the living persons and real objects I use, which are
killed on film but, placed in a certain order and projected on to a screen, come to life again like flowers in water.”
—Robert Bresson
Film direction is an art of putting a dream on to a medium called film. Film directors are the force behind a film and work
together with many people who make a film happen.
What do Film Directors do?
Directors are the visionary’s behind the story of the film and decide the overall look and feel of the film. They closely
work with producers and other people involved in making of a film and shoulder many responsibilities related to the creative
aspects in the film. It is said that casting is more than half of direction.
Other than casting, directors are overall in charge of film making, script, camera and editing etc where as finance and
marketing are looked after by producers. They coach the actors and direct them to give performance as per the requirements of
the film. They coordinate with the staff on the sets and direct the shooting of the film. Directors are also involved in the post
production aspects of the films and get it edited to a final shape.
There are formal courses offered by recognized institutes and colleges, where one can learn about different aspects of film
direction.
Courses and Eligibility
Although getting a formal education is not compulsory in this field, it is advisable. Many directors have worked their way
up in the film industry by learning on the job and by making mistakes. A course in film institute gives you technical skills and
gives opportunity to refine your creativity. There are many types of courses available in Institutes across the country that train
people in aspects of direction. Short term courses, graduation and Post graduate diplomas.
Course Fees
Satyajit Ray Film Institute charges Rs 40,500 in the first semester and 19,500 in the subsequent semesters. Private
institutes charge a much higher fee.
Where to Study
• Film and Television Institute of India, Pune.
Course: 3 year Post Graduate Diploma in Direction; Eligibility: Graduate degree holders are eligible.
Course: 2 year Post Graduate Diploma in Art Direction and Production Design, Eligibility: Bachelor’s Degree in
Architecture/ Painting / Applied Arts / Sculpture / Interior Design in or any related field in the Fine Arts or an equivalent
qualification
Course:1 year Post Graduate Diploma in TV Direction; Eligibility: Graduate degree holders are eligible.
Admission is through All Indian level entrance test.
• Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Kolkata.
Courses Offered: 3 years PG Diploma in Cinema with specialization in Direction and Screenplay
• Whistling Woods International, Mumbai
Courses Offered: 2 years course in Direction.
• Zee Institute of Media arts, Mumbai
Courses Offered: Degree course in Film making, short term course in direction.
• Center for Research in Art of Film and Television (CRAFT), Delhi
Courses Offered: Offers 1 years PG Diploma In Direction.
• Asian Academy of Film and TV, Noida
Courses Offered: Three-month course
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 211
Pay and Remuneration: Beginners earn around 2.5 lakhs a year as assistant director, while established directors earn big
time money per film.
Famous Personalities
Some of the famous names in film direction are Alfred Hitchcock, Steven Spielberg, Woody Allen, Tarantino and Werner
Herzog.
Popular Indian directors include Satyajit Ray, Guru Dutt, Yash Chopra, Mani Ratnam, Vidhu Vinod Chopra, Sanjay Leela
Bhansali, among many others
Film & Television Institutes Examinations in India
Film and Television Institute of India Entrance Examination
National School of Drama (NSD) Screening Test
If you are looking for a career in Film-making and television then here are the top five colleges in India which offer the
best courses in the country.
1. Film and Television Institute of India, Pune:
2. Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Kolkata:
3. Whistling Woods International, Mumbai:
4. Center for Research in Art of Film and Television, Delhi:
5. Asian Academy of Film and Television, Noida:

6.29. CAREER IN ART RESTORATION

Art has been an inseparable part of human life and culture since the dawn of civilization. The spectrum of art is indeed vast
and unlimited, beginning with the cave paintings of the early man, encompassing the Harappan art forms, (Indian) Gupta
period, Greeco-Roman art collection and continuing right up to the famous painters /sculptors like Tagore, Jamini Roy,
Nandalal Bose, Gaugain, Rodin, Picasso, Van Gough, Salvadore Dali to name a few.
In today’s technologically advanced world, much care is being taken for the restoration and conservation of art and
masterpieces. These two have become suitable career options for the people from all age groups.
Art restoration and Art conservation are two separate fields of taking care of art objects. Whereas Art Restoration tries to
return the work to an earlier state by cleaning it up and thereby further modifying it from its original state, Art conservation
emphasizes on its preservation by suitable techniques such as examination, documentation, treatment, and preventive care of
the art object supported by research and education. The restoration is made in such a way that the masterpiece does not lose
its original flavor.
Again the professionals involved with art restoration not only restore the paintings but also restore murals, photographs,
manuscripts, sculptures, textiles and other art objects. The profession aims at trying to modify art objects so as to make it seem
more similar to its original state.
Art Restoration Career Prospects
In India trained and skilled art restorers can easily find openings at any of the three National Museum Centres (Restoration
Departments) or at private art firms or even start their own practice. Being a risky business, not many young people however,
are willing to take the plunge.
For such people, there are other options such as teaching, art journalism, archaeology, art dealing (involves trading art
materials which requires not only a good business sense but artistic skills as well. We have come a long way in changing our
attitudes about art - before broken or damaged objects were considered inauspicious and thrown away and today, they are sold
at lakhs of rupees. Art, after all, is to be cherished forever.
Art Restoration Institutes & Training
A major proportion of the restoration and conservation work in India takes places at the following places:
National Museum Centres: Situated in Lucknow, Delhi and Calcutta, these centres look after their own art works and
occasionally those of other state museums. Most of their services are to the government collections and private jobs are only
taken if connected to our national heritage.
INTACH Art Conservation Centres: The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) in NewDelhi
provides restoration/conservation facilities to private collectors and institutions and charge a nominal fee for their expenses.
A few restoration firms take on work from private collectors, and may charge high fees for their services. Some restorers
also choose to have their own firms, but the high costs of running the business tend to retard their growth and expansion.
212 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Institutes Offering Course in Art Restoration

• National Museum, New Delhi
• University of Mysore, Crawford Hall, Mysore
• University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
• Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana

6.30. CAREER IN CHOREOGRAPHY

Introduction
“Good choreography fuses eye, ear and mind” —Arlene Croce

Who is a Choreographer?
Choreographers are expert dancers who plan the dance sequences and use various dance forms and props to present a song
or a show. They mix and match various dance forms, movements and compositions of the lights and music. Choreographers are
trained in at least one form of dance and should get themselves trained from a credible choreographer. These days fashion
shows, Ice Skating performances, corporate and entertainment events and parties are also choreographed.
Courses & Eligibility
To take up a course in this subject, the basic requirement is 10+2 and training in at least one dance form. The formal
courses available are BA in Dance and Choreography and Diploma in Choreography.
One of the course in Indian dance form and choreography covers subjects like World and Indian History of Dance,
Natyashastra and Indian Aesthetics, History of art and choreography, Stage design and lighting, Music for dance and Mime
and movement.
Where to Study
• Natya Institute of Kathak and Choreography (NIKC), Bangalore, affiliated to Bangalore University. Offers BA in Kathak
and Choreography, One year post graduate diploma in Choreography
• Government College of Dance & Music in Orissa
• Faculty of Arts in University of Mysore
• Shaimak Davar’s Institute of Performing Arts, Mumbai and many other centres across India.
• Danceworx Performing Arts Academy of Ashley Lobo, GK, New Delhi.
• Kasber’s Dance Academy, Mumbai
• Sangeet Natak Akademi in New Delhi
• Terence Lewis Dance Academy, Mumbai
• Anand Shankar centre for performing arts, Kolkata.
Salary
Freshers can earn anywhere between Rs.3 lakhs to 6 lakhs a year; Assistant choreographers earn Rs. 5-12 lakh a year.
Senior choreographers charge on the basis of assignments.
Career Prospects
This is an upcoming career option offering bright prospects as demand is high for movie songs, shows and TV serials, and
other cultural programmes. One also has the option of working in television industry and films and stage shows continue to be
the major employers. Event Management companies and modeling agencies also offer good options. One can begin by
assisting an established choreographer and after gaining experience and confidence one can be on one’s own.
Famous Personalities
Saroj Khan (Choreographer): she is synonymous to Indian film choreography. Farah Khan, Terence Lewis, Prabhu Deva,
Shiamak Davar, Vaibhavi Merchant are also some of the famous names.
A Day in Life
The days begin early in the studio where discussions take place with the team members on upcoming assignments. Plan
the dance moves and props depending on the event or film. Start training with the members/ group who will be performing.
After quick lunch proceed for meeting with the film director. Reach back the studio/ home studio and meet the designers. Call
it a day.
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN 213

6.31. CAREER IN TEXTILE DESIGN

This refers to the creation of patterns and structures for woven, knitted or non-woven fabrics. It involves the process of
producing design for clothes, which are used in household textiles, clothing and decorative textiles like carpets. Starting from
the actual design making to the different other processes, which are related to this kinds of production are included in this field
of study. To be precise, it is a process that starts with raw materials and ends in the finished product.
The main elements of this process are yarn, fiber and many more. Being a creative arena, it associates itself with making
contemporary, creative and stylish designs. This even bridges carpet manufacturing, fashion designing and different fields,
which are related to clothes. The usage of printing or dyeing is one of the major parts of textile design. This, as an academic
course, is quite popular in different parts of the world.
Current Scenario of Textile Design Course in India
With the fast growing potential for the market of textile products in India, many new avenues have opened up in regards
to the career option in textile design. This necessitates a proper educational qualification in textile design though since, they
need to have a sound knowledge about the different methods of designing textiles and textile fibers. Designing of textiles, as
a specialized subject, can be studied both in graduation and post graduation level.
However, the degrees related to this field can be either in the discipline of arts or science as nowadays, several professionals
use computer based designing software for the creation of varied textile design. Over the past few years, the country has been
successful in developing some of the famous institutions that offer various courses in this field. Apart from offering degree
courses, numerous Indian institutions and colleges offer diploma courses on the same. To name a few of such diploma
programs offered by the various institutions of the nation are:
• Advance Diploma in Textile Design
• Advance Diploma in Textile Printing
• Diploma in Textile Design
• Diploma in Textile Printing
• Graduate Diploma in Apparel and Textile Design
• Post Graduate Program in Knitwear Design Technology
• Post Graduate Program in Garment Manufacturing Technology
Currently, in the Republic of India, there is a huge demand of textile designers, which in turn has increased the need for
such professionals. The textile design industry of the country offers varied job roles to the skilled textile design professionals.
Following are some of the popular most designations, which describe varied job roles that can be offered to a person, who have
got a degree in textile design:
• Colorists • Design coordinators
• Design consultant • Director of design
• Entrepreneurs • Embroidery designers
• Fabric analyzer • Fashion designer
• Fabric resource manager • Furnishing designers
• Freelance designers • Garment designer
• Home stylists • Printing and dying consultant
• Repeat artists • Textile design assistant
• Textile design faculty • Textile lab manager
• Technical professionals
Major Textile Design Examinations in India
Candidates, who aspire to pursue any course in textile design, need to qualify in the entrance examinations that are
carried out by the different institutions. To appear for these examinations, one needs to fulfill some eligibility criteria though.
The major criterion being, the candidate needs to have successfully completed higher secondary level of education from a
reputed institution. The names of some of the most important textile design entrance examinations in India are as follows:
• C.E.E.D or Common Entrance Examination for Design
• National Council for Interior Design Qualification Examination
• N.E.E.D or National Entrance Examination for Design
• N.I.D Entrance Test
214 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• N.I.F.T Entrance Examination

• N.L.A.T or National Level Entrance Aptitude Test
A course in textile design trains for creative and technical aspects of textile designing. There are course available at
diploma, graduation and post graduation levels.
• B Design (Textile) (4 years), 10+2 students any stream are eligible.
• Diploma in Design (Textile) (2 years), 10+2 students any stream are eligible.
• Post graduate diploma in Textile Design (4-4.5 years): Graduate students in any stream are eligible; admission is on the
basis on entrance.
Where to Study
• National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad
4 year Graduate Diploma Programme in Textile and Apparel Design, admission is through Entrance Examination and
Interview and 10+2 students of any stream are eligible. Post Graduate Program: 2 and 1/2 year Post-Graduate Diploma
Programme in Textile Design, Apparel Design & Merchandising (PGPD), Graduates of B.F.A, Applied Arts, B.Arch.
Interior Design, graduates with experience in Textile Design, Textile/Handloom Technology, Textile/Knitwear/Fashion
Design, Home Science (with Textile & Clothing) are eligible. The selection is through Entrance Test and interview.
• NIFT many centers: Bengaluru, Chennai, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai Degree, Diploma, Certificate
courses in Textile design, 10+2 students are eligible and admission is through Entrance Examination and Interview.
• Srishti School of Design, Bangalore Programs: 2 + 2 year Professional Diploma in Textiles Design Admission: open to
graduates or diploma holders in Art and /or Design, Architecture or related disciplines, or students with at least 2 years
of study successfully completed
• Arch Academy of Fashion, Art & Design, Jaipur 4 year Undergraduate Degree Programmes in Textile Design, 1 1/2 year
PG Degree and PG Diploma in garment production & export management. 10+2 students are eligible for undergraduate
studies and graduates are eligible for post graduate studies.
• National Institute of Fashion Design, Chandigarh, Kolkata 3 year B.Sc. Bachelor of Science in Textile Design and
Fashion Design, 2 year Advance Diploma in Textile Design and Fashion Design,12 months and 6 month courses, 10 +
2 students are eligible.
• Pearl Academy, Delhi, Jaipur 4 year Undergraduate Degree Programmes in Textile Design, 10+2 for undergraduate
studies and graduati on in any field for post graduate studies.
• Apeejay Institute of Design, N Delhi 4 year Bachelor in Design in Fashion Design and Textile Design, 1 year Post
Graduate Diploma in Design and 2 year Master in Design. For graduate programs 10 +2 students are eligible for
admission and graduates in Fine Arts, Engineering, Design are eligible for Masters in Design.
• Northeast Institute of Fashion Technology, Guwahati 2 year diploma program in Textile Designing, 10+2 students are
eligible.
• Army Institute of Fashion Design, Bangalore BA or Bachelor of Arts is an undergraduate degree in India conferred for a
study program in either social sciences or liberal arts or both. The duration of BA or Bachelor of Arts courses is normally
three years. However, it is dependent on the type of educational institute or college and particular minors or majors.

6.32. B.A. OR BACHELOR OF ARTS

The Bachelor of Arts or BA is a baccalaureate study program which normally has a duration of three years and this course
can be broadly categorized into pass and honors courses. BA has been traditionally the most favorite bachelor’s degree courses
among the students of India who like to study arts in the higher level. After deciding to study B.A. at the pass or honors level,
students can select from a big variety of study areas from the different options available before them. With regard to the earlier
educational qualification of the candidate and the individual preference and skills of the student en route for a particular
course of study, there is a suitable curriculum for nearly every student choosing this course. Bangalore University, Annamalai
University, Madurai Kamaraj University, Jamia Millia Islamia Institute of Post Graduate Studies and Research, Mother Teresa
Women’s University, Maharishi Dayananad University, SNDT Women’s University, Patna University, Institute of Distance
Education University of Madras, and University of Kerala are some of the top universities that offer B.Ed degrees in India via
the distance education mode.
Current Scenario of BA in India: In order to be eligible for studying BA in India, students have to successfully pass their
10+2 level or Higher Secondary Examination in Arts, Science, or Commerce. It is a noteworthy feature that students with
Commerce or Science at their higher secondary level can also study BA or Bachelor of Arts. A number of colleges across the
length and breadth of the country also conduct entrance tests for offering admission to the BA course for the students. Other
CAREER IN ARTS AND DESIGN
than how the students fare in the entrance exam, the previous educational performance of the student is taken into consideration
as well. The subject areas of BA or Bachelor of Arts include Philosophy, Economics, Political Science, Geography, Sociology,
Literature, History, Psychology, Anthropology, Library Science, Archaeology, Education, and so on. Following the successful
accomplishment of BA, students can look for jobs or go for higher education such as postgraduate degree in any of the areas
where BA has been completed.
Bachelor of Arts Courses in India
• Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Social Work
• Bachelor of Arts in Hospitality and Tourism
• Bachelor of Arts in Malayalam
• Bachelor of Arts in Military Studies
• Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics
• Bachelor of Arts in Oriental Culture
• Bachelor of Arts in Physical Education
• Bachelor of Arts in Public Administration
• Bachelor of Arts in Rural Development
• Bachelor of Arts in Social Science
• Bachelor of Arts in Tourism Studies
• Bachelor of Arts in Yoga
• Bachelor of Divinity
• Bachelor of Theology
• Bachelor of Arts in Computer Science
• Bachelor of Arts in Education
• Bachelor of Arts in Geography
• Bachelor of Arts Honors in Applied Psychology
• Bachelor of Arts in Agro Services
• Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology
• Bachelor of Arts in Biostatistics
• Bachelor of Arts in Cinema and Photography
Top B.A. Colleges in India
• Presidency College, Kolkata
• Lady Shree Ram College for Women, Delhi
• St. Xavier’s College, Calcutta
• Fergusson College, Pune
• Hindu College, Delhi
• Christ College, Bangalore
• Sophia College, Mumbai
• Miranda House, Delhi
• St. Joseph’s College, Bangalore
• Mount Carmel College, Bangalore
• Sri Venkateswara College, Delhi
• Vivekananda College, Chennai
• Mithibai College, Mumbai
• Nizam College, Hyderabad
• Maulana Azad College, Kolkata
• Jyoti Nivas College, Bangalore
• Maharani Arts College, Bangalore
• D.G. Vaishnav College, Chennai
• St. Mira’s College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Pune
• Women’s Christian College Chennai
• Loyola Academy Degree & PG College Hyderabad
• Isabella Thoburn College Lucknow
• Gokhale Memorial Girls College, Kolkata
• D.G. Ruparel College, Mumbai
• M.S. Ramaiah Junior and Degree College, Bangalore
• Regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar
215
• Bachelor of Arts in Psychology
• Bachelor of Arts in Vedic Astrology
• Bachelor of Arts in Journalism
• Bachelor of Arts in Musicology
• Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy
• Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
• Bachelor of Arts in Public Relations
• Bachelor of Arts in Rural Industry
• Bachelor of Arts in Sociology
• Bachelor of Arts in Vocational Studies
• Bachelor of Education
• Bachelor in Tourism Management
• Bachelor of Arts in Communicative Eng.
• Bachelor of Arts in Economics
• Bachelor of Fine Arts
• Bachelor of Arts in History
• Bachelor of Arts in Advertising & Brand Management
• Bachelor of Arts in Ancient History
• Bachelor of Arts in Arabic
• Bachelor of Arts in Child Welfare and Social Studies
• Bachelor of Arts in Cinematography
• Bachelor of Arts in Instrumental Music
• St. Xavier’s College Mumbai
• Loyola College, Chennai
• St. Stephen’s College, Delhi
• Presidency College, Chennai
• Hans Raj College, Delhi
• Symbiosis College, Pune
• St. Xavier’s College, Ahmedabad
• Stella Maris College, Chennai
• Jesus & Mary College, Delhi
• Queen Mary’s College, Chennai
• Madras Christian College, Chennai
• Ramjas College, Delhi
• St. Teresa’s College, Kochi
• Sacred Heart College, Kochi
• Elphinstone College, Mumbai
• Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata
• Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai
• Scottish Church College, Kolkata
• NMKRV College for Women, Bangalore
• Jai Hind College Mumbai
• National College, Basavangudi Bangalore
• MOP Vaishnav College for Women, Chennai
• Bhagawan Mahaveer Jain College, Bangalore
• Wilson College, Mumbai
• Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
 7
CHAPTER

Career in Architecture
“Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There
it begins. These were the words of renowned 20th Century German-American Chapter Outline
architect, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, also known as one of the pioneers of G What is Architecture?
modern architecture. G Nature of Work
His words strike us with their stark simplicity. They draw attention to G M.Arch. (Masters Programme in
Architecture)
what perhaps makes architecture such a fascinating subject - that from
something so simple, as two bricks placed together, something so complex, as entire buildings, structures or monuments, are
created. Where question of construction of a house or a building comes there comes the role of Architecture. An Architect
prepares plan for the building, estimates the cost and looks after its construction till completion. While designing the
Architects take various things in consideration e.g. functional aspects, safety, economy and need of the people who use them
etc. Architecture is a specific area of study and work which deals with design, plan of buildings and structures.
The construction industry is one of the largest organised economic sectors of our country. Architects often work with
engineers, urban planners, interior designers, landscape architects and others.

7.1. WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE?

An architect is a scientist and artist rolled into one. He/she is involved in many activities like
• Design: An architect primarily designs buildings. An architect carefully makes plans, based on which the building is
constructed. An architect also looks at the way in which the space gets utilized, depending on what function the
building will serve and how many people will use it. For instance a hospital has to be designed and built differently from
an office or a school.
• When making a plan, the architect takes into account many practical issues such as climatic conditions, water supply
and drainage, electricity supply, orientation, topography of the land and multiple other such factors. He/she usually possess
sound engineering knowledge as well as practical knowledge about building materials, public convenience facilities such as
parking etc. Safety is another very important factor, that Architects looks at while designing the building
• The architect also looks into the aesthetics of the building based on what it represents. Will it reflect a certain philosophy?
Will it show comfort or represent luxury? Will it represent opulence and richness of life or minimalistic beauty? Will it
have intricate structures or stark, straight, direct lines?
• Renovation and conservation: Many a times, the work of an Architect is also to renovate or structurally modify the
existing buildings. He/she also looks into conservation of old and heritage structures.

7.2. NATURE OF WORK

The design of a building involves a lot more than just appearance. So an architect takes a lot of things into consideration,
such as safety, function, economy and suitability. These duties demand a variety of skills-designing, engineering, managerial
and supervisory. One can specialize in Naval Architecture which involves designing ships, ships building yards, construction
of oil rigs on high seas etc.
Personal Charactertstics
Drawing, design and mathematical ability are essential. Architects should be practical, creative, self-disciplinarians and
decisive.
216
CAREER IN ARCHITECTURE 217
Admission Procedure
Admissions to architecture courses are on the basis of an admission test to evaluate a candidate’s aptitude in Physics,
Chemistry and Mathematics as well as proficiency in drawing. The minimum educational qualification to appear for this
admission is 10+2 Science or equivalent level of education. Most institutions select students through an entrance examination.
The B.Arch. pre-entrance test is the same as the pre-engineering test (except that it has an aptitude test) when the Architecture
Department is in Engineering Institute. Most Institutes including IITs take students through Joint Engineering Entrance Test.
B.Arch. is a 5 years course after 10+2 with PCM. The P.G. course is generally for 18 months to 2 years.
The Career Profile of Architects
The students of Architecture during their final year have to undergo a practical apprenticeship with an architectural firm,
where they do work, related to design and drawings. After graduation, architects join architectural agencies or firms and
manage small assignments. They learn under senior architects the technicalities involved in design. After a few years of
brushing up with basic skills, the young architects learn to handle small projects, can make architectural plans and can use
their knowledge and judgments in presenting initial proposal.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor degree (B.Arch., which is a 5 year course: 10+2 from a recognized board/university with a minimum of 50%
aggregate in the science stream (physics, chemistry and mathematics). For some architecture courses having Mathematics as
a subject at 10+2 level is the only eligibility.
Alternatively, if you have a minimum 50% aggregate in a Diploma in Civil Engineering under the 10+3 years scheme of
State or National Government, then you are eligible for the B.Arch.
At the end of the course, you will need to do an internship in an architectural firm to gain valuable experience by working
alongside people who have been in the field for a longer duration, before setting out to begin on your own or join an
Architectural firm or Real Estate companies. At the end of the course, you will have to register with the Council of Architecture
of India and thereby become a full-fledged architect.

7.3. M.Arch. (MASTERS PROGRAMME IN ARCHITECTURE)

The master’s programme in architecture can be pursued from many institutes in India. One can also pursue an architectural
degree abroad, however one must keep in mind that it is from a university recognized by the Indian Council and other similar
governing bodies. The more recognized the institute, the better your chances of getting work afterwards in India. Do bear in
mind that the cost of studying abroad is considerably higher.
Course Fees
A 5-year degree in architecture from a government institute can cost between Rs 1.6 – 2.3 lakhs. In a private institution,
it may cost between Rs 2 – 3.5 lakhs. The fee mentioned does not include hostel, library expenses etc.
Institutes of Architecture
There are around 86 institutions which impart training in Architecture. The well known institutions are:
• School of Architecture, CEPT, Ahemdabad
• School of Planning and Architecture, IP Estate, New Delhi
• The Centre of Environment and Planning Technology, Ahmedabad,
• Chandigarh College of Architecture, Chandigarh,
• J.J. School of Architecture, Mumbai,
• Naval College of Engineering INS Shivaji Lonavla, Mumbai,
• IIT New Delhi,
• Vastu Kala Academy, School of Architecture & Interior Designing, 9/1, Institutional Area, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi
• IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur. (Admission through IIT JEE)
• IIT Roorkee, Roorkee
• Faculty of Architecture, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi
• National Institute of technology , Tiruchirapalli
• Punjab University, Chandigarh College of Architecture, Chandigarh
• Lucknow University, Govt. College of Architecture, Tagore Road, Lucknow
• Goa University, College of Architecture, Campal Panaji, Goa
• Indian Education Society’s College of Architecture, 791, Bandra Reclamation, Bandra (W), Mumbai
218 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, School of Planning & Architecture, Mahavir Marg, Hyderabad
• Pune University.
• Kerala University, College of Engineering, Thiruvananthpuram
• Sushant School of Art and Architecture, Sushant lok, District Gurgaon, Haryana
Some institutes who specialise in different aspects of Architecture are:
1. Kasturba Lal Bhai Campus, Ahmedabad-381009. Offers a P.G. Course in Urban Design and Landscape Architecture.
2. NICMAR (National Institute of Construction Management) offers Masters in Construction Management, an 18 months
course. Eligibility: B.E./B.Tech./MBA/ MA in Social Sciences with minimum of 55% marks.
Career Prospects
A qualified architect may either work with an architectural firm or begin his/her own firm. He/she also has the option of
being employed by various government organizations such as Public Works Department, the Archaeological Department,
Ministry of Defense, National Building Organization, Town and Country Planning Organization, National Institute of Urban
Affairs, Departments of Railways, Post and Telegraphs, Public Sector Undertakings, Housing and Urban Development
Corporation, National Building Construction Corporation Ltd., etc. While some other organizations or bodies like State
Departments, Housing Boards, and Local Bodies for construction works, Builders, Architecture Firms, Consultants, etc. also
hire architects.
A Day in Life
This is a general look at how an architect would function when managing a project:
• Get a detailed brief from the client. Understand the exact purpose of the building and its function, where it will be built,
estimate of the number of people that will be using it and other specific requirements that the client may have.
• Work on a detailed plan of the structure and work with in-house (or outsourced) team on graphic design, preparation of
a miniature model, estimating and costing, Make detailed timelines based on client’s requirement.
• Present a detailed plan on the structure to the client along with a proposed budget.
• Get approvals for the same after incorporating changes if any.
• Appoint a suitable construction company.
• Begin work on the project by coordinating with the appointed construction company, local authorities (such as the
Municipality) where necessary. Ensure safety measures at all stages.
• Supervise every stage of construction. Keep track of timelines at each stage.
• Towards the end of the construction, involve and coordinate with electrical specialists, local water works, electricity
suppliers, carpenters, painters, glassware providers, utilities and facilities providers, interior decorators, garden and
landscape specialists and a whole list of people who will help the architect to bring the project to its completion.
Pay & Remuneration
Architecture is a professional course. Just like a C.A. or a doctor, one may choose to work as an employee or start ones’ own
practice. The initial or starting level earnings of an architect can be approximately Rs 2.5 lakh per-annum. Ofcourse the
earnings would vary depending on the city and your area of specialisation. For example in New Delhi, a B.Arch graduate
employed in an architectural firm may get Rs 2.5 to 3 lakhs a year beginning, while employment in a real estate company may
fetch a salary of Rs 5-6 lakhs to begin with. However the same architect working in the architectural firm after a few years of
experience may start his own practice and start making very good money.
Famous Personalities
• Charles Correa: An internationally acclaimed Indian architect who was behind the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Museum
at the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad, Kanchanjunga Apartment tower in Mumbai, the Jawahar Kala Kendra in Jaipur,
the planning of Navi Mumbai, MIT’S Brain and Cognitive Sciences Centre in Boston.
• Hafeez Contractor: Vastu building at Worli Seaface. Has also designed The Imperial I and II, the tallest buildings in
India.
• Anant D. Raje: His acclaimed works include the Executive Management Centre at the IIM Ahmedabad, Forest
Management Institute in Bhopal, India and the Institute of Statistics in New Delhi.
Employment Avenues With Government Organisation
They can work with various Governmental and autonomous organisation such as Urban Development Department,
Central Public Works Department, National Building Organisation, New Delhi, Town & Country Planning Organisation, New
Delhi, HUDCO, City Development Authorities like B.D.A., C.D.A., etc.
CAREER IN ARCHITECTURE 219

Self-Employment
One can set up his/her own firm for providing service privately. For an efficient Architect there will be no dearth of jobs
Architecture Exams
The major significant feature of the AIEEE that is conducted for the architecture stream is that it consists of questions to
evaluate the knowledge of the students, besides their attitude towards the values and architecture perspectives.
Nowadays, architecture has become one of the most significant streams in the professional degrees. The trend has started
to boost, say some 5 to 10 years ago, though it exists in practice right from the ancient times, but recently the craze for
architecture has increased tremendously, as equal to streams like engineering and medicine.
AIEEE now JEE Mains
The AIEEE is an all India level entrance examination for both engineering/architecture streams. Hence, it comprises of
separate question patterns and structure for both the streams. The AIEEE pattern for B. Arch/B. Planning comprises of three
important parts, part 1 consists of questions from mathematics and part 2 consists of aptitude type questions and part3
consists of engineering drawing questions. It includes questions in testing the students’ attitudes regarding people, place and
environment. This has to be praised, because architecture is all about the value of the creative and constructional output,
thereby placing the customers and their values in the first place, because architecture doesn’t deal with bricks and cements,
rather it is more to do with the layout of a place/city/country. It is a 3 hours examination and it is usually conducted at the end
of 12th standard examination. It is conducted by CBSE in India. AIEEE established online form the year 2011 onwards, which
means the students, can attend the exam online, rather attending a paper-pencil examination. The method of implementation
is yet to get confirmed by the CBSE.
The National Aptitude Test in Architecture (NATA), is conducted by National Institute of Advanced Studies in
Architecture (NIASA) which is a body of Council of Architecture, New Delhi in India. The National Aptitude Test in Architecture
is a national level examination for admission to undergraduate courses in Architecture. The test measures the aptitude of
applicants for a specific field of study, i.e. Architecture, in areas like drawing and observation skills, sense of proportion,
aesthetic sensitivity and critical thinking, qualities that have been acquired over a long period of time and that are related to
Architecture. NATA or the AIEEE B.Arch exam are prescribed by th Council of Architecture as a compulsory criteria for taking
admission to any Architectural College or course in India.
Scheme of Examination
1. National Aptitude Test in Architecture (NATA) is being conducted by the Council of Architecture at national level for
admission to 5 year B.Arch Degree Course at all recognized institutions across India.
2. NATA scores are used by admissions authorities of different Government, Govt. Aided & Unaided schools/ colleges of
Architecture.
3. The test measures drawing and observation skills, sense of proportion, aesthetic sensitivity and critical thinking ability.
4. The test is in two parts. A paper based drawing test for two hours and computer based online aesthetic sensitivity test.
NATA is an aptitude test conducted by the Council of Architecture for those aspirants who wish to avail admissions into
the 5 year B.Arch courses. Candidates must qualify in NATA 2014 to be eligible to apply for admissions to the Bachelor in
Architecture degree courses across the country. Given below are the complete details of NATA 2014 inclusive of Eligibility
Criteria, Application Form, and Scoring Process etc.

National Aptitude Test in Architecture (NATA)

Exam Type: National Level
Exam Category: UG Level
Conducting Institute: Council of Architecture
About NATA: NATA is an Aptitude Test conducted by the Council of Architecture B.Arch aspirants across the country.
Admissions to 1st year of 5 year B.Arch. degree course at all institutes / schools / colleges of Architecture in India (including
Govt., Govt-aided, Private Unaided, University Depts., Deemed Universities, etc will be on the basis of NATA 2014.
NATA Eligibility Criteria:
th
• Those applicants who have passed SSC (Class 10 ) or equivalent examination can appear for NATA but are not eligible
to apply for the B.Arch courses.
• Candidates who have passed 10+2 or equivalent with a minimum of 50% marks are eligible for NATA 2014.
• They must have studied Mathematics as a main subject in 10+2.
220 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

NATA Exam Pattern

There are two sections, on the basis of which a candidate’s aptitude is measured for NATA 2014
The Exam Pattern for NATA 2014 includes a paper based section for drawing and computer based section for aesthetic
sensitivity. The Drawing Test is for 2 hours and Aesthetic Sensitivity Test comprises of 40 questions with 60 to 90 seconds
given for each question.
The Application Form of NATA 2014 is available from March online.
The NATA Registration Form should be downloaded after payment of Registration fees (online), filled and submitted
to the test center where the candidates wish to appear for the NATA exam along with the specified documents.
A receipt cum Appointment Voucher will be issued on submission of the NATA Registration Form
NATA Application Fees: Rs 1000.
NATA Application Fees can be paid : Online through Net banking, Credit Cards/ ICICI Isure
NATA Number of Attempts Allowed: Candidates can appear for NATA 2014 as many times they want to give the exam.
The procedure to give repeat exam is the same. (Max. Mark:200, Min. Mark: 80)
The National Aptitude Test in Architecture (NATA) measures the aptitude of the applicant for specific field of study, i.e.
Architecture. The test measures drawing and observation skills, sense of proportion, aesthetic sensitivity and critical thinking
ability, that have been acquired over a long period of time, and that are related to specific field of study, i.e. Architecture.
Candidates having 50% marks in 10+2 or equivalent examination with mathematics as one of the subject only are
eligible for admission to B.Arch. Course.
Who Should Take NATA and Why?
Prospective applicants desirous of taking admission to First year of undergraduate course in Architecture (Bachelor of
Architecture) in India take NATA. NATA scores are used by admissions authorities of different Government, Govt. Aided &
unaided schools /colleges of Architecture, to provide common measure for comparing the qualifications of applicants for
admission in addition to their scholastic performance in 10+2 or equivalent examination.
Where to Appear for NATA?
NATA is offered over major part of admission season at designated Test Centers located at colleges / schools of architecture
in India. This test comprises of two parts, comprising a paper based drawing test and a computer based online test. Both the
tests are evaluated separately and the results are stored in the NATA server, which is then displayed to the students. Both the
tests are considered to be clearly designed and also executed in the same way.
Drawing Test
The paper based drawing test is conducted for 2 hours and it consists of two questions, each with two sub questions. The
drawing test would be provided with scores, based on the observation skills of the candidates and their drawing ability, their
perspectives about color, proportion, etc… This drawing test evaluates the following:
Depth of knowledge in the three dimensional and two dimensional drawings.
Students’ ability and capability to draw proportionately and to produce the same as an effective output. Creative attitude
of the students. Logical reasoning of the students regarding the scale and proportions and many more.
Aesthetic Sensitivity Test
In this test, the candidates are supposed to answer 40 multiple choice questions, which are based on the vision to evaluate
the mental ability, architectural comprehensive skills, creative capability, architectural awareness, etc… This test is conducted
in an interesting manner, meaning, if a student provides a correct answer to one question, then the immediate question would
be tough (next difficult level), otherwise it would be vice versa. Thus, the difficulty level of the questions would be chosen by
the computer itself, depending on the performance of the students and the marks would also be based on the average level of
difficult questions that are asked in the examination and there are no negative markings in this test.
Contact Information
Council of Architecture
Core 6A, 1st Floor, India Habitat Center,
Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003, India
Or state engineering entrance exams to admissions to such colleges which provides architectural courses
List of Postgraduate Courses
Masters in Architecture
Masters in Planning
Masters in Design
Masters in Technology
CAREER IN ARCHITECTURE 221
Master of Urban and Regional Planning
Master Program in Building Engineering and Management
Masters Program in Landscape Architecture.
Career Prospects
Candidates who have completed their course in architecture have many career prospects. They can find jobs in both the
private and public sectors. Students of architecture can find employment in government organizations like the state and
central work departments, city development authorities and the municipalities in addition to housing and urban development
corporations and state housing boards. Professionals of this field can also get jobs in teaching institutions. They can also work
as consultants or find jobs in private architectural firms, development firms etc. Candidates can also start their own practices
with some years of experience in this area. Candidates can start their career as trainees under established architects. Their
starting salary will be approximately 10000 - 12000 per month. With more experience and skill in the field, they can earn as
much as Rs.15000 – Rs. 20000 for each month. The salary of architects who work in the private sector is more compared to
those employed in government sectors. Those who work as consultants can charge as much as 4 to 10 % of the entire price of
construction. This is applicable in the situation of multi storied buildings and luxury apartments
Introduction
What is Landscape Architecture?
Landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of: botany, horticulture, the fine arts, architecture,
industrial design, geology and the earth sciences, environmental psychology, geography, and ecology.
Who is a Landscape Architect?
They are exterior space designers. They design and layout gardens, parks and outdoor spaces, they do site planning for
campuses and corporate office parks, design residential estates and civil infrastructure and the management of large areas or
reclamation of degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills. Landscape architects work on all types of structures and
external space - large or small, urban, suburban and rural, and with “hard” (built) and “soft” (planted) materials, while
integrating ecological sustainability. They work with contractors builders and architectural firms on collaborative projects.
The exteriors of a building have a huge impact on the overall look and feel of a building and can add tremendous aesthetic
value and utility to a building or space. They do systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and geological
conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of interventions that will produce the desired outcome. The
controlling of urban problems like excess traffic and pollution also comes within the ambit of landscape designing. Hence it
may even involve regulating traffic movement and redesigning traffic ways.
Courses & Eligibility
Architecture can be studied in an Engineering college and Architecture college. There are many institutes of repute that
offer this course in India.
• B. Arch is a 5 year course and most schools and colleges select students through a written test. Anybody who has studied
Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry at the 10+2 level can apply for admission to study architecture at the graduate
level in colleges offering the course.
• M. Arch (Landscape Architecture) Post-graduate Course: On completion of the graduate course, one can study architecture
at the post graduate course which varies from 18 months to 2 years.
Entrance test for B.Arch courses:
• NATA, National Aptitude Test for Architecture, can be taken at many centres in India
• JEE MAIN Exam - Joint Engineering Entrance Exam : for NITs, IIITs, DTU, Delhi and other centrally funded institutions (CFTIs)
Where to Study
• School of Architecture CEPT, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad
• School of Planning & Architecture, 4, Block-B, IP Estate, New Delhi
• Punjab University, Chandigarh College of Architecture, Chandigarh
• Goa University, College of Architecture, Campal Panaji, Goa
• University of Mumbai, Sir J J College of Architecture, 78/3, Dr. D.N. Road, Mumbai
• Indian Education Society’s College of Architecture, 791, Bandra Reclamation, Bandra (W), Mumbai
• Pune University, Marathwada Mitra Mandal College of Architecture, 302, A, Deccan Gymkhana, Pune
• Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, School of Planning & Architecture, Mahavir Marg, Hyderabad
• Kerala University, College of Engineering, Thiruvananthpuram
• Anna University, School of Architecture & Planning, Sardar Patel Rd., Chennai
222 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• IPS Academy, School of Architecture, Rajendra Nagar, Indore

• Vastu Kala Academy, School of Architecture & Interior Designing, 9/1, Institutional Area, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi
• Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Architecture, Pune
Pay & Remuneration
Beginners and pass outs of premier institutes can earn around Rs.3-4 lakhs a year as starting salary. With experience one
can make god contacts and establish own business and earn pretty well.
Famous Personalities
Minesh Parikh, a pass out of School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi, made a name for himself and has designed the
lanscapes of Radisson Manesar, Le Meridion Jaipur, The Marriott at Jaipur and many more.
DEV Gujral is a professional landscape architect whose Delhi-based family business, which goes by the name of Landscape
Development, is into landscape management services like horticulture, floriculture and landscape. They’ve done landscape
design, consultancy, turnkey and maintenance jobs of leading five star hotels, corporate houses, farmhouses etc. Some of the
projects Dev is particularly proud of our landscaping for the Oberoi Hotel, Sidhartha Hotel (JP Group), BARC guest house, a resort
in Haryana, the US Embassy, Training Center for RAW, Gyan Bharti School, Silver Line Public School and Dabur India Ltd.
A Day in Life
A typical day of Landscape Architect depends on the stage of project that he/she is working currently. Since they are
involved in both design and implementation their days might begin with preparing the site plans of the new contracts or
visiting the sites under development. On the existing site he/she checks the progress and see that development is going on as
per the plan. On the new contracts, they evaluate the existing land structures and features and plan the proposed features. They
make these designs by carefully analysing the reports and data on soil, environment, location and other factors and this
usually requires coordination with many other related professionals.
School of Planning &Architecture
(i) B.Arch. (ii) B. Planning: 5 years. 4 years
10+2 with Maths & Engg. Drawing 50% marks in aggregate
Entrance Examination conducted byAIEEE consistingof Maths and Architectural Aptitude.
Notification: Nov. /Dec.Submissionof Form: JanTest: April end
School of Planning andArchitecture, 4 Block, B, I.P Estate, New Delhi-2 www.spa.ernet.in
NATA (National Aptitude Test In Architecture)
5 Years
50% marks in 10+2 or equivalent examination with mathematics
The test measures drawing and observation skills, sense of proportion, aesthetic sensitivity and critical thinking ability,
Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Jamia Millia University, Jamia Nagar, NewDelhi-25 www.jmi.ac.in
5 years
10+2 with 50%marks in Maths,English,Physics &Chemistry
Entrance Test : 2 Papers of 2 hours and 3 hours duration Paper I – Physics,Chemistry and Maths,Objective type – 70 marks
Paper –II – Aptitude Test –100 marks followed by Interview – 30 marks Medium -English
Notification in April Submission:May end Test: June
B.Arch (Guru Gobind SinghIndraprastha University)
5 Years
12 th Class withMaths (50%)OR 10+3 yearsDiploma inArchitecture
On the basis ofNational AptitudeTest ofArchitecture(NATA)Scores –Conducted byCouncil ofArchitecture
Notification inJan.,Submission:March endTest: Lastweek of May
Guru Gobind SinghIndraprasthaUniversity, KashmereGate,Delhi-6www.ipu.ac.in
B.Arch. (IIT/JEE) Roorkee & Kharagpur
5 Years
Pass in 12thwith PCM with60%
Separate Aptitudetest after obtainingrank in IIT
Notification: Nov./Dec.Submissionof Form: JanTest: April
Indian Institute ofTechnology, HauzKhas, New Delhi-16
 8
CHAPTER

Career in Basic and

Applied Sciences
Chapter Outline
8.1. INTRODUCTION
G Introduction
Applied science is a discipline of science that applies existing scientific Some of the careers that one can pursue after
knowledge to develop more practical applications, such as technology or taking up science in Higher Secondary
inventions. G Chemistry
G Geology
Applied science applies the basic science toward practical endeavors.
G Forensic Science
Applied science is typically engineering, which develops technology, G Anthropology
although there might be feedback between basic science and applied science: G Historian
research and development (R&D). G Zoologist
This section deals with science education in India and its scope and G Archaelogist
opportunities in India. Science education has gained tremendous importance G Microbiologist
among students in India, and more and more students are taking up fields G Biotechnology
related to science after Class 12. Most universities and colleges in India offer G Bioinformatics
G Biochemistry
a variety of science courses in India.
G Fishery
One cannot underestimate the scope of science in today’s world. Science G Forestry
is the backbone of human existence. The practical effects of science can be G Food Processing
seen in motion everywhere. From path breaking discoveries in atomic science G Fire Services
to discovery of newer vaccines in life science, to technological advancements G Marine Sciences
in the field of communication, transportation and even weather prediction, G Astronaut
science has left no aspect of humans untouched. G Mathematics
G Statistics
Science can be broadly classified under two categories: Natural sciences, G Physics
which deal with natural phenomena (including biological life), and Social G Environment Science
sciences, which deal with human behavior and societies. Our present concern G Geographers And Gis
is concentrated on natural science which can also be called as basis sciences. G Botanist
This section also deals with the details about career options after taking G Nanotechnologist
science in school and the best universities that offer science courses. G Life Sciences
G Aquaculture
G Sericulture
8.2. CAREERS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE G Geographers & Gis
G Ecologist
Science as a discipline is vast, and making a career in this field is really
G Earth Sciences
challenging but rewarding. Mentioned below are some of the careers that
one can pursue after taking up science in Higher Secondary.
• Chemistry • Geology • Forensic Science • Anthropology
• Microbiologist • Biotechnology • Bioinformatics • Biochemistry
• Fishery • Forestry • Food Processing • Fire Services
• Marine Sciences • Astronaut • Mathematics • Statistics
• Physics • Environment Science • Geographers and GIS • Botanist
• Nanotechnologist • Life Sciences • Aquaculture • Sericulture
• Geographers & GIS • Ecologist • Earth Sciences
223
224 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

8.3. CAREER IN APPLIED CHEMISTRY

Introduction
Chemical sciences (Chemistry) offer access to a wide range of careers. Chemistry is the study of substances, their makeup
and applications. In fact it is the study of all materials and is vital to every aspect of our lives. Organic Chemistry, Inorganic
Chemistry, Analytical chemistry and Biochemistry are the main branches of chemistry. The career options in chemistry are
practically endless! However, employment options depend on how far the education, training and experience taken. Especially
masters and Ph.D. degree provides immense career opportunities in industries, research and teaching fields. A chemistry or
biochemistry degree can lead to career paths in professions such as medicine, pharmacology, agriculture, chemical engineering,
forensic science, etc.
Scope
Chemical sector of India is one of the major industries in the Indian economy. It is estimated to be worth around US$ 35
billion, which is almost 3% of the country’s GDP. The investment in chemical sector of India is around US$ 60 billion. The
chemical sector generates employment of about 1 million. The chemical sector of India provides around 13-14% of total
exports and its total imports are about 8-9%. It is ranked 12th globally and 3rd in Asia. The emergence of chemiinformatics and
nanotechnology leads to very bright future of the chemical science.
Remuneration
It is based on education, experience and employer the salary ranges from 10,000 to 1.5 lakh / month.
Eligibilty
Graduation or post-graduation in the field of Chemistry or other related subjects is essential.
Employability Skills
• A scientific aptitude.
• Keen interest in chemical sciences.
• Ability to work orderly, patiently and methodically.
• Documentation skills.
• A passion for laboratory work.
• Ability to work independently.
• Problem solving, analysing and interpreting skills.
• Profound knowledge of the core subject.
• A curious bent of mind and commitment towards work.
• Good grasp of scientific concepts and consistent and above average academic record.
• Perseverance and hard work,
The proper use of following resources like schools, colleges, online courses, professional organizations & societies,
journals, employment newspaper, salary surveys, internships and summer jobs are useful for development in career in chemistry
and chemical engineering.
Career Test
If you record “Yes” for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career in the field of
Chemistry or chemical engineering.
• Do I have a scientific aptitude?
• Do I have a keen interest in chemical sciences?
• Do I have ability to work orderly, patiently and methodically?
• Do I good documentation skill?
• Do I have a passion for laboratory work?
• Do I have ability to work independently?
• Do I have problem solving, analysing and interpreting skills?
• Do I have fundamental knowledge of chemistry?
• Do I have good grasp of scientific concepts?
• Do I like to work systematically?
• Do I enjoy laboratory environment?
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 225

• Do I have analysing and interpreting skills?

• Do I accept failure in experiment as a challenge
• Do I read latest scientific news, books and research magazines?
• Do I have a creative mind and deep thinking?
• Do I study for 8-12hours per day as normal routine?
• Do you love to maintain the working place orderly and clean?
• Am I ready to learn and adopt new techniques?
Career Opportunities
Chemistry students and chemical engineers finds numerous career opportunties in industries (Textiles, petroleum, rubber,
plastics, agricultural products, paper, pharmaceutical, food, fertilizers, paints, cosmetics, aromatic products, pulp, metal,
cement and many more.), public works departments ( water treatment, sanitary and sewage treatment plants), marketing and
sales (chemicals and its products), military(food scientist, ordinance factory), consultancy firms, patent firms, Industrial
R&D and Production departments, teaching field (Schools/colleges/Universities), Central and state government (government
chemical industries, pharmaceutical industries, factories, petroleum companies, ISRO, DRDO, BARC, Public Services (UPSC
and othe State Public Civil services), pharmaceuticals, oeanography, forensic science, biotechnology, geochemistry, etc.
Job Options
• Analytical chemist • Clinical biochemist
• Forensic scientist • Research scientist (physical sciences)
• Chemical development engineer • Scientific journalist
• Toxicologist • Process engineer
• Patent law officer. • Teacher/Professor
• Quality controller • Technician
• Laboratory assistant • Research associate/Research assistant
Employers
• Industries • Manufacturing firms
• Research organizations. • Science popularizing organizations
• Central and state government • Colleges, Universities and teaching institutes
• Self-employment: Environmental consultant, Chemical industry consultant, small or big chemical process plant, etc
Note: Many graduate vacancies don’t specify particular degree disciplines, so don’t restrict your thinking to the jobs
listed here.
Leading Manufacturer in the Chemical Sector of India
• Atul Ltd., Bulsar • BASFIndia, Mumbai
• Colour Chem Ltd., Mumbai • Colourtex, Ahmedabad
• Excel India, Mumbai • Galaxy Organic Ltd., Mumbai
• Gujarat Heavy Chemicals Ltd., Ahmedabad • Herdilia-Schentady Ltd. Mumbai
• Jubilant Organosys Ltd., New Delhi • Sudarshan Chemical Industries, Pune
• Lubrizol Ltd., Mumbai • Monsanto Chem Ltd., Mumbai
• National Organics Chemicals Ltd., Mumbai • P.I.Industries, Jaipur
• Rayalseema Chemcials, Hyderabad
Courses
Courses after 12th standard
• Bachelor of Chemistry Eligibility- 12th pass Duration: 3 years
• B.Tech Eligibility-12th std and JEE exam Duration: 4 years Centres: IITs
• B.E. Chemical Engineering Eligibility- 12th passed Duration: 4 years Centres: Engineering Colleges
Institutes:
Courses after Graduation
• M.Sc. Chemistry (Organic/Inorganic/Analytical/Biochemistry/etc) Eligibility: B.Sc. Chemistry Duration: 2 years Mode
of admission: Depends on institute/College Centres: Almost all major colleges and major Universities of India
226 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• M.E Chemical Engineering Eligibility: B.E Chemistry Duration: 2 years Centres: Major Engineering Colleges and
Universities.
• M.Tech. Chemical Engineering Eligibility: B.E. Chemical Centres: IIT’s
• Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) Eligibility: M.Sc. Course duration: 1-2 year Centres: Major Universities
• Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) Eligibility: M.Sc. Duration (Generally): 2-6 years Mode of admission: NET/CSIR entrance.
Or Under research projects or self funded. Centres: All reputed Universities/NCL/IARI/IISc Bangalore/Foreign
Universities.
• Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) Eligibility: i) 2 Years after Ph.D./3 Years after Master’s Degree/ 6 Years after Bachelor’s Degree
and after research in approved topic by thesis. Centres: Reputed Universities
• Post-Graduate Diploma with various specialization are available in different reputed institutes.
Distance Courses
M.Sc. Chemistry:
• Annamalai Universitywww.annamalaiuniversity.ac.in
• Andhra University www.andhrauniversity.info
• University of Madras www.unom.ac.in
• Kamaraj University www.mkuniversity.org
• Nalanda Open Universiity www.nalandaopenuniversity.com
• Periyar University www.periyaruniversity.ac.in
• ICIS Chemical and Informatics Institutes, Noida. www.cheminformaticscentre.org
Important Institutes
• Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad. www.iictindia.org
• Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore www.iisc.ernet.in
• SISCO Research Laboratories Private Limited, Mumbai. www.srlchem.com
• VLife Scinces and Technologies Pvt. www.vlifesciences.com
• Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. www.iitb.ac.in
• Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi. www.iitd.ac.in
• Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. www.iitk.ac.in
• National Chemical Research Laboratory www.ncl-india.org
• Industrial Toxicology Research Centre (ITRC) Lucknow www.itrcindia.org
• Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai www.tifr.res.in
• Cochin University of Science and Technology www.cusat.ac.in
Examinations
• University Grants Commission National Eligibility Test (UGC-NET): Chemical sciences/Joint CSIR-UGC Test For
Junior Research Fellowship And Eligibility for Lectureship www.ugc.ac.in
• Maharashtra State Eligibility Test (SET) For eligibility of lectureship only.
• GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test for Engineering) Further details: www.iitb.ac.in/gate
• Civil Services (UPSC - IAS, IPS, IFS, IES): Chemistry is one of the optional subjects. Further details- www.upsc.govt.in
• MPSC (Chemistry as Optional Subject): http://mpsc.maharashtra.gov.in
Abroad Opportunities
Following are some important web-sites which are giving information about the job opportunities, fellowships and
scholarships in the internationally reputed institutes, universities and business firm.
• www.studydiscussions.com
• www.happyschoolsblog.com
• www.scholarship-positions.com
Emerging Trends
Careers in Chemical Informatics
Introduction: Chemical informatics is the application of information technology to help chemists investigate new
problems and organize, analyze and understand scientific data in the development of novel compounds, materials and
processes. Chemical informatics is the application of information technology to chemistry. Major aspects of chemical informatics
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 227

are information acquisition, information management, information use, chemical computation and biopharmaceutical
computation.
Scope: The insilico techniques are used in pharmaceutical companies in the process of drug discovery. These methods
can also be used in chemical and allied industries in various other forms. Cheminformatics can also be applied to data analysis
for various industries like paper, pulp, dyes and other industries. The primary application of cheminformatics is in the storage
of information relating to compounds. The cheminformatics system store a molecule, find exact molecule, substructure search
and similarity search. Cheminfor matics will be a fine tool to concur the world of drugs.
Courses in Cheminformatics
• PG Diploma in Cheminformatics Institute for Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB) Bangalore http://
ibab.drugdesign.biz or the IBAB website at http://www.ibab.ac.in.
• PG Diploma Courses 1 year eligility M.Sc. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Bio-informatics)/ M.Pharma) Centre: IITKozikode.
www.kozhikode.com
• Institute of Cheminformatics Studies, Noida
• Department of Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard Deemed University, New Delhi. www.jamiahamdard.ac.in.
• In USA and in UK several Universities have started M.Sc. (Cheminformatics).
• Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine
• University of Manchester - www.manchester.ac.uk.
• University of Sheffield - www.shef.ac
• University of Indiana - www.informatics.indiana.edu.

8.4. CAREER AS A GEOLOGIST

“To a naturalist nothing is indifferent; the humble moss that creeps upon the stone is equally interesting as the lofty
pine which so beautifully adorns the valley or the mountain: but to a naturalist who is reading in the face of the rocks the
annals of a former world, the mossy covering which obstructs his view, and renders indistinguishable the different species
of stone, is no less than a serious subject of regret.” —James Hutton
If you have the aptitude and wish for yourself, a life of a naturalist, then Geology is one area where you can lose yourself.
Primarily, geologists study the earth, the matter, the structure and its constituents. They study how materials are formed and
study the earth to find valuable rocks or minerals. This means, they study the rocks, the water surfaces, natural phenomenon
occurring on the surface of the earth and their causes. Geology is a large area of study with specializations like hydrology,
volcanology, mineralogy, structural geology etc. A prospective geologist could choose of any of the specializations. However,
as an undergraduate student training to become a geologist, one can expect to take up coursework in physics, mathematics,
biology as well as chemistry. In other words, it’s important for a prospective geologist to be fond of science.
As mentioned above, the field is quite diverse and a geologist may have to work in various, different environments. As a
geologist, one could be working in a project that demands mapping techniques and GIS skills or surveying a mineral structure
or rock to determine water availability in the nearest area. Natural resources like oil, gas and minerals are extracted and refined
with the help of geologists. Geologists could also be working for government agencies, mining companies, construction
companies and meteorology department as these fields require geologists for various tasks like performing geo physical or
geo chemical tests and collection and deciphering of huge amounts of data.
Geologists usually find opportunities to work with experts in various other professions. For instance, a geologists working
in a natural resource preservation project might have the opportunity to work with biologists, a geologist working on a
heritage site conservation project might work closely with archaeologists. Also, it’s important to note that not all geologists
would have to engage in field work. Depending on the nature of one’s specialization and job nature, a geologist may also be
involved in research work that is to be done from a work station.
Where to Study
• University of Delhi, New Delhi Courses Offered: BSc (Hons) Geology, MSc in Geology, MPhil in Geology, PhD in
Geology, PhD in Engineering Geology
• Banaras Hindu University, VaranasiCourses Offered: M.Sc. (Geology)
• Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal Courses Offered: M.Sc. in Geological Sciences, M.Sc. in
Geophysics, Integrated M.Sc. in Applied Geology, Integrated M.Sc. in Exploration Geophysics, MS (Geology &
Geophysics), M.Tech. - Applied Geology, M.Tech. - Computational Seismology, Ph.D. (Geology & Geophysics)
228 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Aligarh Muslim University,Aligarh Courses Offered: B.Sc. (Hons.) with Geology, M. Sc. (Applied Geology)
• Amravati University, Amravati Courses Offered: M.Sc., Ph.D
• Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam Courses Offered: M.Sc. /M.Sc. (Tech.) in Applied Geology
• Anna University, Guindy, Chennai, Courses Offered: M.Sc Applied -Geology, M.Phil - Applied Geology
• Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, Courses Offered: M.Sc. (Applied Geology)
• Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, Courses Offered: M.Sc. (Geology)
• Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kochi, Kerala, Courses Offered: MSc/MTech in Marine Geo Physics
• Dr. Harishingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar Courses Offered: B.Sc (Hons) and M.Sc in Geology
• Gulbarga University, Gulbarga Courses Offered: M.Sc Applied -Geology, M.Phil - Applied Geology, PhD
• Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad Courses Offered: 5 Years Integrated M.Sc. Tech. in Applied Geology/Applied
Geophysics, 3 Years M.Sc. Tech. (6 Semesters) in Applied Geology/Applied Geophysics
• Karnataka University, Dharwad Courses Offered: M.Sc Geology
• Kurukshetra University, Kurushetra, Courses Offered: M.Sc Applied Geology
• Osmania University, Hyderabad Courses Offered: M.Sc. (Geology)
• Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur Courses Offered: M.Sc. (Geology)
• University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu Courses Offered: M.Sc Applied Geology
• University of Mysore, Mysore Courses Offered: M.Sc Applied Geology
• University of Pune, Pune Courses Offered: M.Sc. Geology, M.Phil & Ph.D
• Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
• Utkal University, Bhubaneshwar Courses Offered: M.Sc. and M.Phil in Geology
Pay and Remuneration
In small mining organisation the starting salary could be anywhere from 1.5 Lakhs to 1.8 lakhs per year. While a package
of 3.5 lakhs to 6 lakhs per years can be expected for those entering with higher qualifications and landing a job in places like
oil industries.
Career Prospects
Geologists usually find employment in Geological Survey of India, Central and state groundwater authorities, Indian
Bureau of Mines, government mining departments (directorates of mines and geology), mining companies, oil exploration
companies, TV channels like National Geographic, Discovery or Fox History. They also work for research organizations like
Oceanography, Central Road Research Institute, Pollution control organizations etc. Teaching and research in universities
and colleges is another option.
Famous Personalities
M.S. Krishnan, Padma Bhushan, was a famous Indian geologist. After completing his fellowship in England, he took a job
at the Geological Survey of India. He also taught Geology at Presidency College, Chennai, Calcutta and another institution
in Dehradun. He served as the director of Indian Bureau of Mines and Indian School of Mines. He authored two famous books
among which one is the well known ‘Introduction to Geology of India’. He also played a huge role in the founding of National
Geophysical Research Institute.
A Day in Life
A hydro geologists would spend a lot of time of the year camping near the water resource. Their days start early with
sample collections and work goes on in the camp and after coming back to the research center. The rest of the year might be
spent in the HQ where the collected data has to be put into use for research. Geologists would also have to deal with a lot of
paper work and administrative tasks at the HQ. Geologist would get ample opportunities to travel to unusual places and work
with many people from diverse disciplines.

8.5. CAREER AS FORENSIC SCIENTIST

Introduction
Forensic science or forensics is the application of a range of different sciences to answer questions that are of interest to
civil or criminal law. This broad medical subject can be subdivided into various disciplines which include forensic anthropology,
archeology, biology, entomology, geology, meteorology, odontology, pathology, toxicology and criminalistics. Criminalistics
is also a broad discipline that makes use of various sciences to examine biological, trace, impression and ballistic evidence left
behind in a crime scene.
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 229
Forensic scientists work in tandem with police investigators to collect and examine information to solve a criminal
or civil case. In criminal cases, forensic scientists are usually involved in the collection of physical evidence from a crime
scene. The collected evidence such as hair samples, blood, saliva and fingerprints are then examined in a laboratory and
prepared into evidence admissible in courts of law. Forensic scientists perform the same function in civil cases but their
analyses are directed towards resolving disputes such as road accidents for which damages are being sought.
Nature of Work
Forensic scientists’ work will depend on the person’s specialization. Specializations in forensic science generally fall
under three categories: (1) medical, (2) laboratory, and (3) field work.
Those who fall under the medical category should expect to work on post-mortem examinations on a daily basis. They
work in the morgues of crime laboratories examining bodies and determining such things as cause and time of death, etc.
Laboratory forensic scientists should expect to work indoors examining evidence such as chemicals, bodily fluids,
fingerprints, signatures and other clues gathered by the field scientists. They are usually called to provide expert testimony
regarding scientific evidence that are admissible in the court of law.
Field scientists find that their work is more adventurous but equally exhausting. Their task is to gather all physical
evidence or clues at the scene of the crime.
Personality: Apart from being able to stomach gruesome situations, a forensic scientist must also be capable of handling
sensitive information. Furthermore, one must be inquisitive by nature. In any forensics field, one must be observant and keen
on details. Being able to work with a team is also essential as one will always rely on people to perform other functions.
Professional Courses
Because forensic science is not one specific area of study but rather a combination of many different disciplines, those
who wish to pursue careers in this field have a wide variety of professional courses to choose from. Depending on which field
one would like to specialize in, students may take up forensics and major in archeology, biology, economics, engineering,
epistemology, linguistics, psychology, psychiatry, serology, anthropology, or computer technology.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Below are some of the popular choices for those who wish to pursue careers in Forensic Science:
• Anna University (http://www.annauniv.edu/)
• Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai - 600025
• Central Forensic Laboratory (http://cbi.nic.in/cfsl/about.htm)
• CFIs Complex, 30 Gorachand Road, Kolkata - 700014
• CFIs Complex, Sector 36A, Chandigarh - 160036
• CFIs Complex, Ramanathapur, Hyderabad - 500013
• Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University (http://www.dbrau.com/courses.htm)
• Senate House, Paliwal Park, Agra - 282004
• Dr.Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (http://www.sagaruniversity.nic.in/)
• Gour Nagar, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh - 470 003
• Forensic Sciences Department - Forensic House (http://www.tn.gov.in/tamilforensic/)
• 30-A, Kamarajar Salai, Mylapore, Chennai - 600004
• Karnatak University (http://www.kud.ernet.in/)
• Pavate Nagar, Dharwad - 580003
• National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science (http://www.nicfs.nic.in/)
• Outer Ring Road, Rohini ,Sec-III, Delhi -110085
• Punjabi University (http://www.punjabiuniversity.ac.in/pages/index.htm)
• Patiala, Punjab - 147002
• University of Delhi (http://www.du.ac.in/)
• University Road, Delhi - 110007
• University of Lucknow (http://www.lkouniv.ac.in/)
• Badshah Bagh, Lucknow- 226007
Specialization: Those who would like to pursue a career in forensic science find areas in which they would like to
specialize. Below are some of the most popular fields of specialization in forensics:
230 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Crime Scene Investigation: The most important task in this field is locating and collecting necessary evidence at the
crime scene. Through analysis of the evidence, forensic scientists will reconstruct criminal events to explain what happened
and possibly identify a suspect. Other responsibilities of a crime scene investigator include securing the crime scene and
making sure that the possible evidences within will not be contaminated.
For one to be able to specialize in this field, a diploma or a degree in forensic investigation is necessary. Those who
graduate with a degree in analytical chemistry may also qualify.
Forensic Pathology/Medicine: The main responsibility of forensic pathologists is to examine bodies and determine the
cause of death. This is important especially for cases of suspected suicide, murder, or homicide. Forensic pathologists are also
important in cases of unexpected deaths due to accidents. Should there be cases of post mortem examinations on bodies that
are no longer fresh, forensic pathologists must also determine the possible date and time of death.
In order to specialize in this field, a masters degree in forensic pathology is necessary. Those who hold medical degrees
(MBBS) with post-graduate studies in pathology may also qualify.
Forensic Anthropology: Because forensic anthropologists have the necessary knowledge in skeletal anatomy, their
roles in identifying bodies are important. In the field of forensic science, cases of unidentified victims are common. Forensic
anthropologists analyze skeletal remains to identify necessary information such as age, descent, and possibly even gender and
stature in case of mutilated bodies. Their roles in identification are especially important in cases of accidents, tragedies, or
disasters such as explosions, plane crashes, vehicular accidents, fires, and earthquakes.
Specialization in this field requires a Ph.D. in anthropology with a major in anatomy or osteology. Those with medical
degrees (MBBS) and post-graduate studies in anthropology may also qualify.
Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry: Forensic psychologists and psychiatrists play significant roles in identifying
suspects because they have the ability to suggest possible psychological profiles by analyzing evidences and crime scenes.
Furthermore, they may assist decision-making processes in criminal trials as they have the ability to evaluate whether a
suspect may have been urged by an unhealthy mental state in the commission of a crime or whether they are fit to stand trial.
They also play significant roles in treating suspects who they find to be mentally ill.
For one to specialize in this field, a medical degree (MBBS) with post-graduate studies in psychology or psychiatry is
required.
Forensic Dentistry (Odontology): Odontologists aid in identifying skeletal remains or fresh bodies through dental
records. They assist criminal trials by collecting and evaluating dental evidence especially in cases where the victims’
struggle has left bite marks in the crime scene or on the suspects’ body. Odontologists also have the ability to reconstruct skulls
to aid in identification.
A degree in dentistry and a post-graduate diploma in forensic odontology are required to specialize in this field.
Clinical Forensic Medicine: The most significant role of those engaged in clinical forensics is examining injured
suspects and determining whether injuries were caused by the commission of a crime. Criminal investigations and proceedings
can benefit from clinical forensics through the determination of how and when injury was sustained by the suspects in custody.
To specialize in this field, one must first pursue a medical degree (MBBS) and post-graduate studies in forensic medicine.
Forensic Chemist: The roles of forensic chemists vary depending on the nature of the case. In drug cases, they have the
ability to not only determine whether illegal drugs were used but also identify the specific drugs and their components. In
cases of fire, they can determine whether arson is involved by examining accelerants. Other roles of forensic chemists include
examining explosive and gunshot residues or even paint, glass, polymers, and fibers which are often collected as trace
evidence.
The qualifications required to pursue this field of specialization is a science degree with a major in analytical, applied, or
forensic chemistry.
Ballistics: Forensic scientists specializing in the field of ballistics are responsible for examining projectiles. This is very
important especially nowadays when most crimes are committed with firearms. By determining the flight paths of bullets, the
location where a firearm was discharged can be identified.
Those who would like to qualify for this field must hold a science degree with a major in physics or other relevant
disciplines. Those who have diplomas or degrees in forensic investigation may also qualify given their willingness to undergo
specialized training.
Toxicology
Toxicologists identify whether illegal drugs or poisonous substances have been used. They have the ability to determine
the specific substances used, the level of toxicity, and their effects in bodily functions. Those who hold science degrees with
a major in either chemistry or biochemistry may qualify for this field.
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 231
Forensic Engineer: Forensic engineers deal mainly with traffic accidents and fire investigations where they are responsible
for determining causes of cases by reconstructing the scenes. They must also determine whether the quality of vehicles or
structures is to blame.
To pursue a career in this field, one must hold a degree in engineering and post-graduate studies in forensics.
Other fields of specialization include Forensic Entomology (examining insects and arthropods gathered in the crime
scene), Forensic Serology (examining blood and bodily fluids), Dactyloscopy (examining fingerprints), Forensic Linguistics
(analyzing content of communications), Forensic Photography (capturing all details in a crime scene for documentation and
reference), Forensic Sketching or Sculpting (reconstructing faces through witness accounts), Cytology (examining bullets),
and Geology (analyzing soil and rock samples gathered in the crime scene).
Career Growth & Prospects
The growth in forensic science is limited in terms of hierarchy but it can be equally exciting because along with tenure
and good performance, one will find that the types of cases assigned becomes more important. Classified cases are only given
to those who have proven themselves in their field.
Some forensic scientists prefer becoming professors in different institutes that offer specialized courses. This is also a
good option for those who have already practiced but decided to take on a less intensive profession in the same field. Of
course, professors who have much experience are able to teach in more prominent institutions and are therefore paid more.
Where to Look for Jobs
Employment in forensics can easily be found in government agencies. Most new forensic scientists check for openings in
the Intelligence Bureau (IB), the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), and several other crime investigation departments in
law enforcement agencies. Others prefer to find work in private investigative or detective agencies.

8.6. CAREER AS A ZOOLOGIST

Zoology is the study of animals, right from the smallest sub-cellular organism to the mighty blue whale, to humans
themselves. Zoologists not only study animals for their own sake (basic zoology) – to figure out how animals behave, how
their characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next, and how the body systems of individual species work – but
also for our sake. Finding out how animals interact with their environment, and with human beings, figuring out the significance
of animal behavior, and discovering how their products can be used to benefit humankind (applied zoology) is also a big part
of what zoologists do. Upon doing intensive research, it is believed that all this is important work – especially in the twenty-
first century, when the earth’s resources are being stretched to the limit and conservation of animals and ecosystems is such an
urgent issue.
Zoologists also are the bridges between the animal world and our world, and play a huge role in educating people about
the creatures that we share our planet with. In fact, although you may not have realized it, many of the programs on the
National Geographic, Discovery and Animal Planet channels are reporting on discoveries made by zoologists! While there are
enough zoologists camping in rain-forests or scuba diving in the world’s oceans to collect actual field data, there are also a
huge number of them studying, say, IVF (in-vitro fertilization, more commonly known as the test-tube baby procedure)
techniques in a lab to help breed animal species that are seriously endangered.
There are any number of specialized fields you may go into once you have a basic degree in zoology. Here are some
examples of what you could choose to be:
Biology Teacher: Teaching positions are always available for zoologists in schools, colleges, and universities.
Agricultural Zoologist: He or she studies crop pests and parasites that affect cattle, poultry and other livestock; helps in
control of disease, experiments with composition of animal feeds to come up with the most nutritious and effective ones,
develops new strains of natural agents for pest-control.
Fisheries Biologist: May be involved in any one of a wide variety of areas, including aquaculture (seeding oysters
artificially to make them produce pearls, or breeding shrimp for human consumption), developing new fisheries, checking the
toxicity levels in oceans and seas, developing clean and safe methods of fish processing for the food industry, even helping the
government work out and enforce fishing regulations.
Food and Drug Officer: Since zoologists also study microbes – both helpful and harmful – they can make useful
contributions in agencies that are responsible for the safe manufacture and handling of foods and drugs.
Wildlife Biologist: This probably sounds the most glamorous, but it involves physically demanding work – whether it is
camping out in hot sweaty forests at the mercy of mosquitoes and snakes, patiently sitting in one position for days and days
to observe one particular feature of a rare bird’s life cycle, or getting sun-burnt on the deck of a ship while waiting for a killer
whale to surface. The work of wildlife biologists not only help in the preservation of animal species, but also helps develop
policies for harvesting animals that may over-breed and tilt the balance of the ecosystem.
232 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Herpetologist: These zoologists’ primary focus is reptiles.

Entomologist: Their area of interest is insects.
Ornithologist: These guys stick to the study of birds.
Museum Curator: Not as boring a job as it sounds, for a museum curator is not only responsible for the identification and
cataloging of animals native to the region and in the development of public displays, but also in independent research. A good
choice for a creative person.
Soil Conservationist: She would help farmers and other land managers in using their land as productively as possible
without damaging it. She would also recommend best uses of land and cultivation methods that will prevent erosion and
maintain or improve fertility, and advise on what kind of soil-enriching organisms and natural pest-controlling agents the
farmer could use.
Forest Conservationist: This guy actually works in the forest, and studies the interdependence of the flora and fauna in
the forest. He conducts all his research in a natural setting.
Environmental Lawyer: An environmental lawyer who has a basic zoology (or any other life science) degree will have an
edge over one who doesn’t because of the authority with which he can argue his case.
Courses & Eligibility
You have to choose the science stream at 10+2 level, with biology as one of your subjects.Many Indian universities offer
BSc degrees and M.Sc. in zoology. One should do a doctoral or at least a master’s degree in zoology or relevant subjects to
make a career as a zoologist. Before deciding on taking admission in a doctoral degree, one needs to be committed to survive
in a highly competitive and intense research work.
Depending on what your interest is, there are several specialized post-graduate courses that you could take up – like
Marine Biology, Applied Zoology, Sericulture - or you could opt for a simple MSc (Zoology). If you are really keen on
working on research projects in the wild or managing a zoo, you should aim for the MSc in wildlife management offered by the
Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun. There is a national-level examination for admission to this course and it is highly
competitive as only ten Indians are admitted each year. If you would rather do Ecology and Environmental Science, you could
apply to the Salim Ali School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences in Pondicherry.
Many colleges’ takes students on the basis of marks obtained in class 12,
University of Delhi, but few reputed colleges conduct entrance examination and prepare the merit list on the basis of the
marks/grade obtained in entrance examination and 12 standard or equivalent examinations.
For post graduation you need to have B.Sc in zoology/Life science/any applied biological sciences. Most of the university
select students through entrance, still there are few reputed university takes students on the basis of marks obtained in B.Sc.
Aspirants who have a Masters degree in Zoology can join this doctoral program.
Many top Indian institutions offer students the PhD in Zoology course. Students can opt to join any of these colleges.
These colleges require students to appear in an admission test that is carried out by them. Following the written test, it will be
needed by aspirants to appear for an interview. Students who clear this admission procedure shall be given admittance to the
Doctoral program in Zoology.
• Entrance exams in PhD in Zoology: All India Common Entrance Test
• Banaras Hindu University PhD in Zoology Entrance Exam
• Burdwan University PhD Zoology entrance
• Calicut University PhD in Zoology Entrance Exam
• Engineering Agriculture and Medicine Common Entrance Test
• Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering Zoology Entrance Exam
• Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University PhD in Zoology Entrance Exam
• ICAR Entrance Exam
• JIMPER Entrance Exam
• Kolkata University PhD in Zoology Entrance Exam
• Periyar University PhD in Zoology Entrance Exam
• Shoolini University PhD in Zoology Entrance Exam
• Thiruvalluvar University Vellore Ph.D in Zoology Entrance Exam
Admission forms for the PhD in Zoology entrance exams can be obtained from the universities that carry out this exam.
These universities also facilitate the students by sending them the form by post. Another means to get the exam form is to take
it from the official website of the preferred institution. The price of the form shall vary from one college to the other.
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 233
Pay and Remuneration
One can work as a research zoologist, conducting experiments on specific animals. As a zoologist one can work in Zoos,
Wildlife services, Botanical Gardens, Conservation organizations, National parks, Nature reserves, Universities, laboratories,
animal Behaviorists and Rehabilitators etc. Other opportunities include government, environmental consulting firms and
conservation groups. Salary will vary depending on place of work.Fresher zoologist would get initial salary between Rs
15,000/- to Rs 30,000/-.
Famous Personalities
There are many people who have at least minimally been involved in wildlife studies or zoology, whose names will no
doubt be familiar.
Jeff Corwin, a herpetologist who has a successful show on the Animal Planet Network.
Jane Goodall, who has devoted her life to the study of chimpanzees.
The dearly beloved and deceased Crocodile Hunter, Steve Irwin.

8.7. CAREER AS MICROBIOLOGISTS

“Bacteria are the dark matter of the biological world with 4 million mostly unknown species in a ton of soil”
—Edward O. Wilson
“We are survival machines – robot vehicles blindly programmed to preserve the selfish molecules known as genes. This
is a truth which still fills me with astonishment.” —Richard Dawkins, the Selfish Gene

What is Microbiology?
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms - little, really little, critters. To be specific, microorganisms are the organisms
which can only be seen through a microscope - they form the foundation of the pyramid of life. Some microbes are hugely
useful to mankind (the yeast microbe used in baking and brewing, other bacteria and fungi used in the dairy industry to make
cheese and curd) and others (those that cause infections in humans, plants and animals) are plainly harmful. Microbiologists
investigate the fascinating world of microorganisms.
They are in involved both in discovering how to cultivate and use the good ones and how to isolate and then use the
infectious ones in formulating vaccines and antibiotics to treat or protect against the very diseases they cause. Every day,
microbiologists around the world explore, investigate and discover how microbes exist and affect our lives.
Microbiology is an exciting and challenging field because it seeks to find drugs for life-threatening illnesses.
Microbiologists can specialize in a variety of areas. From the food to the space industries, and everywhere in between,
there are many opportunities for microbiologists! Following is a list of some of the many career options available to
microbiologists.
Bacteriologists: Seeks to answer basic questions about bacterial growth, metabolism, diversity and evolution.
Biochemists: Discovers and teaches us how organisms obtain energy, consume nutrients and reproduce.
Biotechnologists: Manipulates genes in order to modify microorganisms. They produce novel organisms that make new
products for human use. (i.e. insulin, medicine, grocery store items).
Cell Biologists: Explores the actions of molecules on and in the cell. Their investigations determine how microorganisms
and cell function.
Environmental Scientists: Investigates the effects of biological, chemical, and geophysical activity on the environment.
Geneticists: Studies the process by which organisms inherit and transmit genetic information.
Immunologists: Investigates the body’s defense against disease to answer basic questions about bacterial growth,
metabolism, diversity and evolution.
Mycologist: Explores the various uses of molds and yeasts for the production of antibiotics as well as food.
Parasitologists: Investigates the complex life cycles of and adaptations made by organisms which depend on other
organisms for survival.
Virologists: Studies viruses and bacteriophages. Virologists are interested in how viruses change and are always on the
alert for new types. They can even choose a career as science writer, who writes articles for common people and professional
microbiologists.
Career as a college/university teacher in the field of microbiology is also a bright option.
Be it Botany or Zoology or Biochemistry. After an undergrad degree with life sciences, or with at least one subject being a life
science, you could apply for a post-grad degree in Microbiology at any one of the number of Indian universities that offer it.
234 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Selection is made on the basis of merit. However, few universities conduct written entrance examination for selecting
candidates.
You can also specialize in the study of micro-organisms in the fields of their interest such as bacteriology; study of
bacteria, mycology; study of fungi and virology; study of viruses.
Different institutes, colleges and universities conduct different entrances for M.Sc. Microbiology across India. The list of
entrances is as follows:
• The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) - Entrance Exam
• Indian Institute of Technology - Entrance Exam
• Mahatma Gandhi University: Faculty of Applied Science - Entrance Exam
• University of Calicut: Microbiology Entrance Exam
• University of Kerala: Faculty of Science - Microbiology Entrance Exam
• Aligarh Muslim University - Microbiology Entrance Exam
• Assam University - Microbiology Entrance Exam
• Banaras Hindu University - Microbiology Entrance Exam
• Delhi University, South Campus
• Goa University - Microbiology Entrance Exam
• Guru Nanak Dev University: M.Sc. Microbiology - Entrance Exam
• Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla - Microbiology Entrance Test
• Lovely Professional University - Microbiology Entrance Exam
• Mahatma Gandhi University - Microbiology Entrance Exam
• Manipal Academy of Higher Education - Microbiology Entrance Exam
• Osmania University - Microbiology Entrance Exam
• University of Calcutta - Microbiology Entrance Exam
• University of Mumbai - Microbiology Entrance Exam
• University of Pune - Microbiology Entrance Exam
Where to Study
Institutes & Colleges for B.Sc Microbiology:
• Delhi University, Faculty of Inter Disciplinary and Applied Sciences, Delhi
• Bharathiar University, Maruthamlai Road, Coimbatore
• Osmania University, Hyderabad
• Mount Carmel College (for Girls), Bangalore
• University of Madras, Centenary Buildings Chepauk, Chennai
• University of Mysore, Crawford Hall, Mysore
• University of Pune, Ganeshkund, Pune
Institutes & Colleges for M.Sc Microbiology:
• Delhi University, Faculty of Inter Disciplinary and Applied Sciences, Delhi
• Medical Microbiology is offered in institutions like All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Delhi; PIGMER,
Chandigarh
• MS University, Vadodara
• Kurukshetra University, Faculty of Science, Kurukshetra
• Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar
• Punjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh
• Jiwaji University, Faculty of Sciences & Faculty of Life Sciences, Vidya Vihar, Gwalior
• University of Madras, Centenary Buildings Chepauk, Chennai
• Hindustan College of Engineering, Chennai
• Bombay University, M.G. Road, Fort, Mumbai
• University of Pune, Ganeshkund, Pune
• Goa University, P.O. Santacruz, Taleigao Plateau, Goa
• Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 235
Top International Colleges
• Harvard University, Boston, MA
• Stanford University, Stanford, CA
• University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
• Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
• University of California, San Francisco, CA
• Washington University, St. Louis, MO
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
• University of California, Berkeley, CA
• Yale University, New Haven, CT
Pay and Remuneration
Microbiologists who are employed in government / private organizations get remuneration along with perk and other
benefits as revised from time to time. In India, the professionals who are working in pharma or biotechnology labs can get
starting salary somewhere between Rs.1.2 lakhs to 1.8 lakhs as grade pay. With two or three years of experience, the salary gets
doubled. Those who are working in government organizations or research labs also get handsome salary with other benefits.
The salary ranges from Rs.1.8 lakhs to 2.5 lakhs as grade pay. Those who have M.Sc or PhD degree in microbiology can get a
salary ranging from Rs.3.5 lakhs to 7 lakhs a year in reputed industries.
Career Prospects
Microbiologists can either go into pure research, in which case they would work as research scientists in premier government
institutions like the National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, the National Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, or
the National Center for Cell Sciences, Pune, or at private research institutes.
Or they can get into industry and work as part of in-house research teams, developing products for the
company they work. All kinds of industry employ microbiologists, but the biggest employers are the pharmaceutical industry,
the biotechnology industry, the food and dairy industry, the fermentation industry, the agricultural industry and the
environmental industry. A lot of microbiologists also work in hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, and universities.
Microbiologists in industry could be involved in quality control – testing random samples of vaccines, antibiotics,
vitamins, food samples, dairy products, antiseptics and disinfectants, for instance, before they go out into the market. They
might also work at identifying disease-causing organisms in water, air, or human and animal blood, or at developing life-
saving drugs or more effective vaccines.
Famous Personalities
Cholera and Tuberculosis were two of the most dangerous killer diseases in the late 19th century. Cholera was nicknamed
‘King Cholera’ because no one seemed to be able to cure it. Tuberculosis was known as the ‘White Death’ because sufferers
vomited up white matter as their lungs disintegrated. Robert Koch made a breakthrough in the fight against these diseases.
Rebecca Craighill Lancefield (1895-1981). Developed a system of classification for Group A streptococcal bacteria - the
Lancefield Grouping - which identifies bacteria including those causing scarlet fever, sore throat and erysipelas. She received
the Lasker Award and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, microbiologist, scientist, and researcher, most notable for his work in directed evolution and
his role in developing a genetically engineered organism using plasmid transfer while working at GE. For his work in genetic
engineering technology, he was awarded the civilian Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2007.
A Day in Life
The work of a Microbiologist is totally dependent on the kind of specialization one has taken or the kind of industry one
has taken. A typical day of a researcher starts with working with DNA and bacteria, or then moving into tissue culture, and
taking care of the lab and cell lines and viruses. Besides planning and experimentation, one just gets down to the work, yet,
the most time-consuming aspect is sitting down and looking through the data one gets back. Reading research papers, blogs,
and literature and analysing it takes most of the time of a microbiologist.A Microbiologist in food industry does analysis,
checks safety of food and also experiments with new products. Highly experienced microbiologists, typically in a day, oversee
projects and others’ work, and intermediate experienced ones can do independent testing and analysis.
Beginners generally work under supervision and learn from other microbiologists. A typical day of a medical
microbiologist: A typical day might start by joining a multidisciplinary team, ward round and then off to the lab to find out
this morning’s positive culture results, and then spend time reviewing patients and discussing the management plans with
their teams.
236 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

8.8. CAREER IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary science including not only biology, but also subjects like mathematics, physics,
chemistry and engineering. It is a blend of various technologies applied together to living cells for production of a particular
product or for improving upon it. Its use and application ranges from fields like agriculture to industry (food, pharmaceutical,
chemical, bioproducts, textiles etc.), medicine, nutrition, environmental conservation, animal sciences etc. making it one of
the fastest growing fields. The work is generally carried out in the laboratories, as it is a scientific research oriented field.
Nature of Work
The nature of work of biotechnologists, being interdisciplinary, requires working together of people from different fields
such as biology, chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology, immunology, genetics, engineering, food science,
agriculture etc. Some of the fields where biotechnology studies are applicable are as follows.
Medicine and Health Care: Biotechnology’s application in this area has helped in the development of various medicines,
vaccines and diagnostics. The remarkable development work carried out by biotechnologists in this field has led to improvement
in the methods of diagnosis, medicines and vaccinations for diseases which once thought were incurable are no more a cause
of worry, which has been a blessing for humankind.
Industrial Research and Development: Both the government and the private sector employ biotechnologists. They
conduct research and development work, for increasing productivity, improving energy production and conservation,
minimizing pollution and industrial waste etc. Biotechnologists also find opportunities at places involving activities like
chemical processes, genetic engineering, textile development, cosmetic development etc..
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry: Indian economy is very much dependent on agriculture and biotechnologists have
made major advancements in this area. Over the years, the agricultural output has been improving, owing to the improvements
in the quality of seeds, insecticides and fertilizers. The latest technologies like micro propagation and tissue culture has
further helped agriculturists to overcome problems like soil imbalances, genetic breeding and crop diseases. Biotechnologists
are also encouraging a shift from chemically prepared fertilizers and insecticides to biochemical and bioinsecticides.
Environment: Environmental biotechnology has become another area of extensive work due to the dangers brought
about by increasing levels of environmental pollution. A lot of hard work is being done to protect our environment. In this
field, the job of a biotechnologist spans from checking industrial air pollution levels, treatment of industrial waste to recycling
of sewage sludge.
Personality
As the work is largely related to scientific research. It becomes quite important to have a good academic background in
science. Hard work and high level of intelligence with a scientific bent of mind, determination, perseverance, imagination,
and innovative attitude, ability to work for long hours, originality, and team spirit are some important essentials for becoming
a successful biotechnologist.
Professional Courses
Candidates having background in science at the intermediate level can take up:
• B.Tech in Biotechnology
P.G. courses available are
• M.Sc. Biotechnology • M.Sc. (Agriculture) Biotechnology
• M.V.Sc. (Animal) Biotechnology • M.Tech. Biotechnology, M.Sc./M.V.Sc. Veterinary Biotechnology
• M.Sc. (Marine) Biotechnology • M.Tech. in Biotechnology.
Depending upon the aptitude and necessity, more advanced courses such
• Ph.D. and Post-Doctoral Research in Biotechnology can also be pursued.
Specialization
Being an interdisciplinary subject with diverse areas of study, biotechnological procedures apply themselves to a wide
range of fields allowing students from different backgrounds and interests to specialize in fields of their choice. Some of the
fields of specialization are
• Molecular Biology • Microbiology
• Biochemistry • Biophysics
• Botany • Zoology
• Pharmacology • Physiology
• Horticulture • Tissue Culture
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 237

• Agricultural Engineering • Animal Sciences

• Dairy Technology, • Fisheries
• Medicine Life Sciences, • Genetics
Career Prospects
In recent times, biotechnology as a subject has grown rapidly. And as far as employment is concerned, it has become the
second fastest growing sector after multi-media. Candidates with postgraduate degree in biotechnology get absorbed in
corporate and government sector, both. Qualified biotechnologists are employed in leading Indian business houses and
MNCs including pharmaceutical companies, chemical industries, bio-processing industries, agriculture related industries and
pollution control activities of the major industries etc. They can even join government and corporate run research and
development organizations. On the whole making it a good career opportunity for the bright young people.

8.9. CAREER IN BIOINFORMATICS

Introduction
Bioinformatics is an emerging interdisciplinary area of Science & Technology encompassing a systematic development
and application of IT solutions to handle biological information by addressing biological data collection and warehousing,
data mining, database searches, analyses and interpretation, modeling and product design. It is mainly the application of
information technology to the management of biological data. Therefore it is a rapidly evolving scientific discipline. Being
an interface between modern biology and informatics it involves discovery, development and implementation of computational
algorithms and software tools. In the last three decades, storage of biological data in public databases has become increasingly
common, and these databases have grown exponentially. The biological literature is growing exponentially as well. Strictly
speaking, bioinformatics is a subset of the larger field of computational biology, the application of quantitative analytical
techniques in modeling biological systems.
Bioinformatics is mainly about answering practical questions and often less about developing elegant algorithms. Main
bioinformatics areas of research are Gene Expression/Regulation, Protein/RNA Structure, Ontologies, Genome Sequencing/
Annotation and Molecular Interactions. Therefore bioinformatics has a key role to play in pharmaceutical and biotechnology
sectors, it is used in reducing the time and cost involved in drug discovery process to custom design drugs and to develop
personalized medicine.
Nature of Work
A researcher in bioinformatics mainly works on computers algorithms and database management systems. Their work
involves making new computer algorithms, databases and bioinformatics visualization tools.
Research in bioinformatics and computational biology can encompass anything from the abstraction of the properties of
a biological system into a mathematical or physical model, to the implementation of new algorithms for data analyses, to the
development of database and web tools to access them. To engage in computational research, a biologist must be comfortable
using software tools that run on a variety of operating systems.
Personality
The field of bioinformatics relies heavily on work by experts in statistical methods and patterns recognition. Researchers
come to bioinformatics from many fields, including mathematics, computer science, and linguistics. Scientists in this field
require brilliant mathematical and analytical skills besides the knowledge of their main subjects. Researchers in bioinformatics
should have technical background. To be successful in this field a researcher has to be good in molecular biology and
additional computer skills are added advantage. Bioinformatics researchers must have an above average aptitude in
understanding of biological and mathematical concepts.
Pre-requisites
Graduates or post graduates in molecular biology, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, statistics, biochemistry, and
microbiology are suitable for course in bioinformatics. Programs are available at bachelors, masters, and doctorate and at post
doctorate levels. Apart from these several diplomas and post graduate diplomas are also available. In many universities
bioinformatics course begins at undergraduate levels. For these basic educational qualification is 10+2 with science as the
compulsory subject.
Professional Courses
Different professional courses are available in bioinformatics. The current research themes in computational and structural
biology are data mining, prediction and analysis of biological data, designing of data structures to represent information
238 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

unambiguously, development of accessible software to submit new data and finally development of fast application to query
the data.
At undergraduate level B.Sc. in bioinformatics is available. For getting admission in B.Sc candidate should complete
10+2 with physics, chemistry and biology. B.Tech in bioinformatics is also available in some of the universities. Eligibility
requirements here are 10+2 with physics, chemistry, mathematics and biology is recommended. Admissions in M.Sc are
available for candidates who have completed their graduation in bioinformatics/ agriculture/ MBBS/ B.Pharma/ BHMS/
BVSc. Advance diplomas in bioinformatics are available after post graduation in any of the following subjects such as M.Sc
in life sciences, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biotechnology, Biophysics, Botany, Zoology, Biochemistry, Microbiology,
Computer Science, Pharmacology, Agriculture, or after M.Tech or MBBS. Post graduates in life sciences and graduates in
Pharmacy, Medical, Dental or in Biotech engineering are eligible for admission to M.Tech bioinformatics.
How to Choose the Course/Institute
In India, bioinformatics is taught at the graduate, postgraduate, doctorates and at the post-doctorate level. The admission
in course which has to be taken will depend on personal interest and also on the percentage of marks in +2 examinations or in
any other qualifying examination on basis of which admission has be taken. Students can start with a graduate degree in
bioinformatics, but starting with a graduate degree in basic sciences or biotechnology is a good option. Since bioinformatics
is a very specialized field, so first fundamental concepts of biology have to be formed in graduation, and then students can go
for specialization in bioinformatics. Further specialization at postgraduate level and PhD can be pursued. For getting admission
in M.SC bioinformatics, M.Tech Bioinformatics at any of the good colleges in our country, candidate with bachelor’s degree
under 10+2+3 or 10+2+4 pattern of education in Physical, Biological, Agricultural, Veterinary, Fishery Sciences, Horticulture,
Pharmacy, Engineering, Technology or Medicine (MBBS) with at least 55% marks are eligible to apply.
Admissions to all postgraduate and some of the graduate courses are through all India entrance exam conducted by
different national and state level universities at multitude of centers. Candidates applying for M.SC programme are selected
on the basis of their performance in the written test conducted nation-wide at multitude of centers. The M.Phil./Ph.D. /Ph.D. /
Ph.D. candidates are short listed on the basis of written test and invited for personal interview. In addition to this, students who
have qualified the CSIR/UGC NET-JRF, DBT-JRF, ICMR-JRF, GATE examinations for JRF-fellowship can directly apply for
the interview, and need not appear in the written entrance examination.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Major institutes/universities in India:
• Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB) in Bangalore offers many courses in bioinformatics and
biotechnology. Web: www.ibab.ac.in.
• Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi provide course in biotechnology and biochemical engineering.
• Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur also provides various courses in bioinformatics.
• Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur provides very good courses at M.Tech level, admission is through GATE exam.
• Madurai Kamraj University also provides courses in bioinformatics at Msc, PhD level.
• The University of Pune, offers Advance Diploma in Bioinformatics.
• DOEACC Society offers DOEACC Bioinformatics ‘o’ & ‘A’ level courses (1 year duration).
• DOEACC Society, Kolkata offers DOEACC Bioinformatics ‘C’ level courses, which are equivalent to M.Tech.
• Advance Course in Bioinformatics is jointly organized by IICT, CDAC, JNTU, Hyderabad (6 months duration).
• Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad offers M.Tech in bioinformatics.
• Indian Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad also offers M.Tech in bioinformatics.
• Some National Institute of Technology like Maulana Azad NIT Bhopal, NIT Rourkela, also offers M.Tech in bioinformatics.
• JNU, New Delhi and West Bengal University of Technology both offer M.Tech in bioinformatics.
• University of Hyderabad offers 2 year M.Tech in bioinformatics. Web: www.unohyd.ernet.in.
• Calcutta university, senate house,87/1, Kolkata -700073, www.caluniv.ac.in.
• Bharathiar university, school of biotechnology,coimbatore-641046, tamilnadu, web: www.bharathiaruniv.ac.in.
• Pondicherry University, bioinformatics centre, school of life sciences, pondicherry-605014, web: www.bicpu.edu.in.
• Jamia Millia Islamia University, department of computer science, offers Msc in bioinformatics as evening course. Web:
www.jmi.nic.in.
• Most of the state level universities are providing Msc and PhD in bioinformatics.
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 239
Career Prospects
Opportunities exist mainly in private organizations, for candidates having doctoral or postdoctoral experience. Candidate
having PhD and about 2-3 years of experience are employed as Bioinformatics Scientists. Although post-doctoral experience
is desirable, fresh PhD candidates are also employed as junior Scientific Officers, Project Associate, and Project Assistant.
Remunerations
Group Leader in Multinationals companies get a pay scale of Rupees 4,50,000-6,00,000. Subsequent scale to Bioinformatics
Scientists and Bioinformatics Researchers depends on educational qualifications and selection, but they could get pay
between Rs.35,000/- to Rs.20,000/-.
Pay scale for Bioinformatics Research Associates is between Rs.2,00,000-2,25,000.

8.10. CAREER IN BIOCHEMISTRY (BSC/MSC/PHD)

Introduction
Biochemistry is a branch which is concerned with the chemistry of the biological processes. The study of biochemistry
deals with the chemical combinations and reactions which take place in biological processes such as growth, metabolism,
reproduction, heredity etc., as well as the effect of the environment on living organisms.
Studying structures and functions of enzymes, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, process of metabolism and the molecular
basis of the action of genes also form a part of biochemistry. Advances made in biochemistry have made significant contributions
towards elucidation and understanding of DNA structure.
Nature of Work
Biochemists generally pursue research related work in the following fields.
Medicine: Biochemists, in this field carry out diagnostic tests and investigations for finding out causes of diseases. Their
major concern is to study the role of genetic transmission of diseases from one generation to another. They also try to figure out
the chemical changes that take place in the cells of the body parts which signal the onset of various diseases such as
tuberculosis, cancer, diabetes, mental disorders like epilepsy etc. Research related to identification and analysis of chemical
processes like muscular contraction, reproduction, metabolism etc also relates to their job.
Agriculture: Biochemists develop and inovate new improved techniques for crop cultivation, pest control management
and crop storage management. Contributions made in this field by biochemists has helped to better the output and quality of
agricultural produce.
Nutrition: In this field biochemists have researched and studied the effects of certain food stuffs, minerals, proteins,
carbohydrates, fats and vitamins, when consumed in excess or in deficient quantities, on the human body. The mechanism of
fermentation process which has been practiced for past many years was discovered by biochemists only.
Personality
Biochemistry is a field of intense research, hence to be a good biochemist requires, inquisitive attitude, determination,
perseverance and keen observation sense along with intelligence and hard work. Research is often a team work and therefore
the individual should have team spirit, to work as a part of the unit. The work sometimes consume a lot of time so patience,
stamina to work for long hours and tenacity become other important requisites.
Professional Courses
Biochemistry can be pursued by those having background in science at 10+2 level. Individuals interested in pursuing
this subject can initially study the subject in the B.Sc. course and further continue with it till M.Sc. and Ph.D. level.
Career Prospects
The career prospects and employment opportunities of biochemists have shown considerable improvement over the past
years. Jobs are being offered by both government and private medical institutions and hospitals engaged in research activities
related to various diseases and disorders like AIDS, cancer, mental disorders etc. The pharmaceutical industry where genetically
engineered drugs are developed and manufactured also look forward to employing biochemists. Research related agricultural
industries and institutions also absorb individuals with background in biochemistry.

8.11. CAREER AS FISHERIES SCIENTISTS

Fisheries Scientists study and manage the fishery resources, which may involve shellfish or aquatic mammals as well as
fish. Fisheries scientists are engaged in management, use, and conservation of aquatic plants and animals. As researchers,
managers, administrators, or educators, they use their expertise and knowledge in biology, ecology, and other sciences to
enhance recreational, commercial, and aqua cultural fisheries resources.
240 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

What do Fisheries Scientists do?

They work as researchers or managers and deal with aquatic species or their habitat. They are involved with commercial
harvests of fish, crabs, shrimps, or oysters, or study fish populations. They manage the collections of aquatic species in various
museums and also in big fisheries. They also work in applied research in government and private sector in regulating the
commercial fishing, creation of areas for recreation and protection of endangered species. Some scientists also teach and carry
out research in universities and research centers. They also work in conservation and in commercial fish farms.
Courses & Eligibility
• One can pursue a bachelors degree in Fish Farming (B.Sc. in Fishery Sciences) or a bachelor’s degree in Zoology (B.Sc.
in Zoology). (10+2 with science is the eligibility)
• For masters degree in Fishery Sciences, bachelor degree in fish farming or Zoology is the eligibility.
• One can also study for a masters degree in Mariculture (M.Sc. in Mariculture) and higher studies like PhD can be
pursued later.
• Diploma courses are also offered by several institutes. These diploma courses can be of 1 to 3 years.
• Small certificate courses are also offered by some academic institutions.
• Entrance Exam: Most of the reputed institutes take admission through combined examination conducted by the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, New Delhi, in the 1st week of June.
Where To Study
• College of Fisheries Roha, Nagaon, Assam
• Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai
• Agriculture University, Jorhat, Assam
• Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Bhubaneshwar
• College of Fisheries, Rajendra Agricultural University, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, Bihar
• Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (CIBA), Chennai.
• Agriculture University, Sabour, Bihar
• College of Fisheries, Vellanikkara, Trichur (Kerala)
• Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Kochi
• Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries University, Bidar, Karnataka
Institutes offering master’s courses in fishery sciences:
• Department of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin
• University Kochi, Kerala, India
• Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, Kerala, India
• Institutes offering diploma courses
• Indira Gandhi National Open University
• Shark Processing Integrated Fisheries Project, Cochin, Kerala
• Mate Fishing Vessel Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical
• Engineering Training, Cochin, Kerala, TN, AP

8.12. CAREER IN FORESTRY (Bachelor’s and Master’s degree)

Forestry is the science of the development and care of forests; the management of growing timber.
Forestry or forest management is considered as both independent scientific branch and practical field, containing many
aspects of forestry, which formulates synthetic conclusions indicating the main directions of management. It is engaged in
formation of relation between nature and the man on the basis of knowledge of forest state, demand society for forest functions
as well as scientific achievements and experience in solving the problems of running and organic structure of forest.
Issues like global warming, deforestation, global climatic change, water scarcity, natural disasters, etc, are all related to
the effective and controlled use of forest wealth. With 175 million hectares constituting wasteland and another 110 million
hectare forming severely degraded land in India, the need of the hour is to rejuvenate it through forestry-related programs. The
profession of forestry has experienced rapid and perceptible changes in the last years. What used to be considered as a business
and a responsibility of the local villagers has turned into a field of global concern where the preservation and conservation of
biodiversity play a main role.
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 241
“The study of nature has no beginning and it has no end,” Jim Corbett had said in Jungle Lore. And the forests of our
country provide an opportunity to spend a lifetime in admiring nature and make a living at the same time. In the remote areas
of India, where a sizable proportion of the population depends on forests, directly or indirectly for the raw materials, employment
and other daily needs, forestry is the main source of employment. In these areas appropriate steps are undertaken towards
energy conservation, proper utilization of wastelands and goods and services are also produced.
Nature of Work
Forester takes care of forest resources by protecting them from fire, pests, disease, encroachment and indiscriminate
felling of trees. Their tasks typically involve:
• They advise clients on good forestry practices
• They advising woodland owners on planting design and species choice, budgeting, public access, ecological surveys,
and forest certification;
• They are entrusted with the task of organizing the growing, harvesting, marketing and sale of timber;
• Annual work programs are planned and implemented by them and they ensure the effective use of resources to meet the
current objectives of the forest area;
• They supervising forest workers and contractors in the field
• They help in wasteland development
• They contact the customers, landowners, timber merchants, the public and local authorities
• Liaising with and working on many projects with other professionals, such as landscape architects, biologists, surveyors
and engineers, and charitable bodies
• They have to attend meetings of professional bodies
• Keeping up to date with legal changes and other developments;
• Budgets are planned and controlled by them and they prepare costing and financial forecasts
Forest managers/foresters are also involved in forest protection, which is a wide-ranging part of the role reflecting the
government’s desire to promote sustainable forest management. This includes:
• Conducting research in areas such tree improvement and entomology;
• Monitoring existing forestry practices;
• Protecting forests from illegal felling, pests and diseases;
• Ensuring that the presence of forests does not affect the surrounding environment and wildlife by damaging wildlife
habitats, water supplies or soil.
• They help in promoting eco tourism
Career Options
They can work as a
Forester: The forester is responsible for protecting and regenerating forests, protecting wildlife habitats, checking for and
fighting wild fires, landscape management and so on.
Dendrologists: Their work involves research on the history, life span, measuring, grading, classifying the varieties of
trees, and studying ways and means of tree improvement through aforestation etc.
Ethnologists: An ethnologist studies and analyses the evolution, behavior, biological functions etc. of an organism in its
natural environment. Ethnologists design healthy habitats for animals in zoos, aquariums, and laboratories and also study
animal behavior.
Entomologists: Entomologists specialize in the study and control of diseases caused by insects and pests.
Silviculturists: Silviculture is an aspect of Forestry that refers to the growth of plantations that yield periodic harvests.
Forest Range Officers: Forest range officers take care of public forests, sanctuaries, botanical gardens etc. They have
conservators, loggers and other junior personnel working with them.
Zoo curators: They are responsible for animal welfare in the zoos and also undertake conservation programs. Zoo curator
plays a role in the administration of zoo functions and captive breeding programs.
Other than career options mentioned above forestry specialists from India are finding jobs abroad as wildlife consultants
for esteemed organizations. The most important of these being the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Many organizations are
hiring Indian personnel for working in countries like Kampuchea, Vietnam, South Africa, and other such countries.
Personality: Following are the personal attributes required to be a forester
• Liking for outdoors, • Spirit of adventure, good health,
242 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Stamina and physical fitness, • Patience, scientific temperament,

• Organizing ability, • Decision-making ability,
• Public relations skills, • Practicality, courage,
• A genuine interest in the preservation of the natural environment and habitat,
Professional Courses
Those with Physics, Chemistry and Biology at the intermediate level can go for B.Sc Forestry course. Further the master’s
level offers specialization in subjects like Forest Management, Commercial Forestry, Forest Economics, Wood Science &
Technology, Wildlife Science, Veterinary Science etc.
PGDFM is a field-based course, which combines managerial qualities concordant with the demands made by the forestry
sector.
Courses in Forestry and Forest Services are:
• B.Sc Forestry • M.Sc Forestry • B.Sc Wildlife • M.Sc Wildlife • M.Sc Wood Science & Tech.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
There are many institutions all over India conducting courses on forestry and wildlife, few are:
• Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi - 6.
• Forestry Research Institute, Dehra Dun - 248 006.
• Indian Institute of Forest Management, Nehru Nagar, Bhopal.
• Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneshwar - 751 003.
• Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehra Dun (affiliated to Saurashtra University, Rajkot)
• College of Horticulture And Forestry, Solan 173230
• College Of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, P O Krishinagar, Akola
444104
• Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli 415712
• College Of Agricultural Engineering, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana 141004
• College Of Agriculture, Pantnagar 263145
• University Of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, Bangalore 560065
• College Of Agriculture And Regional Research Station, Dharwad 580005
• Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Krishi Nagar, Agartala, Jabalpur 482004
• Orissa University Of Agriculture & Technology, Faculty Of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar, Khurda 751003
Eligibility
Various courses in forestry are available, at the graduate, postgraduate and diploma level, as well as at the Ph.D. level.
Those with Physics, Chemistry and Biology at the intermediate level can go for B.Sc Forestry course, which is a 3-year
degree course. Further the master’s level (2 years) offers specialization in subjects like Forest Management, Commercial
Forestry, Forest Economics, Wood Science & Technology, Wildlife Science, Veterinary Science etc. The Indian Institute of
Forest Management (IIFM), Nehru Nagar, Bhopal offers a study program in Forest Management. There are also opportunities
for doing Ph.D in Forestry at the recognized centers. Those with Bachelors degree in related subjects can appear for Indian
Forest Service exam conducted by Union Public Service Commission.
Specialization
One can specialize in subjects like:
• Agriculture economics • Agriculture statistics
• Agro forestry • Forest products
• Microbiology • Silviculture
• Soil sciences • Waste management and tree improvement and genetic resources
Career Prospects
Foresters can work in offices, laboratories or outdoors depending on their field of specialization. Employment opportunities
exist with
• Governmental, non-governmental organizations interested in preservation of forest resources
• Corporate having own plantations for timbering
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 243

• Industries that utilize forest resources employ industrial and agricultural consultants
• Indian Council Of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) and its affiliated Forestry research institutes : Forest
Research Institute, Dehra Dun, Institute of Social Forestry and Eco-rehabilitation, Allahabad etc.
• Wildlife Research Institutes in Dehra Dun, Coimbatore etc.
• Zoological Parks
• Wildlife Ranges
• Education sector as tutors
• Green watchers, Wildlife Trust of India, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the Environment Awareness Society,
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SSPCA) etc are
some of the national and international voluntary organizations that actively work towards the preservation and
conservation of wildlife and forests.
Entry into the Central government is through the Indian Forest Service (IFS) examination conducted by the Union Public
Service Commission. Applicants with a graduate degree in animal husbandry and veterinary science, botany, chemistry,
geology, mathematics, physics, statistics, zoology, agriculture, forestry or engineering, and between 21 years and 30 years of
age are eligible to apply.
Initial training is at the Lal Bahadur Shastri Academy, after which the selected candidates are trained at the Indira Gandhi
National Forest Academy at Dehra Dun. They are then posted as the assistant conservator, district conservator, conservator,
chief conservator, principal conservator, and the inspector general of forests. The senior most post is that of the Environment
Secretary in the Union Government.

8.13. CAREER IN FOOD PROCESSING

Introduction
Food processing is a branch of food science, which owes its existence to the prehistoric times. Food processing is the set
of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for the consumption of humans and animals. Processing
of food leads to preservation of food, enhances its flavor and reduces the toxins in the food product. It leads to better
distributional efficiency and helps in the easy marketing of the food product. The modern food processing techniques have
led to the feasibility of the development of the present day supermarkets. Long voyages would not be possible, and military
campaigns would be more difficult and expensive to execute without food processing. Extra nutrients can also be added while
processing the food and processed food is less susceptible to spoilage. The rising consumerism in the societies of developed
and developing countries has contributed to the growth of food processing with techniques such as spray drying, juice
concentrates, freeze drying and the introduction of artificial sweeteners, colorants, and preservatives. In the late 20th century
products such as dried instant soups, reconstituted fruits and juices, and self cooking meals were developed for the convenience
of middle class wives and mothers and for the working women.
In India Food Processing industry is gaining momentum as the consumer food industry, which includes pasta, breads,
cakes, pastries, corn flakes, ready to eat and ready to cook products, cocoa products, biscuits, soft drinks, beer, alcohol
beverages, mineral and packaged water and segment of consumer foods is seeing an upward trend.
Job Prospects
The Cabinet of India on June 21, 2007, granted its approval to an integrated plan, which aims to promote India’s food
processing sector and boost the country’s agricultural business (according to a press release). As per the report there are about
300 Million upper and-middle-class consumers of processed and packaged food in the country, and another 200 Million are
likely to be added by 2010. Ministry of Food Processing Industries is planning to establish 500 food parks in the Tenth Five
Year Plan across every parliamentary constituency. This will give a further boost to the growth and development of food
processing industries and thereby is generating a huge job potential for those who have an aptitude for the work and required
qualifications.
The food processing industry is still at its nascent stage in India. It thus provides ample employment opportunities.
The areas where one can find employment in this industry are:
• Food processing companies and food research laboratories • Food wholesalers
• Hospitals • Catering establishments
• Retailers
• Restaurants provide employment to candidates with degrees in home science and specializations in food technology,
nutrition or food services management. Diploma holders in dietetics, applied nutrition, food science and preservation
and those having certificate in dietetics or food and nutrition can also be employed in this industry.
244 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Bacteriologist, toxicologists and those trained in packaging technology, organic chemistry, biochemistry and analytical
chemistry can find opening food technology laboratories or in quality control departments.
• A number of public sector undertakings in the department of food also require people in this field. The Food Corporation
of India, which handles the purchase, storage transport and distribution of food grains and other food items, provide
employment to large number of people. Modern Food Corporation which markets bread, fruit juices, edible oils, soft
drink concentrates and North-Eastern Agricultural Marketing Corporation which markets and process fruits and vegetables
also recruits people.
• Self-employment opportunities also exist in the form of dynamic delivery networks for those who want to work on their
own.
• Private sector companies have been the key players in the food sector and even companies like ITC are now moving into
the sector, seeing the potential in processed foods.
Some other back-end jobs in this industry are:
• Bakers
• Meat, poultry, trimmers, and fish cutters
• Slaughterers and meat packers
• Food batch makers
• Food cooking machine operators and tenders
• Food and tobacco roasting, baking and drying machine operators and tenders
The major players in private sector in this industry in India are:
• ITC Limited • Parle Products Pvt. Ltd.
• Agro Tech Foods • Amul
• Perfetti India Ltd. • Cadbury India Ltd.
• PepsiCo India Holdings • Nestle India Pvt. Ltd.
• Britannia Industries Ltd. • Hindustan Lever Limited
• Milkfood • MTR foods limited
• Godrej industries Limited • Gits Food Products Pvt. Ltd.
• Dabur India Ltd.
Nature of Work
Food technologists, technicians, bio technologists and engineers are required in this industry for the practical application
of the principles of many disciplines of science in the manufacturing or production, preservation and packaging, processing
and canning of various food products. All this needs preparation of raw materials for processing which involves selection, or
cleaning of the raw material, followed by the actual processing, which could be chopping, blanching, crushing, mixing or
even cooking of the food item, the addition of preservatives and the final packaging along with keep in hygiene and
maintaining quality of products. Following people are needed for the work in food processing industry:
Food technologists: They are given the responsibility of determining whether a particular process is being performed in
a certain specified way or not. They are instrumental in devising new ways and improving the older ones for preserving,
conserving and processing food. They have to check for the contamination, adulteration and controlling the nutritional value
of the food products which are to be processed. Food technologist are also assigned to determine to quality of the raw materials
used in the plants aw well as the food which has to be dispatched to the market. They also look after the storage conditions and
hygiene.
Organic Chemists: They advise on the methods by which the raw materials have to be converted into processed food.
Biochemists: They suggest improvements in flavor, texture, storage and quality.
Analytical Chemists: They analyze food products to maintain quality.
Home Economists: They are in a way expert in dietetics and nutrition. They test the food and recipes according to the
directions on the containers.
Engineers: Chemical, Mechanical, Industrial, Electrical, Agricultural and Civil engineers are also required for planning,
designing, improving and maintaining the processing systems.
Research Scientists: They carry on experiments regarding improvement in yield, flavor, nutritive value and general
acceptability of the packaged food.
Managers and accountants: They manage administration and the finances apart from supervising the processing work.
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 245
Personality
Following the personal attributes required in this industry
• Conscientious
• Meticulous
• Organizational abilities
• Particular about cleanliness and hygiene
Professional Courses
Degree courses in Home Science, food technology and food science and in specialized areas like fisheries, or dairy
sciences are offered by some Indian Universities. There are also short-term certificate, craft and diploma courses offered by
various polytechnics, food craft institutes and universities. The Ministry of Food and Civil Supplies has several Food and
Nutrition Extension Centers in different parts of the country providing short-term courses and training in home-based
preservation of fruits and vegetables, preparation of bakery and confectionery items, rice milling, oil seed processing etc.
M.Sc and Ph.D courses in food and nutrition, home science, food technology and biotechnology are also available in some
universities.
Eligibility
For B.Sc. in Home Science/ Food Technology/ Food Science, one should have passed 10+2 examinations with Physics,
Chemistry and Biology as the main subjects. For M.Sc/Management, the minimum eligibility is a B.Sc.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Some of the prominent institutes offering courses in this field are:
• MS University, Vadodara, Gujarat; and Central Food Technology Research Institute, Mysore (with branches in Karnataka
and Mumbai) offers certificate courses in Bakery and Confectionary, BSc and M.Sc in Food Science
• Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Himachal Pradesh; Fruit Technology Institute, Lucknow offers degree and diploma course in
Food Technology.
• National Sugar Institute, Kanpur, Chennai and Calcutta, offers associateship in Sugar Technology and Sugar Engineering
and Diploma in Industrial Fermentation and Alcohol Technology.
• Central Institute of Fisheries Education with four centres in Barrackpore (WB); Kakinada (A.P); Lucknow and Mumbai,
also offers various certificate and diploma courses.
• National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal and Bangalore, offers B.Sc quality control in dairy processing and B.Tech in
dairy technology.
• IGNOU offers a certificate course in food and nutrition.
• Small Industries Services Institute, Okhla, New Delhi offers Entrepreneurial Development Programme on Food Processing
Industries.
Specialization
Food Technologists can specialize in any of the many fields of food processing such as sugar alcohol, bakery, oil, fruits
and vegetables etc. one can do Ph.D in food technology or biotechnology or food preservation.

8.14. CAREERS IN FIRE SERVICES

Increasing urbanization, mounting industrial activity, the use of electrical devices, appliances in all types of houses and
offices, heating and cooling systems etc. contribute to enhance fire hazards. Fire Services have to keep abreast with fresh and
increasing demands. Each state government maintains a fire department to look after preventive and precautionary aspects of
fire safety. Moreover, not only for fire safety but in all kinds of national calamities like earthquake, flood etc. the only
organisation that is remembered is fire service.
In the protective role the fire service advises and assists various organisations in taking protection against fire hazards.

Personality Traits
Being a technical profession a scientific bent of mind is obviously required. Other qualities required include a sense of
self discipline and responsibility, peak physical condition, presence of mind to handle crises, calmness of mind under
potentially dangerous circumstances, and the ability to lead men, motivate them, supervise and guide them to discharge their
duties. Ability to plan for all eventualities in advance.
246 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Available Careers
Fire Fighter, Sub-Officer, Station Officer, Assistant Divisional Officer, Divisional Officer, Dy. Chief Fire Officer, Chief Fire
Officer.
Training/Course
National Fire Service College, Nagpur is the leading institute offering training courses in fire services. Every course has
just 30 seats and admission is based on performance of the candidate in written test which is usually conducted in the month
of May-June every year at Mumbai, Kolkata, Madras, Nagpur and New Delhi.
The written entrance examination is normally of the objective type, held in two sessions. The Physics paper is followed
by the Chemistry paper and the level of knowledge tested is of the Bachelor’s degree in Science. The papers are given in both
Hindi and English. Candidates declared passed/qualified in the written examination are called for a viva voce and final
selection is made on the combined performance in both these tests. Since peak physical condition is a pre-requisite for the
profession the College expects the applicants to be physically fit.
B.E. (Fire Engineering)
Certificate (Sub-Officer) 10+2, 18-23 years with duration 25 weeks.
Diploma (Station Officer) 10+2 , Preferably Science & 3 years experience as a leading Fireman/Sub-Officer. 22 weeks Age-
Not more than 45 years
Diploma (Divisional Officer)10+2 with Diploma (Fire) 3 years experience as Station Officer with Heavy Driving Licence.22
weeks, Age- 23-45
Physical Standard:
Height: 165 cms. Weight: 50 kgs. Chest: 81 cms with 5 cms on expansion.

8.15. CAREERS IN MARINE SCIENCE

Introduction
Marine Science is the study of marine life forms and their usefulness to human beings. Under this, biology of fish and
other aquatic life forms are studied. Geological and mineral wealth of the ocean and its impact on human and aquatic life are
also studied.
Eligibility
Students who have completed bachelor degree in biological sciences or in some cases, other streams of science are
eligible to apply.
Basis for Selection
In most programmes the selection is through entrance test. Some institutes consider career of the candidate for entry.
Announcements and Dates
Dates for entrance examinations are advertised in December-January. Announcements about the programmes are usually
made between January and March in local and National Dailies.
Major Institutions
1. University of Bombay, Mumbai-400032
2. University of Madras, Chennai-600005.
3. Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam-530003
4. Cochin University, Cochin –682022 Kerala.
5. Fisheries Institute, Seal Shell, J.P. Road, 7 Bunglows, Mumbai-400058.
6. Goa University, Goa-403005
7. Mangalore University, Mangalore-575003, Karnataka.
8. Marine Engineering Research Institute (MERI), P-19, Taratolla Road, Calcutta-700088.
9. Marine Engineering Research Institute, Hay Bunder Road, Mumbai-400033.
10. School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Cochin-682016, Kerala.
11. Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur-760007, Orissa.
12. Utkal University, Bhubaneswar offers a course in M.Sc. in Marine Zoology.
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 247
Employment Opportunities
One can start as a Researcher or Scientist after completion of the course. There are opportunities in public sector, research
organisations, academics etc. One of the leading institutes of national stature is Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture,
(CIFA) Kaushalyagang, and Bhubaneswar. Opportunities also exist in private companies having own hatcheries and cultivation
of fish processing and packaging units. These units are located mainly in Kerala, Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu coasts and
other coastal regions of India.
Job Profile
Depending upon the type of organisation, the incumbent will be concerned with issues ranging from the seeds (or fish
eggs), breeding, farm maintenance, hygiene, quality assurance, disease control, processing, packaging and marketing.

8.16. CAREER AS AN ASTRONAUT

“When you look at the stars and the galaxy, you feel that you are not just from any particular piece of land, but from
the solar system.” —Kalpana Chawla
Like many others if reaching out to the stars and the moon is what you dream of, begin now because you are on a journey
where the preparation is much much more than the journey. Astronauts spend years training before they can go into space.
They learn to operate shuttles, perform experiments in zero gravity and learn survival techniques should a practice flight go
out of control.
What do astronauts do?
Astronauts work in space. Some astronauts are mission specialists who fly or navigate the space shuttle. In other words,
they are pilots. Other astronauts are payload specialists who work with the equipment that is launched into space, for instance
conducting scientific experiments or replacing parts of satellites. In brief, an astronaut’s tasks divide into four areas: supply,
repair, assembly and research, not to mention self-care.
A considerable amount of equipment is orbited in space. Unmanned rockets launch most satellites. However, some are
carried into orbit in the payload bay of a space shuttle and launched by its crew. Currently, astronauts work mostly with
transport of equipment, new modules, supplies and crews for the international space station.
Sometimes astronauts visit orbiting satellites for maintenance and repair. Often they work using the space shuttle’s
robotic arms, but sometimes they pull a satellite into the payload bay so they may work more leisurely. Sometimes they put on
their space suits and soar to a satellite that is moving at a speed of seven kilometers a second or more.
On the space station, there’s always more than enough to do, and astronauts spend much of their time keeping the station
in tip-top condition, both inside and outside. Almost daily, they take spacewalks to tidy up around the station.First and
foremost, the station itself must be assembled. New modules arrive regularly, and the tasks of attaching them to the station are
time consuming.
Weightlessness requires astronauts to spend a considerable amount of time on exercise and self care. Exercise in space is
so important that it’s part of the job, a duty that cannot be shirked. Astronauts exercise every day. Space shuttle astronauts, who
seldom are in space for more than two weeks at a time, exercise half an hour a day. But astronauts on the space station must
exercise two hours a day to stay healthy. So astronauts have more than enough to keep themselves busy and seldom have time
to be bored on the job. An astronaut with spare time can just gaze out the window.
Courses & Eligibility
To be an astronaut you need to specialize in aeronautical /aerospace engineering at an advanced level and must also
possess a unique blend of personality traits to help manage in long periods of isolation extended confinement, boredom and
uncertainty.
Bachelor in Physics/Chemistry/Mathematics/ Aerospace Engineering/ Other engineering.
Post graduation and Doctorate.
After graduation, you can appear for the entrance exam which is held by the NASA for the recruitment of Scientists and
Astronauts.
Though you can work in ISRO in India, scope is limited and the dream company for astronauts all over the world is NASA.
NASA takes on specialists from different disciplines including computer engineering, industrial engineering, materials
engineering, optical engineering and also oceanography. You can specialize at the master’s level in any of these disciplines
and then do a PhD programme followed by at least three years of related progressively-responsible, professional experience to
qualify for a NASA job. Depending on where your interests lie, you can also go for electrical / electronic/ electrical
communications engineering before taking up a master’s or PhD in a specialized field of engineering or space science.
248 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Interestingly, over 1/3rd of NASA employees are of Indian origin. The NASA-Ames Research Centre has implemented
a new automated recruiting and staffing system called NASA STARS. For more information on how to apply, visit the NASA
website.
Where to Study
• Bihar Institute of Technology, Mesra and Ranchi University which offer ME in space engineering and rocketry.
• Andhra University, Osmania University and Anna University offer MSc programmes in atmospheric and space sciences.
• Bangalore’s Indian Institute of Astrophysics offers PhD programmes in astronomy and astrophysics.
• Selection to these institutes is through a Joint Entrance Screening Test (JEST). The minimum qualification required to
take the JEST is a master’s degree in physics or a degree in engineering.
Pay and Remuneration
The following perks are for astronauts who work in NASA
LEVEL 1: Astronaut Trainee
EARNINGS $83,000 to $92,000 a year
LEVEL 2: Working Astronaut
EARNINGS $92,000 to $114,000 a year
LEVEL 3: Senior Astronaut
EARNINGS $114,000 to $163,000 a year
Famous Personalities
Neil Armstrong: the first human ever to set foot outside of Earth.
Kalpana Chawla: the first Indian woman in space.
More about NASA Astronaut
Once you’ve got your degree and some work experience, it’s time to apply for those astronauts positions. Fill out a
Standard Form 171 (government employment application) and send it to Astronaut Selection Office, NASA Johnson Space
Center, Houston, TX 77058.
The astronaut application will be reviewed and ranked by various criteria, including: height, experience and expertise.
NASA receives an average of 4,015 applications to fill around 20 slots every 2 years.
Next, another screening process, and about 118 from the original 4,015 will be invited to Johnson Space Center for a week
of interviews, medical exams and orientation. The ASB interviews each astronaut candidate and assigns them a rating based
on: experience and potential, motivation, ability to function as a team member, communicative abilities, and adaptability.
You can fail due to interpersonal skills.
If you are interested in a pilot/commander position, instead of mission specialist, you will also be required to log in at
least 1,000 hours of flight time in command of a jet aircraft. During training all crew members train aboard a T-38 jet, in which
the controls are identical to the Space Shuttle and therefore, can be used as a flight simulator either on the ground or in actual
flight.
Many applicants do not meet medical standards while others withdraw after learning all that the job entails. After
collecting significant information,the Astronaut Selection Board will choose its final candidates and pass that recommendation
on the NASA Administrator who will make the final pick for employment. Once selected, astronaut candidates begin a
rigorous training program. Expect many long days, even after your training ends. Being an astronaut can be hard on family life.

8.17. CAREER AS A MATHEMATICIAN

Introduction
“Pure mathematics is, in its way, the poetry of logical ideas.” —Albert Einstein
Mathematics can be defined as the scientific study of quantities, including their relationships, operations and measurements
expressed by numbers and symbols. In simple words, mathematics deals with study of numbers and their various calculations.
The most important skills in mathematics are analysis and reasoning.
A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study or research is mathematics. Mathematicians are concerned with
particular problems related to logic, space, transformations, numbers and more general ideas which encompass these concepts.
They do research, come up with problems and solutions, etc.
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 249
Mathematicians solve problems in diverse fields such as medicine, management, economics, banking, government,
insurance, computer science, physics, psychology, engineering, bio-mathematics, bio-informatics and weather forecasting.
Mathematics can be pursued with other allied subjects and various careers can be pursued. After BSc Mathematics with B
Ed and higher education like MSc Mathematics one can become a teacher. After BSc mathematics followed by MSc stats/ MSc
Operations Research one can become a statistician. One can become an economist or Actuary after BSc Mathematics with
Economics and higher studies. One can also become a Physical Sciences Observer/Scientist after BSc Mathematics, MSc
Physics. A career in life sciences can be pursued with BSc Mathematics combined biology.
Courses and Eligibility
At the undergraduate level, mathematics is offered as one of the combinations both for B.A. and B.Sc. courses. In some
universities, it can be taken up as the principal or honors subject. While universities and colleges generally consider merit or
marks in 10+2 or equivalent for admissions to courses, some institutes of repute hold entrance examination. Students with
mathematics at 10+2 level are eligible to take maths as a subject for graduation. ISI and CMI admit students on the basis of a
written test. Both ISI and CMI also admit students who have qualified in the Indian National Mathematical Olympiad (INMO),
or are Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana (KVPY) fellows.
Where to Study
• Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), Bangalore; Course: Bachelors degree in Maths
• Chennai Mathematical Institute (CMI), Chennai; Course: B.Sc degree in Math and Computer Science
• Madurai – Kamraj University; Course: Numerical Mathematics
• Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya; Course: Mathematical Economics
• University of Pune and North Maharashtra University; Course: Industrial Mathematics
• Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women; Course: Business Statistics and Biostatistics
• University of Madras; Course: Applied Statistics
• Delhi University (DU) has a range undergraduate programs. About 900 seats in total are being offered across colleges in
the DU for UG programmes in mathematics.
At the Master’s degree level, Mathematics is offered by more than 135 universities in India. The courses are offered by the
Departments or Schools of Mathematics. Often there is one department or school for both mathematics and computer science.
The nomenclature of the award is both M.A. and M.Sc. Some universities make a distinction between Pure Mathematics and
Applied Mathematics.
Student can also apply for an Integrated MSc-PhD degree offered at some places in India. Some of the institutes offering
integrated MSc-PhD programmes are:
• Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai (through a written test and followed by an interview)
• The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai (admits through NBHM exam followed by an interview)
• Harish Chandra Research Institute (HRI), Allahabad (through a test followed by an interview)
• An Integrated MSc degree offered by the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) at Pune, Mohali,
Kolkata, Trivandrum and Bhopal, and also at the National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) at
Bhubaneswar. The IISER admits students via IIT JEE, KVPY and through board exam performances. While the NISER
admits students through the National Entrance Screening Test (NEST).
• A student can also opt for an Integrated MSc in math offered by University of Hyderabad, which admits students through
a written test. Various central universities also have the Integrated programme.
• Pondicherry University and IITs offer five year integrated courses in the subject after school. Besides courses in general,
pure, and applied mathematics, a small number of programmes are available in such topics as Computational Mathematics
(of Mathematics with Computer Applications), Mathematical Statistics, and Mathematical Economics, Mathematics
with Computer Application, Industrial Mathematics, and Functional Mathematics.
Career Prospects
Mathematicians work in fields of statistics, actuarial sciences, mathematical modeling, cryptography, computer science;
for teaching at both school and college level and a research career in mathematics, statistics and bio-informatics. A strong
background in mathematics is also necessary for research in many areas of computer science, social science, and engineering.
Knowledge of maths is applied in all fields of work, from creating software systems to the field of investigation in areas like
brain mapping, in lie-detector machines, fingerprinting, etc. Also in art, the application of maths has become important for
preservation of historic sculptures, paintings and works of ancient artists.
250 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Famous Personalities
Srinivasa Ramanujan was one of India’s greatest mathematical geniuses. He made substantial contributions to the
analytical theory of numbers and worked on elliptic functions, continued fractions, and infinite series.
Albert Einstein: Perhaps the most famous known scientist of all time. His theories on relativity were groundbreaking
and are still used today.
Leonhard Euler: Well known for his contributions to mathematical vocabulary and notation. In particular, he is considered
the founder of function notation

8.18. CAREER AS A PHYSICIST

Physicists have made some of the pivotal discoveries of the 20th century which have revolutionized the world (e.g. the
transistor, the laser, splitting the atom, TV and radio, MRI scans. Anyone with aptitude and a lot of curiosity can think of career
as physicist.
Physics offers challenging and exciting careers. As a career, physics covers many specialized fields — from acoustics,
astronomy, and astrophysics, medical physics, geophysics, and nuclear physics etc.
A physicist is a scientist who does research in physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many
branches of physics. Physicists study the natural world, from the tiniest subatomic particles to the largest galaxies. They do
experiments to discover the laws of nature. They study what things are made of (matter) and how things behave. They also
study energy. They learn how it changes from one form to another.
Some physicists focus on theories. They work on the fundamentals and use observation and mathematics to find the
answers. Some physicists do experiments and verify use of theory in practice. Other physicists apply theories to practical
problems. They might create advanced materials, new electronic and optical devices, or medical equipment. Physicists also
design research equipment. Some of this equipment is used in surprising ways. For example, the first laser was created for
research, but people later discovered that lasers could be used in surgery as well.
Most physicists work in research and development. Some do basic research to increase knowledge. Others do applied
research. They take what is learned in basic research and use it to create new devices, products, and processes.
Courses and Eligibility
Being a physicist is a long drawn career, one needs exhaustive knowledge of the subject and thus minimum post graduation.
Post graduates with specialization are required in the industry and for research a PhD. Various courses like B.Sc. in Physics and
B.Sc. in applied physics are offered at many institutes. M.Sc. in physics, applied physics, bio physics, medical physics,
engineering physics, nuclear physics, astronomy and many more are offered at institutes of repute.
You will study Physical quantities, standards and units, laws of gravitation, mechanics and properties of matter, heat,
wave motion, electromagnetic radiation, light, sound, magnetism, static electricity, current electricity, atomic physics, nuclear
physics, astronomy and space science etc.The Master of Science and other post-B.Sc. programmes at the IITs offer high quality
post-graduate education in respective disciplines and admission is made through the Joint Admission Test to M.Sc. (JAM).
Where to Study
Almost all colleges offer B.Sc. in Physics but the top colleges offering course in Physics are as follows:
• Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
• Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi University
• Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar
• IIT Kanpur offers MSc in Geo Physics
• IITs various centres in India
• Loyola College, Chennai
• St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai
• Presidency College, Kolkata
• St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata
• Presidency College, Chennai
• Madras Christian College, Chennai
• Fergusson College, Pune
• Hindu College, Delhi
• St. Stephen’s, Delhi
• Stella Maris College, Chennai
• Elphinstone College, Mumbai
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 251

Career Prospects
Physics is one of the core subjects for education, research, atomic and space organisations. It has great commercial and
military value. Physicists work in research and development with specialized branches. Elementary research in physics finds
application in space programs and automobile industry. Bio physicists and chemical physicists get employment in government
and private research and development organisations. Applied physics is the backbone of modern electronics and communication
and medical field.
Physicists are employed by academic institutions, government laboratories, and private industries, with the largest
employer being the industry. Physicists also use their skills in other fields like engineering and computers. Some physicists
take up additional careers where their knowledge of physics can be combined with further training in other disciplines, such
as patent law in industry or private practice. In the United States, a majority of those in the private sections having a physics
degree actually work outside the fields of physics, astronomy and engineering altogether.
Government work may involve setting standards at the ISI which is important for all physics research. Government jobs
pay well, but you will never become wealthy being a government physicist. But government work may also involve working
in the weapons industry. Industrial work like semi conductors and computers related research will provide the employment in
future. Many physics students enter into business, either starting their own ventures or reaching the top levels in industry (they
learn management with experience). In fact, some of the wealthiest people in the electronics industry came from physics/
engineering backgrounds and then switched to management or set up their own corporation.
Teaching in university and doing research is another good option.
Famous Personalities
In the present time Stephen Hawking (1942 -): who provided, with Roger Penrose, theorems regarded the occurrence of
gravitational singularities in the framework of general relativity, theoretically predicted that black holes should emit radiation
(Hawking radiation).
Michael Faraday, was uneducated apprentice, but he went on to revolutionize modern civilization with electric motors
and dynamos.

8.19. CAREER AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTIST

Introduction
Our existence on earth is due to the environment. Rampant industrialization and use of natural resources has harmed the
environment in past few hundred years. Throughout the world scientists have realized that if we don’t take immediate steps,
then life on earth would come under threat. Thus the last few decades have seen increased consciousness for environment and
organizations and governments have started taking measures to develop eco friendly technologies and in protecting the
environment.
This is where environmental scientists come in to the picture. Environmental Science is an interdisciplinary academic
field that integrates physical and biological sciences to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental
problems. Environmental scientists protect the environment by conducting research that will identify, eliminate or reduce
pollutants and hazards to the environment or to the health of people.
A career in Environmental Science promises employment opportunities, for the environmental scientists, environmental
engineers, environmental modelers, environmental biologists, environmental journalists and many more.
Environmental scientists work to regulate, control and prevent air, land and water pollution. They often conduct research
to find pollutants or other hazards in the environment and then devise plans to eliminate or minimize them. This is done in
accordance with the direction of the employing company, balanced with good environmental practice.
Environmental scientists usually specialize in a certain aspect of the environment, such as land conservation, toxic waste
removal, groundwater contamination, acid rain and wildlife protection to name a few. They can also do environmental impact
studies or design monitoring systems to ensure that no environmental damage occurs. Environmental scientists can also work
with non-profit organizations or governments to solve environmental problems in the community. In this role an environmental
scientist may spend a lot of time in an office, developing relationships with individuals, organisations and other governments
which are designed to contribute to environmental protection.
Environmental scientists generally do field explorations or work in the labs as technicians and research assistants. With
experience the move to higher positions and manage projects.
Courses and Eligibility
• B.S.C (environmental science), Duration: 3 years, Eligibility: 10+2 with Physics, Chemistry and Biology as their
subjects.
252 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• M.S.C (Environmental Science), Duration: 2 years, Eligibility: B.S.C in environmental science, zoology, botany, physics
or chemistry.
• PG Diploma courses in Environment Management and Environmental Science.
• B.E in Environmental Engineering, Eligibility: 10+2 with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics as their subjects.
• M.Tech in Environmental Science & Engineering, Duration: 2 years, Eligibility: B.E / B.Tech. in environmental or civil
engineering.
• M.Tech in Energy & Environment Management, Duration: 2 years, Eligibility: B.E / B.Tech. in environmental or civil
engineering.
• M.Tech (Environmental Engineering), Duration: 2 years, Eligibility: B.E / B.Tech. in environmental or civil engineering.
Where to Study
B.Sc Environmental Science
• South Gujarat University, Surat
• University of Delhi, Delhi
• Berhampur University, Berhampur (Orissa)
• Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
• University of Mysore, Mysore
• University of Pune, Pune
M.Sc and PG Diploma in Environmental Science
• Bharati Vidyapeeth, Pune
• University of Mumbai
• SNDT Women’s University, 1, Nathibai Thackersey Road, New Marine Lines, Mumbai
• University of Chennai, Chennai
• Indian Institute of Environment Management (SIES), Sri Chandrasekarendra Saraswathy Vidyapuram, Plot 1E, Sector V,
Nerul, Navi Mumbai
• Gauhati University (for M.Sc and PhD)
B.E/ B Tech in Environmental Science
• The Indian Institutes of Technology ( Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras
• Birla institute of Technology
• National Institutes of Technology
• Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University)
• College of Engineering and Technology (Anna University)
• Kolhapur Institute of Technology’s College of Engineering, Kolhapur
• P.E.S. College of Engineering, Mandya
• Delhi College of Engineering, New Delhi
• Gujarat University, L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad
• Visveswariah Technological University, AIT, Chikmagalur
M.E./M.Tech in Environmental Science
• IIT, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur and Madras
• Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi
• Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya , Indore (MP)
• UP Technical University (Instt of Engg & Tech) Lucknow
• Visveswariah Technological University, AIT, Chikmagalur
• Thapar Institute of Engg & Technology, Patiala
Some other Institutes offering environmental sciences course:
• TERI University (for MSc/MTech/MBA)
• ISMU, Dhanbad (for BTech/MTech in Environmental Science & Engg)
• NEERI (for PG research and development programmes)
• Delhi University (MSc in environmental biology and BE in environmental engineering)
• Indian Institute of Environment Management (SIES), Mumbai
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 253

• Center for Environment Education, Nehru Foundation for Development, Ahmadabad

• Jawaharal Nehru University (JNU), School of Environmental Sciences, New Delhi
Pay and Remuneration
Environmental scientists recruited in Central and State pollution control boards get between Rs 15,000 -Rs 25,000.
Candidates with a postgraduate degree may start with a salary range of Rs. 30000 - Rs. 50000 and with a PhD salaries are even
higher. Environmental Engineers with a B.E degree receives a salary anywhere between Rs.20, 000 - Rs.30, 000. A licensed
engineer however can expect a higher pay package.
Career Prospects
Environmental Science as a career offers good job opportunities. Various state and national Government Departments and
Industry provide employment on the basis of experience and specialization. There is employment potential in distilleries,
fertilizers plants, mines, refineries, textiles, pollution control boards. Forest and wildlife department, NGO’s, water resource
and agriculture department, various universities and colleges also provide employment.
Famous Personalities
Dr R K Pachauri, was the Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a United Nations panel to assess
information relevant for understanding climate change. Pachauri has been quite vocal on the issue of climate change and in
2007 IPCC shared Nobel Peace prize with former U.S. Vice President Al Gore.

8.20. CAREER AS GEOGRAPHERS

Geography as a discipline has evolved in many years and helps us in understanding the world. It studies the land, its
features and the inhabitants. Not only geography as such offers good career options it is a good stepping stone for many related
careers.
What do geographers do?
Geographers are people who study the earth’s natural environment. Their scope is not just limited to making maps but
stretches much beyond that. They study environment and human society and effects of human society on environment. They
are the backbone of Geographic information systems. They study climate and natural phenomena like cyclones, storms, rain,
land and oceans and about the earth’s resources. They study weather and seasons and are involved in global monitoring of
environment and weather forecasting. Geographers are also involved in urban planning, environmental planning and monitoring.
Geographers specialize in various fields like Economic Geography, Cultural Geography, Environment Control, Political
Geography, and Natural Resources. You can also specialize in Cartography, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Geo-
morphology, Meteorology, Climatology, Remote sensing, and other related areas.
Geographers do a lot of research work and field work. As per specialization geographers work as cartographers, climatologist,
Geographic Information system specialist, environmental analyst, urban planner, Remote sensing specialist etc.
Courses and Eligibility
• B A in Geography — Eligibility: 10+2
• B.Sc. in Geography — Eligibility: 10+2 with Maths, Statistics & Computer Science
• MA in geography/Applied Geography
• MSc in geography/Applied Geography
• Diploma in Geo Informatics
• M.Sc. Geo Informatics
• Post graduate Diploma in geographical cartography
One can also do a Master’s degree in Planning/ Remote Sensing/ GIS (M.Tech level courses) if you have Mathematics as
a subject in your BA/ B. Sc. You can also specialize in Population Science or Population Studies after your post graduation.
For career in academics higher education like M.Phil./PhD is needed. At these levels one can choose any specialized
courses in Geography like Cartography, Urban and Town Planning, Regional Planning, Physiography, Climatology,
Oceanography, Population Studies, Economic and Environmental Geography.
Institutes and Universities for studying Geography
• University of Delhi, New Delhi
• Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
254 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• University of Rajasthan, Jaipur

• Institute of Geo-informatics & Remote Sensing, Kolkata
• Jamia Millia University, New Delhi
• Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Mumbai
• Amity University, Noida
• Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
• SNDT Women’s University, Mumbai
• M. S. University of Baroda, Baroda
• University of Calcutta, Kolkata
• Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
• Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology, Ahmedabad
• Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi
• Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad
• Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Pay and Remuneration
In university departments and colleges an, an Assistant Professor may get anywhere between Rs. 1.8 lakhs to Rs 4.5 lakhs
per year as basic salary and a Professor may get between Rs. 4.5 lakhs and 8 lakhs as basic pay per year.
In Government jobs and with NGO’s one usually begins with a lesser salary. Private organisations pay higher.
Career Prospects
After studying geography one can join the teaching and academic institutions. One can also use skills in various other
career options. One can go for higher studies in Town and urban planning or one can go in the field of cartography, Interested
candidates can go for fields like geology and Meterology. Geographers can also choose careers in the field of surverying etc
where they do land valuations. Geomatics and Geo Informatics are also coming up as excellent fields. Travel and tourism and
Content writing for the travel industry is another option. Research organisation and organizations involved in environment
conservation are offer good employment options.
Famous Personalities
James Rennell is considered to be the father of Indian Geography, he started making maps while he was in school itself.
Shashi Bhusan is another famous Indian geographer.
Rajesh Mathur, NIIT-GIS Vice Chairman, has contributed a lot in the geo-spatial industry for over two decades in India and
he was conferred with Lifetime Achievement Award at India Geospatial Forum in 2012.
A Day in Life
On a typical day a geographer may be engaged in making changes to the existing maps or graphs. For this he would do a
lot of research using existing maps, satellite images and Photographs. Sometimes he/she would also use field observations to
complete the information needed. With the help of geographic information software and statistical tools he can create or
modify a map/graph.

8.21. CAREER AS A BOTANIST

Botany is a field of science, a discipline of biology in particular, involved in the study of plants. Plants include a wide
range of living organisms from the smallest bacteria to algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants, all
the way up to the largest living things—the giant sequoia (or redwood) trees. Because the field is so broad, there are many
kinds of botanists, or plant biologists.
Who is a Botanist?
A botanist is a biologist who specializes in the scientific study of plants. From the vast variety of botanists, those
interested in ecology study interactions of plants with other organisms and the environment where as field botanists search to
find new species or do experiments to discover how plants grow under different conditions. Some botanists study the structure
of plants. They may work in the field, concentrating on the pattern of the whole plant. Others use microscopes to study the
most detailed fine structure of individual cells. Many botanists do experiments to determine how plants convert simple
chemical compounds into more complex chemicals. They may even study how genetic information in DNA controls plant
development.
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 255

The results of botanical research increase and improve our supply of foods, fibers, medicines, building materials, and
other plant products. Conservationists use botanical knowledge to help manage parks, forests, and wilderness areas. Public
health and environmental protection professionals use their understanding of plant science to help solve pollution problems.
Plant science offers different specialties and career opportunities from which one can choose.
This allows people with different backgrounds, aptitudes, and interests to find satisfying careers in plant biology. Among
the careers available to a person who enjoys the outdoors are positions as an ecologist, taxonomist, conservationist, forester,
or plant explorer. Work in these areas may take you to foreign and exotic lands. A person with a mathematical background
might find biophysics, developmental botany, genetics, or systems ecology to be exciting fields.
If one is interested in chemistry might become a plant physiologist, plant biochemist, molecular biologist, or
chemotaxonomist. Plant structure may appeal to a person who enjoys microscopy and the beauty of intricate form and design.
Persons fascinated with microscopic organisms often choose plant microbiology, phycology or mycology. With genetically
modified food becoming a regular practice, students of cytogeny, the study of the genetic make-up of plants is currently very
much in demand. On a larger scale, ornamental horticulture and landscape design requires artistic use of plant form and color.
A person concerned about the world food supply might study plant pathology (diseases) or plant breeding. Honey production
is another area where you can be employed to determine the quality of honey, depending on the pollen grain count, which is
used as a scale of measurement by any company. Paleobotany (the study of plant fossils) is another field that botanists may
venture into.
At larger universities there are frequently separate departments specializing in different applied subdisciplines of botany.
Some examples are: Agronomy (field crops), Horticulture (ornamentals, fruits and vegetables), Microbiology (microbes such
as bacteria and fungi) and Plant Pathology (diseases of plants). Plant biologists who enjoy working with people have a wide
range of opportunities in teaching and public service.
Courses & Eligibility
B Sc Botany is offered by many Universities/institutes across India. After B Sc one can go for Post graduation and later for
M Phil and Ph d. For B. Sc Botany, 10+2 with science stream including Biology as subject is the eligibility. For the postgraduate
course, students must have passed graduation in the same field.
Where to Study
• Delhi University
• Jiwaji University
• Mumbai University
• St Xavier’s college, Kolkata
• Government College of science, Chhattisgarh
• Fergussan College
• Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra.
• Maharaja’s College Kochi, Kerala.
Salary: Pay for botanists are very good. Teachers and researchers begin with Rs 2 Lakhs to Rs 2.5 lakhs per year. While
with higher qualifications the salaries get better.
Career Prospects
While working as a biological technician or in a herbarium is the immediate thing after graduation in botany, Botany
opens doors to many careers. Graduates in botany can go for higher studies and work in area of bio technology, bio chemistry,
food science, microbiology and environmental science to name a few. One can join a university and teach as well can join a
research organization. They can work in the field of agriculture and horticulture also. Careers in ecology and toxicology are
also open to graduates of botany.

8.22. CAREER AS A NANOTECHNOLOGIST

Introduction
“Nanotechnology is an idea that most people simply didn’t believe.” —Ralph Merkle
What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is an extraordinary and unique branch in science and basically combines chemistry, physics, biology,
and engineering. Nanotechnology is also referred as molecular manufacturing. It is related with the manufacturing and
designing electronic circuits and the devices.
256 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Who is a Nanotechnologist?
Nanotechnologists are scientists or engineers who make machines and work with material smaller than 100 nanometers.
Nanotechnologists work in many fields like computers (where they make chips etc) and in the field of medicine where they
study about the nano particles and their behavior in human body and environment. Nanotechnology is focused on future and
nanotechnologists are working on finding solutions to problem where none exists.
Courses and Eligibility
Nano technology is offered as a Post-Graduate course in India. Those who want to do post graduation in Nano-technology
need to pass bachelor’s degree examination with subjects like Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Life Sciences obtaining
not less than 50% marks in total. For doing M.Tech in Nanotechnology, candidates need a B. Tech degree in any of these fields
- Material science, Biotechnology, Biomedical, Mechanical, Chemical, Electronics and Computer Science. Candidates with
M.Sc. degree in Chemistry, Physics, Biotechnology, Material Science and Computer Science are also eligible to apply for
M.Tech programs.
Where to Study
• IITs at Mumbai, Kanpur, Chennai, Guwahati and Delhi.
• Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
• Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi
• National Institute of Technology (NIT), Kurukshetra
• National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela
• National Institute of Technology, Calicut.
• Biosys Biotech Lab & Research Centre, Chennai( Tamil Nadu )
• Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT), Bhopal( Madhya Pradesh )
• National Physical Laboratory, Delhi
• Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Noida
• Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), Sastra University, Thanjavur
• Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi
• University of Madras, Chennai
• Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology : Dept. of Bio-Nano Technology, Hisar
• Sastra University : Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), Thanjavur( Tamil Nadu
Nanotechnology is the upcoming field which interests many people due to its advancement in technological area. It is the
engineering of functional systems at molecular level which consists of principles and technology of the work. It is the science
of the future which includes innovations which can change the world. Nanotechnology is the form of molecular engineering
which is associated with the creation of minute elements. Materials made out of it are light but at the same time strong and
transparent which can uphold any active and aggressive chemical reaction. Nanotechnology uses nano materials which are
the mixture of strong and weak but more efficient material. Examples of nanotechnology are Carbon and diamond. It combines
other fields such as chemistry, physics, engineering, biology etc. to design and manufacture the molecular structure.
Performance and Growth of Industry in India: The concept of nanotechnology is very new to India and might take
some time to get used to this technology. However people have realized the potential of this field in commercial field. It is also
getting used in fields like electronics, healthcare markets, and other industrial products. Research and Development is going
on to understand the growth of it in the market. The industry is growing in various sectors such as pharmaceuticals and medical
products, electronics and computing, energy generation, textiles, metals, auto and auto components, aviation etc. The
technology is being expected to grow by 2010-2015.
Options and Opportunities: The opportunities in nanotechnology are tremendous but it requires lots of dedication and
hard work to achieve the level of expertise in this field. The sectors which are developing are medical sciences.
Nanotechnology is the upcoming field which interests many people due to its advancement in technological area. It is the
engineering of functional systems at molecular level which consists of principles and technology of the work. It is the science
of the future which includes innovations which can change the world. Nanotechnology is the form of molecular engineering
which is associated with the creation of minute elements. Materials made out of it are light but at the same time strong and
transparent which can uphold any active and aggressive chemical reaction. Nanotechnology uses nano materials which are
the mixture of strong and weak but more efficient material. Examples of nanotechnology are Carbon and diamond. It combines
other fields such as chemistry, physics, engineering, biology etc. to design and manufacture the molecular structure.
The opportunities in nanotechnology are tremendous but it requires lots of dedication and hard work to achieve the level
of expertise in this field. The sectors which are developing are medical sciences, electronics, information technology and
other disciplines which are using this technology to understand the growth and usability of this technology. People in this
field can develop themselves in health industry, agriculture, environment industry, food and beverages, space research, and
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 257

other industries as it has a very wide scope.

Courses Available: M.S. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology- M.Sc. Nanoscience- M.Tech. Health Care Nanotechnology
(Integrated)- M.Tech. Nanomedical Sciences- M.Tech. Nanotechnology- M.Tech. Nanotechnology (Integrated)- Ph.D.
Nanoscience and Technology- Ph.D. Nanotechnology - Certificate Course in Nanotechnology- Diploma in Nanotechnology-
Integrated Dual Degree (B.Tech./M.Tech.) in Nanotechnology
Qualification required: The eligibility criteria to pursue career in nanotechnology is post graduate degree in the
subject. For the post graduation in nanotechnology candidates must have a Bachelor’s degree with at least 50% marks
aggregate in Maths, Physics, chemistry and life sciences with PCS as subsidiary subjects.
Some Good Institutes
• Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore;
• Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
• National Physical Laboratory, Delhi • Solid State Physics Laboratory, Delhi-
• National Chemical Laboratory, Pune • Delhi University- Benaras Hindu University
• Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh
• Defence Materials Store Research & Development Organizations, Kanpur
• Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)
• Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Noida
Entrance exams
• Aligarh Muslim University Postgraduate Entrance Exam
• Amrita University M.Tech in Nanotechnology/Molecular Medicine Common Entrance Test
• Awadhesh Pratap Singh University M.Sc Common Entrance Test (CET)
• Banaras Hindu University (BHU) Postgraduate Entrance Test
• Central University Common Entrance Test (CUSET)
• Chaudhary Charan Singh Entrance exam
• Manonmaniam Sundaranar University M.Sc Nanotechnology Entrance Exam
• NIPER Joint Entrance Examination
• University M.Sc Nanotechnology Entrance Exam
• Delhi University (DU JAM)
• Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test
• Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE)
• SRM Engineering Entrance Examination
• Vellore Institute of Technology Master’s Entrance Exam (VITMEE)
• Maitreyi College PG Diploma in Nanotechnology Punjab Technical University Combined Entrance Test
Salary: As far as the pay scale is concerned, freshers with M.Tech degree can earn somewhere between Rs 20,000 and
30,000 per month. After gaining some experience and professional expertise in this field, candidates can also look for the
package of Rs. 6,00,000, to Rs. 12,00,000 a year.
Career Prospects
Nanotechnology has many applications and thus the scope is very wide. Nanotechnology finds application in many
industries like health, environment, space research, Chemicals, Bio technology and Genetics. Forensic science & many other
new industries emerging as a result of advances in nanotechnology. Communication industry is also gaining a lot from
advances in nanotechnology.
Famous Personalities
Norio Taniguchi, of the Tokyo University of Science used the term nanotechnology in 1974 for the first time. Kim Eric
Drexler, popularized the potential of molecular nanotechnology.

8.23. CAREER AS A STATISTICIAN

“Definition of Statistics: The science of producing unreliable facts from reliable figures.”
Statisticians harvest, analyze and explain data in ways that help decision-making. Statisticians use their knowledge to
design, collect, and interpret data experiments in many different fields of industry. This includes fields of economics, medicine,
psychology, marketing, public health, biology, sports, and others. Even military considerations take statistical procedures for
258 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

approval of certain strategies and sanctions. The Central Government recruits postgraduates in statistics, mathematical statistics
and applied statistics for the Indian Statistical Service.
A big chunk of the ISI alumni get into analytics, banking and finance and software development. Knowledge process
outsourcing firms are absorbing stats students as well. Some become actuaries, professionals who use mathematical and
statistical methods to predict risks and uncertainty and for valuation of financial products. They often work for automobile,
pharmaceutical, or computer software companies in trial testing and product evaluation. Apart from development, statisticians
are also involved with the manufacturing, asset, liability, and risk management, and marketing departments of firms.
Courses & Eligibility
• Bachelor degree in Statistics: Eligibility is 10+2 with Maths
• MSc in OR; MBE/MSc Statistics; Post Graduation in statistics - Eligibility: graduation in Maths (With statistics for at
least 2 semesters)
• The Union Public Service Commission conducts the examination for recruitment to the Indian Statistical Service. This
exam is open only to postgraduates in stats and certain allied disciplines.
Where to Study
• Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore Courses : M-Stat (S-stream, M-stream)
• Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, Courses : BStat, MStat, MS (quantitative economics), and MTech
• Indian Statistical Institute (Delhi Centre), New Delhi, Courses : MStat
• Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Courses : 2-year M.Sc. in Statistics, Doctorate in Statistics
• University of Delhi (Hindu College, L S RCollege for Women, Sri Venkateswara College, Ram Lal College)
Course: BSc Statistics
• Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI)
• Loyola College, ChennaiCourses : BSc Statistics, M.Sc. Statistics
Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand. , MSc in Statistics (Specialization in Biostatistics or Financial
Statistics), Master in Quality and Productivity Management (MQPM), M Phil, PhD Statistics. Certificate courses in
SPSS, Biostatistics, Financial Statistics.
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh , MSc in Statistics, B.Sc. (Hons.) with Statistics Main and two subsidiaries, Diploma
in Statistics
Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Courses : B. Sc. (Hons.) Statistics, M.Sc.Statistics, M. Sc. in Health Statistics. Ph:
0542-2368418,2307255-58
• Christ College, Bangalore, Hosur Road, Bangalore - 29, Karanataka Courses : B.Sc. Computer Science, Mathematics
and Statistics (CMS)
• Punjab University, Chandigarh Courses : M.Sc. Statistics, M.Phil Statistics, Ph.D Statistics
• Osmania University, Hyderabad
Courses : M.Sc. Statistics, M.Sc. Applied Statistics, M.Phil.Statistics , Ph.D.Statistics
• Devi Ahilya ViswaVidyalaya, IndoreCourses : M.A/M.Sc Statistics
• Fergusson College, Pune. Courses : B.Sc.Statistics
• Himachal Pradesh University, ShimlaCourses : MA/MSc Statistics, MPhil Statistics
• Hindu College, Delhi, University of Delhi, University Enclave, Delhi Courses : B.Sc.(Hons) Statistics
• Hislop College, Nagpur, Temple Road, Civil lines, Nagpur, Maharashtra. Phone : 91-712-2532004, Courses : BSc
Statistics, Post graduate Diploma in Applied Statistics
• Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata Courses : BSc Statistics
• Mount Carmel College, Bangalore Courses : Core combinations available:Economics, Mathematics, Statistics (EMS)
• Maulana Azad College, Calcutta.Courses : BSc Statistics
• Nirmala college, Muvattupuzha, Muvattupuzha, Kerala, India Courses : MSc Statistics
• PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore.Courses : BSc Statistics and M.Sc.Statistics
• Parvathaneni Brahmayya Siddhartha College of Arts & Science, Vijayawada Siddhartha Nagar, Vijayawada
Courses : B.A.Economics, Mathematics and Statistics, M.A.Statistics, B.A.Computer Applications, Mathematics and
Statistics
• Presidency College, Chennai, Chennai,Courses : BSc Statistics and M.Sc.Statistics
• Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Maharashtra. Courses : MSc in Statistics, Ph.D
• St Xavier’s College, Mumbai Courses : BSc Statistics
• St Thomas College, Pala, Arunapuram P.O, Kottayam , Kerala Courses : M.Sc. Statistics, M.Sc. Biostatistics, Ph.D
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 259

• University of Calcutta, Kolkata

Courses : M.Sc.Statistics, M.Phil in Computer Application of Statistics, PhD
• University of Calicut, Kerala Courses : M.Sc. Statistics
• University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Courses : MSc Statistics, MPhil Statistics, PhD.
Pay and Remuneration
Starting pay packages for statisticians vary with the institute they are passing out and their prior experience. In the past,
pass out students of ISI, Kolkata were offered average pay of Rs 12 lakhs per annum and Delhi University students were offered
average pay package of Rs 4.5 lakhs.
Career Prospects
Statisticians work in government and they are in huge demand in the private sector also. Post Graduate statisticians with
certifications in statistical packages have better job prospects. Some of them join Market Research and Financial Sector.
Opportunities available are as Manager in Data Management, Project Manager Statistician, Data Analyst: sales and
marketing, Business Analyst, Business Intelligence.
Famous Personalities
C R Rao is a world renowned statistician, who was honored at the White House in the year 2002 with National Medal
Science. He has a vast professional experience of over 40 years at the Indian Statistical Institute in the capacity of Superintending
Statistician. He has lead the Research and Training School as its Head and also as Director in the same organization. Before
that he has served as National Professor. Further, his rich experience in the field of statistics includes 20 years in several
universities comprising of United States and United Kingdom which also includes University of Pittsburgh, University of
California at Berkeley, Pennsylvania State University, Cambridge University and Hopkins University

8.24. CAREER IN LIFE SCIENCES

Life sciences comprise of various fields of science such as biology, medicine, botany, zoology, physiology, biochemistry,
etc. concerned with study of living organisms.
There are many fields under life science, such as:
• Biology, Bio-engineering, Bioinformatics, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Cell Biology,
• Medicine, Biomedical sciences, Microbiology
• Genetics
• Pharmacology
• Physiology
• Plant sciences
• Ecology- Zoology.
Life Sciences Courses:
• B.Sc. (Genetics) • B.Sc. (Hons.) (Genetics)
• B.Sc. (Hons.) (Human Genetics) • B.Sc. (Life Sciences)
• B.Sc. Applied Life Science (Sericulture) • M.Phil. (Life Sciences)
• M.Sc. (Applied Genetics) • M.Sc. (Biomedical Genetics)
• M.Sc. (Enzyme and Fermentation Technology) • M.Sc. (Genetics)
• M.Sc. (Human Genetics and Molecular Biology) • M.Sc. (Life Science)
• Ph.D. (Environmental Biology) • Ph.D. (Genetics)
• Ph.D. (Life Science) • Post Graduate Diploma (Computational Biology)
• Post Graduate Diploma (Immunotechnology)
• Post Graduate Diploma (Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering)

8.25. CAREER IN AQUACULTURE

Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions. Though there are some types of aquaculture
like Algaculture which is the cultivation of kelp or Seaweed and other Algae, the growing of Cultured Pearls, the primary form
of aquaculture is Fish Farming or Pisciculture (the Latin word piscis means fish). Fish farming or Aquaculture of this kind is
end directed, that is, fishes are grown or cultivated for human consumption or for industrial and medicinal purposes.
260 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Aquaculture has been practised since ancient times. In ancient China (circa 2500 BC), fishes were held in artificial tanks
after the floods. Aquaculture however expanded and became a full fledged industry only in the 20th century.
Fishes provide an excellent source of protein and essential amino acids. In many developing countries with considerable
water bodies or coasts, aquaculture is greatly encouraged in an effort to prevent malnutrition among the people. India is
surrounded by water bodies on multiple sides and there are numerous water bodies within the mainland. There is an approximately
7,500 km coastline and longer inland water channels. The fishing industry is therefore a rapidly increasing and important
industry and aquaculture is a viable career option.
Nature of Work
Those involved in Aquaculture have to develop fish farms and work in fish research centres. They also need to research
and gather information about water bodies and coastal areas. Fish farmers also need to find out and prevent water pollution and
engage in fish preservation. Aquaculture involves the study of methods of fish cultivation and harvesting, freezing and
canning in both coastal as well as inland factories. Then there is the necessity of figuring out ways of marketing, both within
and outside the country, the transportation and delivery of fishes.
Personality
Being involved in Aquaculture does not require a special kind of personality as such but one must be prepared to handle
fishes and dissect them, travel on the water and be able to swim. Therefore, it is a major setback if one cannot physically handle
fishes or stand the smell of fishes. Being sea sick is also a problem for certain kinds of job in the aquaculture industry. An
interest in marine or aqua life is an added advantage. Being able to swim is not only an advantage, but also quite necessary.
Professional Courses
One can pursue a bachelor’s degree in Fish Farming (B.Sc. in Fishery Sciences) or a bachelor’s degree in Zoology (B.Sc.
in Zoology). Either of these two bachelor’s degrees paves the way for a further master’s degree in Fishery Sciences. One can
also study for a master’s degree in Mariculture (M.Sc. in Mariculture). One can also study for a Ph.D. after getting a master’s
degree.
Diploma courses are also offered by several institutes. These diploma courses can be of 1 to 3 years. Small certificate
courses are also offered by some academic institutions.
Other short term courses are also offered by some institutes for a career in aquaculture. These short term courses can
sometimes be a concentrated period of study for 30 days.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Some colleges which offer a bachelor’s degree in Fishery Sciences are:
1. College of Fisheries Roha, Nagaon - 782103, Assam
2. Agriculture University, Jorhat- 785 013, Assam
3. College of Fisheries, Pusa Rajendra, Bihar www.pusavarsity.org.inEmail: info@pusavarsity.org.in
4. Agriculture University, Sabour - 813 210, Bihar
5. College of Fisheries, Vellanikkara - 680654, Trichur (Kerala)
Institutes offering master’s courses in fishery sciences
• Department of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University Kochi, Kerala - 682 022, India
Institutes offering master’s courses in mariculture
• Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, Kerala - 682 018, India
Institutes offering diploma courses
• Central Institute of Fisheries Education,
Andheri (W), Mumbai - 400061 http://www.cife.edu.in Email: contact@cife.edu.in
• Indira Gandhi National Open University
• Shark Processing , Integrated Fisheries Project, Cochin, Kerala
• Mate Fishing Vessel, Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training, Cochin, Kerala, TN, AP.
The ASPARC in Visakhapatnam and OSSPARC in Bhubaneshwar are two major training centres for aquaculture. The courses
at both these centres are of one month. Marine Product Export Development Authority (MPEDA) in Mumbai and Mangalore
also offer a 30 day shrimp farm management course. MPEDA assists in job placements as well.
Eligibility
The eligibility for most of these courses is the study of science till class 12 in school. As the degree in aquaculture is a
science degree, one needs to have studied science till class 12. Most institutes also make it mandatory to have studied biology
till class 12. However, it is best to check with individual institutes to see what their requirements are. The cut offs for these
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 261
institutes vary from institute to institute. Whether one needs to appear for any of the competitive exams or whether the school
leaving exam is sufficient depends on the institute.
Specialization
What one specializes in leads to what kinds of jobs one can look for later. If one is looking for a job in the industry, then
one can specialize in the ways of breeding and cultivating fishes for industry. One can also specialize in fields which seek to
cultivate aquatic life for use in medicine. One can then find a job in a pharmaceutical company.
If one is not looking for a job in the industry but rather wants to go into research and development, then one can specialise
in studying the life patterns, habits and breeding patterns of fishes. One can specialize in either fresh water aquaculture or
coastal aquaculture. One can also study about the preservation of marine life. With water pollution increasing rapidly, one can
study about ways in which water pollution can be prevented and how toxic industrial wastes can be disposed of safely without
destroying the ecological system. Commercial fishing as opposed to fish farming has led to the depletion in the population of
several of the most widely consumed breeds of fishes. There are also opportunities to study the ways in which extinction of the
most widely consumed breeds of fishes can be prevented. A ban on the extensive fishing of some breeds is one of the new fields
that is being incorporated into aquaculture studies in India and also in other countries. One can also specialize in fish
processing. Since aquaculture is end oriented, the processing as well as harvesting is an important part of studies in aquaculture.
Career Growth and Prospects
With the huge coastlines and the numerous inland water bodies in India, aquaculture presents a growing industry.
Aquaculture is still in its early stages in India and there is a lot of scope for development. Fishes are an important export item
for India because India, with its long coastlines, has excellent fish stocks. The career prospects and openings are therefore
large.
One can find employment in fish farms in the areas of design, construction and management as well. The CFTRI’s Biology
department, Indian Council of Agricultural Research; the Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) and the MPEDA are
all encouraging and boosting the aquaculture industry in India. With these efforts, the job prospects are not limited.
Remunerations
Aquaculture is a viable career option. With large paths of development lying ahead, the job returns are not limited. For
teachers, the remuneration is as per the University Grants Commission (UGC) guidelines. Even while one is a research fellow,
one can get a salary of Rs 8,000 per month. For professors, the salary can go up to Rs 25,000 per month.
Farming supervisors can get a salary between Rs 15,000 to Rs 25,000. For entrepreneurs, the returns are not defined but
the scope is tremendous.
How to find a job?
One can either find a placement in industry or in pharmaceutical companies or go in for research and development and
teaching. One can find several openings in industry. Some of these are in farm management where one performs supervisory
tasks like site selection, designing and construction ponds and other water bodies, feeding fishes, perform selective stocking,
manage water quality, and monitor the fishes and prevent toxication or infection till they are harvested and also protecting the
water body in general. One can also find jobs which try to provide equipment required in fish cultivation like nets, fishing
vessels, machines or equipments for cleaning, salting and freezing fishes. Two low level jobs associated with the aquaculture
industry are those of a fishery inspector and a deep sea fishery worker. One can get a job as a fishery inspector whose duty is
to transport fish seed safely to different fishery stations. Deep sea fishery workers work as crew members of fishing vessels. For
research and development, one can be involved either with academic institutions or with the research and development
sections of fishing companies or pharmaceutical companies. Teaching posts are available at all the institutes offering courses
in aquaculture.

8.26. CAREER IN SERICULTURE

Introduction
Sericulture is the art and technology of raising silk worms for production of raw silk yarn. This agro based industry is not
limited to just worms, but includes all activities related to them, like mulberry cultivation and even post-cocoon technology.
It requires both technical know-how and as well as specialization.
Today China and Japan are two main producers of silk yarn, together producing over 50% of total world production each year.
Educational Institutions
Sericulture is quite popular in southern India and is now available as course option in Northern India too.
• Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore
262 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• College of Agriculture, Bangalore

• Shivaji University, Kolhapur
• Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu
Eligibility
• Postgraduate courses: Bachelor’s degree in agriculture, sericulture or any agricultural field
Course Duration
• Undergraduate courses: 4 years
• Postgraduate courses: 2 years
Prospects
Sericulture offers career opportunity in Govt. research centers, Silk boards, private textile firm.
Professionals who undergo proper training can earn starting salaries are as high as Rs 15000/- per month in public sector
and even higher in private sector and NGOs.
Current Employment Opportunities
Sericulture Jobs
Past Employment Opportunities
• Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology - Jammu
• Maya Organic
• Nagarjuna Agro Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.
• Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
• ELAND International

8.27. CAREER IN GEO-INFORMATICS AND GIS

Introduction
Geographic Information System (GIS) and satellite-based Remote Sensing (RS) have greatly improved our ability to
collect, store, analyse and utilise geographical information. GIS and RS is a system of hardware, software and procedures
designed for support, capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modelling and display of spatially referenced (geographical)
data. The terms ‘geo-informatics system’ or ‘geometrics’ are used interchangeably. GIS and RS professional’s finds career
opportunities in environmental impact assessment, biodiversity assessment, natural resource management, environmental
modelling, town planning, public utility work and many socio-economic development programmes. GIS professionals make
the geographic information accessible to scientists, planners, decision makers, managers and to general public. The knowledge
of geo-informatics is becoming a driving force behind the overall socio-economic development of the nation.
Scope
Geo-informatics services are growing by 10-15% per annum. There is great demand for GIS professionals in 150 GIS
companies in India and many other global companies. Geo-information system have a variety of uses viz. agriculture,
archaeology, environment, geology, health, land information system, military, urban and rural development, transpiration,
telecommunication, power, water resource, natural and manmade disasters, oil and natural gas, banking and insurance, business
geographic, mobile mapping, etc GIS and RS has application in resource Managment especially of water, land, soil, vegetation,
etc. There is a wide gap in demand and supply of GIS professionals. India is the one of the most preferred outsourcing
destination for GIS related work in the world.
Remuneration
Salary based on training, experience and qualification. In general, salaries in private field are above average than in
government organizations. The salaries for those working in Geoinformatics are quite good as compared to many other fields.
The salary range in United States is between $31,387 for an entry-level analyst to $83,333 for a GIS supervisor.
Eligibity
Graduation or post-graduation in science stream with good training programme is GIS is essential. The knowledge of
Geography, information technology is preferred. B.A.or M.A. geography students can also make good career in Geoinformatics.
Employabilty Skills
• Remote sensing, database programming, photogrammetry, image processing, digital cartography and automated mapping
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 263
• Knowledge of two or more GIS packages.
• Excellent verbal/written communication skills.
• Good documentation skills.
• “Hands-on” experience
• Good analytical skills.
• Problem solving skills and Creativity
• Good knowledge of cartography, GIS, database management and programming.
Career Test
If you record “Yes” for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career in the field of Geo-
informatics.
• Do I have good sense of space and dimensions?
• Do I have knowledge of GIS packages?
• Do I have perceptive and probing mind?
• Do I have ability to handle enormous amount of data?
• Do I like to travel frequently?
• Am I ready to bear inconvenience if you are in remote areas?
• Do I like systematic way of working?
• Do I like to work for several hours (8-12hrs or more) per day in a lab?
• Do I have analysing and interpreting skills?
• Do I read latest scientific news, books and research magazines?
• Do I have a creative mind and deep thinking?
• Do I have ability of keen observation?
• Am I ready to learn and adopt new techniques?
• Do I like to work as a team?
• Do I have good knowledge of cartography?
• Am I good in database management and software programming?
• Do I have like to learn statistical analysis?
• Do I have problem solving ability?
• Do I have good communication skills?
Career Opportunities
• Agriculture: Mixed-crop discrimination and inventory, large area crop inventory and crop stress detection monitoring.
• Forest: Types and species discrimination, forest stock mapping and biomass estimation.
• Environment: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and environmental planning.
• Soil resources: Soil mapping and erosion prone mapping.
• Geology: Geological mapping, geomorphologic mapping, terrain and cadastral mapping
• Water Resources: Surface water monitoring and ground water targeting.
• Disaster: Flood damage assessment, flood relief measures, etc.
• Military management: GIS plays role in scheduling and fighting of wars.
• Business applications: For finding offending taxpayers, developing pizza delivery routes, setting up insurance rates,
etc.
• Public sector organisations: ISRO, NRSA, NIC, urban developmental authorities and municipal bodies employ GIS
trained personnels.
• Natural resource management.
• Local and municipal planning and development.
• Emergency management
• Transportation management.
• Socio-Economic development.
• Urban development.
• Public utility works.
264 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Job Options
• Cartographic designer
• Consultant: A consultant’s primary duties are the complete analysis, design and documentation of a project.
• Database administrator.
• Geographer • Geo-Spatial Software Engineer
• GIS analysts: • GIS Analyst-Environmental
• GIS Application Specialist • GIS Business Analyst
• GIS Data Specialist • GIS digitizers/GIS operators
• GIS Mapping Assistant • GIS Mapping Technician
• GIS Programmer • GIS project manager
• GIS technicians/GIS engineers • Professor/Teacher
Self-Employment
• Geo-informatics solution consultancy.
• Out sourcing Geoinformatics services.
• EIA consultant.
Employers
• Geoinformatics centres: Universities, Space Application Centres, Birla Institute of Technology, NRSA, etc.
• Central Government organizations/agencies: NESAC, RRSAC, ISRO, ADRIN, IARI, ICAR, etc.
• Schools, Colleges and Universities:
• Overseas firms: USA, Canada, Netherlands, Switzerland, China, Malaysia, France, Germany, Australia, etc.
• Private sector firms: Telecommunication companies, oil industry, transportation industry, etc.
• Government agencies and local authorities: Departments like Agriculture, Geology, Forest, Town-planning, etc.
• Newspaper/magazines: Geoinformatics columnist
• Educational content development firms: Content developer, Expert, etc.
Companies providing job opportunities
• CyberTech Systems and Software Ltd., Mumbai • ESRI India, New Delhi
• Fugro Survey India Ltd, Mumbai. • Geofiny Technologies Private Limited, Chennai
• Geographis (India) Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad. • INCA Informatics Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
• Lavasa Corporation Limited, Pune. • Magnasoft Consutancy Services, Bangalore
• Reliance Communication Pvt. Ltd. • Speck Spatial Tech Ltd.
• Tata Consultancy Services Ltd.
Courses
Courses after 12th standard
• B.E.(Geoinformatics) Duration: 4 years Eligibility: Higher second class in 10+2 Mode of admission: Common entrance
test Institute: Institute of Remote Sensing at Anna University, Chennai. Further details:www.annauniv.edu
• Diploma in Geoinformatics Institute: Symbiosis Society Senapati Bapat rd. Pune-1.www.symbiosissociety.org
Courses after Graduation:
• B.Sc. (Applied) in GIS and RS. Duration: 1 year Eligibility: Minimum 50% marks in the qualifying examination viz.,
B.Sc./B.Ag./B.A. (in mathematics/statistics) B.E./ B.Tech./ B.Arch./ B.A. (in geography) Institute: Pune University
www.unipune.ernet.in
• M.Sc (Geoinformatics and Geohazards) Duration: 2 years Institute: Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) National
Remote Sensing Agency Dept of Space, Govt. of India, Dehradun (India) www.iirs-nrsa.gov.in
• M.Sc. Geomatics Duration: 2 years Eligibility: Common entrance test Institute: Symbiosis Geomatics Institute, Pune.
www.symbiosisgeoinformatics.in
• M.Sc. Geoinformatics Duration: 2 years Eligibility: Common entrance test Institute: Birla Institute of Technology,
Ranchi, Jharkhand Kolkatta and Jaipur. www.bitmesra.ac.in
• M.Sc. Geoinformatics and remote sensing Duration: 2 years Institute: M.D.S. University, Ajmer,
Rajasthan.www.mdsuajmer.com
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 265

• M.Sc. Geoinformatics Duration: 2 years Eligibility: Students having obtained minimum 50% marks in the qualifying
examination viz., B.Sc./B.Ag./B.A. (in mathematics/statistics) B.E./ B.Tech./ B.Arch./ B.A. (geography) Institute: Pune
University. www.unipune.ernet.in
• M.Tech: Duration: 2 years Eligibility: Common entrance test Institute: IIT Mumbai, IIT Kanpur, www.iitk.ac.inRoorkee
University, REC Warangal Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University
(JNTU), Hyderabad. www.jntu.ac.in
• M.Tech (RS & GIS) Institute: Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) National Remote Sensing Agency Dept of
Space, Govt. of India, Dehradun-248001 (India) www.iirs-nrsa.gov.in
• Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) Eligibility: M.Sc. Duration: 2-6 years Mode of admission: NET/CSIR entrance. Or Under
research projects or self funded
Centers for Ph.D
• All reputed Universities.
• Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand www.bitmesra.ac.in
• Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University (JNTU), Hyderabad. www.jntu.ac.in
• Indian Institute of Technology (lIT), www.iitk.ac.in Roorkee, Kanpur and Kharagpur.
• Indian Space Research organisation (ISRO) www.isro.org
• National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) www.nrsc.gov.in
• Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad www.sac.gov.in
• Survey Training Institute, Hyderabad www.surveyofindia.gov.in/Training.html
• Geological Survey of India www.gsi.gov.in Conducts short term and long-term courses and workshops at nominal fees.
• Post-Graduate Diploma RS & GIS Institutes: IIRS, Dehradun www.iirs-nrsa.gov.in and Allahabad University
Distant Courses
• MSc (Remote Sensing and GIS): Institute: School of Studies in Distance Education (SOSDE) (Jiwaji University),Madhya
Pradesh www.idejug.com
• MSc. (Geoinformatics) The Global Open University, Distance Education.Tamil Nadu, Chennai and Annamalai University
Directorate of Distance Education, Annamalainagar (Tamil Nadu).
• MBA in Geoinformatics Periyar Institute of Distance Education, Mumbai
• M.Sc. in Geomatics Sikkim Manipal University Directorate of Distance Education and Bangalore University- Directorate
of Correspondence Courses & Distance.
Important Institutes
• Allahabad University, Allahabad, UP. www.aaidu.org
• Birla Institute of Technology. www.bits-pilani.ac.in
• Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, www.iari.res.in
• Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR). www.icar.org.in
• Indian Institute of Remote Sensing and Sensing (IIRS), Dehradun. www.iirs-nrsa.gov.in
• Indian Institute of Technology(lIT), Roorkee, Kanpur, Kharagpur
• ISRO, Bangalore. www.isro.org
• Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University (JNTU), Hyderabad. www.jntu.ac.in
• M.D.S. University, Ajmer. www.mdsuajmer.com
• National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Balanagar Hyderabad www.nrsa.gov.in
• Regional Remote Sensing Application Center (RRSAC), Kharagpur, Dehradun, Jodhpur, Nagpur and Bangalore,
www.isro.org/rrssc/index.html
• Space Application Center (SAC), Ahmedabad and New Delhi. www.sac.gov.in
Examinations
Many reputed institutes conducts entrance examinations so as to test the aptitute for the Geoinformatics.

8.28. CAREER AS AN ECOLOGIST

Introduction:
“A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself. Forests are the lungs of our land, purifying the air and giving fresh
strength to our people.” —Franklin D. Roosevelt
266 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Anything that involves whole organisms and the living and non-living things around them involves ecology. Whether
they investigate urban, suburban, rural, forest, desert, farm, fresh water, estuarine, or marine environments, ecologists help us
understand the connections between organisms and their environment.
Who is an Ecologist?
Ecologists are scientists who study the relationships between plants, animals, and their environments. They do research
in field of environment and help others to understand and appreciate the natural world they live in and depend on. For
example: an ecologist will study the impact of making a dam on the adjoining forest and its flora and fauna or Impact of factory
discharge on a river ecosystem. Through research and studies they give reports which the government and other related
agencies utilize for decision making and implementation. Some of them also teach and advise students and local or other
government agencies. Ecologists also do impact analysis while the project is going on or alter to assess the damage done to the
ecology. They oversee the actions that may change the environment. Ecologists help the corporate and government agencies
to work in such a manner that natural resources can be managed and environment can be protected.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor of Science (Environmental Science):
Eligibility: 10+2 in any discipline, Duration: Three Years (Six Semesters)
One can follow it up with Masters Degree and even a Ph.D.
While this is the formal route to become an ecologist, somebody having an interest in ecology can begin working in this
are even while he/she is in school. You can take your environmental science subject more seriously and can also join a ecology
club in the summer or winter vacations. You can intern with an organisation involved in ecological research or work with
NGO’s.
Where to Study
1. Indian Institute of Ecology and environment, New Delhi Offers Master of Science (Environmental Science), Master of
Science (Sustainable Development), Master of Science (Disaster Management), Master of Science (Remote Sensing),
MBA (Environmental Management), Bachelor of Science (Environmental Science).
2. WWF India, Darrang College Tezpur. Offers Certificate Course in Conservation Ecology
3. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Offers research programs in Ecology.
4. Conservation India Offers Certificate course in Ecology, Ethology and Conservation.
5. Chhatisgarh University B Sc and MSc Environment and Ecology
6. Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi B Sc in Ecology and Environment
7. IIFM, Bhopal FPM in Ecosystem and Environment Management.
8. Assam University Offers M Sc (Ecology and Environmental Sciences)
9. Pondicherry University, Puducherry Offers M Sc (Ecology and Environmental Sciences)
# there are many institutes in India that offer Graduate and Post Graduate course in Environmental Science.
Salary
Typically salaries are low at entry level technical jobs and for interns but people in the teaching career and those working
the corporate sector get good salaries after getting experience.
Career Prospects
Career prospects are bright in the field of ecology. Entry level jobs are as research assistant where one works in the field
or lab. Later on you take the position of a research scientist who supervises technicians and research assistants. After gaining
considerable experience one works as a Environmental Consultant. And may work on projects for restoration of ecological
system of some place. College teachers also take up research assignments.

8.29. CAREER IN EARTH SCIENCE

Looking for a Career Option in the Field of Earth Science? This section features Earth Science as a career option,
elaborated with reference to the job profile, personality traits required, the courses and training involved, premier institutions
and future prospects.
Earth Sciences mainly deal with subjects such as geography, geology and oceanography and are connected with the
study of earth, its changing aspects.
CAREER IN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 267

Geography> deals with the areal differentiation of the earth’s surface. It includes study of factors such as climate, elevation,
soil, vegetation, population, land use and industries all over world and its different political entities.
Geology is the science that deals with the physical history of the earth, rocks of which is composed and physical changes
which the earth has undergone or is undergoing. Allied branches of geology are geochemistry and geophysics.
Oceanography is branch of physical geography dealing with oceans. Geologists may easily specialise in this branch.
Again the work is research-oriented or exploratory in nature.
Cartographers produce maps, including details of projection, design, compilations, drafting and reproduction. They
collect and organise all the data on which maps are based and this involves land surveying and aerial photography. Cartography
can take up by geographers. Town Planning organisations, forest departments, land survey agencies, defence sector, rail, road
and airport authorities, housing boards and tourism departments of the government require the services of cartography
Personality Traits
Geologist or geographer should have keen interest in physical surroundings, strong powers of observation, good colour
vision, precision, patience, perseverance, interest in outdoor work, indifference to unpleasant wheat her conditions, good
physical health, scientific approach, and love for exploration are useful attributes for all earth scientists.
Courses/Training
The basic qualification for career in earth science is a Master’s degree in specific subject. Geography and geology are
subjects of academic study. In order to take up a post graduate programme in geography or geology, it is necessary to have
studied it as major / honours subject during graduation.
Postgraduate seats are normally allotted in these subjects to students who have graduated with the respective subjects. At
the postgraduate level students take up an area of the discipline for special study. Project work is an important part of the
curriculum for these disciplines. While geology is taken up as a science, many universities do not tare geography as a subject
of the science stream and instead award an arts degree.
The Institute of Town Planners, India, 4-A Ring road, I P Estate, New Delhi 110 002 offers Associateship Examination.
Postgraduates In geography employed in town planning work, directly or indirectly, may apply for the Examination.
Courses in Earth Sciences are
• M.Sc. Tech (Earth science (3 years) in branches: Applied Geology; Applied geophysics after B.Sc. with Geology /
Physics).
• 5-year Integrated M.Sc. (Applied Geology / Exploration Geophysics) after 10+2 through It-JEE, M.Tech. Applied
Geology after B.Tech/equivalent, GATE score.
• Oceanography/Marine Sciences Courses.
Placements and Prospects
Geographers are needed for research, in town planning organisations, in various government departments and also for
teaching work. Geologists find employment in teaching, research and exploration/survey work in government, public sector
organisations and private sector. Each organisation recruits against vacancies arising from time to time. Selection is usually on
the basis of an assessment of the academic record, interview and a written examination. Research institutions prefer to select
candidates with doctoral degrees. Experienced geologists enjoy lucrative prospects in private consultancy work.
 9
CHAPTER

Career in Humanities
and Social Sciences
Introduction Chapter Outline
Humanities and Social Sciences are two major categories. G Career in Humanities and Social Sciences:
The Humanities (study the human condition by analytics) include the Overview
arts (music, theatre, studio /visualart), literature, languages, history, philosophy, G Major Humanities Exams in India
religion, and the like. G HSEE (Humanities and Social Sciences
Entrance Examination)
The Social Sciences (study the human condition by empiricism) include G Course conducted by Delhi University
anthropology, sociology, psychology, history, education, economics, geography, Some of the most common career options
political science, and the like. in Arts /Humanities stream are as:
Candidates with social science degrees can opt for teaching positions. G Sociology
With the ongoing shortage of teachers, lecturers and professors in the country, G Counselor/Psychologists
this is an appealing career option for people who value giving back to the G Political Research
G Linguistic Translators
society while being in a respectable, stable salaried career.
G Anthropologists
Taking civil services exams and going into public service is a competitive G Historian
arena that several students aspire. Having the foundation of subjects like G Archeologists
history, geography, civics, etc. will help one be better equipped for the civil G Home Science
services competitive examinations. If you end up working for the government, G Foreign Languages
a secure job is assured. Law is another successful career option for several G Social Worker
students who come from humanities and social science backgrounds. For
economics graduates, there are job prospects in the corporate sector, banking, NGOs, etc. With the increase in media and
content management companies, there is an on-going need for journalists and writers who can express their opinions
intelligently. Students with an arts background can further go on to become script writers, lyricists, language translators,
linguists, interpreters, librarians, historians, museum curators, etc. The hospitality, travel and tourism industries are also fields
that offer jobs for humanities students. Other popular fields for arts graduates are fashion design, interior design, footwear design, etc.
After class 12th board exams, some of the predominant questions echoing in every Humanities/Arts student’s mind are:
What do we do next? What are your prospective career options? Which courses should we apply for? So on and so forth.
Here, we try and answer these very questions and clear the mist of confusion clouding every student’s mind.
Arts or Humanities is a very diverse stream and mainly deals with subjects like literature, Sociology, Psychology,
Political Science etc. The career horizon for those who belong to this stream of study is limit less. Students can choose from
a range of career options such as teaching, social work, law, politics, business, television, journalism etc.
Also, the discipline has a lot to offer when it comes to undergraduate courses. Few of the popular courses students from the
arts background can opt for are as follows:
B.A in Economics: This course is a specialized academic degree in the social sciences encompassing both literate and
quantitative courses. Students from this field of specialization have a variety of career options to choose from, such as strategic
pricing, cost analysis, marketing research, statistical forecasting. The main employers in this field are multi-national corporations,
financial institutions, unions and government organizations.
B.A Political Science: This course deals with the study of state, nation, government, and politics and policies of
government, at the international as well as international levels. Students are educated on topics such as economic conditions,
world terrorism, international relations, environmental issues etc. Students from this course can carve a niche for themselves
in the field of politics, international relations, social work/research etc.
268
CAREER IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 269
B.A Sociology: This course deals with the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of
human behavior. It is an appropriate discipline for anyone who wishes to pursue a career in social work, journalism, teaching,
research etc. There is a demand for students from this field in many international organizations such as the United Nations as
well as a wide range of NGOs and social work organizations prefer recruiting candidates with a Sociology background.
B.A Journalism: This course is for anyone and everyone who has the flair of weaving words into well written articles or
the knack of verbal communication. In this course the student is exposed to subjects such as politics, social and economic
issues, entertainment etc. The course not only opens the door to jobs in a number of media organizations, but also presents
opportunities in the communications wing of many high eng business organizations.
B.A. Courses in Details
Bachelor of Arts or BA in short, is an under-graduation degree that aims at giving students a professional foundation in
the formal study of subjects like natural sciences, social sciences, and foreign languages. The following article will help you
find out more about the BA course in terms of its duration, the subjects included, eligibility criteria and possible career
pathways.
About the B.A. Course
Bachelor of Arts (BA) was once a very popular course among students preferring to pursue graduation to earn a professional
degree. The versatility of this degree ensures inclusion of a variety of subjects and disciplines to suit the academic or creative
bend of the student’s mind. The broad range of fields it covers makes it suitable to be pursued by student of any background.
Be it natural sciences, social sciences, the liberal arts and humanities, or all. Although in recent times, the trend is to pursue BA
in social sciences or liberal arts due to the increasing popularity of degrees with more scientific orientation like Bachelor of
Science (BSc), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech), or Bachelor of Engineering (BE).
Typically, the duration of the course in India is for three years with full time studying, split into six semesters. Each
academic year comprises of two semesters. However, a BA course may even extend up to four years in some other countries or
in case of some special degree courses like an Honours course. Essentially a student must study a minimum of five subjects in
order to be considered an Arts graduate. A student of the Arts is allowed to choose subjects to major and minor in broad range
of subjects; some examples are as follows:
• Economics • Philosophy • Political Science • Literature
• Sociology • Psychology • History • Anthropology
• Education • Archaeology • Religious Studies • English
• French • German • Hindi • Public Administration
• Sanskrit
With this wide a range of courses offered, the BA degree is perfectly suited for those candidates preferring to exploit their
strength in a particular field and pursue it as a career. Students even have the option of pursuing and Honours in BA to gain
extra insight into their subject of interest by spending an extra year studying the course. Needless to say, Honours students do
appear to be the more preferential candidates in jobs.
Eligibility Criteria for the Course
The main eligibility criteria for any candidate preferring to opt for the BA course is a passing score in any High School
Certification (HSC) examination (also called 10+2) from any recognized Education Board. Students may be from arts, commerce,
or even science streams. Of course, selection of students depends on the percentage of marks obtained in the HSC examination.
As a secondary condition of eligibility, some colleges conduct their own entrance exams. In this case, students must clear the
minimum cut-off marks to be enrolled into the college or university.
Skill Set
If students want to opt for higher education in Arts and Humanities, it is imperative for them have certain skills so that they
can become the best in their chosen subject. In fact, the learning difficulties and catchy quotients in school persuade students’
interest. One has to dwell for and understand his interests and difficulties, further relate them to disciplines and career. Here
underneath are few skills needed to flourish in humanities and social sciences professions.
• English Communication Skills (Written and Verbal Proficiency over language)
• Skills of Presentation • Mathematical Abilities
• Interpersonal Skills • Inquisitive Openness for the New
• Mental Abilities • Research Abilities
• Decision Making Skills
Alongside identifying the area of interest, nurturing the same with needed skills prepares the students for better future.
Skills mark the difference of wavered and profession. As in arts and humanities, interaction and observation form a good
portion of the job. Ability to understand, explain and presenting occupies the most of it. One needs to acquire command over
270 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

language, develop interpersonal skills of engaging with others and quick grasp of the situations. Leading professions of CA,
Management, Economics and others need good mathematical abilities too. Independent thinking, research ability, decision
making and problem solving, makes the career grow smoother.
Colleges Offering the Course
• Presidency College, Kolkata • St. Xavier’s College Mumbai
• Lady Shree Ram College for Women, Delhi • Loyola College, Chennai
• St. Xavier’s College, Calcutta • St. Stephen’s College, Delhi
• Fergusson College, Pune • Presidency College, Chennai
• Hindu College, Delhi • Hans Raj College, Delhi
• Christ College, Bangalore • Symbiosis College, Pune
• Sophia College, Mumbai • St. Xavier’s College, Ahmedabad
• Miranda House, Delhi • Stella Maris College, Chennai
• St. Joseph’s College, Bangalore • Jesus & Mary College, Delhi
• Mount Carmel College, Bangalore • Queen Mary’s College, Chennai·
A student is advised to go through the website of individual colleges to determine the minimum HSC examination marks
criteria and entrance exam commitments for enrolling in that particular college.
Job Opportunities
Pursuing a course in Bachelor of Arts enable students to be eligible for a variety of jobs and build a suitable work profile
for themselves. While those considering serious academic work in their respective field are free to pursue research, others
preferring a routine job may even consider administrative options. Depending upon their discipline, students have an opportunity
to be hired by the many sectors, some of which are exemplified below:
• Banks • Educational Institutes
• Departments of Economic Development • Law Firms
• Political Organizations • Municipal Planning Organizations
• Field Research Firms • Career in NGO
• Industrial Relation Officer • Lecturer
• Liberal Arts • Librarian
• Psychologist • Research Assistant
• Social Worker • Sociologist
• Teacher
Interested students may even find themselves in positions such as:
• Administrative Officer ·Business Administrator
• Public Opinion Analyst ·Policy Analyst
• Political Commentator ·Clinical Psychologist
The advantage afforded by the BA course to students is that it allows a freedom of academic interest, letting the student
decide for itself which route it wants its career to take. On top of that, throughout the BA course, students are given opportunities
to hone essential skills such as researching an issue, presenting an argument, analysing information, communication, etc. BA
graduates have a multitude of options of choose from, once they graduate, ranging from more versatile post-graduate degree
options to greater employability in whichever job they choose.
Major Humanities Exams in India
The courses offered in Humanities are Undergraduate, post graduate and PhD in humanities. The eligibility for the
undergraduate program is to pass at least 12th grade from a recognized university. One must not be less than 17 years of age.
The study requires dedication, hard work and focus. The entrance exams that are conducted to enroll in the college are:
• Delhi University entrance exam
• Calicut University entrance exam
• IASE university entrance exam
• National Institute of design and development entrance exam
• Chennai IIT entrance exam

9.1. HSEE (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ENTRANCE EXAMINATION)

IIT Madras, a premier technical institution in the country, now offers a unique and innovative Five Year Integrated
Masters Programme leading to M.A. degree in either of the three disciplines, viz. Development Studies, Economics and
English Studies. With the launch of this programme, the IITM, is poised to cross a milestone in fulfilling its role in higher
education in liberal arts and social sciences in the country.
CAREER IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 271

Eligibility
• Qualifying Examinations:
• Candidates applying for HSEE should have either completed or are appearing in any one of the following qualifying
examinations (QE) :
• The final examination of the 10+2 system, conducted by any recognized Central / State Board, such as Central Board of
Secondary Education, New Delhi; Council for Indian School Certificate Examination, New Delhi; etc.
• Intermediate or two-year Pre-University Examination conducted by a recognized Board / University.
Course conducted by Delhi University
B.A. (Hons) Courses in DU
(English,Economics,History,Political Science,Philosophy,Psychology ,Applied Psychology ,Sociology,Geography,Hindi
Sanskrit,Arabic,Bengali ,Persian)
Duration- 3Years
10+2 with Minimum 45 % Marks Mathscompulsory--On the basis of cut off list.
Options Abroad
In the West, voluntary work has a different meaning and organizations like Greenpeace have made major impact on public
policy. In India, that kind of activism is still a dream. So, another option for the social worker could be to go abroad. The
academic qualification for professional social service in the US is the Baccalaureate degree in Social Work (BSW). There are
more than 380 accredited BSW programmes available in the U.S. The Master of Social Welfare is a two-year programme.
Further, one can do Doctor in Social Work (DSW) or Ph.D. in Social Work.
Some of the most common career options in Arts /Humanities stream are as:
• Sociology
• Counselor/Psychologists
• Political Research
• Linguistic Translators
• Anthropologists
• Historian
• Archeologists
• Home Science
• Foreign Languages
• Social Worker

9.2. CAREER IN SOCIOLOGY

Introduction
“The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within
society. That is its task and its promise.” —C. Wright Mills

What do Sociologists do?

Sociologists are social scientists who study groups of people. These groups range from small families to mobs and even
whole nations. Sociologists analyze ethnic and religious groups and political and business organizations. They also focus on
the behavior of group members and on the ways that groups interact with one another. Sociologists study specific groups with
the ultimate goal of establishing general laws and theories that can explain human social behavior. Most of the sociologists
teach and do research and also get employment with government departments. Sociologists generally specialize in one or
more areas within a specific field of sociology like medical sociology, rural sociology etc. Some sociologists work for
government agencies or private social service agencies and may provide counseling services or do community planning.
They also deal with welfare and rehabilitation. They also work in public health and also find employment with organizations.
Courses & Eligibility
• BA Sociology (eligibility is 10+2 in any stream) • MASociology
• M Phil • PhD Sociology
Where to Study
• University of Delhi • Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
• Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP • University of Hyderabad
272 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Jaipur Rajasthan • Jadavpur University, Kolkata

• Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi • University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
• University of Mumbai • Dayalbagh Educational Institute(Deemed University), Agra
• Loyola College Chennai • Barakatullah University
# Many more universities offer Sociology as a subject in Graduation and Post-Graduation.
Career Prospects
Career opportunities are plenty for sociologists. In recent times, sociology has been included in curriculum of many
professional courses and there is an increased demand for teachers and researchers. Sociologists also find employment in
government and NGO’s in social welfare and rehabilitation programs. Sociology being a broad social science opens up many
other career avenues like management, politics etc. It is also a good stepping stone for many international careers. One can
work with international agencies like UNO etc and also in research agencies.
There are opportunities in health care, community policing, adoption, environmental protection and culture. Apart from
that, activities in NGOs have become so professional that they require specialized employees for their administration including
MBAs, media experts, accountants and researchers. A casual search on Google may lead you to diverse requirements in NGOs.
For example Concern India Foundation, an Indian NGO, had advertised the following job vacancies:
Branch Manager: Applicants should have 5 years experience in Sales /Marketing in any Service Industry/Corporate
House/NGO.
Head-Resources: Applicant must have above 3 years of experience in raising funds for a Charitable Organization and
preferably any other sort of Sales/Marketing experience in a Service Industry/ Corporate House.
Manager- Projects: Applicants should have MSW Degree 5 years of experience in the Social Sector.
Other vacancies include, Communication Officer - Media in Bangkok for FORUM-ASIA, Project Consultant in South
Africa for Public Services International, and Grants Manager in New York for Doctors of the World.
Famous Personalities
While Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, C Wright Mills are some of the famous international sociologists; G S Ghurye and
Mysore Srinivas are famous sociologists in India. G S Ghurye established the Indian Sociological Society and he is the author
of 30 books in sociology. Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas established sociology department at the Delhi School of Economics
and founded the Institute of Social and Economic Change at Bangalore

9.3. CAREER AS A COUNSELOR/PSYCHOLOGIST

“Words are the physicians of a mind diseased.” —Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound
This quote pretty well sums up what a counselor does - helps other people by listening to their words and of course by
guiding them.
What do counselors do?
Counselors are professionals who help people to explore their feelings and emotions and work towards their life situations,
mental health and career issues. They listen attentively and help the clients define their problems. Basically the clients reflect
on what is happening to them and then help them find alternative ways of doing things. Counselors provide a confidential
setting for the clients and empathize with them. He/she helps the client express their feelings and perhaps understand
themselves from a different perspective. Their objective is to reduce the confusion and enable them to cope with challenges
or to make positive changes in their life where necessary. Generally counselors do not give advice, but help clients to make
their own choices but many may advices on any further investigations or therapies needed. There is also no clear distinction
between the terms counseling and psychotherapy, and both can encompass a range of talking therapies. Counselors usually
specialize and work in particular fields like student guidance, relationship guidance, addiction, sexual abuse or health.
Courses & Eligibility
To become a counselor there are many routes and they depend on what specialisation one wishes to take; for eg: one can
do diploma in Gerentological counseling and work with elderly people or study child psychology and become school
counselor. Some of the courses are:
Graduation in psychology 10+2 students is eligible.
For MA in psychology, psychology graduates are eligible.
Post graduate Diploma in psychological counseling, Diploma in Gerentological counseling, Guidance and counseling,
for these courses graduates from any discipline are eligible.
CAREER IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 273
Post graduates in psychology can pursue Diploma program in Vocational Rehabilitation and Counseling and PG Diploma
course in Rehabilitation Psychology.
Postgraduates in psychology are also eligible for PG Diploma in Counseling and Post Graduate Diploma in psychotherapy
and counseling.
Course Fee: Diploma course in counseling would cost around Rs.8, 000 to 12,000 depending on the college and course.
Where to Study
Universities/colleges offering courses on counseling
1. Delhi University
2. NCERT runs programmes in New Delhi, Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar and Mysore
3. Punjab University, Chandigarh.
4. University of Mumbai
5. Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka
6. Government Home science college, Chandigarh
7. University of Baroda, Gujarat.
8. Himachal University, Shimla.
9. SNDT women’s university, Mumbai
10. Annamalai University, Tamilnadu.
11. University of Madras.
12. Indira Gandhi National Open University (certificate in guidance)
Pay and Remuneration
The initial pay for a counselor would be around Rs.1.4 lakhs to 1.8 lakhs per year. On gaining more experience the pay
scale rises up to Rs.4 lakhs a year. Still more experienced counselors are given a much higher pay and if one has established
counseling practice then the remuneration can be much higher also.

9.4. CAREER AS A POLITICAL RESEARCH

What is political research?
Political research as a career option involves carrying out extensive research and providing useful information for
members of parliament, political parties or research institutions. It involves presenting a wide range of information on
political, economic and social issues, after accumulating it from various sources and giving it an in-depth analysis.
What do political researchers do?
Political researches maintain two way flow of information, they remain up to date with information which may be useful
for employers and also pass on information to media and other concerned people as per directions from the employers. They
carry out research in media, past campaigns and other related subjects affecting the employer or the constituency. Answer the
queries form various people and do public relations work. They write detailed reports and present them. They keep the
employers updated about political issues and write speeches and press releases. They also draft speeches and handle publicity
and the media.
Courses & Eligibility
There is no strict requirement to become a political researcher but post-graduates in Political Science or Sociology are
preferred. Also, one must be comfortable with statistics and be good in language. Many students form public relations,
business management, and international relations courses also enter this field.
Where to Study
• Delhi College of Arts and Commerce, New Delhi
• JNU, New Delhi Offers MA in Politics
• St. Xavier’s College in Mumbai and Kolkata
• Fergusson College, Pune
• Lady Shri Ram College for Women, New Delhi
• Loyola College, Chennai
• Bhavan’s College, Mumbai
• College of Arts, Thiruvananthapuram
• Presidency College, Kolkata
274 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Hans Raj College, New Delhi

• Madras Christian College, Chennai
• Ramjas College, New Delhi
• St. Stephen’s College, New Delhi
Pay and Remuneration
Political researchers working with MPS and MLA’s and political parties and various media and publications earn quite well.
Career Prospects
Political Researchers can find employment with MPs, MLAs, Political parties, Newspapers and Electronic media,
Government agencies and NGO’s. Especially during election time their services are needed by media groups for analysis and
reports etc. Teaching in universities is another good option.

9.5. CAREER AS LINGUISTIC TRANSLATORS

“Language shapes the way we think, and determines what we can think about.” —Benjamin Lee Whorf, American Linguist

What is Linguistics?
Linguistics is the scientific study of languages. Linguistics deals with the structure and development of particular
language and its relationship to other languages. It is the study not of one particular language but of human language in
general. There are mainly two broad divisions of linguistics: theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.
While theoretical linguistics is divided into many separate areas like: Phonetics, the study of different sounds that are
employed across all human languages; Phonology, the study of patterns of a language’s basic sounds; Morphology, the study
of the internal structure of words; Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences; Semantics, the
study of the meaning of words, and how these words combine to form grammatical sentences; Stylistics, the study of style in
languages; Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (figuratively, literally or otherwise) in communicative acts.
Applied linguistics covers the area of language teaching and the areas of speech synthesis, speech recognition and
speech/language pathology as well. Thus, one can use linguistics to provide voice interface for computers, voice recognition
etc.
Who is a Linguist?
A Linguist is someone who studies and works with language, or specific languages. Sometimes they combine words from
many languages to form a new language which people from many countries can follow. For example: Esperanto is a language
made from combining the words from different European languages.
Sometimes, linguists work with computer specialists to create voice interfaces with computers, and look for ways to make
computers respond to voice commands.
Sometimes, they learn many languages and teach others.
Psycholinguists undertake psychological study of language learning.
Bio-linguists study anatomical and physiological foundations of the spoken language, Including development of the
language.
Neuro-linguists study brain functioning involved in comprehension, abstract thinking and language production.
Socio-linguists study mans’ role in relation to languages, i.e., the correlation between social groups based on language,
linguistic customs etc. It also covers linguistic aspects of small group interaction, conformity, structural hierarchy etc.
Ethno-linguistics focuses on the study of mans’ customs as shown by language. It is used for film making, copy-writing,
therapy of the speech handicapped.
Basically, linguists are a specialist in language and usually employ the language skills to earn money. There are formal
courses, degrees and diplomas which recognized universities offer to budding linguists. Most of the linguists work as
translators, as content creators for education industry, or language specialists with multinational companies, government’s
foreign office, embassies etc.
Courses & Eligibility
One can begin in school itself where many progressive schools offer courses in foreign languages. One can take up
Class XII with humanities and later do Graduation and Post graduation in linguistics.
Graduates from any stream can sit for entrance and pursue post gradution in linguistics. Almost all Central Universities in
India offer research programme (M.Phil/Ph.D) in linguistics and most of them offer master’s programme in linguistics as well.
• B.A.(Hons.), M.A. in Linguistics, Certificate in Linguistics, P.G. Diploma in Linguistics
• Post M.A., Diploma in Linguistics, Advanced Diploma in Applied Linguistics
CAREER IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 275
Eligibility
• Certificate course Foreign Language: 10+2
• Diploma course: 10+2 and certificate in the language.
• Degree course: 10+2, Most of the reputed institutes and universities take their own entrance exam.
Where to Study
• University of Delhi: Advanced diploma in Applied Linguistics.
• Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi) M.A. in Linguistics
• Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, Hyderabad: M.A. in Linguistics
• Aligarh Muslim University (UP) B.A.(Hons.), M.A. in Linguistics, Certificate in Linguistics, P.G. Diploma in Linguistics
• Max Mueller Bhawan, courses in German Language
• Indian institute of foreign trade,New Delhi: Certificate courses in Chinese, Spanish and Portugese languages.
• Indian institute of Korean language and culture, Vikas Marg New Delhi
• Inlingua international school of languages, South Extension-I, New Delhi: Offers courses in German, Spanish and
French at beginners level.
• Institute for career studies New Delhi YMCA, 1, Jai Singh Road , Offers vocational courses in French, German and
Spanish languages
• Institute of Russian language, Russian Centre of Science & Culture, 24, Ferozeshah Road , New Delhi
• 10-month certificate course for beginners and 10-month Diploma, Advanced Diploma and Post Advanced Diploma
course for Advanced students in Russian Language.
• Japanese embassy, Delhi Offers courses in Japanese language
Many universities have department of languages like:
• Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi www.jnu.ac.in
• Bharatiar University, Coimbatore
• Calcutta University
• MS University, Baroda
• Pune University
• Annamalai University
• University of Delhi
• Aligarh Muslim University (UP)
• Pt.Ravishankar Shukla Unviersity, Raipur (C.G) Certificate course in Translation
• Swani Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded Certificate course in Translation
• University of Pune., Certificate and Diploma course in Translation Ganeshkhind, Pune
• Visva –Bharati University Santiniketan , M.A. in Functional Hindi (Translation ) West Bengal, India
• University of Hyderabad. Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies(PGDTS)
Pay & Remuneration
Generally, pay varies with the area of work. MNC’s employ linguists and pay handsomely, while a language teacher may
not earn that well. Linguists earn well in film industry also. Beginners in publishing industry earn around Rs 2.4 lakhs a year
reach higher pay scales with experience.
Career Prospects
Qualifications in linguistics can take one to many careers. To mention a few like education, publishing, media, social
services, communication, computer languages, voice analysis research, communicative disorders and other language related fields.
Linguists find employment in many industries and applied linguistics is fast emerging as a lucrative career option.
Teaching is one of the many options which one can explore after studies in linguistics. There are many openings in schools
and institutes of higher education. They get extensively employed with publishing industry and electronic publishing also.
Linguists get involved in speech and language therapy with specialists. Government sector is also one of the big employers.
Various embassies and high commissions employ translators. Business process outsourcing industry is offering huge employment
in form of trainers and content.
Famous Personalities
Noam Chomsky, famous linguist and author of over 100 books, Chomsky has been described as the “father of modern
linguistics”.
Jim McCawley is perhaps best known within linguistics for his work in generative semantics. Outside academia he is
noted for The Eater’s Guide to Chinese Characters, his guidebook to deciphering Chinese restaurant menus.
276 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Östen Dahl is a Swedish linguist and professor best known for pioneering a marker-based approach to tense and aspect in
linguistic typology.
9.6. CAREER IN ANTHROPOLOGY
“Anthropology is the most humanistic of the sciences and the most scientific of the humanities.”— Alfred L. Kroeber.
Anthropology is thus a study of the history of the development of human beings.
Who is an Anthropologist?
Anthropologists are essentially involved in research around development of mankind. As this is a very vast field,
anthropologists are involved in various sub-fields depending upon their specialization like Socio-cultural Anthropology,
Prehistoric Anthropology or Archaeology, Physical or Biological Anthropology, Linguistic Anthropology and Applied
Anthropology.
Socio-cultural Anthropology deals with groups and community formation and development of cultures. Prehistoric-
Anthropology or Archaeology attempts to reconstruct history on the basis of relics like statues, bones, coins and other
historical artifacts. Such discoveries help to reconstruct early history and social customs and traditions. Archaeologists also
try to analyse social activity from such discoveries.
Physical or Biological Anthropology deals with physical or biological characteristics of the primate order, like, humans
and the links with other primates like chimpanzees, gorillas and monkeys.
Applied Anthropology uses the information collected from other branches of anthropology and then uses this data in
programmes like large scale initiatives for birth control, health treatment, solving labour problems in industries, improving
agricultural practices and helping in tribal rehabilitation.Linguistic Anthropology deals with origin and construction of oral
and written languages.
Courses & Eligibility
One can opt for graduation in Anthropology 3 years and can also do post graduation and further higher studies in
Anthropology. For a B Sc Anthropology you need to have science stream in class 12 and most of the colleges and universities
offer B.Sc. Anthropology. Similarly, for a master’s degree in anthropology (M.Sc.), one needs to have completed the B.Sc.
However, some universities also offer B.A and M.A in Anthropology. One can also go for M Phil and PhD in
Where to Study
• Bangalore University (Bangalore) • Berhampur University (Orissa)
• Dibrugarh University (Assam) • Guwahati University (Assam)
• Kurukshetra University (Haryana) • Manipur University (Manipur)
• North Eastern Hill University (Meghalaya) • Pt.Ravishankar Shukla University Chhatisgarh)
• Pune University (Maharashtra) • Sambalpur University (Orissa)
• Sri Venkateswara University (Andhra Pradesh) • University of Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh)
• University of Calcutta (West Bengal) • University of Delhi (Delhi)
• University of Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) • University of Mumbai (Maharashtra)
• University of Mysore (Karnataka) • University of Rajashthan (Rajasthan)
• Utkal University (Orissa) • Vidyasagar University (West Bengal)
• Visva Bharati University (West Bengal)
Salary: They vary widely. Academicians and people working in industrial houses get paid well.
Career Prospects: Anthropologists are involved extensively with field work and research. There are various institutes
which employ anthropologists most importantly the Anthropological Survey of India. Many anthropologists take teaching
assignments in various universities which offer courses on anthropology. Field work often involves study of certain ethnic
groups or ancient artefacts in remote locations for long periods. The field work is usually physically and mentally exhaustive
and involves working in locations with low comfort levels.
Academic institutions are the largest employers of anthropologists and one can teach and also do research. Government
and non government institutions like Planning Commission and the Commission for Scheduled Castes, Tribes and Other
Backward Classes, the WHO, UNESCO and UNICEF etc also hire anthropologists. They also find employment in large
industries where they work in controlling labour problems.
9.7. CAREER AS A HISTORIAN
“Stern accuracy in inquiring, bold imagination in describing, these are the cogs on which history soars or flutters and
wobbles.” —Thomas Carlyle, Scottish philosopher, satirical writer, essayist, historian and teacher
CAREER IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 277
The mystery in history brings out the detective in us; Have you ever wondered about becoming a historian?
The main job responsibility of historians is to study the recent as well as the distant past, conduct researches and retell the
stories and events to the world. It really provides a lot of satisfaction when you present your discoveries to the world and let
them know interesting facts about the past. These discoveries not only provide a deep insight into the events of the past, but
they also help us to assess the future. If you are equipped with the skills needed to become a historian, you are ready to acquire
the job positions of Archivist, Researcher, Data Historian, Author/ Writer, University Professor, Secondary Teacher, Curator or
Publisher.
To the historians, history is an argument about what facts should or shouldn’t mean. Even when historians are able to
piece together the basic story of what happened, they rarely agree about what an event means or what caused it. Historians
argue about the past’s meaning and what it has to tell us in the present.
Courses and Eligibility
Though entry level job positions can be landed with a bachelor’s degree in history, a master’s or a doctoral degree is
required to join at senior level positions. Even as a high school student aspiring to be a historian, you need to focus on subjects
like social science and language. Before you decide to get enrolled at a college, it is essential to make sure that the institution
is equipped with a topnotch history department. To become a college professor, candidates need to possess a Ph.D.
Where to Study
Almost all the universities at Central, State and Private level offer graduate and post graduate courses in History. Some of
the top colleges offering it are:
1. Lady Shri Ram College for Women, Delhi 2. Loyola College, Chennai
3. St. Stephen’s College, Delhi 4. St.Xavier’s College, Mumbai
5. St.Xavier’s College, Kolkata 6. Presidency College, Kolkata
7. Fergusson College, Pune 8. Christ College, Bangalore
9. Stella Maris College, Chennai 10. Miranda House, Delhi
Pay and Remuneration
The salary of historians depends on the years of experience they carry and the organization they are working. While in
teaching profession as a broad indication, an Assistant Professor may get anywhere between Rs. 15600 – Rs. 39100 and a
Professor may get between Rs. 37400 – Rs. 67000.
Career Prospects
Most of the historians take up academis and teching careers. But this subject leads to many good careers in the fileds like
Archaeology, Conservation and Research, Art History, Heritage Management, Film and TV Industry (Where they work on
projects like documentries and period films). Historians work at museums, libraries, government agencies, drug companies,
military and other organizations where historical data is required for functioning and making decisions. With relevant
experience and expertise, one can also choose to become a writer or an author and establish your expertise in the field.
9.8. CAREER AS ARCHAEOLOGIST
“Archaeology is the sandbox of men who care not where they are going; they merely want to know where everyone
else has been.” —Jim Bishop
Archaeology is the study of human activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material
culture and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural
landscapes (the archaeological record). Because archaeology employs a wide range of different procedures, it can be
considered to be both a science and an art.
Archaeology is a career for people who love reading, observing and exploring. The work involves carefully excavating
the things, cleaning them, preserving them and studying them. Some of the exciting discoveries have been made by
archaeologists. To do so they usually travel to sites and stay for quite a long period of time.
Some different archaeological sciences are as follows: Archaeometry, Dendrochronology, Isotope analysis, Palynology,
Radiocarbon dating, Zooarchaeology, Geoarchaeology, Bioarchaeology, Archaeogenetics and Computational Archaeology.
The nature of work thus involves a lot of scientific work.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor in Archaeology: Science background preferred for B Sc Archaeology.
Master’s in Archaeology: Eligibility is bachelor’s degree in Archaeology, History, Anthropology, Sociology, Geology,
Physics, Chemistry, Botany or zoology.
278 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Post Graduate Diploma in Archaeology (PGDA), a course in two years is offered by the Archaeological Survey of India,
Institute of Archaeology, 24-Tilak Marg, New Delhi. Those who have completed an M.A. in Ancient/Medieval Indian History
or an M.A./M.Sc in Archaeology with 55% marks are eligible for the course. (50% for SC/ST/OBC). Applications are invited
in June and the academic session starts in October.
Then there are two special programmes in Archaeology are offered by the Delhi Institute of Heritage Research and
Management, 18-A, Satsang Vihar, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi. The courses are
• Master in Conservation, Preservation and Heritage Management, and
• Master in Archaeology and Heritage Management
These courses duration is two years. The courses begin in July. Those who have a Bachelor’s degree in Archaeology,
History, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Museology, Geology, Anthropology/B.E, B.Arch, B.Town Planning are eligible
for this course. The candidates are admitted after passing a competitive written test.
Where to Study
Archaeology is offered at the Bachelor’s level by some colleges and universities. Some of them are as follows.
• Under Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam: U.C. College, Aluva; Assumption College, Chandganacherry; St. Thomas
College, Pala.
• Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
• M.S. University Baroda
• Barakatulla Vishwa Vidhyalaya, Bhopal
• Marathwada University, Aurangabad
A lot of institutes offer archaeology at the master’s level. Some of them are as follows:
• Archaeological Survey of India, Institute of Archaeology, New Delhi
• Delhi Institute of Heritage Research and Management, Delhi
• Allahabad University, Allahabad
• Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam
• AP Singh University, Rewa
• Bangalore University, Bangalore
• BHU, Varanasi
• Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur
• Deccan College of Post Graduate and Research Institute, Yervada, Pune
• Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur
• Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar
• Dr. B.S.Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad
• Gujarat University, Ahmedabad
• HN Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar
• Kurushetra University, Kurukshetra
• Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri
• MS University of Baroda, Vadodara
• Nagpur University, Nagpur
• North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon
• Osmania University, Hyderabad
• Patna University, Patna
• Punjab University, Chandigarh
• Purvanchal University, Jaunpur
• Rani Durgavati Vishva Vidyalaya, Jabalpur
• University of Calcutta, Calcutta
• University of Madras, Chennai
• University of Mysore, Nagarjuna Nagar
• University of Pune, Pune
• Visva Bharati, Santiniketan
Pay & Remuneration
The basic pay scale of an assistant archaeologist employed with the Archaeological Survey of India is Rs 3 lakhs to 4.5
lakhs per year. Assistant professor teaching in a university earns Rs 4 lakhs to 6.8 lakhs as basic pay per year.
Career Prospects
One can find placement with Archaeological Survey of India and with state Archaeological departments. The selections
are through State Public Service Commission examinations and Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) examinations.
CAREER IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 279

The National Museum in New Delhi, the State Museums and the National Trust for Art and Culture Heritage also employ
archaeologists. Teaching in various colleges and universities is another good option.
A Day in Life
Archaeologists lead an exciting life when they are out excavating. A field archaeologist’s day would involve getting up
early and reaching the site walking or hiking as the case may be. Then he maps the area on a graph paper using measuring tape
and compass, records every structure that he finds and makes artifacts collection along the way. The day ends with getting
back through the trail and settling down in the residential area, sometimes a temporary one.

9.9. CAREER IN HOME SCIENCE

Introduction
What is home science? Home science is the science of a home and it includes all the things that concern the person,
home, family members and resources. It is the education for “better living” and the core of this education is the family
ecosystem. It also deals with reciprocal relations between the family and its natural and man-made environments. It aims at
getting maximum satisfaction for the person and their family members through the efficient and scientific use of your
resources. It gives the person all the knowledge of the scientific procedures involved in making a home beautiful. Home
science integrates the application of various sciences and humanities to improve human environment, family nutrition,
management of resources and child development.
Home Science in School?
Home science is offered as a subject in class 11th and 12th in CBSE and other boards. It covers mainly three areas that are
Food and Nutrition, Human Development and Family Resource Management.
Home Science in College?
It is offered as a bachelor degree of 3 years. Both BA and B Sc in Home science are available. Apart from the core subjects
Development Communication & Extension, Fabric & Apparel Science, Food & Nutrition, Human Development and Resource
Management, one would study Entrepreneurship, Family Life education, microbiology, personality development, Food
preservation, Fashion Designing etc. After the UG course one can go for PG in Home science and opt for specialization or can
opt for other PG courses.
Courses after Home Science?
Home science as a field of study is application oriented and prepares one for many professions. After completing graduation
in Home science one can go for courses like Masters in Home science, Fashion Designing, Dietetics, Counselling, B Ed,
Social Work, development studies, entrepreneurship, Mass Communication, Catering Technology etc.
Courses & Eligibility
• B.Sc. Home Science It is a professional course of three years duration. B.Sc course covers the various fields of science
like nutrition, health and growth measurements. It also involves various scientific problems that deal in the surroundings
and in the environment. B.Sc home science offers many specializations and accordingly one can choose higher education
option or find employment. Some of the specializations are nutrition, clothing, family relations, home management,
child development, etc.
Eligibility: 10+2 students with science are eligible.
• B.A in Home Science is an undergraduate degree of three years duration that is offered by various universities in India.
The course basically focuses on managing various resources efficiently. It also involves the science of developing one’s
home life, family life and intellectual thinking ability. A wide range of career opportunities are available for these
graduates in industries such as Apparel Merchandising, cafeterias, welfare organizations, etc.Eligibility:10+2 students
of any stream are eligible.
• P.G. Diploma in Home Science
Eligibility: Graduate from a recognized University
• Diploma in Home Science
Eligibility: Graduate from a recognized university
• M.Sc in Home Science
Eligibility: B.Sc in Home science or any other equivalent degree from a recognized university.
• Ph.D in Home Science
Eligibility: M.Sc in Home Science or any other equivalent masters degree from a recognized university.
• Home Science is offered as a course in Women’s Polytechnic and in Agriculture Universities and is also offered in
combination with B Ed.
280 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Entrance Exams
• Admission to Agricultural University Home Science courses is through Entrance Examination; eligibility is for girls
after plus two with Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
• Eligibility for MA / MSc Home Science is BA / BSc Home Science. Admission is through merit / entrance test.
• Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Pusa, New Delhi, conducts an all India Entrance Examination for admission to
undergraduate courses in agriculture and allied sciences including B.H.Sc for filling up 15% of the total number of seats
in State Agricultural Universities, Central Agricultural University, Imphal and 100% of the seats in National Dairy
Research Institute, Karnal.
Where to Study
Home Science is being offered by over 150 institutions of higher learning through private colleges as well as universities.
Some of the institutes of repute are:
• University of Delhi Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons & General, M. Sc. (Home Science)
• University of Bombay Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science)
• Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Courses offered: B. H. Sc., M. Sc. (Home Sci.), Ph. D. Home Science
• Assam Agricultural University Courses offered: B. H. Sc., M. Sc. (Home Sci.)
• Allahabad Agricultural Institute Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc. (Home Science), Ph.D.
• C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc. (Home
Science), Ph.D.
• CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University Courses offered: Diploma in Home Science, BSc Home Science (Hons)
• Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc.
(Home Science), Ph.D.
• Marathwada Agricultural University Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc. (Home Science), Ph.D.
• Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc. (Home
Science), Ph.D.
• Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc. (Home
Science), Ph.D.
• Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science)
• Punjab Agricultural University Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science)
• Rajendra Agricultural University Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science) Hons, M. Sc. (Home Science), Ph.D.
• Rajasthan Agricultural University Courses offered: B.Sc. Hons, M. Sc. (Home Science), Ph.D.
• Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Courses offered: B.Sc. (Home Science)
• University of Calcutta Courses offered: Diploma in Home Sc., B.Sc. (Hons) food and Nutrition, B.Sc. (Hons) Human Dev.
• Government Home Science College (Affiliated to Punjab University, Chandigarh) Courses offered: B.Sc. Home Science
(3 Years), M.Sc. Home Science (2 Years)
Pay and Remuneration
The candidates with Home Science background can get a starting salary of Rs 1 – 1.2 lakh a year as a trainee and after
having experience in a particular area say Nutrition & Dietetics can get a salary which can be more than Rs 2 lakhs a year.
Those who have interests in research, teaching, catering jobs etc. can get handsome salary. The salary of a Food Technologist
in a food services department or industry etc is relatively more. Consultant dieticians can also earn enough money depending
on their practice.
Career Prospects
Home science graduates usually find employment in Teaching, Research, Institutional Management, Extension and
Social Welfare, Business and Industrial Concerns, Communication and Self Employment.
Graduates of Home Science can work
1. In textiles area and as Merchandiser or Designer
2. As Nutritionist and Dietitian in Hospitals and Food Sector
3. In hotel Industry in F&B or in House Keeping at tourist resorts, hotels, catering facilities, restaurants.
4. Institutional catering is a major area, which involves taking care of nutrition and diet at schools, colleges, factories,
clubs, and military canteens and so on. One can work with food product manufacturers or in food product development.
5. Resource management is an evolving field, which spans family finance and consumer studies, housing and space
design, ergonomics in design development, interior design and decoration, entrepreneurship and institutional management.
6. In social Work and Human Development
7. As family counselors
CAREER IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 281
8. In teaching profession
9. As entrepreneurs in the field of textiles, food, baking and confectionary
10. As researcher
Home Science is both science and an art related to modern house-keeping. Home Science has been defined as a field of
study built upon many disciplines for the purpose of achieving and maintaining the welfare and well being of home and
family life in an ever changing society. The subjects that come under the study of Home Science include Chemistry, Physics,
Physiology, Biology, Hygiene, Economics, Rural Development, Child Development, Sociology and family relations,
community living art, food, nutrition, clothing and textiles and home management.
Employment Avenues
People qualified in Home Science have options to enter production jobs such as dress making, food preservation,
specialized cooking, technical jobs such as Research Assistants, Food Analysis, Food Scientist etc. They can also take up
teaching jobs. B.Sc. Home Science is a recognized qualification for a pre-primary and primary school teacher. Home Science
post graduates also take up teaching assignments in Senior Secondary Schools and Home Science Colleges.

9.10. CAREER IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Language skills can prove to be an important attribute in many professions. A career in foreign language has always been
an attractive proposition, especially for those who have a flair for languages. The opportunities are starting from tour operators
to interpretor and translators. While interpreters are concerned with interpreting the spoken statements from one language to
another, translators have more to do with translating the written documents from one language to another.
With the globalisation of Indian economy, multinationals coming to India and more and more companies going for joint
ventures abroad, have opened up job scenario for those proficient in foreign languages. Academic qualifications in foreign
languages helps in pursuing careers in the areas of tourism, entertainment, public relations and mass communication,
international organisations, embassies, diplomatic service, publishing, interpretation and translation etc.
The world community today has become a global village. Nations are interacting with each other like never before for
different reasons, be it political, economics, diplomatic or peace missions. Since there is no universal ‘lingua franca’. In the
global community, the job of an interpreter is much in demand. Learning foreign language certainly opens up avenues for
career in this field. A qualified person well versed with more than two Indian-Foreign languages can work either as a teacher,
translator, interpreter or foreign correspondent. He may also be absorbed in travel and tourism industries, foreign embassies,
airlines, shipping companies or in the electronic media.
Is Studying Languages a Wise Career Option?
In the recent past, language institutes in India have sprung-up at an unbelievable pace, in the metropolitan centres and
smaller towns. This is largely due to the fact that the global demand for Indian professionals qualified in foreign languages has
seen an unprecedented spurt. Language is one of best means communication available to an individual. Almost every
organization requires a person with good communications skills.
Knowing more than one language means more opportunities. Apart from professional qualification, if you are expert in
any of the foreign languages like, English, French, Spanish, Persian, Japanese, Arabic, Russian, Turkish, than you stand a great
chance to land in your dream job. There are number of public sector and private sector organizations that are looking for
translators. The best thing about learning multiple foreign languages is that you can work in different countries.
Another good thing in pursuing language courses in India is that, they are mostly short-term and does not need formal
educational qualification. However, if someone wants to pursue degree course in any foreign language, than s/ he should have
appropriate educational qualification. Students searching for the best foreign language institutes in India should verify the
overall credibility of the institution in terms of its market recognition and the past record in terms of helping students find
employment (recruitment assistance). There are a number of institutes and universities offering both short-term and long-term
courses in foreign languages. Options in language courses range from certificate to PhD levels
Nature of Work
Though the fact is that opportunities for regular employment are far and few and are mostly in metropolitan cities, but on
attaining professional qualification in foreign languages, one can work in the following areas.
TEACHING: The most common of all the available career options in foreign language is teaching. Teaching of foreign
language is just like teaching any other language. For newcomers, it is advisable to start with teaching. As a teacher, a person
gets enough opportunities to enhance his skills. As far as teaching jobs are concerned, many institutions are offering courses
in foreign languages and so jobs exists at all levels.
Those reluctant to engage themselves in a full-time profession can take private tuition as well.
INTERPRETERS AND TRANSLATORS: Interpreters and translators both need to have a good command over two or
more languages. Interpreters job relates to interpreting spoken words of one language into another, therefore needs to have not
only good command over the language but having excellent verbal communication skills also becomes important.
282 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

The job of an interpreter can be of different types. Sometimes they are engaged in simultaneous interpretation, which is
used for meetings, conferences, speeches etc. Here the interpreters sits in a sound proof room and listens to speeches and almost
spontaneously interprets it in the target language into a microphone. The other types of interpretings are consecutive interpreting
and liason interpreting. Consecutive interpreting goes on during formal speeches where the speaker halts for a while when the
interpreter interprets the spoken statements to the audience. Liason interpreting is to facilitate conversation between two
people knowing different languages.
Translation work can be related to a variety of fields like technical, scientific literary or business.
FREELANCING: Often, after pursuing courses in foreign languages, people like to work as freelancers. These people
get work in translation bureaus, research organisations, international organisations like UNO, FAO, foreign companies, Reserve
Bank of India, publishing houses etc. Expertise in foreign language coupled with other additional qualifications in areas like
management, tourism, hospitality industry, airlines can be even fruitful and better the chances for employment opportunities.
Personality
Linguistic ability is nurtured from an early stage and improves with its regular and correct usage, therefore important to
practice it regularly. Learning languages can be exhaustive as at times it takes long before one gets acquainted with it. So it is
important to be patient and diligent. For language specialists, it is imperative to have good verbal aptitude and interest in
those areas where they get to work as a language specialist. Linguists works with a variety of people and under various settings
hence need to have adaptability and a pleasant demeanour. They should also be able to handle work pressure and withstand
strain as sometimes working hours may be prolonged.
Professional Courses
Foreign language courses can be studied after 10+2 as a 3 years graduate course or even as 5 years integrated language
course in the universities offering such courses. Some universities even offer diploma/certificate courses for graduates and
post graduates. The other option is to pursue these courses at the institutes run by embassies and counsulates. These institutes
offer both basic and advanced level courses, some of them extending upto 5-6 years.
Career Prospects
International organisations and embassies employ language specialists for secretatial, executive and public relation
assignments as well as for translations and interpretations jobs. Translators are also found to be employed with industries,
publishing houses, government and research organisations. Other job opportunities for language specialist lie with the travel
and tourism sector, hotel industry, exhibitions and fairs, airlines offices, export agencies, radio stations and trade organisations.
Teaching can also be given a thought. For pursuing a career in teaching, a teacher should be a graduate in that foreign
language and must have a teaching degree.
Institutions
1. School of Languages, JNU, New Delhi-67.
2. Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL), Hyderabad.
3. Bharatiya Bidya Bhavan, Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delh-1.
4. Max Muller Bhavan at Mumbai, Bangalore, Calcutta, Madras, Hyderabad and Delhi (for German).
5. Alliance Francaise Centres at Calcutta, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Goa, New Delhi, Pure, Hyderabad (for French)
6. Italian Consulate at Mumbai (for Italian).
7. Indo-Japanese Association Mumbai (for Japanese).
9.11. CAREER AS A SOCIAL WORKER
“Dare to reach out your hand into the darkness, to pull another hand into the light” —Norman B. Rice
This is a famous quote intended to bring in a reform into our society and ideally applicable for social workers with a die-
hard motive.
A social worker is a person who works for the society with his heart and mind. The role of a social worker is highly
respected in our society. Social workers are usually the commoners who have a will and determination to confront the
managing authorities for any kind of social injustice happening in the society. They bring about social change and work
towards betterment of human lives.
Social workers strive for betterment of the society and empowering people to help themselves. Social work professionals
bring the organizations and the needy users at one platform. One can choose from various specializations, like medical, human
resource management and community development. According to one’s specialization, one works with rehabilitation centers,
CAREER IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 283
hospitals, or in community development. Social work professionals work with corporate either in their HR departments or with
social responsibility departments. They basically help in providing service to different sections of society.
Some professionals are also involved in research. They work with various sections of society like people with disabilities
or elderly and the research data helps in better policy formulation or better implementation. They work in both government
and non government agencies.
Courses and Eligibility
Some of the courses available in India are
• Bachelor in Social Work (B.S.W)/Bachelor of Arts Social work B.A (SW): Class XII pass students are eligible.
• M.S.W/M.A (SW): Any graduate student is eligible but preference given to social sciences graduates.
• M.Phil, Duration: Candidates with master graduation degree of M.S.W can apply.
• Ph.D., Eligibility: Candidates with M.S.W or M.Phil degree can apply.
Course Fees
Most of the educational institutions and universities have nominal fees. Institutional fee varies from Rs. 15,000 to
Rs.100,000 per year depending on the amenities and the extra-curricular activities provided in the professional colleges.
Some of the optional materials which might reduce the overall cost are
• Indigenously scripted manuals either in the form of audio or video.
• Superior guidance available on requests.
• Miscellaneous activities which are optional.
Where to Study
1. University of Delhi, University Road, Delhi: BA and MA Social Work.
2. The Indian Institute of Social Welfare & Business Management (IISWBM) Management House, College Square West,
Kolkata: MBA, MPSM.
3. Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai: BSW, MA SW, Masters Social Entrepreneurship.
4. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Institute of Social Sciences Agra
5. University of Rajasthan JLN Marg, Jaipur
6. Jamia Millia University Jamia Nagar, New Delhi: BA and MA Social Work.
7. University of Mumbai M.G. Road, Fort, Mumbai, Bachelor and Masters in social Work.
8. University of Calcutta, Kolkata-
9. Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar
10. Madras School of Social Work Offers MA in human resource management, M.Sc. counseling psychology, MA in NGO
Management, MA in HR and organizational Development.
Pay and Remuneration
As most of the social sector jobs are in “not-for-profit” organizations, therefore salary packages are not very high. However, the
joy of working for causes which are for the betterment of society is something that only Social Sector can provide.
For those joining the corporate sector in Human Resource departments, the pay can start from Rs.2 to Rs.5 Lakhs per Annum.
Career Prospects
Job prospects completely depend on the specialty and the stream chosen in this field.
Famous NGO’s such as WHO, UNICEF, UNESCO hire social workers from all over the world.
Government funded agencies in projects related to rural and urban development also have a lot of opportunities.
There is scope in family courts and counseling offices.
Employment opportunities are also there in corporate HR Departments.
Famous Personalities
Baba Amte (Dr Murlidhar Devidas Amte) was an Indian social worker and social activist known particularly for his work
for the rehabilitation and empowerment of poor people suffering from leprosy. He is the only non medical person who has got
maximum medicine awards in the world.
Anna Hazare: (Kisan Baburao Hazare) is an Indian social activist who led movements to promote rural development,
increase government transparency, and investigate and punish official corruption. Hazare follows Gandhian philosophy and
conducts hunger strikes to further his causes.
 10
CHAPTER

Career in Mass Media

and Communication
10.1. COURSES IN MASS MEDIA Chapter Outline
Media means different means of communication such as TV, radio, G Courses in Mass Media
newspapers, magazines, etc. including the press or news reporting agencies, G Top Mass Communication Colleges in India
taken collectively, which is particularly deigned to reach out to a large G Career in Mass Communication
audience or masses( internet media such as blogs, message boards, video G Career in Journalism
sharing). Mass communication is the study of mass media. Mass G Career in Photojournalism
communication incorporates all types of medium used to convey all sort of G Career in Advertising
information. These medium could be newspaper, magazines and television G Career as a Film Director
or radio etc. An individual trained in this field has a fair chance to build a G Career as a RJ
promising career for himself in this sector. They can try their luck in print G Career as a TV Anchor/Commentator
media, electronic media, advertising field and public relation sector as well G Exams in Mass Media and Communication
as in research field too. Here is the list of top ten career options of this field:
1. Career as Journalist: Students who have completed their mass communication can pursue their career as journalist.
This is one of the most preferred career choices of maximum students who have completed their mass communication.
They want to make their career as a journalist as it gives them name and fame. They can choose their career in print media
or in electronic media. They can also work with top media house or in magazines. They can work with some newspaper,
magazine, tabloid, or with some TV channel.
2. Career in Advertising: Advertising is the business of communicating a message to an audience through the media
newspapers, magazines, radio, television, hoardings in public places etc. Every product that is available in the market
needs to be advertised. A career in advertising is very creative and generally gives lot of professional satisfaction.
Advertising professionals work in close coordination with the companies whose product or service has to be promoted
or sold.
3. Career as TV Anchor: Students of this field can make their career as TV anchor. This is one of the most lucrative fields.
Aspiring professionals can earn hefty amount in this profession. TV news anchoring/program anchoring has emerged as
a popular career option in the country after the entry of satellite channels and 24/7 news channels.
4. Career as Photojournalist: A photo journalist plays a very vital role in any print media as well in electronic media too.
A good picture is better than thousand written words. A photo journalist can works with sports magazines, beauty
magazines, newspapers and other sectors of print media. A good photo journalist can earn a handsome amount. A photo
journalist can also work as freelancer with many organisations. He/she can sell his/her photographs to media houses,
magazines and other publishing houses and can earn a very hefty amount.
5. Career as Content Writer: Content writing can be defined as producing content for the web. It is often dubbed as web
content writer, because it has emerged as a job related to the cyber media. In the age of globalisation, writing articles,
stories and blogs on websites has emerged as an effective way of expanding one’s business and promoting any service
or product through internet. Writing for website is totally different from writing for newspapers and magazines or any
other media. The job of the content writer not only involves writing articles, but also includes lots of research work too.
6. Career as Radio Jockey: Radio Jockey is specially someone who plays music on radio of his own or audience’s
choice. He/she interacts with people, delivering relevant local, national or international news and information in his/her
own style. This career require rationality, creativity, right use of words, a good sense of humour, excellent communication
skills, appealing and clear voice, and good sense of music. This is not conventional career option, but it is emerging as

284
CAREER IN MASS MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION 285
one of the most sought after career choices among the youth. With the advent of more and more FM channels, this
profession has become a popular career choice among the aspirants.
7. Career in Film Editing: Editing is an integral part of film making. Film editing can be defined as a process of selecting
the scenes and combining them in right sequence, in order to make a motion picture. Sometimes, film editing is referred
to as an ‘invisible art’ because viewers generally are not aware of the work a film editor. A film editor has to keep various
points in mind while editing a movie like story, rhythm, and audience focus of interest. This profile has become a money
spinning job, nowadays demand for the trained professionals in this field has increased a lot.
8. Career in Screen Play Writing: Screen play writing can be defined as writing documents that consists of the story of
a film or a television program. All the work of director, cast, editor and production team moves around the screenplay or
script. Therefore, script should be written in a good manner, so that every member of the team can have a clear idea of the
story. There are two important part of this style of writing- action and dialogue. Screenplay writing has emerged as
lucrative career option.
9. Career in Media Planning: With the media and advertising industry emerging as the most powerful ways of
communication. The career option in this field is increasing. Media planning is most promising career option in present
situation. It includes selection of media for the placement of advertisement on behalf of clients, keeping the budget and
target audience in mind. A media planner acts as a mediator between media organisation and clients. They help client to
buy media space for the advertisement. Media planner should have good communication skills, pleasing personality
and pro-active good observer. Thorough knowledge of current media trends is also important to excel in this field.
10. Career as Voice-over Artist: A voice-over artist is a person who lends his/her voice to complement the visuals being
telecast on the screen. It can be considered as off-screen commentary. It is a technique wherein voice is modulated in
order to be broadcast along with the visuals of a tele film, documentary, advertisement, television serial or news. Radio
also makes use of voice-over artist to convey important massages. A voice over artist should have good command over
language and should know more than two languages, clarity of voice, pitch of the voice, tone as well as silence in
accordance with the gestures and body language of the character.
11. Career as PR Manager: PR managers are responsible for effective and impressive communication and play a very
important role in the matter of policy making. They also develop healthy relationship between various departments
within the organisation itself and external public. They can find jobs in both public and private sectors. Government
departments hire their own PR spokes persons. They can also find jobs in corporate houses, media houses, political parties,
banking, finance, insurance, advertising agencies, hotels, tour and travel agencies, export houses, consultancy etc.
Mass communication encompasses all the means by which information can be transmitted to a large number of people. In
this age, the mass communication industry is commonly called media and entertainment. According to a report by a well-
known research & analytics company, India showed a remarkable revenue growth in the media and entertainment industry at
11.2% in the year 2010. With the increase in the number of internet users, television sets in Indian household, and satellite
channels, media sector is expecting a higher growth in the next year as well. Along with this, there is always a requirement for
fresh content and new ideas in different fields of mass communication such as television and advertising, to keep the viewer
or consumer interested. Therefore, mass communication offers a dynamic career option for well educated and trained
professionals. It is no wonder that more youth today are enrolling in mass communication courses in India.

10.2. CAREER IN MEDIA

Media is a term used to store and deliver information or data through books, magazines, news papers, television, Internet
and radio. Media is a magical tool used to bring about social change. It is a great example of social movement to educate,
cultivate, organize, and communicate; and to share cultural and personal events etc.
Though the term media is singular in nature, it is widely used as collective term for news agencies or press.Print media is
comprised of periodicals printed on paper such as magazines, newspapers, books, and directories. Though printing came into
existence before 220 AD in the form of letter carving on wood, the modern day printing techniques were developed only after
the fifteenth century. Nowadays the total volume of printed text exceeds more than 44 trillion pages a year, globally. More
than 31,000 printing and publications companies are running in United States alone. In India alone, there are 63,000 newspapers
being published and number of subscriptions exceeds 180 millions. The social impact of print media is huge as it has the
potential to change the way people think. It enhances their knowledge and changes their mindset.
Current Scenario of Media in India
Electronic media is referred to the digital information shared with the users mainly through TV, films and the Internet. It
is mainly comprised of audio and video communication. Social media is also an example of electronic media. Social media
uses this technology and it can be used through mobile phones and laptops. It is one of the most powerful tools for information
286 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

sharing, gaming, interacting, tracing old friends, marketing and entertaining the masses. You can also use this media to update,
influence, educate, advertise and sell your products.
Advertising and maintaining client relationships on social media and networking sites is quite economical as compared
to other means and channels of advertising such as hoarding, banners, posters, neon signs and glow signs. You can take up
courses in mass communication or journalism to get into the field of media. Professional acumen, linguistic abilities, effective
communication and a passion for results can take you places in the field of media.
Entrance Exams for Media
There is no major common exam for a course in media or mass communication. Prominent media houses hire from IIMs,
XLRI-Jamshedpur, the SIBM, Management Development Institute (MDI), Gurgaon, and JBIMS.
Top Media Colleges in India
• Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU New Campus, New Delhi
• A J K Mass Communication Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
• Manipal Institute of Communication, Udayavani Building, Press Corner, Manipal
• Symbiosis Institute of Mass Communication, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune
• Asian College of Journalism, Express Building, 1 Queen’s Road, Bangalore
• Department of Communication and Journalism, University of Poona, Pune
• New Delhi YMCA, Centre for Mass Media, 1 Jai Singh Road, New Delhi
• Amity School of Journalism and Communication, (More available at AKC House, E-27 Defence Colony, New Delhi
• Apeejay Institute of Mass Communication, Apeejay Campus, Sector 8 Dwarka, New Delhi
• Academy for Photographic Excellence [APEx], New Delhi
• Bharati Vidya Bhavan’s Sardar Patel College of Communication & Management, New Delhi
• Delhi College of Arts & Commerce, New Delhi
• EMPI Institute of Advertising & Communication, New Delhi
• Indraprastha College for Women, 31 Shyam Nath Marg, New Delhi
• School of Vocational Studies, H-58 South Extension Part I, New Delhi
Courses in Mass Communication Field
Students who wish to have a career in mass communication have a range of courses to select from, including short
duration certificate courses to doctoral programs in mass communication.
A number of colleges also offer mass communication study programs in the form of 3 years Bachelors degree, 2 years post
graduate degree and 1 year post graduate diploma. The durations for certificate and diploma courses vary depending on the
nature of the program and the college that is offering it. Here are the popular career courses in mass communication at each
course level:
Undergraduate Courses Media Studies Journalism Film and Television Production.
Post Graduate Courses Journalism Advertising Convergent Journalism Communication Management.
Certificate Courses Photojournalism Sports Writing Science Reporting Broadcasting Compering
Creative Writing Disc JockeyRadio JockeyPublic SpeakingPhotography Poetry
WritingPrint Journalism.
Diploma Courses Business Reporting Corporate Communication Journalism & Mass Communications
Film, Television & Digital Video Production, Mass Communication.
Post Graduate Diploma Courses Journalism Public Relations Advertising and Marketing Broadcast Technology Health
Communication.
Eligibility Criteria for Mass Communication Courses
Getting admission into a mass communication course in a college is possible only if you meet the minimum eligibility
criteria. The eligibility criteria for certificate courses cannot be given since it depends on the nature of the course. For instance,
a Course for Disk Jockey requires a 10th standard qualification, whereas for a Science Reporting Certificate Course one needs
to have completed a Bachelors degree in Science. Depending on the college, Diploma programs can have an eligibility
criterion similar to that of an undergraduate or even a post graduate level. As most of the courses are offered at both undergraduate
and post graduate levels, the eligibility criteria for mass communication courses are:
CAREER IN MASS MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION 287

Undergraduate level:
• Must have passed the 12th standard board examination
Post Graduate level:
• Must be below 30 years of age (depending on college)
• Must have obtained a Bachelors degree in any discipline
• Must have experience in some media related work (optional)
Top Mass Communication Colleges in India
Studying a mass communication program from a well known college will make a huge difference in the job opportunities
you get in the media and communications industry. Several agencies conduct surveys to find the best mass communication
colleges in the country. The following top 10 mass communication colleges in India are adjudged according to a survey
conducted by the Outlook magazine for the year 2011:
Name of College, Location
1. Xavier Institute of Communication (XIC), Mumbai
Courses Offered: Certificate: Announcing, Broadcasting, Compering, Dubbing and E Book Narration (ABCDE),
Creative Writing, Disc Jockey or Electronic Music Production, Radio Jockey, Public Speaking, Photography, Poetry
Writing Diploma: Advertising & Marketing Communications, Journalism & Mass Communications, Film, Television &
Digital Video Production, Public Relations & Corporate Communications, Mass Communication in Marathi Language
Admission Procedure: Certificate: First come first served Diploma: XIC Online Entrance Test, Personal Interview and
Group Discussion
2. Asian College of Journalism (ACJ),Chennai
Courses Offered: Post Graduate Diploma: Journalism
Admission Procedure: Post Graduate Diploma: Entrance Test, Interview
3. Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC),Delhi
Courses Offered: Post Graduate Diploma: Journalism, Advertising & Public Relations
Admission Procedure: Post Graduate Diploma: All India Entrance Examination, Group Discussion, Interview
4. Anwar Jamal Kidwai Mass Communication Research Centre (AJK – MCRC), Jamia Millia Islamia University, Delhi
Courses Offered: Post Graduate: M.A. in Mass Communication, M.A. in Convergent Journalism Post Graduate Diploma:
P.G. Diploma in Broadcast Technology, P.G. Diploma in Development Communication, P.G. Diploma in Still Photography,
P.G. Diploma in Graphics & Animation Doctoral: Ph.D. in Mass Communication
Admission Procedure: Post Graduate, P.G. Diploma, Doctoral: Entrance Test and Interview
5. Symbiosis Institute of Media & Communication (SIMC), Pune
Courses Offered: Undergraduate: Bachelor of Media Studies (B.M.S.)Post Graduate: Master of Business Administration
(Communication Management), Master of Mass Communication
Admission Procedure: Undergraduate: Symbiosis Entrance Test Post Graduate: SNAP Test
6. Indian Institute of Journalism and New Media, Bangalore
Courses Offered: Diploma: Journalism (Television, Radio, Newspaper, Magazine, New Media)Post Graduate Diploma:
Journalism (Television, Radio, Newspaper, Magazine, New Media)
Diploma and P.G. Diploma: Online Written Test, Interview
7. Sarojini Naidu School of Fine Arts and Communication (University of Hyderabad), Hyderabad
Courses Offered: Post Graduate: M.A. (Communication)Post Graduate Diploma: Health Communication Doctoral:
Ph.D. (Communication)
Admission Procedure: Post Graduate: Entrance Test Doctoral: Entrance Test
8. Department of Communication and Journalism (Pune University), Pune
Courses Offered: Post Graduate: Master of Journalism and Mass Communication Post Graduate Diploma (part time):
Diploma in Journalism, Diploma in Mass Media
Admission Procedure: Post Graduate & P.G.D. (part time): Aptitude Test, Personal Interview, Computer Literacy Test
9. Manorama School of Communication, Kottayam
Courses Offered: Post Graduate Diploma: Journalism
Admission Procedure: Post Graduate Diploma: Written Test, Interview
10. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Delhi
Courses Offered: Diploma: Journalism (English and Hindi), Public Relations, Mass Communication (English and
Hindi), Event Management, Marketing & Advertising, Diploma in 2D/3D Animation and Multimedia
Admission Procedure: Diploma: Admission Test, Interview
288 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Entrance Exams for Mass Communication Courses

The selection procedure for most mass communication colleges is based on an entrance examination. Unfortunately there
is no common admission test for these courses; each college conducts its own test. The exams although have a similar format
and the syllabus usually includes current affairs, general awareness, English language, essay and computer aptitude. You can
consider taking the following entrance tests for pursuing a mass communication course:
Career Prospects in Mass Communication
The post graduate diploma and degree programs in areas of mass communication usually include an internship within the
duration of the course and most colleges also offer placement after its completion. Organizations that require mass
communication graduates are news agencies, public relations companies, television channels, radio networks, event management
companies, advertising and marketing firms, brand management agencies and internet companies.
According to your area of specialization, you can work as a copywriter in an advertising firm like Ogilvy & Mather,
Cygnus Advertising and Mudra Communications or even make your career as a news anchor or reporter or presenter or news
desk editor in news channels like CNN-IBN, CNBC TV 18, Aaj Tak, NDTV, Times Now and Star News. There are a lot of mass
communication pass-outs who venture out on their own and set up their own production houses, media or advertising
agencies. Salary varies depending on the organization. It is with experience and increasing expertise that the prospects
become brighter for a professional working in this field.
Why Media?
Media plays a very important role and has an influence in every aspect of our lives. It is considered as the best source to
know the happenings around the world. Newspaper, magazine, radio, television and internet are the different types of
media which greatly affects our lives because media has the power to influence our thoughts. Media at times is used just
to convey a message.
Media Courses
Media study is an academic discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history and effects of various media,
in particular, the mass media. The various disciplines under media studies consist of:
• Mass communication • Journalism • Electronic media • Media production • Advertising
• Film-making • Public relations • Radio jockeying • Video jockeying
• Publishing & printing • Video editing
Top Media Colleges in Delhi/NCR
• Delhi School of Communication
• Delhi College of Arts and Commerce
• Indian Institute of Mass Communication
• Amity School of Communication
Amity School of Communication offers courses in Media, Mass Communication & Journalism & is affiliated to Amity
University. The admission to most of these courses is done through various entrance tests at different levels and for rest of the
courses the admission is done by applying directly to the college. The various courses offered are:
Graduate:
• Bachelor of journalism & mass communication
• Bachelor of journalism- mass communication (evening)
• B.A (Honors)- Media studies
Post Graduate:
• M.A- Advertising & marketing management
• M.A- Film & TV production
• M.A- PR & Event management
• M.Sc- Visual communication
• MBA- Media management
• Master of journalism & mass communication
• Post graduate diploma in radio broadcast & radio management
MassCo Media
MassCo Media is a new-age media institute located at Noida for the study of Broadcast journalism, TV production, Print
journalism, Animation, etc. The courses offered are:
• Bachelor of Arts in Media and Communication (3 year degree program in partnership with Deakin University, Australia)
CAREER IN MASS MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION 289
• Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication (UGC recognized Indian University)
• Master of Journalism and Mass Communication (UGC recognized Indian University)
• Master Program in TV Production, Direction and Broadcast Journalism
• Diploma in Broadcast Journalism and TV Production
• Diploma in Animation, Gaming & Special Effects
• Master Program in Advertising, PR and Marketing
• PG Diploma in Event Management and PR
• Diploma in Event Management and PR
• Diploma in Professional Photography and Digital Imaging
• Diploma in Character Animation & Gaming
• Diploma in Corporate PR (for working professionals)
Apeejay Institute of Mass Communication
AIMC was set up in 2003 to cater to the growing demands of students interested in pursuing career in Broadcast Journalism,
Advertising, PR/Corporate Communication, Event Management, Social Media, Bollywood and also acquiring necessary
skills in News Anchoring, Electronic Cinematography and Video Editing. The courses offered are:
• M.A. in Mass Communication affiliated to UGC recognized University
• PG Diploma in Advertising & Marketing communication
• PG Diploma in Public Relations & Event Management
• PG Diploma in Television & Radio Production with specialization in: Broadcast Journalism / News Reading / Anchoring/
Video Editing
Mass Communication Research Centre (MCRC), Jamia Millia Islamia
It is primarily known for its mass communication courses today. The courses offered are:
• M.A. in Mass Communication
• M.A. in Convergent Journalism
• P.G. Diploma in Development Communication
• P.G. Diploma in Broadcast Technology
• P.G. Diploma in Still Photography & Visual Communication
• P.G. Diploma in Graphics & Animation
• P.G. Diploma in Acting
National Institute of Advertising, New Delhi
Courses offered are:
• Two Year Post Graduate Diploma in Marketing Communications Management (PGDMCM) Full Time
• Two Year Post Graduate Diploma in Advertising and Communications.

10.3. CAREER IN MASS COMMUNICATION

Changing times have revolutionized prospects in all most every career field one can find today. So many new and
exciting career options are lined ahead that it is difficult to choose one. Mass communication is one such field which is
attracting a lot of young these days and why not, when it has to offer such interesting career options in the fields, like various
kinds of medias—newspapers, magazines, radio, television, advertisements, public relations etc. Though its presence has
been there since long but it is only in recent times that it’s been able to earn due recognition. Efforts are on to add professionalism
to different areas of mass communication, with many universities and institutions offering number of professional courses.
Mass communication covers a wide area, comprising of closely related fields of advertisement, communication and
public relations. Almost all kinds of establishments whether business, government or political are availing of services, offered
by these industries, therefore an encouraging sign for those looking ahead to making a career in mass communication.
Nature of Work
Mass communication is a vast field covering many areas under it. Some of these are discussed under the following
headings.
1. Print Journalism: In short, journalism is collecting and editing of news for presentation through media. Print journalism
has been one of the oldest forms of journalism. Newspapers and magazines, big or small have always been major source of news
290 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

and information throughout the world and millions of readers go through them daily. Over the years, print journalism has
witnessed major transformation, the simple reporting of yesteryears has taken a shape of highly specialized and professional
field owing to competition and other factors. The newspapers and magazines today cover a wide range of specialized sections
like political events, business news, leisure, cinema, sports, career, health and so many other subjects, which demands for
professionally qualified journalists. Given the variety of subjects to choose from, one can look forward to a field of his interest
and pursue several avialable courses in that direction.
2. Electronic Journalism: Introduction of electronic communicaiton especially through broadcasting has affected the
lifestyles and thoughts of masses. Communication mediums like television, radio, audio, video etc. has made possible news,
entertainment, information, education related subjects reach the very far and wide places. It has to an extent sidelined other
forms of communication. With the growing network of TV, satellite communication, cable services, radio stations, etc., the
future of this industry seems bright. Electronic journalism offers to professionally qualified aspirants opportunities in a number of
fields. Some of these are direction, production, camera, graphics, editing, sound, programme research, script writing etc.
(i) FILMS—Producers, Actors, Musicians And Dancers: When we talk of films today, there is no dearth of available
professional career options. Although, it is not all that easy to taste success in one of the most competitive and sought
after fields, but definitely for someone sanguine and determined, it can be quite rewarding. Films have always earned
recognition and fascination of masses. There are so many different groups of people associated with the so-called big
screen and one has a variety to choose from the available options from technical professions like directors, producers,
soundmen, lightmen, cameramen, editors etc. to artists like actors, dancers, musicians, stuntmen etc.
The rapidly growing film industry and its certain future has led to various institutes offering highly professional
courses. One definitely finds it useful to pursue these courses in order to hone their skills and make themselves better to
compete with the best in the industry.
(ii) Advertising: Advertising is brand building process of a product, idea, thought or a even a service, through effective
mediums of communication. From newspapers, magazines, posters, signboards, bills to the commercials on radio,
television and even Internet, advertising has come a long way. Business organisations, political organisations, social
organisations, all find it important to advertise in order to influence public opinion.
Since advertising is a service industry, the reputation of the ad agency depends on the effective work being done
and campaign released from time to time. This makes the job even more challenging. With the advent of the multinational
companies, more and more Indian agencies are tying up with the the foreign agencies to pitch for international clients
which is clearly indicative of high growth in coming years in this industry.
(iii) Public Relations: Once, the simple operation of publicity, today has emerged as an important management function.
Public Relations, as the name suggests, is used to generate and portray, positive image of an organisation by various
means. Business houses, schools, universities, hospitals, government institutions, etc. engage public relations personnels
and agencies to cast and present their image, objectives and policies in the best possible light.
For somebody to become a successful public relation consultant, it is imperative to have a liking to meet people
alongwith excellent communication skills, ability to interact with, convince people, and build a rapport is important.
The other traits should be quick decision making abilities and good organizational skills.
Personality
The sphere of mass communication being widely spread, requires a combination of skills and traits. Different areas asks
for different qualities, but for anyone to take on any of the fields of mass communication definitely requires better than
average performance in whatever one does. It is not easy to get in and progressing is even difficult. In general, excellent
communication skills, being a good team player are important, besides being confident and hardworking. Physical stamina
and will power count in favour for jobs in mass communication. Other attributes vary from one another depending upon the
area one pursues.
Professional Courses
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
1. Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU New Campus, New Delhi-110067
2. A J K Mass Communication Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025
3. Manipal Institute of Communication, Udayavani Building, Press Corner, Manipal-576119.
4. Symbiosis Institute of Mass Communication, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune-411004.
5. Asian College of Journalism, Express Building, 1 Queen’s Road, Bangalore-560001.
6. Department of Communication and Journalism, University of Poona, Pune-411004.
7. New Delhi YMCA, Centre for Mass Media, 1 Jai Singh Road, New Delhi-110001.
8. Amity School of Journalism and Communication, (More available at AKC House, E-27 Defence Colony, New Delhi -
110024.
9. Apeejay Institute of Mass Communication, Apeejay Campus, Sector 8 Dwarka, New Delhi-110075
CAREER IN MASS MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION 291
Some of the other offered courses include the following:
• Undergraduate courses (Journalism) offered by some colleges in Delhi University.
• School of Vocational Studies, H-58 South Extension Part I, New Delhi-110024.
• Indraprastha College for Women, 31 Shyam Nath Marg, New Delhi-110054.
Career Prospects
Diversification in different areas of mass communication is witnessing a steep rise and is expected to thrive further, on
account of growing professionalism and advancement in this sector. Anyone who is creative, dynamic, enterprising and has a
flair to project his ideas, thoughts, observation through different mediums of communication can accommodate himself
comfortably in this industry. Computers, especially the advent of Internet has furthermore brought new and challenging
opportunities in the communication segment. It is attracting a more and more people from traditional forms of mass media.
Opportunities for placement in diverse fields of mass communication are available in publishing houses, radio and
television companies, corporate world, entertainment industry, media industry, advertising agencies, public relations agencies,
government organisations etc. As far as remuneration is concerned it varies from one area of mass communication to another.
However in every area, it is much dependent on the size of the organisation, its location combined together with the level of
responsibility and experience of the candidate.

10.4. CAREER IN JOURNALISM

“Journalism can never be silent: that is its greatest virtue and its greatest fault. It must speak, and speak immediately,
while the echoes of wonder, the claims of triumphs and the signs of horror are still in the air.”
Coming from Henry Grunwald, the Managing Editor of TIME Magazine and the Editor-in-Chief of Times Inc, nothing
could describe journalism better!
The definition of the word ‘journalism’ would take you back to the origin of the newspaper, where the profession of
‘journaling’ daily events, happening and announcements came to be termed as Journalism. In modern times, not much has
changed and journalism still refers to the investigation and reporting of events, issues and trends to a mass audience. Given the
power of mass media in today’s world, journalism is a much venerated profession. A journalist may find a role and position in
any of the following media:
• Newspapers • Magazines • Television • Radio • Web-based Newspapers and Magazines
It is a profession that requires utmost levels of ethics and integrity. In news parlance, you will be tested to see if you have
‘a nose for news’, which essentially means whether you can look beyond the obvious and hunt for the truth. A journalist is also
required to be an excellent writer if you are interested in print and online media.
To be a successful television and radio journalist, you need to have an incredible verbal communication skills and a
pleasing personality.
Journalists often develop an area of interest and make it their desired ‘beat’, or subject of reportage through their career.
Most journalists at the start of their career try one or more beats to see which they enjoy more. More often than not, many news
organisations assign specific beats to reporters so that they can test them better. Some of the most popular beats in the news
world are the following:
• Politics • Sports • Business • Defence and Strategic Affairs
• Entertainment • Environment • Technology • Fashion
Have you ever seen a news channel blink? That’s because news never stops! Journalism is a demanding profession and it’s
definitely not for the weak-hearted. It’s almost a round-the-clock job, where a journalist is expected to be aware and available
for any news development. As a journalist you will be expected to respond quickly, think on your feet, be resourceful and most
importantly be inquisitive
Courses and Eligibility
In India journalism as a field of study is available as both bachelors and post graduate degree courses. At the post graduate
level there are also diploma courses available in the country. Some individual institutes offer certificate short-term courses as
well and there are distance learning programs as well.
For a student wanting to study journalism as an undergraduate study, you can be from any stream. Similarly, for a post
graduate program, your undergraduate degree does not matter as long as you fulfill the requirements of having excellent
written and verbal skills, an interest in current affairs and have a go-getter personality!
A word of caution – Due to the overreaching existence of media today, journalism and mass communication schools are
mushrooming in every corner of the country. It is advisable to do a thorough background check of the institute. Find out about
the curricula, the teachers (check if they are industry trained), guest faculty, internship and placement history, workshops and
292 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

exposure; you must also look for references, find former students of the institute and see what they have to say about the school
and its course.
At undergraduate level one can do
BA in Journalism
Bachelor in Media Studies
Bachelor in Mass Media
BA in Journalism and Communication
Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication
At Post Graduate Level one can do a
Post Graduate Diploma in Journalism
MA in Journalism
Entrance Exams
Most of the reputed institutes and Colleges take admissions through entrance exams. Delhi University takes entrance test
for its graduate program in journalism and Symbiosis conducts SET for admission to SIMC (UG). Times School of journalism
also conducts an all India Level entrance exam for admissions to its Post graduate Diploma Program.
Where to Study
Some of the prominent institutes offering journalism courses in India are the following:
• Delhi University (Offered at 5 colleges), Bachelor’s Degree in journalism. Aditi Mahavidyalaya,
• B.R.Amberdkar College, SGND Khalsa College, Ram Lal Anand College.
• Symbiosis Institute of Media and Communication, Pune, Bachelor in Media Studies with specialisation in Journalism,
radio and TV Production, Advertising and PR and Events. It also offers Diploma in broadcast journalism, film, radio,
video production, advertising, public relations and corporate communication.
• IP University, Delhi, offers Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication
• AAFT, Noida offers BA Hons in International Journalism, and B Sc in Mass Communication.
• Apeejay Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi Offers 1 year PG Diploma Advertising and Mass communication,
Social Media and Web Journalism, TV and Radio Journalism and Production.
• Times School of Journalism, Daryaganj, New Delhi Offers 1 year Post graduate Diploma in Journalism (English and Hindi).
• Need Institute of Technology and Management, Haryana Offers BA Journalism.
• Pune University, Offers BA journalism.
• University of Technology and Management, Shillong Offers Bachelor in Journalism and Mass Communication.
• Christ University
• Mumbai University, Various colleges affiliated to Mumbai University like Ramnarain Ruia College, SIES College of
Arts, Science & Commerce, HR College, KC College of Arts, Science & Commerce, St Andrews College of Arts, Science
and Commerce, Jai Hind College
• Offer Bachelor in Mass Media Course.
• Indraprastha College for Women, Delhi University
• Manipal Institute of Communications, Manipal
• MS Communications, BA, BSc (Information and Media Studies)
• Asian College of Journalism, Chennai
• Jamia Millia Islamia: MA in Journalism, New Delhi
• Indian Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi
• PG Diploma In journalism
• BHU, Varanasi, MA in Journalism, PG Diploma In Journalism.
• Xavier Institute of Communication, Mumbai
• Indian Institute of Journalism and New Media, Bangalore
• Central university of Jharkhand offers 5 years integrated course in Mass Communication.
• Bundelkhand University, offers 3 years B.A. course in Mass Communication.
• Amity University, offers BJMC at its Noida and Lucknow campus.
• CCS University, Meerut offers BJMC.
• Goa University, offers 3 years B.A. course in Mass Communication.
• University of Lucknow
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• Manipal University
• MC National University of Journalism and Communication, Bhopal, M.P., offers BJH at its Khandwa Campus. Also
offers 2 years bachelor course in broadcast Journalism and Communication and 3 yr BSc in Electronic Media.
• Jaipur National University offers BJMC
• Pearl Academy, conducts its own written examination GPT and DAT.
• New Delhi Institute of Management and Mass Communication.
• Delhi School of Communication.
• FleMITS, Lucknow
• R.K. Films and Media Academy, Delhi
Certificate course in Journalism after 10+2
• Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu
• Manomaniam Sundaranar University, Tamil Nadu
• Punjab University
• SNDT University, Women College, Mumbai.
Pay and Remuneration
The starting salary for cub reporter / trainee could be anywhere between Rs1.2 lakhs– Rs 3 lakhs per month. For a mid-level
employee the salaries range from Rs 8 – 12 lakhs per annum. For senior editors, salaries range from Rs.20 - 40 lakhs per annum.
Career Prospects
Journalism is a career where almost every fresher begins as a cub reporter or trainee. Generally a beat is assigned and you
are expected to deliver quality news stories with great efficiency. Once you have established your forte in a chosen field of
reporting, you can qualify to be a Correspondent / Special Reporter, one who has the ability to interpret, analyse and present
news with a totalitarian view. The next step would be that of a Sub Editor, one who sorts the content to be published; rewrites
news stories and correct grammatical errors. A sub editor also checks news articles for their innovative headlines and therefore
must be someone with a deep sense of news, language and imagination. In a news channel, this person is typically part of the
input desk that fine tunes the stories that are to be aired. Next up is an Associate Editor who assigns stories to reporters, ensures
they come in on time, plans parts of the paper, designs the layout, writes and readies news, reviews and critical analysis pieces.
In the electronic medium, this person is part of assignment/output desk; he assigns stories, brings various inputs, arranges for
footage from remote locations, and is overall responsible for the news that is produced on a daily basis. Editor is the one who
heads the ship. It’s a position that comes with years of experience and demonstrated career of great news reportage. An editor
gives a news organisation a vision. Typically he/she is the one who decides the voice of the paper/magazine/channel. As the
most definitive face of the organisation, the editor is a position of great power and greater responsibility.
Journalism at one time was the domain of whosoever wrote written content or reported on a news story. The person who
got the visuals and photographs were often called cameraperson / photographer. Today, however much of that has changed.
Photographers have transformed into photo-journalists with their active involvement in bringing newsworthy pictures. Similarly,
video journalism is a dynamic process in the electronic news gathering process.
Personal Attributes
• To become a good journalist one should have the qualities of being
• Curious
• Flexible
• Good personality
• Clear thinking
• Good writing skills and command over the language
• Humanity, spirit and concern for the society
• Moreover, there are different positions in the field of Journalism, demanding different personal characteristics.
Career Opportunities
Openings for journalists are available in Newspapers, Magazines and Periodicals, News Agencies/Bureaus, Television
and Radio, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, related Govt. Agencies like DAVP (Directorate of Audio, Visual Publicity)
and some on-line web-sites.
A journalist can work in different capacities, viz. as Reporter, Sub-Editor, News-Editor, Feature-Writer, Columnist, Editor
or freelance writer.
294 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Chief Editor/Resident Editor, News Editor, Assistant Editors and Chief Sub-Editors
These are the caption of the editorial department having an excellent comment of the major and minor political or current
affairs. Chief Editor is one who is highly qualified and having long term experience.
Reporter: A reporter is said to be eyes and ears of a newspaper. He/she is always supposed to stick to facts and give
accurate information only. They are required to cover a political gathering, an exhibition or inaugural function
A reporter is said to be the eyes and ears of a newspaper. He/she is always supposed to stick to facts and give accurate
information only. They are required to cover a political gathering, an exhibition or an inaugural function. For this he/she has
to stay in touch with police station, courts, hospitals, and he/she also makes use of press releases issued by various local bodies
or private organisations. He may be a specialist in a particular field such as politics,sports, cinema, environment, crime etc, and
receives invitations for press conferences, parliamentary or legislative sessions etc. A reporter is required to select the significant
news items for printing.
Sub Editor: The sub-editor deals with most of the editing work. All news items articles, etc. are checked and rechecked
by him. He improves the language, inserts punctuation deletes the irrelevant portions and even rewrites the whole story. Not
only this he even composes suitable headlines. The main aim behind so much of hardwork is to make the article clear, simple,
appetising and genuine.
The News Editor: The news editor heads the news desk. He controls the vast network of correspondents and other news
sources like the news agencies, wire services etc. He is the right hand man of the editor and also a vital link between the editor
and the newsroom i.e. sub-editors, reporters, feature writers, photographers etc. He keeps an eye on how news is featured, how
it is edited and headlined.
Feature Writers: Feature writers produce ideas for and write articles about a variety of subjects of general interest. They
may also specialize in particular subjects. They collect information and opinions about current topics and may also do
interviews with well known personalities. Feature writers often have to do a good deal of research for their articles.
Columnist: A columnist usually has years of experience of feature writing. He/She writes more or less about what
interests him/her.
Editor: The Editor is the keeper of public conscience. He comments editorially on important matters in an unbiased
manner and he is the one who decides the topic for editorial column. The personality of a newspaper is dependent on the
dynamism or otherwise of the editor.
Famous Personalities
Benjamin Franklin: Little do people know that the founding father of The United States was a journalist. He published
The Pennnsylvania Gazette in 1730’s which he used as a propaganda tool to influence the populace leading up to the
American Revolution.
Arnab Goswami, the famous news anchor on TV, started his career with NDTV as newscaster. Currently he is the editor-
in-chief of Times Now English News Channel. He did his class XII from Kendriya Vidyalaya, Jabalpur and his graduation in
Sociology from Delhi University.
Vinod Dua, who shot to limelight with his current affairs Parakh for Doordarshan, is known for his cutting edge election
and political analysis in NDTV’s Hindi channel.
Shekhar Gupta: Editor in chief of The Indian Express, his long career in Indian Journalism began as a reporter; he
covered some of the most courageous news stories like North ease insurgency and US terrorist attack and many more.
A Day in Life
The typical news gathering process involves an edit meeting at the start of the day that sets the agenda for the entire day’s
coverage. In terms of publications (depending on the time of publication), edit meetings are held in the evenings to plan the
news coverage for the next day. News in monitored constantly through news wires to stay updated on breaking news and
developing stories. Reporters in a newspaper typically cover one-two news events in a day. They return to their desks at the
end of their events, and write their stories themselves. The news articles then reach the sub-editors who prune the copies to
make them publish-worthy.
Career in Photojournalism
Photojournalism is a form of journalism, wherein the person clicks, develops, and submits images relevant to a news story.
Initially, the term ‘photojournalism’ was restricted to still photography. Its scope has now widened and in the present time,
photo journalists even shoot videos to come up with a good news item/ feature – a trend commonly seen in citizen journalism.
Photo journalism is not merely about taking the best shots, but also how to click news-worthy photographs, in accordance
with the interest of the reader. Generally, the work of a photojournalist is quite similar to a reporter, except the fact that a photo
journalist doesn’t gather, write, and report news stories. To become a successful photojournalist, one should have thorough
CAREER IN MASS MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION 295

knowledge about the three principles of photo journalism - timeliness, objectivity, and narrative. He/She should be able to use
modern gadgets like digital camera, state-of-the-art studios, and other software in order to develop quality photographs.
Photojournalism is a lucrative career option in India, since it has become an integral part of mainstream journalism. As a result,
many institutions that offer courses in journalism have also included photo journalism in their curriculum.
What is it?
Photojournalism consists of creating images to tell a story. These photographers are often hired by newspapers and wire
service agencies. Many famous newspapers have built their reputations largely on their excellent use of photography. Today,
these types of journalists are responsible for photographs as well as video capture.
Careers
You can work as a freelance photographer and find work with various clients. You can work for agencies, newspapers,
magazines and many other types of media. Your career allows you to get the experience you need in journalism, and can lead
to other types of careers such as public relations, advertising, marketing and so on. The most famous news agencies for
photojournalists is the US Associated Press.
Many people who study journalism find themselves as photojournalists, reporter/photographers, picture Editors, photo
technicians, freelance photojournalists and photographers, and digital publishing specialists.
More careers in photography: Advertising, fashion, portraits, crime scenes, food photography (for packaging, advertising
or editorial use), wildlife and landscape (think National Geographic).
Studying Photojournalism
Studying photography or photojournalism includes:
• reporting and writing • news judgment • camera operation and lighting
• electronic publishing • digital imaging • principles of photopage design
• types and objectives of news photography
• the history, philosophy, traditions and ethics of photojournalism
• digital photography, video capture and computer-based image processing
Qualifications
• Ability to meet deadlines and work in a fast-paced environment
• Objectivity and ethics
• Ability to relate images with other news elements
• Quick decision-making
• Artistic and technical skill in photography
• Ability to withstand significant obstacles (physical danger, weather, crowds)
• Knowledge of current affairs and new technologies
Course Details
In India; many educational institutions have started conducting separate courses for photo journalism at postgraduate
diploma level. For enrolling in the program, candidates are required to have a graduation degree from any recognized institute
or university.
Career Prospects
Photojournalists can work for newspapers, magazines, or any other media houses. One can opt for commercial photography,
fashion photography, industrial photography, wildlife photography, aerial photography, scientific photography, etc. as his/
her specialized field.
Top Colleges Offering UG/PG/Other Courses
Some of the leading institutions offering programs in photo journalism are India International Photographic Council
(New Delhi), Amity School of Journalism & Communication (Delhi), Asian College of Journalism (Chennai), Biju Patnaik
Film & Television Institute (Bhubaneswar), Bhavan’s Institute of Communication & Management (Mumbai), Indian institute
of Mass Communication (Delhi), and Indian Centre for Media & Communication (Pune).
Remuneration
Newspapers and news agencies pay according to the assignment offered to the photojournalists. Generally, at the beginning
of the career, a photojournalist can earn around Rs. 12,000 - 15,000 per month. The experienced ones can easily extract
296 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

between Rs. 25,000 and Rs. 30,000 per month. Those who have acquired perfection in the field are offered high pays by
reputed organizations.

10.5. CAREER IN ADVERTISING

Introduction
“Creativity without strategy is called Art; creativity with strategy is called Advertising.” —Jef I Richards, advertising expert
Indeed, it is the advertising professionals who, through their creative renderings, using a few good pictures and a few
good words, help sell almost anything under the sun. Marketing as a function would be very dry without advertising.
Advertising is the business of communicating a message to an audience through the media newspapers, magazines, radio,
television, hoardings in public places etc. Every product that is available in the market needs to be advertised. Advertisement
helps in the publicity of the product by creating awareness among the consumer. The consumer comes to know about the
different features of household goods (like T.V. fridge, cooking oil, soap etc) or a service provider (Airlines, Insurance etc.) An
attractive advertising campaign helps in popularizing a product/service and gives a boost to the sales figures. It forms the basis
of marketing.
Advertising offers jobs on the executive side or the creative side. While the executive department deals with client
servicing media planning and market research the creative department employs copywriters and visualizers along with the
scriptwriters, storyboard artists, typographers, etc.
Work of Advertising Professionals
A career in advertising is very creative and generally gives lot of professional satisfaction. Advertising professionals
work in close coordination with the companies whose product or service has to be promoted or sold. They first decide about
the desired outcome of the advertisement planned and then accordingly work out a strategy. This part is usually done by senior
people in the advertising agency and the marketing team of the company.
The advertising agency then gives the work of developing the advertising material to the creative team. The creative
teams work on different ideas and after lot of fine-tuning, produce the advertising material for different media like Print
(newspapers or magazines), Radio (in the form of radio advertisements or jingles), TV (in the form of TV advertisements) and
Internet (in the form of online ads). After the advertising material is produced then it is released in different Medias and it is
here that the advertising people specializing in different media help the company in negotiating and buying media space for
effective dissemination of the advertisement.
Personality Traits
• Good power of observation,
• An insight into the psyche of the people,
• A creative visual imagination,
• Patience and perseverance,
• Expert at interacting with the people.
Courses & Eligibility
• BA Advertising: 10+2
• Bachelor of applied art/ Courses in multimedia and mass communication/ any graduation (For Copy Writer), Entrance
test- Copy Test.
• Graduation in communication Design/ Graphic Design/Animation Design (For Visualiser)
• Post Graduation Advertising: Any Graduation and entrance exam and/or interview.
• MBA/Communication Management/ Media Management
Entrance Exam
• Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Bhartiya Vidhya Bhavan, Jamia Millia Islamia, Rajendra Prasad Institute of
Communication and Management, Xaviers Institute of communications, School of Communication and Management
Studies, Cochin conduct various entrance exams for admission to their courses.
Where to Study
• Mudra Institute of Communication (MICA), Ahmedabad.
• Mass Communication Research Centre (MCRC), Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi
CAREER IN MASS MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION 297
• Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) Offers Post-graduate Diploma Course in Advertising & Public Relations.
JNU new campus, New Delhi Phone
• National Institutes of advertising, New Delhi offers Two Year Post Graduate Diploma in Marketing Communications
Management (PGDMCM) -Full Time and Two Year Post Graduate Diploma in Advertising and Communications.
• The Delhi School of Communication, New Delhi Offers 2 year Post Graduate Program in Communication integrating
Advertising, Public Relations, Marketing and Strategy.
• Asian Academy of Film & Television, NOIDA
• Sardar Patel College of Communication & Management, New Delhi Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi
• University of Delhi Website: www.du.ac.in
• University of Mumbai, Mumbai Offers Bachelor in Mass media (BMM) 3 years course.
• Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi
• South Delhi Polytechnic for Women, New Delhi.
• Sir Aurobindo Institute Of Mass Communication New Delhi
• The Advertising Academy, New Delhi
• International Institute Of Mass Media, New Delhi
• Institute of Mass Communication, Manipal
Prospects
With the growth in markets and ever-increasing number of consumer goods, advertising is here to stay. Well-known
Advertisement Agencies have openings for copywriters, editors, visualisers and even musicians. One can also be self-employed
by opening up own advertising agency.
Course/Training
In order to be a successful advertiser one does not need any formal qualification as such. Anyone with a talent to
understand public perception and preferences can excel in this field. However, training in also available in the field of
executive and creative departments.
Executive Department: In this department students are taught marketing, media planning, graphics, and group campaigns
with all other aspects of advertising and public relations.
(i) Graduation in any discipline with a flair for writing.
(ii) Diploma or degree in Mass-Communication/Advertising/Social Communication.
(iii) MBA Graduates with specialization in marketing.
Creative Department
(i) Bachelor of fine arts (BFA) can be taken after +2. The duration is four or five years.
(ii) The National Institute of Design at Ahmedabad offers a School Leaver’s Professional Education Programme (SLPEP).
Client serving- Direct link with the Client: Account Director and Account Supervisor
Pay and Remuneration
Usually the fresh people in advertising industry get Salaries of around Rs. 3.5 to Rs.4 lakhs per year, after about 5-6 years
of experience the professionals in this field start earning anywhere between Rs.4 to Rs.8 Lakhs per annum and very senior
professionals usually get anywhere between Rs.15 to Rs.40 lakhs per annum.
A Day in Life
The advertising professionals usually start their careers in either Art (Visual Creativity) or Copy (Written Creativity).
Professionals in Art are usually trained in fine arts or visual graphics. Professionals in Copy are essentially those trained in
language. As the profession is quite creative, therefore it is also not very structured. Most of the advertising agencies where
advertising professionals work have an open and not very formal structure.A typical day for a new or fresh pass-out starts with
checking for new work brief sent by the superiors over Email or in person. After the brief is taken, then the person spends time
in conceptualizing the new campaigns. After making a few concepts, the same is forwarded to the supervisors. Thereafter the
person works on giving finishing touches and finalizing the campaigns where the clients and superiors have given their
feedback.
There are days when the professional is relatively free by early evening and there are also days when they have to meet the
clients’ deadlines and it becomes really late. However there is always creative energy flowing in an advertising agency and the
professionals never feel bored.
298 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

10.6. CAREER AS A FILM DIRECTOR

Introduction
“My movie is born first in my head, dies on paper; is resuscitated by the living persons and real objects I use, which are killed
on film but, placed in a certain order and projected on to a screen, come to life again like flowers in water.” —Robert Bresson
Film direction is an art of putting a dream on to a medium called film. Film directors are the force behind a film and work
together with many people who make a film happen.
What do film directors do?
Directors are the visionary’s behind the story of the film and decide the overall look and feel of the film. They closely
work with producers and other people involved in making of a film and shoulder many responsibilities related to the creative
aspects in the film. It is said that casting is more than half of direction. Other than casting, directors are overall in charge of film
making, script, camera and editing etc. where as finance and marketing are looked after by producers. They coach the actors
and direct them to give performance as per the requirements of the film. They coordinate with the staff on the sets and direct
the shooting of the film. Directors are also involved in the post production aspects of the films and get it edited to a final shape.
There are formal courses offered by recognized institutes and colleges, where one can learn about different aspects of film
direction.
Courses and Eligibility
Although getting a formal education is not compulsory in this field, it is advisable. Many directors have worked their way
up in the film industry by learning on the job and by making mistakes. A course in film institute gives you technical skills and
gives opportunity to refine your creativity. There are many types of courses available in Institutes across the country that train
people in aspects of direction. Short term courses, graduation and Post graduate diplomas.
Course Fees
Satyajit Ray Film Institute charges Rs 40,500 in the first semester and 19,500 in the subsequent semesters. Private
institutes charge a much higher fee.
Where to Study
• Film and Television Institute of India, Pune.
Course: 3 year Post Graduate Diploma in Direction; Eligibility: Graduate degree holders are eligible.
Course: 2 year Post Graduate Diploma in Art Direction and Production Design, Eligibility: Bachelor’s Degree in
Architecture/ Painting / Applied Arts / Sculpture / Interior Design in or any related field in the Fine Arts or an equivalent
qualification
Course:1 year Post Graduate Diploma in TV Direction; Eligibility: Graduate degree holders are eligible.
Admission is through All Indian level entrance test.
• Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Kolkata.
Courses Offered: 3 years PG Diploma in Cinema with specialization in Direction and Screenplay
• Whistling Woods International, Mumbai
Courses Offered: 2 years course in Direction.
• Zee Institute of Media arts, Mumbai
Courses Offered: Degree course in Film making, short term course in direction.
• Center for Research in Art of Film and Television (CRAFT), Delhi
Courses Offered: Offers 1 years PG Diploma In Direction.
• Asian Academy of Film and TV, Noida
Courses Offered: Three-month course
Pay and Remuneration
Beginners earn around 2-5 lakhs a year as assistant director, while established directors earn big time money per film.
Famous Personalities
Some of the famous names in film direction are Alfred Hitchcock, Steven Spielberg, Woody Allen, Tarantino and Werner
Herzog. Popular Indian directors include Satyajit Ray, Guru Dutt, Yash Chopra, Mani Ratnam, Vidhu Vinod Chopra, Sanjay
Leela Bhansali, among many others.
CAREER IN MASS MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION 299

10.7. CAREER AS A RJ
A Radio Jockey (or RJ) entertains listeners of a radio program and provides information along with selecting and playing
records. They have their own style and they create newer ways to entertain the people while they are listening. RJs need to
have very good awareness of the events and things going around in the city, they must know the city well and of course they
should know a lot about Indian films and film music. They usually write their own scripts and have to be very innovative at
the same time keeping their style intact. RJ’s begin with odd-hours duty and with experience and popularity they come in the
prime time.
Pay and Remuneration
At entry level, a radio jockeys get Rs 3.8 lakhs to Rs 6.4 lakhs a year and the pay increases according to your job profile
and experience. Senior RJs make around Rs 10 lakhs to Rs 15 lakhs in a year.
The average take-home for a disc jockey at the initial level is Rs 3.5 to Rs 5 lakhs a year. Pay increases with one’s skills
and the market condition and label/club/music composer one is working with.
Career Prospects
The demand for professional in Disc Jockeying and Radio Jockeying is increasing. People are spending a lot these days
on hosting big parties and events which has opened a lot of opportunities. The profession of RJ has just taken off in India, as
there demand is increasing , in the coming years , 10 more FM channels are purposed.
Famous Personalities
Some famous VJ’s are Cyrus Baroacha and Rhea Chakraborty.RJ Richa Vyas and RJ Prateek are two most popular radio
jockeys of contemporary radio.
Institutes for Radio/video Jockey courses:
• CRAFT Delhi, Offers P G Diploma IN Radio Jockey.
• The Radio School, Mumbai
• All India Radio, Academy of Radio Mgmt., Delhi
• ARCJMC, Lucknow
• EMDI Institute, Mumbai, Kolkata, Noida.
• MICA, Ahmedabad
Some other institutes that offer related courses are:
• IILM Academy, Gurgaon
• Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) New Delhi
• AJK Mass Communication Research Centre New Delhi
• Amity School of Journalism & Communication, New Delhi
• Asian Academy of Film & Television
• Delhi University
• Xavier Institute of Communications, Mumbai
• EMDI, Mumbai
• Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
• AAFT, Noida
• ISOMES, Noida and Lucknow
• YMCA center for Mass media, Delhi
• Amity School of Communication, Delhi
• Wigan & Leigh College. Delhi
• IIMM, Delhi

10.8. CAREER AS A TV ANCHOR/COMMENTATOR

“Being an anchor is not just a matter of sitting in front of a camera and looking pretty.”—David Brinkley, American Newscaster
Gone are the days when there were news readers and comperes who would host quiz programs. TV anchoring has evolved
into an art. A whole new set of people with specific skills, have emerged who host news shows, live events and reality shows.
300 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

A career as a TV anchor (Program/News), requires the incumbent to keep the viewers informed about the event/ program
that they are reporting. It could be news analysis, a cricket match, news debate, live broadcast of Independence day, comedy
show etc. The TV anchors should have detailed knowledge and information related to the show. Anchors and journalists work
with teams of camera people and reporters. Anchoring is not only about passing on the information but about presenting the
same in an interesting and entertaining manner. They have to anchor and present the show keeping in view the objective and
mood of the show.
A commentator is an expert who reports a live match on radio and/or television in real time. S/he specializes in reporting
or commentating on sporting/other events. Commentator is career meant for experts as one has to understand, analyse and talk
about the particular sporting event. Thus many former players become commentators although people from outside have also
gained success. Sunil Gavaskar, Navjot Singh Sidhu, are former cricketers but Mandira Bedi was an outsider, who rose to fame
during ICC cricket world cup in 2003 a nd 2007.
Courses & Eligibility
Just like Film Actors, while formal training is a plus, however it is the skills that play a vital role in the success of a person
who wants to pursue career as a TV anchor. The job of a TV anchor is to strike an instant rapport with potential audiences.
Although many successful anchors and commentators have not been professionally trained but have learned with experience.
Some institutes offer specialized courses on TV anchoring.
One can begin with a Bachelor’s degree in the mass media field. Else, Post Graduate Diploma in Mass Communication,
PG Diploma in Journalism and TV Anchoring would also help.
Where to Study
TV anchoring is not a career that is accessible through a classroom. There are no institutes which train people to become
TV anchors or sports commentators. But one can always go for courses in English, Personality Development and Communication
Skills to gain an edge in this career.
• CRAFT Delhi: PG Diploma in TV Journalism and Anchoring.
• Indian Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi.
• Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, New Delhi
• R K Films & Media Academy - New Delhi
• AAFT, Noida offers B.Sc in Electronic Media and Graduate Diploma in electronic Media, PG Diploma in TV Journalism
and Communication.
• International Institute for Media & Films (IIMF), Jaipur;
• National School of Events (NSE) at Mumbai, Indore, and Kolkata;
• International Media Institute (IMI), Gurgaon;
• Osmania University College for Women, Hyderabad;
• Garden City College, Bangalore.
• Indian Institute of Journalism and new Media offers graduate and PG diploma in Journalism.
NDTV Worldwide and India Can, offers post-graduate diploma in broadcast and digital journalism. Offered at Delhi,
Bangalore, Guwahati, Kolkata, Chandigarh, Hyderabad, Chennai, and Ranchi centers. The diploma is recognized by Mahatma
Gandhi University. 12 months intensive program and one can intern with NDTV. Final selection is through interview and on
camera presentation. On successful completion, the candidates are awarded UGC accredited PG Diploma.
Pay and Remuneration
Freshers may start with a salary between Rs. 2.5 lakhs to 3 lakhs per year. Experienced TV anchors can be offered lucrative
packages and get paid per show. Commentators get paid for the days and yearly earnings depend on the number of events.
Career Prospects
With the increasing number of TV channels and entertainment programs there will be a lot of demand for anchors and
show presenters. It is better to intern with a leading channel to gain access.
There are very few openings for sports commentators in India as former national players usually enter this field. You can
start from All India Radio or Doordarshan or any other channel which are usually good platforms. You need a rich, long
experience in the sports arena to get hired by a sports channel.
Famous Personalities
Cricket commentator Charu Sharma.
Breaking News, Aap ki Adalat host Rajat Sharma, Chairman and Editor-in Chief of India TV.
Hussain Kuwajerwala anchor for many famous shows on various channels like Indian Idol.
CAREER IN MASS MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION 301

10.9. EXAMS IN MASS MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION

FTII Entrance Exam 2014 - Film and Television Institute of India, Pune Entrance Exam acronym as FTII Entrance Exam
is conducted by FTII - An autonomous institute under the ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Govt of India - for
providing admission to the following:
Course
1 Three Year Post Graduate Diploma in Direction
2 Three Year Post Graduate Diploma in Cinematography
3 Three Year Post Graduate Diploma in Sound Recording and Sound Design
4 Three Year Post Graduate Diploma in Editing
5 Two Year Post Graduate Diploma in Acting
6 Two Year Post Graduate Diploma in Art Direction and Production Design
(Bachelor’s Degree in Architecture/ Painting /Applied Arts / Sculpture/ Interior Design in or any related field in the Fine
Arts or an equivalent qualification)
7 One Year Post Graduate Certificate Course in Feature Film Screenplay Writing
8 One Year Post Graduate Certificate Course in Direction (Television)
9 One Year Post Graduate Certificate Course in Electronic Cinematography (Television)
10 One Year Post Graduate Certificate Course in Video Editing (Television)
11 One Year Post Graduate Certificate Course in Sound Recording and TV Engineering (Television)
Educational Qualification
Desiring candidates should be a graduate from any of the recognised university. Those opting for One Year Certificate
Course in Television must submit the same at time of interview. In the event of not submitting the said certificate/ mark-sheet
as per above, the candidate will not be allowed to participate for further admission process.
FTII Entrance Exam Syllabus: FTII Entrance Exam consists of questions from the subjects:
• General Awareness and • Mental Ability
FTII Entrance Exam Pattern
FTII consists of 100 objectives multiple choice types of questions to be completed in 90 minutes.
IIMC Entrance Exam
Indian Institute of Mass Communication Entrance Exam acronym as IIMC Entrance Exam is conducted by IIMC - an
internationally known centre for training and research in Mass Communication, an autonomous body under the Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting, Govt of India,- for providing admission to following given PG courses.
1. Post Graduate Course in Journalism (English), New Delhi, Dhenakanal (Odisha), Aizwal (Mizoram), Amravati
(Maharastra), Jammu (J & K) and Kottayam (Kerala)
2. Post Graduate Diploma Course in Journalism (Hindi), New Delhi
3. Post Graduate Diploma in Radio and Television Journalism, New Delhi
4. Post Graduate Diploma Course in Advertising and Public Relations, New Delhi
5. Post Graduate Diploma Course in Journalism (Odia), Dhenkanal (Odisha)
Five seats available in each Course for NRIs/NRIs sponsored candidates, for which a separate prescribed application form
should be submitted.
IIMC Entrance Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualification: The aspiring candidate should have a Bachelor’s degree in any discipline
Note: Those who have appeared / are appearing in final degree examinations are also eligible to apply
Age Limits: The candidates should have born on 1.8.1989 or later (for SCs/STs/PH 1.8.1984 or later and for OBC
1.8.1986 or later)
IIMC Entrance Exam Syllabus: IIMC consists of question from the General Knowledge of daily use.
IIMC Entrance Exam Pattern : IMC Entrance Exam consists of written test followed by interview. Written test consists
of objective type multiple choice questions of General Awareness and General Knowledge.
Medium of Instruction and Examination will be Hindi and/or English and for Course No. 5: Odia.
302 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

How to Apply for IIMC Entrance Exam?

Offline
Aspiring candidates can apply by obtaining Application forms in person or by post. Application forms and prospectus can
be obtained on payment of Rs. 1200/- for general category and Rs.1100/- for SC/ST/OBC/PH category through a demand draft
only, drawn on any scheduled bank payable toRegistrar IIMC at New Delhi, from IIMC New Delhi or IIMC Dhenkanal
(Odisha). Request for applicationforms should be accompanied by a Demand Draft & a self-addressed stamped (Rs. 70/-)
envelope (27x17 cm).
On-line
The application form can be filled after downloading from www.iimc.gov.in. Each application form must beaccompanied
by a Demand Draft of Rs. 1200/- for General & Rs.1100/- for SC/ST/OBC/PH categories drawn in favour of Registrar, IIMC
New Delhi on or before due date.
Important: The sale of application forms will commence at IIMC New Delhi and IIMC Dhenkanal from 10 March 2014.
Application form for Course Nos. 1 and 2 is common. There are separate application forms/entrance examinations for Course
Nos. 3, 4 & 5. Candidates who wish to apply for more than one Course will have to fill separate application forms for each
Course they wish to apply for.
IIMC Entrance Exam Dates: IIMC Entrance Exam is normally held in the month of May/June.
IIMC Entrance Exam Test Centre: IIMC Entrance Exam will held at the following given centers:
New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Patna, Lucknow, Bhubaneswar, Bhopal Chennai, Jammu, Srinagar, Kochi,
Nagpur, Aizawl and Guwahati, Oriya Journalism exam will be held at Bhubaneshwar centre only.
TSJ AIWE 2014
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam acronym as TSJ AIWE is conducted by the Times School of
Journalism for admitting students to a year-long full-time PG Diploma programme in Journalism.
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualification: Any graduate with minimum 45% in graduation. Those with less than 45% but having
relevant experience will also be considered.
Those in their Final Year of Graduation can also apply (Final year mark sheet/proof of graduation has to be submitted by
them by December 31, 2014)
Age Limit: Not more than 28 years. Age limit can be relaxed for those with relevant experience.
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam Syllabus
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam consists of question from the GK testing the General Awareness of
the candidates.
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam Pattern
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam consists of written Exam followed by Interview/personality test.
How to apply for Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam?
Aspiring candidate can downloaded from (http://www.timesmediastudies.com/images/tsjcomboform-2013-14.pdf) and
sent the filling in application form to TSJ with requisite copies of certificates and exam fee (non-refundable).
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam Dates
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam is normaly held in the months of May/June.
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam Test Centre
Applicants can choose their choice of location for test and interview themselves
Times School of Journalism All Indian Written Exam Contact Details
Website: www.tcms.in &www.timesmediastudies.com
E-mail: tsj@timesgroup.com
Address: Times School of Journalism, 10, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110002
Telephone: +91 11 23273514, +91 11 39843369.
 11
CHAPTER

Career in Management
(Hotel, Hospitality,
Travel and Tourism)
11.1. CAREER IN HOTEL MANAGEMENT INDUSTRY Chapter Outline
The country’s rapidly growing economy has led to a remarkable growth G Career in Hotel Management Industry
in the tourism sector. In line with this growth, the hotel industry has flourished G Career in Hospitality Industry
and thus, the demand for human resources specializing in hotel management G Career in Tourism &Travel Industry
has increased as well. For this reason, more and more students are beginning G Career as a Chef
to take up hotel management in hopes to build a successful career in the G Career in Public Relations
industry.
In a general sense, hotel management as a course may sound fairly simple. However, taking into consideration the number
of specializations in this field of work, it would be important for one to really decide on which field to focus on. Although
dozens of career prospects are available in hotel management, the more common ones include General Managers, Assistant
Managers, Catering Management, Front Office Management and Housekeeping.
Nature of Work
Graduates of hotel management may end up filling positions of general hotel managers or assistant managers. The roles
of these two are very significant because not only should they serve as leaders of the number of workers employed by the hotel
but also ensure that all the hotel’s guests enjoy a pleasant and comfortable stay.
The role of general managers becomes increasingly important as they work with the hotel’s owners and directors to
foresee income and expenditures by setting room rates and budgets. They must also establish the hotel’s identity in terms of
the kind of service that they are able to provide. Managers of each department will also serve varying functions and will take
responsibility for all the levels of employment in their departments.
Food and Beverage: The food and beverage manager is responsible for all operations under the Catering Department.
Here, the food and beverage manager leads all employees under both the culinary section and the steward section. Under the
culinary section, the Executive Chef who is in charge of all kitchen activities answers directly to the food and beverage
manager. This section is composed of all employees who work in the kitchen including all chefs and dishwashers.
Front Office: The role of the Front Office Manager is vital to the hotel’s existence because employees under this
department are those first encountered by all guests. Apart from making sure that all reservations and room assignments are in
order, they supervise receptionists, information clerks, reservation officers, bellboys and doormen. They must ensure that all
employees under their supervision are not only efficient but polite and courteous as well.
Housekeeping: The Executive Housekeeper is responsible for all employees who work towards maintaining all rooms
and the rest of the hotel facilities to make sure that everything is clean and tidy at all times. Under direct command of the
Executive Housekeeper are floor supervisors who ensure that all rooms in their floor of responsibility are well-maintained.
Other employees who are under the supervision of the Executive Housekeeper are the bays who are in charge of making beds
and cleaning rooms, chamber boys and maids who clean the toilets and the shower areas, and the linen maids who collect and
stock all sheets, towels, and napkins for laundry.
Personality
A job in the hotel industry requires certain essential personality characteristics. An individual seeking employment in
this dynamic sector needs excellent social skills. A pleasant personality, enthusiasm, discipline, a genuine interest in a
303
304 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

customer’s needs and a willingness and aptitude for public relations work are the basic traits employers watch out for in their
applicants.
In addition to these basic personality traits, hotel managers must be highly business oriented and flexible and exhibit
exceptional leadership skills. Managerial positions in hotels require excellent organization skills and the quick thinking and
adaptive capabilities needed to handle the pressures of dealing with guests from vastly different cultures.
Professional Courses
To pursue a career in hotel management, university courses that take 3 to 4 years are recommended. Among these courses
commonly offered by Indian colleges and universities are 3 years in Bachelor of Science in Hotel Management, 3 years
Diploma in Hotel Management, 3 years in Bachelor of Arts in Hospitality and Tourism Management, and 4 years in
Bachelor of Hotel Management and Catering Technology.
In order to qualify for these courses, one must have a 12th or equivalent pass with a minimum aggregate performance
of 50%.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Below are some of the popular choices among those who wish to pursue careers in hotel management:
1. A.K. Hafizka College of Hotel & Tourism Management Studies & Research
3 years - Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Studies
3 years - Bachelor of Science in Catering and Hotel Administration
3 years - Advanced Diploma in Culinary Arts
2. Army Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology
4 years - Bachelor of Hotel and Restaurant Management
3. Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Hotel Management & Catering Technology
4 years - Bachelor in Hotel Management and Catering Technology
4. FHRAI Institute of Hospitality Management
4 years - International Hospitality Administration
4 years - International Culinary Administration
3 years - Bachelor of Science in Hospitality, Catering, and Tourism
1 year - Diploma in Hotel Operations
5. Heritage Institute of Hotel and Tourism
3 years - Bachelor of Science in Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Tourism
6. Institute of Hotel Management
3 years - Bachelor of Science in Hotel Management
7. Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology, & Applied Nutrition
3 years - Bachelor of Science in Hospitality and Hotel Administration
8. Merit Swiss Asian School of Hotel Management
3 years - Diploma in Hotel Administration
9. Oberoi Center of Learning and Development
3 years - Diploma in Hotel Operations Managemenet
10. Welcomgroup Graduate School of Hotel Administration
4 years - Bachelor of Hotel Management
Specialization
Post Graduation in Hotel Management: Those who have graduated with a degree in Bachelor of Science in Hotel
Management can pursue post graduate studies and obtain a Master of Science degree in Hospitality Administration. These
post graduate studies usually take up to one year.
Career Prospects
Graduates of professional courses under this field are usually taken as trainees under the positions they apply for. While
most graduates usually seek work in five star hotels or other private hotel chains, some find themselves seeking alternative
employment avenues in restaurant management, cruise ship hotel management, institutional and industrial catering, club or
bar management, airline catering and cabin services, or management of catering departments in banks and insurance houses.
CAREER IN MANAGEMENT (HOTEL, HOSPITALITY, TRAVEL AND TOURISM) 305
Remunerations
Compensation can greatly differ because of the number of factors affecting it. The most significant factors include the size
of the firm or organization, the location of the business, when the applicant graduated and his or her performance in school.
Hotel Management in India is one of the top most purused courses in India. Hotel Management Entrance Examination are
those which are conducted on All India basis for recruitment to various Universities / Institutes offering Hotel Management
Courses.
The National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology (NCHMCT) is a Registered Society under Ministry
of Culture and Tourism, Government of India which centrally regulates academics for hospitality management through
structured courses of studies that are imparted at the Government sponsored 24 Institutes of Hotel Management and eight
Food Craft Management and eight Food Craft Institutes located in different parts of the country. Allmost all the Hotel
Management Colleges in India also conduct tests of their own.
List of Hotel Management Entrance Exams
MAH HM CET - Maharashtra Hotel Management Common Entrance Test
NCHMCT JEE - National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology Entrance Exam
PUTHAT - Panjab University Tourism and Hospitality Aptitude Test
Hotel Management Entrance Examination Eligibility
1. 10 + 2 (% varies from institute to institute).
2. 22 years for General/PH and 25 years for SC/ST candidates as on 1st July. In the case of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled
Tribe candidates, upper age limit is relaxable by three years.
Hotel Management Entrance Examination Pattern and Admission Process
• Hotel Management Entrance Exam is of two hour duration.
• The test includes multiple-choice questions based on GK, Current affairs, General English, Aptitude & Numerical
Ability.
• The test comprises objective question. Each correct has 1 marks & for wrong answer 1/4 marks will be deducted.
• Admission depends on the performance of the students in the written admission test, personal interview round / group
discussion session.
• The pattern of the Hotel Management Entrance Exams is almost the same in almost all the institutes.
Some of the main Hotel Management Entrance Examination in India are:
1. NCHMCT – JEE - National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology.
2. FHRAI - Federations of Hotels and Restaurants Association of India.
3. MAH-HM-CET Maharashtra Hotel Mangement Common Entrance Test.
4. IITM - Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management.
5. HIHT - Heritage Institute of Hotel and Tourism.
6. ITDC - India Tourism Development Corporation.

11.2. CAREER IN HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

India is ranked 11th in Asia and 62nd in the world for its richest cultural heritage and beautiful flora and fauna, according
to a recent Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report of World Economic Forum. This suffices the reason for the growing
importance of hospitality in the country. The word ‘hospitality’ can be defined as a relationship between a visitor and a host.
The field of hospitality requires personal skills, like sense of responsibility, helpful and friendly nature, and attractive
appearance, along with good presence of mind. On realizing the significance of the hospitality sector in the country, a
number of institutes have started courses in this field, under the administration of National Council for Hotel Management and
Catering Technology (NCHMCT), an autonomous body under Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. Scores of job
opportunities are available in hospitality sector, including hotels, travel and tourism, and aviation.
Course Details
Most institutes in India offer courses in hospitality at diploma, certificate, and postgraduate diploma levels. However,
some institutions also impart programs in hospitality at undergraduate and postgraduate degree levels. Some of the most
common hospitality courses are
B Sc (Hospitality)
M Sc (Hospitality & Hotel Administration)
306 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

BA in Hospitality & Tourism Management;

Certificate Course in Hotel and Catering Management;
Diploma in House Keeping, Hotel Reception and Book Keeping, and Restaurant and Counter Service; Craftsmanship
Course in Food and Beverage Service;
Diploma in Bakery and Confectionery;
Diploma in Front Office,
Post Graduate Diploma in Dietetics and Hospital Food Service
Talking about the eligibility for UG programs, one has to clear 10+2 level of examination, in any stream, from a
recognized state/national board. For PG courses, graduation in relevant stream from any recognized University is mandatory.
Students are imparted technicalities about various aspects of the relevant subjects, apart from practical exposure and knowledge.
Career Prospects
On successful completion of the course in hospitality, one can become a specialist in the field and work as a catering
officer or chef in hotels, restaurants, fast food chains, and allied sectors. Customer relations executive, management trainee,
and marketing/sales executive are other prospective positions to look out for. Besides, kitchen management and house
keeping management are other areas to seek lucrative jobs. Moreover, one can join as an executive in tourism development
corporations and resort properties, as a lecturer in hotel management institutes or food craft institutes, and as cabin crew in
national and international airlines and cruises.
Top Colleges Offering UG/PG/Other Courses
Some prominent hospitality institutes in India include:
• Indian Institute of Hospitality Management, Maharashtra;
• Angel Institute of International Hospitality and Management (AIIHM), Greater Noida;
• FHRAI Institute of Hospitality Management, Greater Noida;
• Amman Institute of Hospitality Management and Computer Application, Salem;
• Brilliant Institute of Hospitality Management, West Bengal;
• College of Hospitality Administration, Jaipur;
• College of Hospitality and Tourism, Gurgaon;
• Hope Institute of Hospitality Management, Delhi;
• Institute of Hospitality Management, Goa;
• Army Institute of Hotel Management & Catering Technology, Bangalore;
• MS Ramaiah College of Hotel Management,
• Bangalore; and Saptagiri College of Hotel Management, Mangalore.
Remuneration
Remuneration in the field of hospitality may vary from one organization to another. At the fresher level, the salary may
seem to be low, but with experience, one can be offered high salary packages.
Career in Tourism & Travel Industry
Tourism and travels serves as the promoter of national and international goodwill. It is the third biggest industry in the
world. In India tourism was declared an industry only a few years ago. It has however become the second biggest foreign
exchange earner next only to gems and jewellery export. However, inspite of this India with its rich and diverse culture and
numerous places of tourist interest, still lag behind. Today, with a conscious effort from the Government, the future of the
industry holds tremendous promise for growth.
Main Areas: The travel and tourism industry operates in the private as well as in the public sector.
Private Sector
In this sector activities are divided into two distinct sections.
(1) Travel Agents: Travel agents are concerned with the marketing of travel and tourism. They are basically retailers,
who plan and sell trips to individuals or groups. They book passages for air, rail, sea and road travel, arrange hotel reservations
or other accommodations, hire cars and coaches. All travel agents take on both international and domestic bookings. Some
specialise in areas, like business trips, group tours or conferences.
(2) Tour Operators: Tour operators deal in travel and destination management. They put together and sell package
holidays. These could be for individuals or groups and include incoming tourists from abroad, outbound tours to foreign
destinations or domestic travelers. Tour operators could offer special interest packages that range from archaeology to golf,
wildlife to astrology.
CAREER IN MANAGEMENT (HOTEL, HOSPITALITY, TRAVEL AND TOURISM) 307
Public Sector: This sector’s main concern is the promotion of tourism in India. To this end, most public sector organisations
connected with tourism not only run a network of hotels, information centres and other facilities and services for visitors to the
country, but also involved in larger development projects aimed at improving tourism infrastructure and expanding the
industry. They are aided in this task by other semi-government bodies, including the Indian Railways and the two national
airlines.
The Work: Work in the travel and tourism industry is essentially concerned with providing services for people who are
away from home, on business or holiday. Work at every functional level in the industry involves dealing directly with people.
A great deal of mobility is also required in certain jobs where contact must be maintained with representatives of the myriad
services provided to clients or individuals or groups that are to be accompanied to and around their destinations. Besides this,
it is vital that all tourism staff in marketing, counter sales, or guide services, be acquainted about the places their clients visit,
in terms of general background, air read and rail connections and facilities available.
Personality Traits
(1) An outgoing nature (2) willingness to travel (3) ability to communicate with people of different backgrounds
(4) enthusiasm for meeting people, (5) awareness of the country’s history and culture etc.
Training/Institutes
After completing +2 level of education, a student can enroll himself/herself in a specialised tourism course. The vocational
colleges in the country offer tourism as a discipline and completion of such a course leads to a graduate degree.
Polytechnics also offer training programmes in certain aspects of tourism and travel, for example in ticketing and reservation.
This level of qualification leads to jobs in travel agencies, as well as in Govt. departments, air lines and hotels but does not
offer prospects for much growth and promotion in the industry.
The most professional training in travel and tourism is available in the form of the postgraduate diploma and degree
programmes of one or two years duration provided by many Univ. institutes in country.
Course Institutions Eligibility Duration
MTA(Master of Tourism Administrator): Kurukshetra University, Aligarh Muslim University; Jiwaji University, Gwalior;
Anantpur University, Anantapur, Marathwada University, Aurangabad. Graduate/PG, Duuration 2 years.
Management of Visitor Service/Tourism Dev./ Planning in Tourism Travel & Transportation/ Environmental Parameters of
Tourism Development/ Management of issues in Tourism & Travel/ Computer Technology & Communication in tourism.
Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel, Thiruvananthapuram; Garware Institute of Career Education and Development,
University of Bombay. Indian Institute of Travel and Tourism Management, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi. (All three are regional
chapters of Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management, New Delhi.
Graduate with 3 years experience at junior or middle management level, maximum age-30 years. 24 credits programme
(cyclic programme scheduled in April, July, October and Dec.)
Diploma in Tourism Management : Indian Institute of Travel & Tourism Management, Agra university; Annamalai
University; Berhampur university, Orissa; Bombay University; Delhi University; Indore University; H.S. Gour University;
Goa University; Guru Ghasidas university, Bilaspur; Jiwaji University, Gwalior. University of Keral, Trivandrum; Kota Open
University; Kumaon University, Nainital; Kurukshetra university, Madurai University; Madras University, Manipur University,
Imphal; Marathwada University; Pondicherry University, Ravi Shankar university, Raipur; Utkal University, Bhubaneswar.
Graduate with 60% marks Duration 1 year (August to July).
Graduate integrated course in Tourism: College of Vocational studies, Delhi, University, 10 + 2, 3 years
Language Training Course for Professionals in Tourism: Cultural organisation of foreign countries, Graduation,
3 years,
Full-time Diploma course in Travel & Tourism, Cultural organisation of foreign countries. Graduation, 1 year
Basic Course in Air Travel Fares & Ticketing: The Ministry of Tourism & Delhi Tourism, 9 Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri,
New Delhi-110021. Graduation 3 months
Basic Course in Air & Seal Carriage Services management: The Ministry of Tourism & Delhi Tourism, 9 Nyaya Marg,
Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021. Graduation 2 months
Basic course in Computer application in Tourism & Travel Industry: The Ministry of Tourism & Delhi Tourism, 9
Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri New Delhi-110021. Graduation 2 months
Basic Course in Airlines, Travel Agency & Tour Operation Management: The Ministry of Tourism & Delhi Tourism,
9 Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021. Graduation 2 months
Courses in Spanish, Japanese, French, & Russian Language: The Ministry of Tourism and Delhi Tourism, 9 Nyaya
Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021. 6 months.
308 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Job Opportunities:
(1) Positions in travel agencies, Air Lines, Transport and Cargo Companies.
(2) Government jobs in Tourism Department including ITDC & State T.D.Cs.
(3) Work as tour operators.
(4) Or be self-employed.
Self Employment
This requires capital and minimum experience of having worked as a manager in a travel agency. A single enterprising
individual can, after a few years of experience, start by handling all travel requirements of a client and gradually build up
business.

11.3. CAREER AS A CHEF

Introduction
“I liked the energy of cooking, the action, the camaraderie. I often compared the kitchen to sports and compare the
chef to a coach. There are a lot of similarities to it.” —Todd English, Celebrity Restaurateur, Chef and Author.
These are the words of Todd English who is a celebrity restaurateur, chef and author. He is well known all over the world
for his restaurant Olives which is in Las Vegas and Boston. Food trip with Todd English is his show on television which is also
very famous. Cooking more than being a mere profession; is an art and in recent times has become a very popular choice of
profession among the youth.
Whenever you think about food, you are actually thinking about the Chef or the Master Chef who is skilled to bring the
best food to your taste buds. Essentially, a cook, who cooks the food, a Chef, by his own knowledge and understanding of
various spices, flavors and other ingredients, brings the delicious food to those who savor it. Today, Chef has emerged as one
of the sought-after careers by many.
The Chef, being the master of the kitchen in the restaurant has total control over the junior staff and oversees the entire
proceedings. He divides the work within his team in such a manner that there is seamless integration between raw material
handling, basic preparation, final preparation and finally the presentation.
Courses and Eligibility
The minimum qualification for becoming a chef is a bachelor’s degree or diploma in Hotel Management; kitchen
management training adds value to an inspiring Chef.
One can go for both Degree and Diploma courses in Hotel Management. The basic qualification for both degree and
diploma levels is 10+2. There are a few short term courses as well. These short term courses are meant for usually of 1½ Years
duration and the eligibility criterion is 10+2 with English as one of the major subjects. These courses are: Diploma in Food
Production, Diploma in Food and Beverage Services, and Diploma in Bakery and Confectionery
Institutes coming under the National Council now offer a 3-year degree course B Sc Hospitality and Hotel Administration,
while some private institutes offer a 4-year Bachelor’s programme in Hotel Management.
To get admission in the institutes one has to take the entrance test consisting of English, Reasoning, General Science and
General Knowledge. The test is of 2-hour duration and is held around April every year. The test is followed by a group
discussion and interview, in which a person’s personality and confidence is seen. Private institutes have their tests at different
times in April/May and the pattern of the paper is roughly the same. Academic sessions usually start by July/August every year.
Where to Study
• The Institute of Hotel Management (IHM) and Indian Institute of Hotel Management (IIHM) are leading Institutes where
these courses are offered with specialization. Admission procedure is strict and students are selected through admission
tests and personal interview.
• Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition, Pusa Road, New Delhi. The institute has 19
branches in all, located in Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar, Calcutta, Chandigarh, Chennai, Goa,
Gurdaspur, Guwahati, Gwalior, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Meerut, Mumbai, Shimla, Srinagar and Thiruvananthapuram.
Courses: M.Sc. Hospitality Administration , Post Graduate Diploma in Accommodation, Operation and, Management, Post
Graduate Diploma in Dietetics and Hospital Food Service, B. Sc. In Hospitality and Hotel Administration, Craftsmanship
Course in Food Production, Craftsmanship Course in Food and Beverage Service, Certificate Course in Hotel and
• A.K. Hafizka College of Hotel & Tourism Management Studies & Research Mumbai offers 3 years - Bachelor of Science
in Hospitality Studies, 3 years - Bachelor of Science in Catering and Hotel Administration, 3 years - Advanced Diploma
in Culinary Arts
CAREER IN MANAGEMENT (HOTEL, HOSPITALITY, TRAVEL AND TOURISM) 309
• Army Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology Bangalore, Courses Offered: 4 years - Bachelor of Hotel
and Restaurant Management
• Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Hotel Management & Catering Technology Kalkaji, New Delhi Courses Offered: 4
years - Bachelor in Hotel Management and Catering Technology
• FHRAI Institute of Hospitality Management , Greater Noida, Courses Offered: 4 years - International Hospitality
Administration, 4 years - International Culinary Administration, 3 years - Bachelor of Science in Hospitality, Catering,
and Tourism, 1 year - Diploma in Hotel Operations
• Diploma in Food Production, Diploma in Food and Beverage Service, Diploma in Front Office. Total no. of seats are
more than 3000.
• Indian Institute of Hotel Management (run by the Taj Group of Hotels), Aurangabad. Courses offered BA Hons in Hotel
Management., 4 years BA Hons in Culinary Arts.
• A.K. Hafizka College of Hotel & Tourism Management Studies & Research Mumbai offers 3 years - Bachelor of Science
in Hospitality Studies, 3 years - Bachelor of Science in Catering and Hotel Administration, 3 years - Advanced Diploma
in Culinary Arts
• Army Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology Bangalore, Courses Offered: 4 years - Bachelor of Hotel
and Restaurant Management
• Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Hotel Management & Catering Technology Kalkaji, New Delhi Courses Offered: 4
years - Bachelor in Hotel Management and Catering Technology
• FHRAI Institute of Hospitality Management , Greater Noida, Courses Offered: 4 years - International Hospitality
Administration, 4 years - International Culinary Administration, 3 years - Bachelor of Science in Hospitality, Catering,
and Tourism, 1 year - Diploma in Hotel Operations
• Heritage Institute of Hotel and Tourism, Agra, Courses Offered: 3 years - Bachelor of Science in Hotel Management,
Catering Technology and Tourism
• Merit Swiss Asian School of Hotel Management Ooty, Courses Offered: 3 years - Diploma in Hotel Administration
• Oberoi Center of Learning and Development, Delhi, Courses Offered: 3 years - Diploma in Hotel Operations Management
• Welcome group Graduate School of Hotel Administration , Manipal Courses Offered: 4 years - Bachelor of Hotel
Management, Specialization: Post Graduation in Hotel Management
• Institute of Hotel Management, Aurangabad , BA Hons Culinary Art (4 years), Hotel management (4 years), Masters in
International Hospitality management.
• Indian Institute of Hotel Management and Culinary Arts, HyderabadBachelors Degree in Catering Technology and
Culinary Arts (BCT&CA), ( As a Specialization in Hotel Management) , Bachelors Degree in Hotel Management and
Catering Technology (BHM&CT) . 1½ year Certificate Course in Food Production and Patisserie (F.P.P) .
• South Delhi Polytechnic for women, Lajpat Nagar, Delhi Offers 3 years Full Time, UG degree in Hotel Catering and
Hospitality.
• Guru Nanak Institute of Hotel Management (Under JIS group educational initiatives)
• PCTE Institute of Hotel Management
• M. A. Rangoonwala Institute of Hotel Management & Research
• Christ College, Bangalore
• Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
• Subhas Bose Institute of Hotel Management (SBIHM)
• Rayat & Bahra Institute of Hotel Management
• Acharya Institute of Management and Sciences (AIMS)
• Garden City College of Science and Management Studies
• Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Hotel Management & Catering Technology
Pay and Remuneration
It is worth mentioning that fresh candidates for the Chef Job, in the beginning, get between Rs.3 to 4 lakhs per annum. The
mid-level chefs can make something between Rs. 10 lakhs and 15 lakhs of rupees every year. There is a possibility for the
senior most chefs where the annual salary can be between 15 lakhs and 30 lakhs per year.
Famous Personalities
There are many chefs all over the world who are amazing in their work. They have the art to make the most unusual and
delicious dishes. Gordon Ramsay, Jamie Oliver, Anthony Bourdain, Paul Bocuse, Thomas Keller and Wolfgang Puck are some
of the internationally renowned chefs.
While Sanjeev Kapoor and Tarla Dalal are some well-known Indian names in this field. Sanjeev Kapoor is a product of
Institute of Hotel Management (IHM) Pusa, Catering Technology & Applied Nutrition. After working in many hotels, he
became the Executive Chef of the Centaur Hotel in Mumbai. He is not only a Chef but also a host, an author of cookbooks and
a restaurant consultant.
310 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Tarla Dalal , PadamShri, is a noted Indian food writer, chef, best-selling cookbook author and host of cooking shows like
““Tarla Dalal show”” and “”Cook It Up With Tarla Dalal””. She has written over 100 books and in all sold more than 3 million
books. She also runs the largest Indian food web site, and publishes a bi-monthly magazine, Cooking & More.
11.4. CAREER IN PUBLIC RELATIONS
Introduction
Public Relations were once used to be a simple operation of Corporate Publicity. It has now emerged as a broad based
management function now popularly referred as Corporate Communication. It encompasses activites in the realm of
management of Public Affairs, Media Relations. Corporate Communication functions works towards maintaining a balanced
public image and regularly communicating the News about the Organisation to the public, employees, Investors at large.
Besides being a simple operational tool for quite a lone period in corporate publicity, Public Relations today also is a key
management functionary. It is known by the name Corporate Communication. Management of public affairs, management of
media relations, critical analyses and research works are these days taken care of by the former. Corporate communication
takes care of protection of organizational interests and maintenance of a sound image of the corporate house to the public
regarding its performance.
The success, growth, and continued existence of any organization depend upon the success with which it handles its
relation with the public in matters of the various policies and aims set by the company. Exactly this thing is taken care of by
the PR professionals in field like banking institutes, business houses, media houses, academic institutions, governmental
organizations, medical institutes, and the like. They maintain a positive relation of the concerned organization with the
public. The organization is projected in front of the public in the best possible way. Their success naturally draws positive
response of the public for the concerned organization.
Nature of Work
Broadly speaking, there can be two operational structures in which the PR professionals play such critical part:
• The In-house Corporate Communication Section, and • The Specialized PR Agencies.
PR Professionals in In-house Corporate Communication Sections
In running any kind of enterprise, problems and confusions in communications with the clients, the management and the
employees is a very common affair. Such problems of the firm are analyzed by the Corporate Communication professionals. It
is up to them to see to it that objectives specific to the end are set and plans chalked out in accordance with the end so the aims
are met successfully and within the permitted budget. The PR department also conducts Interviews, Presentations, Meetings,
Conferences, Press Releases, Trade fairs, Exhibitions, etc. for the company. It is also up to them to carry on evaluation of the
company through market surveys and their effective analysis.
The in-house functions involve chores like Press Releases, Report Editing, Brochures, Newsletters, Articles, Speeches,
Leaflets, Film and Video scripts, and so on. Annual report preparation also comes under this category of functions. The PR
department also successfully coordinate in matters like production of company newsletters, radio tapes, brochures, leaflets,
etc. that is published with the aid of the Advertising Agencies.
The PR department also conducts Interviews, Presentations, Meetings, Conferences, Press Releases, Trade fairs, Exhibitions,
etc. for the company. It is also up to them to carry on evaluation of the company through market surveys and their effective analysis.
Consultancy
This is a very specialized responsibility for the PR professionals. There are ideally specific teams that specialize in several
forms of Accounting works, like the Consumer Accounting, or Corporate, Financial, Public Affairs, and the like. These
activities become all the more important as the several legal bodies, governmental houses, shareholders, marketing agencies,
wholesalers & distributors, etc. keep an intent eye upon such activities of the company.
The Specialized PR Agencies
PR professionals in this field are entrusted with the provision of counseling to the various concerned organizations with
their varied range of dealings and issues. These PR agencies have separate sections for dealing with chores related to the
Media, Client Servicing, and Research Departments. There are the account executives who handle dealings of the PR section
with the different clients. They need to clearly realize the demands and objectives of the clients and set up strategies for the
company accordingly. Press tours are organized by this section of the PRO They also look after the issuing of press briefs and
press conferences. The briefings for the media coverage are also strategically designed by this client servicing outfit. Another
responsibility that the PR section has to deal with utmost precision is crisis management.
Personality
Academics build the basics. That is true. But, when you are on the verge of making it into the professional world or even
contemplating the idea, a strict adherence to your academic institutional learning will fall short of equipping you with the
tools that you need to make it large in your career.
CAREER IN MANAGEMENT (HOTEL, HOSPITALITY, TRAVEL AND TOURISM) 311

The same holds for the profession of PR as well. There are a lot many tangible and intangible factors that you need to
master. Often such techniques can be learnt only when you have actually walked in to the office. However, following are some
of the essential points that any aspirant in this field should make a point to remember.
• Sociability: ability to gel well with people from different professions.
• Tactfulness and Diplomacy.
• Patience.
• Precision of Conduct.
• Analytical Mind.
• Natural flair for innovative ideas, especially for crisis management.
• Clarity of speech and thought process.
• Brevity of writing.
• Organizational abilities.
• Oration power.
• Attitude to welcome pressure situations and take them up as challenge.
• Basic numerical skills.
• Self motivational spirit.
Professional Courses
A good thing about PR is that it can be taken up as a post graduate course of study after completion of graduation in any
discipline. Generally courses of PR do not extend beyond one year. One has to sit for written tests (occasionally followed by
personality tests) in order to study in this particular discipline. Students often need to spend some time with a PR firm as part
of the curriculum.
One can pursue a degree in Mass Communication with specialization in Public Relations.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
There are several colleges and universities besides other academic institutes all across India that have come up with
proper courses on PRO. To name a few premium institutes amongst them that offer degree courses are:
• South Gujarat University, Surat.
• University of Mumbai.
• Makhanlal Chaturvedi University, Bhopal.
Some of the universities that offer diploma courses in PR are :
• Gujarat University, Navrangapura, Ahmedabad.
• IIMC, JNU Campus, New Delhi.
• Aligarh Muslim University.
• St. Xaviers College of Communications.
• Symbiosis Institute of Journalism & Communication, Pune.
• YMCA Institute of Media Studies, Delhi.
• BR Ambedkar University, Hyderabad (Distance Education facility).
Career Prospects
The upcoming years are going to be extremely bright for those who want to make a career in Public Relations. Recent
surveys have shown that jobs in the PR field are to see an increase at a rate that will be higher than the rate of the average of
all other kinds of jobs combined together. And where is actually the need to wait and watch the statistics to arrive at such a
decision? The direction in which jobs are heading these days; I mean, the trends that are getting customary with the corporate
houses and the like, unanimously reflects the indispensability of this post of Public Relations executive. This holds true more
so for aspirants who hold proficiency in the fields of science and technology, medicine, finance, international affairs, and other
such specialized fields.
Once you have the right kind of education, complemented by sound aptitude, opportunities for a career in PR is no difficult
proposition. These days the departments of corporate communication play such a key role in matters of policy planning.
Job Prospects
As has already been stated earlier, the Job Prospects as PR professionals are ever on an increase. Listed below are some of
the premier organizations which provide good opportunity scope to the PR professionals:
• Public sector organizations. • Corporate organizations.
• Hotels and resorts. • Banking institutes and other financial organizations.
• Tourism industry (departments of guest relations).
• Assistant and consultants to several political leaders and political parties.
• Private consultancies.
• Professionals in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, like the Doordarshan, AIR, Film Division, Publication
Division, NFDC, Press Information Bureau, Registrar of the News papers in India, Audio & Visual Publicity, etc.
 12
CHAPTER

Career in Education
and Teaching
Introduction Chapter Outline
Education is a basic requirement of all human beings across region, G Career in Education and Teaching:
race, culture, caste, class and gender. It is important not only to lead a life Introduction
with dignity but also to fully develop one’s personality. The job opportunities G Education and Teaching Entrance Exams
in the educational sector are increasing. G UGC NET 2015
G Other Educational Exams
Scope
G Career as a School Teacher
Educational jobs not only provide a path to earn money but also offer G Career as a Professor/Lecturer
maximum job satisfaction. The employment opportunities are available in
preschool, kinder garden, schools, colleges, universities, research institutes, government organizations, non-government
organizations, international organizations, etc. Teaching jobs are expected to grow about 32.5% by 2014. There is a huge
demand for Indian teachers in many western countries.
Eligibity
• Nursery teachers training: Training of 1-2 years at Vocational Training Institutes is essential. The preferred eligibility
is Class XII with 50% aggregate.
• Pre-primary teachers training: Most vocational training centres conduct training for pre-school teachers. The preferred
eligibility is Class XII with 50% aggregate. The Montessori teacher training schools (which are privately owned in some
large cities) impart training to the teachers.
• Primary teacher training: Teachers with diplomas in education (D.Ed)/Bachelors in education (B.Ed) teach the primary
classes. Graduates of Home Science also serve as primary teachers.
• Secondary teachers training: Teachers having B Ed Degrees after graduation are called Trained Graduate Teachers
(TGTs).
• Higher secondary (Junior College) teachers/lecturers training: Post graduate teachers with B.Ed are eligible for
teaching at Secondary school level or at junior college level.
• Senior College Teachers (Assistant Professors/Associate professor/Professor): College lecturers require a good
academic record with at least 55% or an equivalent grade at master’s degree level in the relevant subject from an Indian
University or a foreign University. The eligibility test for lecturers, National Eligibility Test (NET), is conducted by
UGC, CSIR or similar tests accredited by the UGC. The State level test SLET is for appointments within the state.
• Post-Graduate teachers (University/College level) training: The eligibility that of senior college lecturers along with
good academic record and preferably Doctorate.
Employabilty Skills
• Dedication, perseverance and patience.
• Deep knowledge of the subject.
• Ability to shoulder responsibility.
• Tact, patience and ability to get along with all kinds of students.
• Deep passion of the subject.
• Organization skill.
• Friendly and helpful nature.

312
CAREER IN EDUCATION AND TEACHING 313
• Ability to communicate well.
• Analytical skills.
Career Test
If you record “Yes” for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career in the field of Geo-
informatics.
• Am I self-confident?
• Do I have good decision making power?
• Do l Iove systematic way of working?
• Do I have analysing and interpreting skills?
• Do I have a creative mind and deep thinking?
• Do I have ability of keen observation?
• Am I ready to learn and adopt new teaching techniques?
• Do I like to work as a part of team?
• Do I have social adaptability?
• Do I have physical and emotional expressiveness?
• Do I have ability for improvisation, observation and emulation?
• Am I good in documentation skills?
Courses
Elementary Teacher Education (ETE): Candidates who have qualified their 10+2 examination or equivalent from a
recognized board are eligible for admission to this course. Passion for teaching, comfortable hours of working and paid
vacations is the main reasons for joining this profession.
Basic Training Certificate (BTC): In order to improve the quality of the teachers, the government of India has set up
institutes in almost all the states in India to impart BTC.
Diploma in Education (D.Ed): Various states have made it compulsory to have D.Ed to be eligible for appointment as a
teacher. For D.Ed minimum qualification is 12th with 50%.
Bachelor in Education (B.Ed): It is one year course while Vocational B.Ed. course is of two years. Graduate from any
stream is eligible.
Bachelor in Physical Education (B.PEd): It is mainly concern with the physical education and sports. It is one year
course while Vocational B.PEd. Course is of two years. Graduate from any stream is eligible.
Master of Education (M.Ed): The M.Ed Course can be pursued after the successful completion of B.Ed. M.Ed. helps the
students to learn the education systems and patterns more profoundly and comparatively. Those who have passed B.Ed are
eligible for M.Ed.
Master of Physical Education (M.PEd): It can be pursued only after the successful completion of B.PEd.
Other Courses in Education
• Diploma in Educational Management: 1 year any graduate IInd class.
• Diploma in Educational Technology: 1 year any graduate IInd class.
• Certificate course in Sports Management: (Part time) 5 Months Any graduate IInd class.
• Certificate course in Gymnasium Instructor: 130 hrs HSC with 45%.
Examinations
• For Senior College Teachers in India: National Eligibility Test (NET): Eligibility for lectureship and for award of
Junior Research Fellowship. www.ugc.ac.in
• State Level Eligibility Test for Lectureship SLET/SET
Enormous jobs are available such as educational psychologist, e-learning jobs, content writing jobs, librarian jobs,
library assistant jobs, placement coordinator jobs, publishing jobs, animation jobs, education advisor jobs, etc.
1. E-Learning Jobs: These jobs are offered by a number of reputed e-learning companies in both India and abroad. Most
of the e-learning companies hire professionals on a regular basis. The pay package offered to the e-learning professionals
is quite lucrative. E-learning companies provide employment opportunities to graphic designers, content developers,
instructional designers, project managers, technical instructional designers, programmers, business development
managers and solution architects. Marketing and sales consultants are also hired for various managerial functions in the
e-learning institutes.
314 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Eligibility: For graphic designers: Must possess excellent creative and communication skills and should be expert in
Photoshop, flash and other areas of graphic designing. For instructional designer it is necessary to have at least some
years of experience in the field of content writing as well the technical knowledge. For Project managers/business
development managers MBAs are generally preferred. The knowledge of e-learning business is also necessary.
Important e-learning companies in India:
• 24X7 Learning Solution Pvt Ltd.
• WITS Interactive Pvt. Ltd.
• Hurix Systems.
• Gurukul Online Learning Solutions
• Magic Software Pvt Ltd
• LearningMate Solutions Private Limited
2. E-tutors: The jobs like instructors for Online Tutoring, Content Development, Email- Assignment Solutions, Essay
Writing and Assessment Services, Test Assessment Services, preparation for standardized tests like SAT, GCSE, ACT,
CLEP etc. are available. The greatest advantage of this job is flexibility of time and ease of operation (right from your
home). Experienced teachers or tutors, graduate and post graduates who can devote time partially or fully in teaching
through web-based applications. The substantial experience in the field of teaching with excellent communication
skills is essential. Further details about online teaching.
3. Content Writing Jobs: The content writing includes development, re-writing, editing of contents and even building of
website structures. Freelancing jobs are in this industry.Some of the software companies also hire content writers for
preparing their user manuals and other technical documents. KPOs in India and abroad provide jobs as a web content
writer.
Eligibility criteria: Undergraduate/postgraduate/doctorate degree in any discipline can apply for the post of content
writing job. Good command on English, creative skills and domain (specialized subject) knowledge are essential for
this profession. Most of the KPO firms conduct admission test to evaluate the writing skills of a content writer aspirants.
Content writers are required to write articles on a wide variety of topics.
4. Librarian Jobs: Librarians are also known as information managers. They are in charge of administration, finance and
other technical functions of library. Private as well as government libraries appoints librarian. Librarian jobs are available
in the foreign embassies, news agencies, film museums and galleries, libraries and other educational institutions.
Eligibility criteria: The candidates with B.Lib and M.Lib are appointed as librarians in reputed libraries.
Career Opportunities:
• Public/Government libraries.
• Universities and other academic institutions.
• Media houses, news agencies and news groups.
• Private organizations and special libraries.
• Foreign embassies.
• Photo/film libraries.
• Information centres/documentation centres
• Large companies and organizations with huge information handling requirements.
Important Institutes:
• Central Institute of Library Science, Hyderabad.
• Department of Library and Information Science, Gujarat Uni. Ahmedabad www.gujaratuniversity.org.in
• Central Secretariat Library, New Delhi www.csl.nic.in
• Delhi Public Library, New Delhi www.dpl.gov.in
• National Library, Kolkata www.nlindia.org
Distance courses in India:
• Indira Gandhi National Open University www.ignou.ac.in
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University www.braou.ac.in
• Nalanda Open University www.nalandaopenuniversity.com
• Madhya Pradesh Bhoj (Open) University www.bhojvirtualuniversity.com
• Karnataka State Open University www.ksoumysore.com
• Netaji Subhas Open University www.wbnsou.ac.in
5. Education psychologist jobs: It is emerging as one of important job option. Education psychologist has to perform a
variety of functions such to enhance learning process for the overall development of the students; to help the teachers
CAREER IN EDUCATION AND TEACHING 315

and parents to understand the psychological problems of the students; to observe the behaviour of the child in school
and also at the playground; to review the work done by the students at school to come to a conclusion. Several schools,
educational council offices and government academic institutions offer employment opportunities to educational
psychologists.
Eligibility: Undergraduate or postgraduate degree in Psychology or educational psychology are eligible for this job.
Individuals in this profession must have strong interpersonal and communication skills, patience and problem solving
skills.
6. Placement Coordinator Jobs: Suitable educational background and relevant experience in placement field is necessary.
Career opportunities are available in reputed B-Schools, HR consultancies, colleges, Universities, etc. They maintain
database of students and employers, review resumes of students, conduct preliminary interview sessions, invite HR
executives and guide the students about job opportunities matching with their education profile.
Eligibility: Graduates or post graduates from any discipline may apply for the placement coordinator job however;
MBAs with specialization in human resource are always given special preference. The candidates must have excellent
communication skills. The students get job opportunity as placement officer, Director Placement, Training & Placement
Officer, etc.
Job options
• Assistant Professor • Associate Professor • Director of Education • Education Counsellor
• Education Psychologist • E-tutor • Interpreter • Librarian
• Library assistant • Primary School teacher • Principal • Professor
• Registrars • Secondary School teacher • Special school teacher • Teacher
• Tutor • Vice Principal • Employers • Colleges
• Universities • Schools • Private coaching classes • E-learning centres
Education and Teaching Entrance Exams
B.Ed Entrance Exam
Bachelor of Education Entrance Exam or B.Ed Entrance Examination is an Entrance Exam undertaken by various
universities of the different states to admit students in various education colleges attached with it for the One year Course of
Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) and Bachelor of Physical Education (B.Ph Ed.)
B.Ed Exam Eligibility
An aspirant to take the B.Ed examination should be a graduate or have appeared in the final year of graduation. Some
universities have also set minimum marks as 50% to be eligible for taking the exam.
B.Ed Exam Syllabus
Main content of the B.Ed Entrance exam are as follow:
1. Numerical Ability 2. G.K and Metal Ability 3. English 4. Teaching Potential 5. Language Test
B.Ed Exam Pattern
B.Ed is an objective type test with multiple-choice answers. The test is designed to measure a person’s general aptitudes
as the following table indicates:
Subject No. of Question Marks
Numerical Ability 15 15
G.K and Metal Ability 15 15
English 15 15
Teaching Potential 15 15
Language Test 15 15
However number of questions and marks per question may vary from university to university but the general format of the
test remains the same for most of the universities and institutions.
There is negative marking for each wrong answer ie is 25% of the right answer.
B.Ed Exam Dates
B.ED entrance is usually conducted in the month of July.
B.Ed Exam Fee
At Present the cost of a B.Ed entrance exam Prospectus is Rs.500/- and Rs 500/- is the fee to be deposited with the form
for taking the fee.
316 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

B.Ed Exam Test Centres

B.Ed entrance is conducted in all major cities of the state.

12.1. UGC NET 2015

University Grants Commission National Eligibility Test acronym as UGC NET is taken by UGC twice in a year for
determining the eligibility of Indian nationals for the:
• Award of Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) and/or
• Eligibility for Lectureship in Indian universities and colleges.
This test is conducted in nearly 78 (Seventy Eight ) subjects at 77 (Seventy Seven) selected University Centers spread
throughout the country.
Those candidates who qualify this test for the award of Junior Research Fellowship are eligible to pursue research in the
subject of their post-graduation or any of the related subjects and are also eligible for Lectureship in the Indian Institutions.
However award of JRF depends upon the performance of the candidate’s performance in the test and the option they has opted
for as the candidates qualifying exclusively for Lectureship will not be considered for award of Junior Research Fellowship.
The validity period of the offer is two years w.e.f. the date of issue of Junior Research Fellow Award Letter. But in case the
candidates have already joined some higher educational course like M.Phil/Ph.D., the date of commencement of fellowship
shall be from the date of declaration of Net result or date of their joining, whichever is later.
Candidates appearing in Net should clearly specify in the prescribed application form whether they are applying for both
Junior Research Fellow & eligibility for Lectureship OR only for eligibility for Lectureship.
UGC-NET Exam Eligibility
Eligibility conditions for taking UGC-NET exam are as follows:
1. Educational Qualification: Aspirants who have secured minimum of 55% marks in Masters Degree OR equivalent
examination from recognised Universities/Institutions in Arts, Social Sciences, Computer Science & Applications, Electronic
Science etc. are eligible for taking this test.
However there is a relaxation of 5% marks for The Scheduled Caste (SC)/Scheduled Tribe (ST)/Physically Handicapped
(PH)/Visually Handicapped (VH) category candidates in Masters Degree examination for being eligible in taking this test.
Candidates who have already appeared / will be appearing at the qualifying Masters degree (final year) examination and
whose result is still awaited OR candidates whose qualifying examinations have been delayed may also apply for UGC-NET
exam on provisional basis and shall be considered eligible for award of Junior Research Fellow/Lectureship eligibility only
after they have passed(within two years from the date of NET result with required percentage of marks, failing which they shall
be treated as disqualified) their Masters degree examination or equivalent with at least 55% marks (50% in case of SC/ST/PH/
VH category candidates).
The Ph.D degree holders whose Masters level examination had been completed by 19th September, 1991 (irrespective of
date of declaration of result) shall be eligible for a relaxation of 5% in aggregate marks for appearing in UGC-NET exam.
Note: Candidates are advised to appear in the subject of their post-graduation only if not covered in list of subjects then
they may appear in a related subject.
2. Age Limit: For Junior Research Fellowship:
The candidate should not be more than 28 years.
1. However a relaxation up to 5 years is provided to the candidates belonging to SC/ST/OBC/PH/VH categories and to
women applicants.
2. Relaxation will also be provided to the candidates having research experience, limited to the
3. period spent on research in the relevant/related subject of post-graduation degree, subject to a maximum of 5 years, on
production of a certificate from appropriate authority.
4. Three years relaxation in age will be permissible to the candidates possessing LL.M. Degree.
Note: Total age relaxation (in case a candidate falls under multiple categories) on the above ground(s) shall not exceed
five years under any circumstances.
For Lectureship: No upper age limit is prescribed for taking up Lectureship.
3. Other Exemption for highly qualified candidates (Eligibility for Lectureship)
(i) For M. Phil/ Ph.D candidates: The candidates having Ph.D. Degree in the concerned subject are exempted from NET for
Under Graduate and Post Graduate level teaching. The candidates having M. Phil Degree in the concerned subject are
exempted from NET for Under Graduate level teaching only. The candidates who have passed the UGC/CSIR Junior
Research Fellow examination prior to 1989 are also exempted from appearing in NET.
CAREER IN EDUCATION AND TEACHING 317
(ii) For SET Qualified Candidates: The candidates who have cleared the State Eligibility Test (SET) accredited by UGC
for eligibility for Lectureship held prior to 1st December 2002, are exempted from appearing in Net, being eligible to
apply for Lectureship anywhere in India. For SET held from 1st June 2002 onwards, the qualified candidates are eligible
to apply for the post of lecturer only in the universities/colleges belonging to the state from where they have cleared
SET. All SET qualified candidates are also eligible to appear in NET, if they so desire.
UGC NET Exam Syllabus
For getting the syllabus of the paper one can visit http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/syllabus.html. The official website of the UGC.
UGC NET Exam Dates: UGC-NET is usually conducted twice in a year in the month of June and December.
UGC NET Exam Fee: Category Amount of Fee
General Candidates Rs.450
Other Backward Classes (OBC) Candidates Rs.225
SC/ST/PH/VH Candidates Rs.110
For taking UGC NET exam the candidate should not be more than 28 years of old if he belongs to a general category.
However a relaxation up to 5 years is provided to the candidates belonging to SC/ST/OBC/PH/VH categories and to women
applicants. Relaxation will also be provided to the candidates having research experience, limited to the period spent on
research in the relevant/related subject of post-graduation degree, subject to a maximum of 5 years, on production of a
certificate from appropriate authority. Three years relaxation in age will be permissible to the candidates possessing LL.M.
Degree.
What is UGC NET Exam Schedule?
UGC conducts NET EXAM twice in an year, in the months of June and December. The notifications announcing the June
and December examinations are published in the months of March and September respectively in the weekly journal of
nation-wide circulation, viz, Employment News.
Basic Teacher Training
This is a type of academic course that helps one in becoming a teacher. Teaching is said to be an art, which can be gained
by a series of activities. Such a course includes some procedures and policies that are designed to train people, who aspire to
be teachers, with the required knowledge, teaching skills, as well as attitudes and behaviors, which they need for the successful
performance of their basic tasks. This kind of training assists one in effectively playing his or her role as a teacher within the
classroom, school or in a much wider community.
Current Scenario of Basic Teacher Training in India
Such a training course in the Indian Republic is, commonly, called the “Basic Training Certificate” or B.T.C course. The
importance of this training is quite apparent in this country since, the Indian culture gives significant respect to teachers.
Thus, this kind of job includes a significant and influential role, which in turn necessitates a proper training.
Major Basic Teacher Training Examinations in India
Post fulfilling the basic criteria, the aspirants need to appear in the entrance examinations conducted by the respective
institute, where a candidate intends to enroll him or herself to gain a certificate on basic teacher training. Generally, conducted
in the month of May or June, such entrance examinations are objective in nature. This type of a test judge’s one in subjects like
English, basic mathematics, aptitude, general knowledge, along with one regional language.
Top Basic Teacher Training Colleges in India
The country houses several teacher training institutions that offer various kinds of training courses. Located in different
parts of the nation, following are some of the famous teacher training institutes in India:
Banaras Institute of Teacher’s Education or B.I.T.E
Cosmos College of Education or C.C.E
Department of Education, Aligarh Muslim University or A.M.U
District Institute of Education and Training or D.I.E.T, Almora, Uttar Pradesh,
Lovely Institute of Education, Punjab
National Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training and Research or N.I.T.T.R, Chandigarh
Technical Teacher’s Training Institute or T.T.T.I, Bhopal
Trident College of Education or T.C.E, Meerut
Vivekananda College of Education, Aligarh
318 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Other Educational Exams

B.Ed. Entrance - B.Ed. Entrance Exam
ARS NET - Agricultural Research Services / National Eligibility Test
KSET - Karnataka State Eligibility Test
CTET - Central Teacher Eligibility Test
AI SSEE - All India Sainik School Entrance Exam
NEST Junior - Nationwide Education and Scholarship Test Junior
PU M.Ed Entrance Exam - Panjab University Master of Education Entrance Exam
SIE D.El.Ed Entrance Exam - State Institute of Education Diploma in Elementary Education Entrance Exam
MSET - Maharashtra State Eligibility Test
HTET - Haryana Teacher Eligibility Test
PTET - Punjab Teacher Eligibility Test
UP B.Ed. JEE - Uttar Pradesh B.Ed Joint Entrance Exam
Jharkhand TET - Jharkhand Teacher Eligibility Test
RSET - Rajasthan State Eligibility Test
TNSET - Tamil Nadu State Eligibility Test
PU M.Phil./Ph.D Entrance - Panjab University Master of Philosophy and Doctorate of Philosophy Entrance Exam
AP State DIET CET - Andhra Pradesh State DIET Common Entrance Test
NEST - National Entrance Screening Test
GIIS CV Raman Scholarship - Global Indian International School’s CV Raman scholarships Exam
NMMS Exam - National Means Cum Merit Scholarship Exam
AWES WAT - Army Welfare Education Society Written Admission Test
Patna University BEET - Patna University Bachelor of Education Entrance Test
MTET - Maharashtra Teacher Eligibility Test
WBTET - West Bengal Teacher Eligibility Test
CBSE Proficiency Test - CBSE Proficiency Test
NEST - Nationwide Education and Scholarship Test
AP TET - Andhra Pradesh Teacher Eligibility Test
ICMR JRF Entrance Exam - Indian Council of Medical Research Junior Research Fellowship Exam
HP University B.Ed Entran - Himachal Pradesh University B.Ed Entrance Exam
RIE CEE - Regional Institute of Education Common Entrance Exam
Ed.CET - Education Common Entrance Exam
KARTET - Karnataka Teacher Eligibility Test
NITWET - National institute of Technology Warangal Entrance Test
FRI Dehradun Entrance Exa - Forest Research Institute, Dehradun Entrance Exam
IGIDR Entrance Exam - Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research Entrance Exam
IMA Entrance Exam - Institute of Mathematics and Applications Entrance Exam
IISER Aptitude Test - Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Aptitude Test
CSIR UGC NET - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research University Grants Commission National Eligibility Test
Besides these important exams there are a few other educational exams/courses that are held from time to time to upgrade
the trainer with the changing needs and requirements. Eligibility requirements like educational qualification, age and minimum
experience etc depends upon the level of examination and varies from organisation to organisation. Details of all those
requirements have been provided with the individual exam description in the exam section of the site

12.2. CAREER AS A SCHOOL TEACHER

Introduction
“Those who educate children well are more to be honoured than they who produce them; for these only gave them
life, those the art of living well” — Aristotle
The above lines elucidate the significant role a teacher plays in building the foundation of the student’s future.
Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, who preferred celebrating 5th September as Teachers day rather than his birthday, was first and
foremost a teacher. Later, he became the first Vice President of India.
What does it take to be a good teacher? Those who love children, are good at transmitting and explaining information to
children verbally. Have loads of patience, stamina, and nerves of steel, teaching career is undoubtedly a right move for you.
CAREER IN EDUCATION AND TEACHING 319
Being a worthwhile and a steady profession, teaching is an increasingly popular career choice for people from all walks
of life. Remaining unaffected by the economy, this profession has privileged security as compared to many other professions.
No matter what, there are always children to be educated. As it is said, in teaching you cannot see the fruit of a day’s work. It
is invisible and remains so, may be for twenty years. So it is evident enough that a teacher affects eternity.
Schools are the first place where kid’s future and behaviour takes shape. The teacher has several roles to play as that of the
information provider, the role model, the facilitator, the assessor and the planner. The teacher must know her student and create
a warm and protective environment in the classroom which is then reflected in the academic progress of the students. Rather
than being a totalitarian in the classroom, the teacher must be a guide to the student. By their love and caring attitude towards
the student, by aiding their self esteem, encouraging them to share their issues in personal life, the teacher makes a big
difference in the student’s life.
A school teacher can be of the following types:
• Montessori teachers
• Primary school teachers
• Middle and secondary school teachers
Main tasks of a teacher:
• to make children understand abstract concepts with logical reasoning, solving their problems, to kindle in them a wish
to learn,
• prepare lessons and make them as interesting as possible,
• make homework and confer with students over their work,
• to assess children’s work, maintain record of lessons taught and the progress report of their children,
• to discuss the progress of their children to their parents and give an appropriate feedback,
• assist children to learn and not judge their inability to learn,
• identify emotional, intellectual, physical etc. issues which hinder the student to give his/her cent percent,
• to supervise teaching assistants, trainee teachers and newly-qualified teachers,
• to attend professional development sessions for keeping themselves updated on the latest amendments in their curriculum
and new teaching methods,
• to treat students with respect and to teach them to treat others with respect,
• to prepare students to sit for SATs, GCSEs, A/S levels and A-Levels.
Courses & Eligibility
It is rightly said that we cannot hold a torch to light another’s path without brightening our own. So before teaching one
needs to learn, and also know and understand how to become a school teacher. There are various teacher training courses
available at many levels like Diploma, Degree and Post Graduate level. Some specialised courses for teaching in special
schools are also available. Some of the courses in teacher training that are available are as follows:
• Nursery Teacher Training (NTT)
• Diploma in Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE).
• Diploma in Education (D.Ed.)
• Elementary Teacher Training (ETT)
• Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.), B.Ed. (Special Education),
• Bachelor of Elementary Education (B.El.Ed.).
• Integrate courses like BA B.Ed. (integrated), B.Sc. B.Ed. (integrated).
• Master of Education (M.Ed.), M.Ed. (Special Education), M.Ed. (Educational Technology), M.Ed. (Guidance &
Counseling).
• M.A. (Adult Education),
• MBA - Educational Management; can help a candidate to work in a specialized field/organization.
• International Diploma in Guidance & Counseling (NCERT, New Delhi), International Diploma in Educational Planning
and Administration (NUEPA, New Delhi).
Some institutes and universities offer courses in the distance education mode also like IGNOU offers B.Ed and B.Ed. -
special education, M.Ed. Certificate in Guidance, Diploma in Higher Education, M.A. (Distance Education), Post-graduate
Diploma in Distance Education, Master of Education
In order to pursue B.Ed course one needs to be a graduate from a recognised college or university with atleast 50% marks
and must clear the common entry test (CET). To pursue M.Ed. one must have a Bachelors degree in education and selection is
based purely on merit basis. For other diploma courses in teaching one must have completed 10 + 2 with aggregate 50% marks.
Course Fees: The cost of such courses varies from Rs.10,000/- to 50,000. While recently, the government has announced
a fee structure for all teacher education and physical education courses. An accredited Bachelor of Education (B. Ed.) course
320 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

will cost Rs.46,500, a Masters in Education (M. Ed.) Rs. 47,500 and a Diploma in Teacher Education (D. TEd.) will cost
Rs.23,000.
Where to Study
1. University Of Delhi, Dept. Of Education, Delhi offers B Ed and M Ed courses.
2. IGNOU, New Delhi offers Diploma in Early Childhood Care and Education.
3. Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi offers degrees in specialisations like special education, nursery education and art
education.
4. R. Memorial Nursery Teachers Training Institute, Nilothi Morh, Delhi 110041
5. Lady Irwin College, Sikandara Road, Near I.T.O, Delhi
6. Women’s Training Institute (YWCA of Delhi), Bangla Sahib Lane, New Delhi 110001
7. Govt. College Of Education, Sector 20-D Chandigarh 160020
8. State Institute of Education, Sector 32-C, P.O. Sec-47, Chandigarh 160047
9. Annamalai College Of Education, Tuticorin 628003
10. Annamalai University, Department of Education, Annamalai Nagar 628002
11. Bharathiar University, Maruthamalai Road, Coimbatore 641046
12. Berhampur Govt. Primary Teachers Training Institute, PO. Berhampur, Murchdabad Distt. 742101
13. Kalimpong Govt. Primary Teachers Training Institute, PO. Kalimpong, Darjeeling Dt. 734301
14. NIMH Regional Training Center, NIOH campus, Bonhooghly, B.T. Road, Kolkatta 700090
15. Amravati University, Tapowan Road Camp, Amravati 444602
16. Arya Vidya Mandir Institute Of Education, Plot No. 287, J.V.P.D. Scheme, Mumbai, Maharashtra
17. Aligarh Muslim University, Department OF Education, Aligarh 202002
18. Bareilly College, Department Of B.Ed., Bareilly 243001
19. Banaras Hindu University, Faculty Of Education, Kamachana Campus, Varanasi 221005
20. Buddha P.G College, Dept. Of Education, Kushinagar 274403
21. Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kalyanpur, Kanpur 208024
22. Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut 250005
23. K.J. Somaiya Comprehensive College of Education, Training and Research, Mumbai
24. Bombay Teacher’s Training College, Mumbai
25. Andhra University, Visakhapatanam
26. SNDT Womens University, Mumbai
27. Government College of Education, Chandigarh
28. St. Xaviers College of Education, Patna
29. D.M.College of Teacher Education, Imphal
30. Kirorimal College of Education, Bhiwani
31. University of Punjab
32. University of Pune
33. Himachal Pradesh University, Department Of Education, Shimla
34. University of Bombay
35. A.G. Teachers College, Ahmedabad
Pay and Remuneration
Statistics say that the emoluments of a teacher are the best in government schools. A Primary teacher gets a starting pay
package of Rs. 2.5lakhs to 3 lakhs a year depending on the class that he or she teaches. The government schools offer
perquisites and allowances. On the other hand, private schools usually offer a higher package starting from Rs. 3 lakhs+
depending on the class, education, and experience of the teacher. But this may not include other perquisites.
Career Prospects
Teaching as a career option is regaining a lot of interest from youngsters. Teachers can get jobs in Playschools, Nursery
schools, Primary/elementary schools, Secondary schools, Colleges, Universities, educational research institutes, Special
schools. Work timings of teachers are mostly between 8 AM and 3 PM which are comfortable enough.
The Central Board Secondary Education, Delhi, conducts the Central Teacher Eligibility Test (CTET) for a person to be
eligible for appointment as a teacher for classes I to VIII and after clearing the test one can get employment in central schools
and schools funded by government. In India, the demand for good teachers is definitely high. Introduction of virtual classroom
teaching, E-learning and online web teaching by some schools has increased the overall opportunities for teachers. For
instance, a retired teacher with 20-25 years of experience has great scope in online teaching.
CAREER IN EDUCATION AND TEACHING 321
Even in other countries such as the UK and the US, there are plenty of teaching opportunities. There are even great career
advancement opportunities, say, after some experience of around 3 years, teachers are as likely to be in a management position
as graduates in other careers. They could progress to a senior management position such as deputy or assistant head and, of
course, head teacher at which point they will have overall responsibility for the management of a school.
Famous Personalities
Few renowned figures who were first and foremost a teacher and have even excelled in many other fields are:
Rabindranath Tagore whose legacy in the form of Santiniketan is the most lasting. Tagore took teaching out of the
confines of the four walls and formed a school where teaching was often done under trees. Tagore personally mentored his
students and guided them not just academically but also emotionally and spiritually. Visva-Bharati is now a university of
repute and will perhaps be the greatest gift to the Indian education system.
Poet Nissim Ezekiel, whose poems have helped Indian English find its voice and have also inspired an entire generation
of poets was also a teacher.
Dr Manmohan Singh Long before he became the politician had taught in Punjab University, Delhi School of Economics,
University of Delhi and the Jawaharlal Nehru University among others.
Oprah Winfrey a daytime television host in the U.S., who runs an international book club, act, produce films and started
a magazine. She can also add ‘professor’ to her resume as she taught the Dynamics of Management at Northwestern University’s
renowned Kellogg School of Management.

12.3. CAREER AS A PROFESSOR/LECTURER

Introduction
“Better than a thousand days of diligent study is one day with a great teacher.”
If you are someone who is inspired by the idea of learning, sharing and imparting knowledge, the moulding of young
minds and see education as a gift to be enjoyed by all, then teaching is your calling. Especially teaching at the college and
university level could be ideal for you as it is here that you will help multitudes of students who would be stepping into the
world to fulfill their lives’ ambitions.
The main role of a professor is to transfer knowledge and practical skills, methods and techniques, on a particular subject
which is his/her area of expertise. A college/university professor teaches graduate and post-graduate students.
Professors sets and assess students’ project work and conducts examinations and provide feedback based on the results.
He/she may also organize field trips, supervise projects and dissertations and if in the role of a departmental head, he/she will
also be responsible for deciding syllabi and course content, referencing course study material and validating student admissions.
A visionary and perpetual seeker of knowledge, a professor remains abreast of the developments in his academic field and
constantly strives to expand his/her knowledge of the subject, conducts relevant research, prepares research proposals,
publishes or disseminates research findings and seeks accreditation for the same. He/she is a thought leader in his field.
Excellent communication skills, people and team management skills to deal with students, colleagues and staff are some
of the important attributes of a good professor. He deals with and supports in the goals of his students, who comprise of a
variety of people, coming from different social, religious, economic, cultural backgrounds.
Courses and Eligibility
The following degrees must be obtained to teach in a college or university. These requirements may vary depending upon
the chosen stream as per guidelines set by the University Grants Commission (UGC).
Step 1: Complete class 12 in a chosen stream, follow by completing graduation to obtain a B.A. / B.Sc. / B.Com i.e.
Bachelors’ degree in Arts, Science, Commerce etc. There are a vast range of subjects for which the Bachelors’ degree can be
obtained.
Step 2: Complete post-graduation to obtain a Masters’ degree in the chosen field. Candidates must try to obtain at least
a minimum score of 55%.
Step 3: Appear for the NET (National Eligibility Test), the qualifying exam for teaching in a college. The eligibility for
this test is a minimum 55% at the PG level (with 5% waiver for SC/ST/Tribal/Differently abled candidates). There are also
accredited state level tests like the State Level Eligibility Test (SLET/SET). These tests are the minimum eligibility criteria for
the appointment as an Assistant Professor in a college / university / institution. OR
Where the candidate has already completed M.Phil, and/or Ph.D., he/she is eligible to apply directly for the post of an Assistant
Professor / Professor (depending on the number of years of teaching experience) without appearing the NET/SLET/SET. However
this varies from State to State. In some States the NET/SLET/SET is still a necessity even after obtaining an M.Phil.
322 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Apart from the above, the number of years of teaching experience also count:
A minimum of 8 years are required to qualify as an Assistant Professor.
A minimum of 10 years are required to qualify as a Professor.
Aspiring professors can begin to accumulate their teaching experience by teaching at a senior school level while completing
their various degrees. Hence many also do their Bachelors’ in Education which is required for teaching in school. If you obtain
a degree in Masters or M.Ed. it will be useful as you could possibly fall in a higher pay bracket. Since you will invest many
years in obtaining your various qualifications, it is advisable to begin teaching as early as you can in order to start earning.
After gaining some experience in teaching and obtaining at least a Master degree, you can also then, apply to a college
or university to begin teaching as a part-time / guest lecturer.
Keep in mind, that the more the degrees you have completed, more the articles/research papers/journals/books you have
published, more the teaching experience you have, the closer you are to becoming a professor and subsequently, a professor
at a senior level.
Where to Study
A person can opt for day, residential or distance learning programmes depending on the programme, the institution and
their convenience.
A Bachelors’ degree may be obtained in the local college in your area. All State Governments and major cities have
colleges and universities offering various courses. Many specialized institutes also offer courses such as the Indian Institute
of Science, Indian Institute of Technology etc. Always look for an accredited and at least State recognized institution. The
Bachelors’ is a 3 year degree course. In some subjects like engineering, medicine etc. it is 4 years. There are some common
admission tests and qualifying exams to be taken for entry into various institutions. Examples are the Joint Admission Test for
M.Sc., Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE), All India Post Graduate Medical Institute Entrance Exam etc. Individual
institutes also have their own admission tests. Once you have identified your preferred institutes, you need to find out which
tests they require, the dates when the tests are being conducted and when is the last date for submission of applications.
Masters programmes are offered in State and city run universities or at various specialized institutions. Admission is
based on merit and performance in the entrance test. A Masters generally takes 2 years to complete. A Ph.D. can be done at any
time and there is no age limit. It can be done as Full Time or Part Time research. Some institutions require scores of tests like
GATE, NET or Junior Research Fellowship in order to enroll for a Ph.D.
A Ph.D. aspirant selects a topic and seeks the support of a guide (a person with expertise in the related field) to begin work.
Time frames for completing a Ph.D. are 3-6 years for Full Time and 4-7 years for Part Time. An exemption of 1 year may be
given if for instance, the applicant has an M.Phil. / M.D etc.
It is possible to obtain grants from universities and various government agencies such as the UGC, NCERT and others to
conduct research. Some universities hire Ph.D. students as research assistants.
Distance learning programmes are offered by many big universities and agencies like Indira Gandhi National Open
University (IGNOU), among others.
Pay and Remuneration
Pay scales vary according to level of qualification, experience, band and multiple other criteria. As a broad indication, an
Assistant Professor may get anywhere between Rs. 15600 – Rs. 39100 and a Professor may get between Rs. 37400 – Rs. 67000.
A college professor also gets summer, winter and autumn vacations, sabbaticals and grants for research, apart from other
employment benefits. In some institutions accommodation within the campus is provided.
Career Prospects
As the economy booms and the need for qualified work force is increasing day by day, the need for enhancing the number
of quality higher learning institutions is being felt. Recently the government of India announced the setting up of many new
IIT’s and IIM’s apart from Central Universities, all this points to the fact that the requirement of quality professors is only going
to increase. Hence professorship offers quite lucrative prospects in terms of future scope.
 13
CHAPTER

Career in Library and

Information Science
Introduction
Chapter Outline
“Google can bring you back 100,000 answers, a librarian can bring
G Career in Library and Information Science
you back the right one.” —Source Unknown
Today’s librarians are information experts; they ensure that people get the relevant information in minimum time with
least effort. The modern librarian can be termed as knowledge manager. With the advent of information technology, the
traditional concept is being revised to include new-age tools of information like CDs, Internet, e-libraries etc.
Traditionally, a librarian is associated with collections of books. Modern day librarians have evolved themselves to meet
social and technological needs. They may deal with information in many formats, including books, magazines, newspapers,
audio recordings (both musical and spoken-word), video recordings, maps, manuscripts, photographs and other graphic
material, bibliographic databases, web searching, and digital resources. A librarian may provide other information services,
including computer provision and training, coordination of public programs, basic literacy education, assisted equipment for
people with disabilities, and help with finding and using community resources.
The modern librarian is the manager of an enormous warehouse thus research and computer skills are important. Librarians
who specialize in medicine or law will find their professions more lucrative than general librarians. A large part of his or her job
is research. Librarians are challenged daily to find creative ways of retrieving a different information; and how well they can
satisfy these requests determines their success and satisfaction in the profession.
Libraries are the reservoirs of knowledge and agencies of communicating information. Libraries are now universally
recognized as important institutions. A public library is an important element in the life of a community, an academic library
is an essential part of an educational institution, a business or special library is indispensable in Govt. department and large
business and industrial organisation. Libraries require proper maintenance and care. Hence the need for a special branch of
knowledge, called the Library Science.
Objectives:
• To share expert skills, knowledge, and abilities with communities and the profession as a whole
• To train professionals to meet the changing information needs of individuals and groups in a diverse and global society
• To contribute to the librarianship and allied fields through publication, research and other creative activities.
• To provide the information of classical library science with the current technologies.
Personality Traits
A Librarian should have
(1) A wide range of interest; (2) Patience with readers queries; (3) a helping nature,
(4) A methodical approach; (5) Love for books and (6) a good memory etc.
Different types of libraries require a varied combination of these qualities.
Courses and Eligibility
• Certificate Course in Library Science
• Certificate Course in Library and Information Science
• Certificate in ICT Application in Library
• Diploma in Archives & Documentation
• Diploma in Library Science (D.LSc) Bachelor of Library & Information Science (BLISc)
• Bachelor of Library Science (B.L.Sc)

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324 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Bachelor of Arts in Library Science

• Master of Library & Information Science (MLISc)
• Master of Library Science (MLSc)
• Master of Arts in Library Science
• M.Phil, Master of Philosophy in Library & information Science
• Post Graduate Diploma in Library Automation and Networking
• PhD, Doctor of Philosophy in Library & information Science
• Graduates from any stream can take a Bachelor’s degree in library science which is a one-year course. The Master’s
degree course in library science is also of one year for this the eligibility is bachelors course in library sciences. There
are also diploma and certificate courses.
Specialised courses in the field of Library Science considered equivalent to the M.Lib.Sc. Courses are available at:
1. Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC), Bangalore.
2. Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC), New Delhi.
Selection of candidates is mainly merit based. Some institutions hold admission test in order to shortlist.
Eligibility UG: For admission in the bachelor’s degree, the candidate must have passed the higher secondary school certificate
(10+2) examination with science subject such as (biology, maths and chemistry). The duration for this course is 3 years.
PG: The eligibility criterion for pursuing a master’s degree is holding a bachelor’s degree with science subjects such as
(biology, maths and chemistry). The duration for this course is 2 years.
Some of its specialized fields are:
• Information architecture • Indexing • Librarian • Information broker
• Archiving • Abstractors • Metadata Management
• Researchers • Cataloguing • Metadata Architecture
• Computer, Data, and Information System • Preservation Administration and Conservation
There are lots of career opportunities available for library science professionals. Librarians are information providers.
They help people in finding information effectively. Initially, a graduate starts with a job title of a library assistant and gets
promoted gradually. Qualified librarians in this field can seek employment in academic institutions, schools, government and
public libraries, news and broadcasting agencies, universities and in private libraries.
Graduates can also seek employment in galleries, archives, museums, and documentation centers. Graduates can also
work for publishing houses and statistical research centers. Some experienced librarians work independently as service
providers.
Job Titles
• Librarian • Library Attendant • Library Assistant • Deputy Librarian
• Information Assistant • Senior Information Analyst • Junior Information Analyst
• Director/Head Of Information Centre • Junior Librarian/Assistant Librarian
• Junior Librarian/Professional Assistant • Junior Librarian/Semi-Professional Assistant
Where to Study
Various Universities, Colleges, Polytechnics as well as distance learning institutions around the country offer certificate
diploma and graduate and post graduate degree course in library and information science.
• University of Delhi, Delhi
• National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resource (NISCAIR), New Delhi
• Indian National Scientific Documentation Center (INSDOC), New Delhi
• Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
• Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
• Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi, Bangalore
• Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai
• Punjab University, Chandigarh
• Jadavpur University, Kolkata
• University of Calcutta, Kolkata
• Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi
• Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
• M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara
CAREER IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 325

• Devi Ahilya university, Indore

• University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram
• University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai
• SNDT Women’s University, Mumbai
• Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam
• Indira Gandhi National Open University (I.G.N.O.U.), New Delhi
• Directorate of Distance Education, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar,Tamil Nadu
• ISI, Bangalore
• MK University, Madurai
• Annamalai University
Pay and Remuneration
At the entry level the pay and remuneration is not that high but a post graduate librarian can earn around Rs 2-2.5 lakhs
in the beginning. At senior levels the salaries are good and comparable to asst professors. Those employed with corporate earn
much more but their work pressure is quite high.
A Day in Life: Most of the time of their days is spent in classifying and storing information. They work with various
computer applications and manage the books, periodicals and electronic resources for the organisation’s needs. They conduct
online searches and retrieve information for their clients. They also supervise and train the staff in the libraries.
Recruiters
Govt. Libraries, Universities, Colleges, Corporates Training Centres,
Research Institutions, Media Organisations Consulting Firms
Job Opportunities
(1) Positions in travel agencies, Air Lines, Transport and Cargo Companies.
(2) Government jobs in Tourism Department including ITDC & State T.D.Cs.
(3) Work as tour operators.
(4) Or be self-employed.
Self Employment
This requires capital and minimum experience of having worked as a manager in a travel agency. A single enterprising
individual can, after a few years of experience, start by handling all travel requirements of a client and gradually build up
business. “The concept of library has changed. Now the need is to provide ‘anytime anywhere’ access to knowledge
resources” Dr Antony Jose, Chief Librarian, MDI Gurgaon
Librarians are worried that with newer ways of access to knowledge, they will have to catch up with technology to keep
the users hooked to the library. The consensus on the future of the library was that it will have to be web-enabled, participatory
and interactive. So it’s no more about ideal upkeep of books. It’s about making the same book, journal or paper available
online, and also making the user aware about its availability – through social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter to be
more precise. Welcome to the world of new-age librarians.
Role of the Librarian
”The concept of library as a building with stacks of books and journals has changed. The need of the hour is to provide
“anytime anywhere” access to knowledge resources,” says Dr. Antony Jose, chief librarian, MDI Gurgaon. According to Dr.
Jose, who has trained in advanced web technologies, a contemporary librarian is one who works in a hybrid environment
dealing with a variety of information sources ranging from print to online resources. For instance, the mountains of newspaper
and magazine clippings from diverse sources at the Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA) library, popularly known as Sapru
House are all digitized, now. So if you want access to yesteryear magazines like The Illustrated Weekly, this is a good
destination. However, innovation also extends to using physical space more effectively. And managing both requires skills,
and knowledge which is where specialised courses in the domain come into play.
About the Course
Library and Information Science is a degree course, offered at Bachelor’s and Master’s level by universities across the
country. The Bachelor’s is a one-year programme, which requires a bachelor’s degree in any stream. Dr Jose has a Bachelor of
Library and Information Sciences from The MS University, Baroda. Also, offered through distance education by IGNOU and
others, admission is on the basis of marks obtained in school-leaving exam in case of graduation, and on the basis of marks
obtained in graduation, in case of postgraduation. Students from all streams are eligible to join the Bachelor’s course.
The programme subjects include library administration (including acquisition and verification); budgeting, personnel
management; cataloguing; networking, automation; information sources; conservation of material; research methodology;
and public libraries and academic libraries. Ishtiaq Ahmad, a student of the Bachelor of Library and Information Science
course for graduates offered by Jamia Millia Islamia says, students are exposed to software like Virtua, Libsys, SOUL and
326 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

MARC, which help in organisation and management. He and a few other students interned at the JNU library in December.
“Our training helped fill the gap between theory and practice,” he shares. Masroor Faizi, his classmate interned at the National
Medical Library, which houses medical journals and e-journals. Here he was exposed to the process of how a print journal is
made available online.
The syllabus also covers understanding of staff deployment, manpower management, and about such issues as electricity
supply and right selection of furniture, shares Dr. MMA Ansari, faculty at Jamia. This gives students exposure to the daily
functioning of a library. Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya under DU offers a one-year Bachelor of Library and Information
Science, which is open to graduates from all streams.
Higher Studies
At the postgraduate level, as in the case of University of Delhi, the curriculum delves deeper into Information Systems,
Knowledge Organisation, Cataloguing and Classification. The syllabus includes Advanced Library Cataloguing (non-book
material), Advanced Computer Application, Research and Statistical Methods, Marketing of Library and Information Services,
Information Storage and Retrival and electives in Public Library, Academic Library, Research Library, Health Science Library,
Agriculture Science Library and Engineering and Technology Library.
The course structure should take into consideration various technological changes, which are affecting the library and
information services. “Greater emphasis should be placed on topics in computing and web content management and
development,” he shares. Dr Jose, a Master of Science in Library and Information Science from the Indian Statistical Institute,
Bangalore, rates this postgraduate course, as well as that at the National Institute of Science Communication and Information
Resources (NISCAIR), New Delhi, high on these parameters. NISCAIR also offers a fellowship (read box for details). Library
professionals are increasingly opting for doctorate too, for better growth prospects. Dr. Jose did his research at Pune University,
in the area of design and development of expert systems.
Growth and Pay Packages
A library professional is a specialist, and is treated at par with other experts. Thus, in an academic institution a head
librarian is equivalent to a professor and falls into the same salary bracket. A deputy librarian is treated equivalent to associate
professor. In private sector, according to BK Panda, a graduate in Library Science from Delhi University and now works as an
Information Analyst with TCS in Bhubaneswar, the starting salary can even be Rs 5 lakhs per annum.
Jobs in the Education Sector
”The number of schools and colleges that are opening up in the country offer great opportunity to young professionals,”
says Dr. Ghayas Makhdumi, University Librarian and Head, Department of Library and Information Sciences at Jamia. Makhduni
has a PhD in British Medical Information System and a proposed model for India from the University of London. The
Government has also launched a number of Central Universities and state universities. There’s also a plan to create a knowledge
grid, which will depend upon the services of library professionals. Add to this, subject libraries that are opening up, with the
increase in specialised institutes for law, hotel management, engineering, medical etc. A librarian working for a law firm may
hold both library science and law degrees, while medical librarians should have a strong background in the sciences.
Corporate Sector Opportunities
”More and more librarians apply their information management and research skills to arenas outside of traditional
libraries — for example in areas such as, database development, reference tool development, information systems, publishing,
Internet coordination, marketing, web content management and design, and knowledge management,” observes Dr. Jose. Take
the case of Panda. He joined TCS as information officer working in the field of knowledge management, and his job is to
provide virtual information services, as part of the global help desk. A user sends a query, and information is provided within
30 minutes. “In the corporate world, companies have to store vast amounts of information and therefore have a comprehensive
content management system,” says Panda. For instance, an area such as banking demands mass information management,
which can be done only by professionals who have the ability to organise vast amounts of information in a systematic manner.
Turning consultant
Professionals like Mamta Joshi - a library and knowledge management consultant since 1978 - render services to several
libraries. She did her Master’s from Annamalai University and has worked with organisations like Information and Augmentation
Centre, Lucknow and Tata Management and Training Centre’s management library. Today she renders her expertise to L&T’s
Management Development Centre Library in Lonawala and Central Library at Powai. Her role as a consultant spans innovating,
suggesting books to the library, and working on physical use of space available. But one must stay abreast of new products.
“Fifty per cent of my time is spent searching for new things. If you don’t keep abreast of technology, and offer newer features,
the user will get frustrated,” she says.
 14
CHAPTER

Career in Defense
Engraved on the entrance to the central hall of the Indian Military
Academy (IMA) is a passage known as the Chetwode motto. It says— “The Chapter Outline
safety, honour and welfare of your country come first, always and every G Career in Defense Services
time. The honour, welfare and comfort of the men you command come next. G Introduction: Indian Army
Your own ease, comfort and safety come last, always and every time.” G Introduction: Indian Navy
G Introduction: Indian Air Force
Officers who graduate from this prestigious academy swell with pride,
Some Other Defense Services Entrance
whenever they see this motto as it exemplifies their patriotism and courage,
Exams
and is a constant reminder of why they decided to join the Indian Army.
G AFCAT - Air Force Combined Admission
While joining the Indian Army doesn’t need astute academic caliber, Test
but you need to have extremely high level of physical endurance and mental G IAF Exam - IAF Airman (Education Instructors
agility. Also it demands a different kind of a commitment from you. You can Trade) Exam
join as an officer or lower down in the hierarchy as a junior commissioned G IAF Exam - IAF Airman Non-Tech Trades
officer (JCO) or as a soldier. The Indian Army has over a million active Exam
personnel. G Indian Army Soldiers General Duty (NER)
Apart from the obvious advantages of patriotism and serving the nation, Exam
joining the Army has the following benefits- job security, economic stability G Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistant’s
and the possibility of promotions, all of which have tangible values and are MER Exam
possible even in other spheres of employment. However joining the Army G INA Exam - Indian Navy Artificer Apprentices
Exam
also advances social status and quality of life apart from allowing one to
G Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam
experience thrills and a sense of adventure which few other professions can
G Indian Navy Sailors Matric Entry
compete with.
Recruitment Exam
Although the Army is predominantly comprised of men, women are also G TA Exam - Territorial Army Exam
allowed to join at the officer level. On graduation officers can accept either G Introduction: Paramilitary Forces
permanent commissions or short service commissions (SSC), however women G National Defense Academy (NDA)
are not allowed to join as permanent officers but can stay only for between
10 to 14 years in the Army, the same as any male SSC officer. However there are still obvious advantages to being a SSC officer.
The training and discipline that the Army instils is valued in the corporate world and getting a well paid job after leaving the
Army is not generally a problem.
This is one of the best career options. It is mainly related with the internal and external security of country. The defence
services offer dignified, disciplined and prestigious placements.
Employabilty Skills
• Courage and sense of responsibility.
• Ability to reason, determination and ability to organize group activity.
• Proactive and self-confidant.
• Ability to make fast and right decisions. .
• Social adaptability and excellent powers of expression.
Career Test
If you record “Yes” for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career in the field of
Defence.
327
328 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Is the nation is my first priority?

• Am I determined to sacrifice for the nation?
• Do I have ability to organize the group?
• Am I self-confident?
• Do I have social adaptability?
• Am I physically fit?
• Do I have analytical skills?
• Do I make quick and right decision power?
• Do I have sound knowledge of human behaviour?
• Am I disciplined?
• Do I have ability to work for several hours at a stretch?
• Do I think logically and then take decisions?
• Do I have organizational and administrative skills?
• Am I ready to take daily exercises and keep myself physically fit?
• Am I ready to travel to the remote and adverse places?
• Do I give utmost importance to the accuracy?

14.1. CAREER IN DEFENSE SERVICES

Courses and Eligibility
Courses for Permanent officers: Aspiring Permanent commissioned officers can join National Defence Academy (NDA) at
Khadakvasla near Pune or Indian Military Academy (IMA) Dehradun.
Eligibility for NDA
An entrance exam is conducted by union public service commission (UPSC) twice a year in April and September.
Admission forms are available in post offices or online in September and March after an announcement is made by UPSC in
Employment News and other newspapers.
Candidates should have passed Class 12 in any stream. Only unmarried males between the age of 16 yrs and 19 years can
apply. On passing the exam, the candidate is called for a 5 day interview by the service selection board (SSB) followed by a
medical examination. Selection for NDA is done only after passing these 3 barriers.
Eligibility for IMA
There are 4 main ways to apply
• Direct Entry for unmarried male graduates aged between 19 and 24: Selection is by appearing for a Combined Defence
Services Examination conducted by UPSC twice a year in February and August. Selected Candidates have to undergo
a one and half year course.
• Technical Graduate Entry for engineering graduates: Selection is by a SSB interview. One year course.
• University Entry scheme for unmarried students in their final year of B.E. or B.Tech. Selection is by Campus SSB interview.
• 10 + 2 Tech Entry for students passing class 12 with Physics, Chemistry and Maths with an aggregate of 70% in these
subjects: Selection by recruiting directorate who send deserves students for a SSB interview. Total training 5 years
including one year at Officers Training Centre, Gaya.
There are no fees once admission to NDA or IMA is secured. Graduate cadets at IMA are paid a stipend. If for any reason
you forgo your training, a fee of around Rs 8000/- per week will be levied.
Admission procedures for Short Service Commissioned Officers: Successful applicants, both male and female, will join
Officers Training Academy (OTA), Chennai. An announcement is made by UPSC in Employment News twice a year. Application
forms are available online. Candidates are screened by Recruiting Directorate and sent for SSB interview. Successful candidates
will be sent for a medical test.
There are three main ways to apply:
• Graduate non Tech applicants both men and women aged between 19 and 27.
• Graduate Tech applicants both men and women aged between 20 and 27. The applicant has to hold a degree in
Engineering (in any branch), architecture or law. Post graduates in certain disciplines can also apply. An announcement
is made by UPSC in Employment News twice a year.
• Graduate NCC cadets both men and women aged between 19 and 25 with 50% in University exams and a minimum of
B grade in NCC ‘C’ certificate exam.
CAREER IN DEFENSE 329
There are no fees, the Government pays for the cost of training. However leaving training half way through the course
invites a cost of about Rs.8000/- per week.
Pay and Remuneration
Salaries in the Army have increased after the 6th Pay Commission; in addition there are about 60 perks and benefits which
bring armed forces salaries closer those obtained in the private sector. Officers: On Graduation from any of the military
Institutes, i.e. NDA, IMA or OTA one can join the Army at the level of Lieutenant at a pay scale of Rs 15600/- to 39100/- per
month. (This figure doesn’t include perks.)
Famous Personalities
Field Marshall K.M.Cariappa joined the Indian Army when the British were still ruling India and played an active role in
World War II. After Independence he became the first Indian Commander-in-chief of the Indian Army. He retired from the Army
in 1953, but still visited the front lines during the 1965 and 1971 wars with Pakistan to keep up the morale of the soldiers. He
also served as Indian High commissioner to Australia and New Zealand in the 1950s. He is famous for saying, “to me there are
only two ‘stans’ - Hindustan (India) and Foujistan (the Army).”Field Marshall Sam Manekshaw also participated in World War
II. He was the 8th Commander-in-chief of the Indian Army and masterminded Pakistan’s rout during the 1971 war. He was
awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1972 for his service to the nation.

14.2. INTRODUCTION: INDIAN NAVY

Indian navy is the Naval Branch of armed forces of India. The primary objective of the Navy is to secure national
maritime borders.
The Indian Navy offers challenging careers to young men and women. The Navy provides countless opportunities
ranging from being in charge of part of a ship to flying an aircraft or looking after one department on the ship/establishment
independently. In addition, throughout his/her career one can actively participate in the sports and adventure activities of
their choice. An officer at a very young age assumes the responsibility of commanding his men and use of latest equipment on
the ships/submarines/aircraft. Working in the latest technology environment, the young officers are exposed to the very best
in their field of operations. The cutting edge technology and Revolution in Military Affairs makes the career very challenging
in the Indian Navy. Men in white command dignity and respect and are always in high spirits as the service offers personal,
financial, emotional security and status in the society. Adventure activities like mountaineering, sailing, yachting, water
sports, polo and other sports/games are easily accessible. For those who seek fulfillment in life, there is no career like the Navy.
It offers an attractive pay package, perks, life time pension, medical benefits for self and family.
Courses and Eligibility
Selection for Permanent Commission through 10 + 2 NDA / Indian Naval Academy cadet entry and CDSE (Combined
Defense Service Exam) (Graduate) entry is through a written examination conducted by the UPSC, followed by an interview
by the Service Selection Board (SSB). For all other Permanent Commission entries and Short Service Commission entries there
is no written examination. These applications are short listed as per the criteria laid down by the Naval Headquarters,
Directorate of Manpower Planning & Recruitment. Selection is through merit alone.
Women Entry in Indian Navy
Women are granted Short Service Commission (SSC) in Naval Architect, Law, Logistics, ATC, Aviation (Observer) &
Education Branches. The government has also given approval for Permanent Commission (PC) in Education, Law and Naval
Architect branch on completion of SSC tenure depending upon merit and vacancy.
Navy officer: One can become a navy officer in following branches:
Executive Branch
As an officer of the Executive Branch one can exercise command of ships, submarines and aircraft. Executive officers can
specialize in any of the following:
• Gunnery & Missiles • Navigation and Direction • Anti-Submarine Warfare • Communications
• Pilot • Observer • Submarine • Hydrography • Diving
The other cadres that form part of the Executive Branch are - Law, Air Traffic Control, Naval Armament Inspection,
Information Technology and Logistics.
Engineering Branch
As an Engineer Officer, you will be responsible for keeping all the Hi-tech machinery and propulsion systems serviceable.
Opportunities exist to work in gigantic naval dockyards and indigenous production units. An Engineer Officer’s career is
interspersed with technical courses up to post graduation level in India/abroad. You can also join in the Naval Architecture
330 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Cadre of the Engineering Branch. The Indian Navy today employs the largest pool of trained Naval Architects in India. A
Naval Architect is involved in design, construction, quality control, repair and new construction work of naval vessels.
Electrical Branch
A warship is a mini floating city with an integral power generation and distribution system. In addition, complex missile
systems, underwater weapons, radar and radio communication equipment form major part of a warship’s equipment. A majority
of these are either computer-based or computer aided and incorporate the latest trends in electronics engineering. For a ship to
be able to fight effectively, all these equipment must be kept working at peak efficiency. Electrical Officers have this
responsibility and other challenging tasks. To sharpen their skills, the Navy offers excellent opportunities for post-graduate
courses in India/abroad to deserving candidates.
Note: Officers of the Engineering and Electrical Branches can also volunteer for Aviation/ Submarine Arm.
Education Branch
Any service will be as good as the training its officers and men receive. As an Education Officer you will play a major role
in the training of naval officers/sailors. Education Officers are responsible for scientific and methodical instructions, including
theoretical aspects of technical subjects of all branches of the navy and also for general education. An Education Officer can
specialize in almost all specializations of the Executive Branch. In addition some officers also get specialization in Oceanography
& Meteorology.
For NDA and CDSE you must have 10+2 with physics and maths. PCM with 70% is the min requirement for engineering
branch. Post graduates with more than 50% can join education branch.
Where to Study: The navy trains its officers at Naval Academy. The academy is equipped to run 4 year engineering
programs and all cadets are awarded engineering degree. Navy also sends its officers to premier institutes for further education
like IIT for M Tech.
Pay and Remuneration
After the sixth pay commission the pay has become very attractive. The base pay for lieutenant and lieutenant commander
is Rs 15,600-39,100 and for Commander is Rs 37,400-67,000. Besides this officers get allowances and perks, housing,
insurance and other benefits.

14.3. INTRODUCTION: INDIAN AIR FORCE

“Two stars on the shoulder are better (and brighter) than a thousand in the sky”
This is a saying that is uttered very commonly in the Indian Air Force. This portrays the patriotism and the dedication
that one has towards serving their country. The stars on the shoulders are referred to the ranks that are conferred upon. For all
those who are willing to do their bit for the nation and serve their mother land, the Indian Air Force is a wonderful way to do
the same.
The compassion for doing something for the motherland is a dream for many. The feeling of serving the Motherland
creates a unique passion in them which makes them do and die for their country. They can do this by joining the armed forces
of India, among which the airforce is probably the most attractive, fascinating, and challenging. This attracts thousands of
enthusiasts every year.
There is no doubt that a career in Indian Airforce is highly attractive and it also promises a fantastic career which is full of
vigor. Such a career requires the deepest sense of motivation, dedication, and discipline. That is why a career in India Airforce
symbolizes courage, dedication, devotion and discipline. An aspiring youth can join the airforce and become a valiant soldier
who shoulders the responsibility of keeping the air boundaries of the country safe from the enemies evil intentions.
At present, the world is facing a severe challenge and the situation is becoming grimmer each and every day and that is
why the requirement of dedicated airmen has increased quite sharply. The selection and training procedure of the career of an
airman is very tough and it is believed that all these are highly rewarding as well. The airmen who get direct commission in the
Indian Airforce do not need to look back in their career as far as safety, security, and social prestige are concerned.
Courses and Eligibility
A career in Indian Airforce can be divided into two parts namely- technical and non-technical. The nature and responsibilities
are different for technical and non technical. For both technical and non-technical cadres, the minimum age is 18 years.
However, the educational qualifications differ from each other.There are various routes to join the Indian Air Force
• Through NDA for which eligibility is 10+2 (Physics, Chemistry and Maths). The selection is through written test which
is followed by SSB.
• After graduation/Post Graduation in Physics/Applied Physics/ Geo Physics, Meteorology an oceanography/Mathematics:
Through selection test followed by AFSSB, can join the meteorology branch.
CAREER IN DEFENSE 331
• One can also join in the engineering branch where eligibility is 10+2, with physics, chemistry and maths.
• Though CDS for which the eligibility is Degree of Recognized University (with Physics and Mathematics at 10+2 level)
or Bachelor of Engineering. Written test followed by AFSSB.
• National Cadet Corps Special Entry (Through CO NCC Unit / DG NCC) As a Air Wing Senior division ‘C’ Certificate
holder of the National Cadet Corps, you can apply to the Flying branch of the Indian Air Force. Men can join the Air
Force through this mode of entry and will be given a Permanent Commission.
• Graduates from recognized universities with degrees like B. Tech, and BE can also become eligible for direct commission
in India airforce. However, it must be noticed that non-technical positions are only meant for men and not for women.
Students studying in the final years of their graduation courses can also apply for the same but their appointment would
depend upon their final results only. It is worth mentioning that the students having a NCC certificate with them get a
certain preference in the final selection for the same categories in Indian Airforce.
Job Options
• Technical Trade: Radio Fitter, Radar Fitter, Missile Fitter, Missile Fitter (L), Missile Fitter (M), Workshop Fitter (B),
Workshop Fitter (C), Instrument Fitter, Electrical Fitter, Airframe Fitter, Plant Maintenance Fitter, Plant Maintenance
Fitter (M), Engine Fitter, Weapon Fitter, Photo Technician, Safety Equipment Worker, Machinist, Mechanical Transport,
Technician, Air Defence System
• Operator and Radio Technician and Non-Technical Trade: Education Instructor, Ground Training Instructor,
Meteorological Assistants, Air Field Safety Operator, Telephonist / Radio / Telephone Operator, Indian Air Force Police,
Clerk General Duties, Equipment Assistant, Clerk Pay Accounting, Medical Assistants, Mechanical Transport Drivers,
Aircraft Hands General Duties, Catering Assistant, and Musicians. The positions are available for people having
qualification viz. matriculation or below, intermediate, diploma, graduate and post-graduate.
• IAF officer: There is a golden opportunity for young aspirants having 10+2 (Science) qualification with Physics and
Maths to join as officer in Indian Air Force. Candidates, short-listed for Air Force after the initial selection procedure, go
through a rigorous three-year training regimen at the National Defence Academy, followed by specialised training at the
Air Force Academy. Thereafter, they are commissioned as officers and posted as pilots at any of the Air Force Stations.
The graduates of this academy serve as IAF officers. The aspirant can join NDA by taking the exam conducted by Union
Public Service Commission (UPSC). This exam is conducted twice a year in all major cities throughout India.
• Engineer: They can become a part of the Indian Air Force team. Candidates short-listed after the initial selection
procedure, go through a rigorous training regimen at one of the Air Force training establishments. Thereafter, they are
commissioned as officers. One can even join the Technical Branch in final or pre-final year of engineering through the
University Entry Scheme.
• IAF as Airmen: Depending on your educational qualification, one can join the Air Force in the Technical Trades or
Non-Technical Trades. Air Force gives opportunities to learn and grow to newer heights.
Examinations
1. Indian Air Force (IAF): There are several modes by which one can enter the Air Force.
• Air Force after 10+2 in Flying Pilot batch.
• Air Force as an officer, after graduation.
• Air Force as an engineer. Engineers have several branches to choose from such as Flying, Technical and Ground Duty.
• Air Force after post-graduation as an officer.
Indian Air Force (IAF) training: After the initial selection procedure is done and you have been selected you will have to
undergo a scientifically planned and rigorous physical and academic training that will enable you to become the best. The
major academies are National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla Pune. www.nda.nic.in Air Force Academy, Dundigal,
Hyderabad, Air Force Administration College, Coimbatore and The Flying Training Establishments at Bidar, Hakimpet,
Allahabad and Yelahank are the school where Air Force pilots are taught the nitty gritty of flying.
2. Air Force Technical training: The Air Force Technical Training College, Jalhalli grooms young trainee as aeronautical
engineers. www.indianairforce.nic.in
Pay and Remuneration
The Indian airforce officers get a handsome salary which varies from one post/ position to another. The salary is a
combination of various types of scales and allowances. These allowances include pay in pay band, grade pay, military service
pay, kit maintenance allowance, transport, flying, and technical allowances. The pay varies between Rs. 6 lakhs and Rs. 12
lakhs all inclusive. The officers get a large amount of other benefits apart from their salaries. These benefits include free
accommodation with decent features, insurance cover for the soldier and his entire family, leave, Leave Travel Concession
(LTC), Loans at rebated interest rates, ration, recreational facilities, pension for the retired personnel and family pension for
their widows, Education, canteen facilities, and placement after successful completion of the service period.
332 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Famous Personalities
Air Marshall M L Sethi, fighter pilot Karamveer Vashishth and Air Commodore Mohit Nayyar have set landmarks for the
later generations of Indian Airforce personnel. Their work and achievements work as a source of inspiration for the future
generations of personnel of the Indian airforce.
Marshal of the Air Force, Arjan Singh: Singh led No. 1 Squadron, Indian Air Force into command during the Arakan
Campaign in 1944. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) in 1944, and commanded the Indian Air Force
Exhibition Flight in 1945. He was Chief of the Air Staff (CAS), from 1 August 1964 to 15 July 1969, and was awarded the
Padma Vibhushan in 1965. He also became the first Air Chief Marshal of the Indian Air Force when, in recognition of the Air
Force’s contribution in the 1965 war, the rank of the Chief of Air Staff was upgraded to that of Air Chief Marshal. Further, he is
only one to have been accorded the rank of the Marshall of Air Force, a Five Star rank equivalent to Field Marshall in the Army.
List of Defence Services Exams
AFCAT - Air Force Combined Admission Test
I.A.F. Exam - I.A.F. Airman (Education Instructors Trade) Exam
I.A.F. Exam - IAF Airman Non-Tech Trades Exam
Indian Army Soldiers General Duty (NER) Exam
Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistant’s M.E.R. Exam
I.N.A Exam - Indian Navy Artificer Apprentices Exam
Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam
Indian Navy Sailors Matric Entry Recruitment Exam
TA Exam - Territorial Army Exam Defence Services Entrance Examination Eligibility and Application Procedure
Examination Notification - The general public is notified about the Combined Defence Services Examination once in
August and again in March through press advertisements, which are normally carried in ‘Employment News’ and all leading
newspapers of India.
1. For the Indian Military Academy and the Officers Training Academy - Candidates must have a degree from a recognized
university or any other degree of equal educational value. Age should be between 19 and 24 years of age
2. For the Naval Academy - Candidates should be graduates in Science with Physics and Mathematics as compulsory
subjects. Engineering graduates are also eligible. Age should be between 19 and 22 years of age
3. For the Air Force Academy - candidates should be graduates in Science with Physics and / or Mathematics as compulsory
subjects. Engineering graduates are also eligible. Age should be between 19 and 23 years of age
Defence Services Entrance Examination Pattern and Admission Process Examination Schedule: The CDS
examinations are generally held in February and September.
Examination Pattern
Indian Military Academy and Air Force Academy
• Objective Type Written Test in English -100 marks
• Objective Type Written Test in General Knowledge - 100 marks
• Objective Type Written Test in Elementary Mathematics - 100 marks
Officer’s Training Academy
• Objective Type Written Test in English - 100 marks
• Objective Type Written Test in General Knowledge - 100 marks
For the interviews to be conducted by the Staff Selection Board once the candidate successfully clears the written test, the
total marks are as follows:
• Indian Military Academy, Naval Academy and Air Force Academy - 300 marks
• Officers’ Training Academy - 200 marks
Candidates who clear the Combined Defence Services Exam are called for an interview by the Service Selection Board (SSB)
and subject to their performance in the interview and overall ranking; they are deputed to any of the CDS institutes.
There are many types of Defence Services Entrance Exams in India. These are:
1. Indian Military Academy (IMA), Dehradun
2. Naval Academy, Goa
3. Air Force Academy, Hyderabad
4. Officers Training Academy, Chennai.
CAREER IN DEFENSE 333

14.4. AFCAT - AIR FORCE COMBINED ADMISSION TEST

AFCAT - Air Force Combined Admission Test acronym as AFCAT is conducted by India Air Force for grant of Short
Service Commission in Flying Branch and Permanent/Short Service Commission in Technical and Ground Duty Branches of
the IAF after the successful completion of the courses. The courses offered are:
Eligibility Conditions for Flying Branch:
Age Limit: Candidates should be between 19 years to 23 years as on 1st Jul. 2014 i.e. born between 02 July 1991 to 01
July 1995 (Both dates inclusive).
However candidates holding valid Commercial Pilot Licence issued by DGCA (India) will be relaxed in age upto 25 years
i.e. born between 02 July 1989 to 01 July 1995 (Both dates inclusive).
Educational Qualifications
Bachelor’s degree in any subject area with 60% Marks from a recognized University or Bachelor of Engineering /
Bachelor of Technology of 4 years with 60% Marks. Candidates must be passed 12th Examination with Maths and Physics.
Physical Standards
• Minimum Height: 162.5 cms with correlated weight
• Leg length: Min-99 cms. Max-120 cms.
• Thigh length: Max-64cms.
• Sitting height: Min-81.5 cms. Max-96 cms.
• Vision – 6/6 and 6/9
Eligibility Conditions for Technical Branch
Age Limit: Candidates should be between 18 years to 28 years as on 1st Jul, 2014 i.e. born between 02 July 1986 to 1st
July 1996 (Both dates inclusive).
Educational Qualifications
For Aeronautical Engineer (Electronics) AE (L): Candidates applying for AE(L) branch would be eligible if they have
undergone a minimum of four year degree qualification from a recognised university or cleared sections A and B examination
of Associate Membership of Instituion of Engineers (India) or Aeronautical Society of India or Graduate Membership examination
of the Institue of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers by actual studies.
Aeronautical Engineer (Mechanical) AE (M): Candidates applying for AE(M) branch would be eligible if they have
undergone a minimum of four year degree qualification from a recognised university or cleared sections A and B examination
of Associate Membership of Instituion of Engineers (India) or Aeronautical Society of India or Graduate Membership examination
of the Institue of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers by actual studies.
Physical Standards
Minimum Height (Men) - 157.5 cms, (Women) - 152 cms with correlated weight.
Eligibility condition for Ground Duty Branches
Age Limits
Education Age Limit
For Graduates 20 to 23 years
For Post Graduates/LLB (5 years) 20 to 25 years
For LLB (3 years) 20 to 26 years
Educational Qualification
Branch Qualification
Administration and Logistics Graduate degree in any discipline with a minimum of 60% marks in aggregate of all
papers put together or a Post Graduate degree/equivalent diploma in any discipline with a minimum of 50% marks in
aggregate of all papers put together.
Accounts: Graduate degree in Commerce (B.Com) with a minimum of 60% marks in aggregate of all papers put together or a
Post Graduate Degree in Commerce (M.Com)/CA/ICWA with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate of all papers put together.
Education: Post Graduate Degree in any discipline with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate of all papers put together.
Combined Admission Test Pattern
The AFCAT Question Paper will have 100 questions carrying three marks each. For every correct answer the candidate
will get three marks and for every wrong answer one mark will be deducted under negative marking. The total time allotted
for the paper is two hours.
334 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Air Force Combined Admission Test Selection Process

Candidates who qualifying in th AFCAT Written test will be called for next phase of selection process divided into three
stages i.e.
• Stage-I Intelligence Test
• Stage-II Psychological Test, Group Test and Interview
• Stage-III Pilot Aptitude Battery Test (PABT)
Medical Examinations
Candidates recommended by selection Board will be sent for the medical examination either at Air Force Central Medical
Establishment (AFCME), New Delhi or Institute of Aviation Medicine, Bengaluru.
All India Merit List
An All India Merit List is compiled on the basis of your performance in the written test and AFSB interview and subject
to being medically fit. Based on the vacancies available in various branches / sub branches, joining instructions are issued to
join one of the Training establishments.
How to apply for AFCAT?
Aspiring candidates can adopt any of the following given two modes to apply for AFCAT.
Online Mode
The candidates need to register in the official website of Indian Air Force and fill the form following the instructions given along
with. Candidates are advised to go through the detailed guidelines for filling up online application before filling up of the form.
Offline Mode
Those opting for Offline mode can get the application downloaded from the official website of India Air Force. Complete
the application in all aspects and super scribe the envelope with ‘APPLICATION FOR AIR FORCE COMMON ADMISSION
TEST: 26 AUGUST 2012’ and send it to:
AFCAT Cell,
Post Bag No-5,
RK Puram (Main) P.O.,
New Delhi - 110066
Note: Applications must be send by ordinary post only. Tel,: 011 - 23010231/ 7905.

14.5. I.A.F. AIRMAN (EDUCATION INSTRUCTORS TRADE) EXAM

I.A.F. Airman (Education Instructors Trade) Exam is conducted twice in a year generally in the month of April/May and
August/September on national basis to admit young candidates in IAF as Education Branch as Instructors. Due to its National
level approach this test is taken by most of the defence services aspirants on the priority basis.
I.A.F. Airman (Education Instructors Trade) Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification: A candidate should have passed B.A.(English/Physics/Computer science with 50% marks
and B.Ed. OR M.A.(English) / M.Sc. (Mathematics / Physics / Computer Science) with minimum of IInd class.
2. Age: Aspiring candidate should be between 20 to 25 years for the candidates having B.A./B.Sc. with B.Ed. as the
qualification & 20 to 28 years for the candidates having M.A./M.Sc. as the qualification.
3. Marital Status: Unmarried Indian citizens are eligible.
4. Physical Standard
(i) Minimum Height: 152.5 cm
(ii) Chest Requirements:
Minimum expanded chest be 75 cm
Minimum range of expansion 5 cm
(iii) Vision Acuity: At least 6/ 12 in each eye without glasses or 6/6 in better eye and 6/36 in worse eye with glasses.
(iv) Generally free from all communicable diseases.
(v) No cardiovascular, surgical deformities or active infection of the ears.
(vi) No history of fits or psychiatric ailment.
I.A.F. Airman (Education Instructors Trade) Exam Syllabus
This I.A.F. Exam consists of the following two sections
1. English: Comprehension, transformation of simple sentences, punctuation, tenses and parts of speech.
CAREER IN DEFENSE 335
2. Intelligence and General Knowledge: Who’s Who, Sports, Entertainment, Indian History and Geography, Discoveries
and Inventions. Elementary Knowledge of Computers.
I.A.F. Airman (Education Instructors Trade) Exam Pattern
IAF written test comprising of objective Type questions in English, Current Affairs and General Awareness. Those who
qualify this test will be given another test in English comprising an essay and precise writing. Successful candidates will
undergo Interview on the same day. Results will be declared on the same day and the successful candidates have to immediately
appear in a Trade Allocation Test.
How to apply for I.A.F. Airman (Education Instructors Trade) Exam?
Application should be sent to the President, Central Airmen Selection Board, Post Box No. 3004, New Delhi-110003.

14.6. INDIAN AIR FORCE AIRMAN NON-TECH TRADES EXAM

IAF Airman Non-Tech Trades Exam is conducted twice in a year generally in the month of April/May and August/
September on National level to admit young candidates in IAF as non-technical trade Airmen. Due to its National level
approach this test is taken by most of the tenth class pass defense services aspirants on the priority basis.
IAF Airman Non-Tech Trades Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification: Matriculation or equivalent with Science and Mathematics as main subjects with 45% or
above marks in aggregate. Candidates with less than 60% marks in Matric may also be recruited if they have secured 55% or
more marks in aggregate in a higher board examination with Science and Maths as the main subjects.
2. Age: Aspiring candidate should be between 16 years to 19 years.
3. Marital Status: Unmarried Indian citizens are eligible.
IAF Airman Non-Tech Trades Exam Pattern
The question paper will be bilingual, consisting of the objective questions in above given two parts. The candidates will
be required to qualify each part separately. Results will be declared on the same day and the successful candidates have to
immediately appear in a Trade Allocation Test.
Physical Fitness: All the aspiring candidates has to undergo a mandatory physical test and have to qualify in it to be
eligible.
One-mile (1.6 km) runs to be completed within 7 minutes.
20 squats (Up-Downs)
10 push-up
How to apply for IAF Non-Tech Trade Exam?
Candidates must submit their application on plain paper in the prescribed Performa as published in the Employment
News and send it by Post on or before the specified last date,
To the President
Central Airmen Selection Board
Post Box No 11807
New Delhi-110010

14.7. INDIAN ARMY SOLDIERS GENERAL DUTY EXAM

Indian Army Soldiers General Duty N.E.R Exam is conducted four times in a year for recruiting personnel to the Indian
Army as Sepoy/Soldier. The short listed candidates are imparted the required training to become fully capable of dedicating
themselves to the honorable task of serving their country on various fronts throughout their carrier.
Indian Army Soldiers General Duty Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification: Aspiring candidates who have passed the Matriculation / equivalent examination
preferably with Science and English as the main are eligible to apply for the Indian Army Soldiers General Duty exam.
2. Age: Male candidates belonging to the age group of 16 to 21 years are eligible
3. Marital Status: Unmarried Indian male citizens are eligible.
Indian Army Soldiers General Duty NER Exam Application Procedure
The applications for the said exam are invited through advertisements published in the Employment News and other
leading newspapers. Interested candidates may collect blank application forms that are available, free of cost, at local Recruitment
336 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Offices, District Collector’s Office, Zila Parishads and Employment Exchanges. However aspiring candidates can send their
applications on plain paper, handwritten / typed but as per the given format.
Indian Army Soldiers General Duty Exam Syllabus
Indian Army Soldiers General Duty (NER) Exam Consists of questions from
• General Intelligence,
• Mathematical Aptitude and
• General Knowledge. in Priliminary exam and
• Physics, Chemistry and Biology in mains exam
Indian Army Soldiers General Duty Exam Pattern
Selections for the Indian Army Soldiers General Duty Exam is made on the basis of a written test followed by Physical
fitness test. Only the successful candidates in written test will be put through the aptitude test and interview. Final selection
will be on basis of overall merit attained in all the test.

14.8. INDIAN ARMY SOLDIERS NURSING ASSISTANT’S MER EXAM

Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistants M.E.R Exam is conducted four times in a year for recruiting personnel to the
Indian Army’s medical core. The short listed candidates are imparted the required training to become fully capable of dedicating
themselves to the honorable task of serving the Indian army men in the medical core.
Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistant’s MER Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification: Aspiring candidates who have passed the Matriculation / equivalent examination
preferably with Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English as the main are eligible to apply for the Indian Army Soldiers Nursing
Assistant’s MER exam.
2. Age: Male candidates belonging to the age group of 16 to 23 years are eligible(relax able by 5 years for SC/ ST
candidates)
3. Marital Status: Unmarried Indian male citizens are eligible.
4. Physical Standard:
Minimum Height of the candidates must be 167 cm, which can be relaxed for candidates belonging to certain regions.
Chest Measurement: On expansion, the candidate’s chest measurement should not be less than 77 cm with minimum
range of expansion of 5 cm.
Minimum Weight of the candidates must be 50 kilograms, which can be relaxed for candidates belonging to certain
regions.
General Health: The candidate must be free of all communicable diseases and cardiovascular, medical or surgical
deformities or infection.
How to apply for Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistant’s MER Exam?
The applications for the said exam are invited through advertisements published in the Employment News and other
leading newspapers. Interested candidates may collect blank application forms that are available, free of cost, at local Recruitment
Offices, District Collector’s Office, Zila Parishads and Employment Exchanges. However aspiring candidates can send their
applications on plain paper, handwritten / typed but as per the given format.
Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistant’s MER Exam Syllabus
Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistant’s M.E.R. Exam consists of questions from
• General Intelligence,
• Mathematical Aptitude and
• General Knowledge in the preliminary exam and from
• Physics, Chemistry and Biology in the mains exam.
Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistant’s MER Exam Pattern
Selections for the Indian Army Soldiers Nursing Assistants M.E.R Exam are made on the basis of a written test divided into
two parts.
The First Paper contains three sections:
• General Intelligence,
• Mathematical Aptitude and
• General Knowledge.
CAREER IN DEFENSE 337
The Second Paper contains questions on Physics, Chemistry (total 50 marks) and Biology (50 marks). Each Test is of 45
minutes duration and carries a maximum mark of 100.
Only the successful candidates will be put through the aptitude test and interview. Final selection will be on basis of
overall merit attained in all the test.
Physical Fitness Test
Physical Fitness Test carries 100 marks.

14.9. INDIAN NAVY ARTIFICER APPRENTICES EXAM

Indian Navy Artificer Apprentices Exam acronym as INA is conducted twice in a year generally in the month of June and
December on national basis to admit young candidates in Navy. Due to its National level approach this test is taken by most
of the defence services aspirants on the priority basis.
Indian Navy Artificer Apprentices Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification: Matriculation or equivalent with Science and Mathematics as main subjects with 60% or
above marks in aggregate. Candidates with less than 60% marks in Matric may also be recruited if they have secured 55% or
more marks in aggregate in a higher board examination with Science and Maths as the main subjects.
2. Age: Aspiring candidates should be between the age group of 15 years to 18 years. A person of Indian origin who has
migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka and East African Countries of Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania,
Zambia, Malawi, Zaire and Ethiopia and Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India. Provided that a candidate
belonging to categories (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) above shall be a person in whose favour a certificate of eligibility has been issued
by the Government of India.
3. Marital Status: Unmarried Indian citizens are eligible.
4. Physical Standard
• Minimum height: 157 cm.
• Minimum eye standard: Without glasses better eye 6/6 and worse 6/9.
Indian Navy Artificer Apprentices Exam Syllabus and Exam Pattern
Check syllabus online.
The question paper will be bilingual, consisting of the objective questions in above given four sections of 75 minutes.
The standard of the questions will be of matriculation level.
Physical Fitness: All the aspiring candidates has to undergo a mandatory physical test and have to qualify in it to be
eligible.
1. One-mile (1.6 km) runs to be completed witnin 7 minutes.
2. 20 squats (Up-Downs).
3. 10 push-ups.
Indian Navy Artificer Apprentices Exam Test Centres
Most of the major cities of the Countries are made the test centers of this exam. The Examination will be held at the
following Centres.

14.10. INDIAN NAVY DOCKYARD APPRENTICES EXAM

Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam is conducted twice a year for recruiting personnel to the Indian Navy, one of the
branches of the Indian Armed Forces responsible for conducting naval operations in India. The short listed candidates are
imparted the required training before absorbing in the force as Dockyard Apprentices in following trades:
• Electrician • Fitter • Turner • Mechanic Diesel • Crane Operator • Welder
• Rigger • Ref and Air condition Mechanic • Shipwright and Maintenance Mechanic
• Non-Designated: Engine Fitter, Ship Fitter, Radar Fitter, Machinery Control Fitter, Sonar Fitter, Electronic Fitter, GT Fitter.
Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualification: Aspiring candidates who have passed the Matriculation / equivalent examination preferably
with Science are eligible to apply for the Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam.
Age: Male candidates belonging to the age group of 14 to 19 years are eligible (relaxable by 5 years for SC/ ST candidates)
Physical Standard:
• Minimum Height of the candidates must be 150 cm.
338 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Chest Measurement: Candidates should have a well developed chest with minimum range of expansion of 5 cm.
• Weight: Maximum Weight of the candidates must not exceed 50 kilograms.
• General Health: The candidate must be free of all communicable diseases and cardiovascular, medical or surgical
deformities or infection.
How to apply for Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam?
Applications as per the Performa given in the advertisement in the employment news along with the requisite fee and
necessary documents must reach the nearest HQ Rtg Zone or as advertised in the Newspapers or Employment News.
Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam Syllabus
Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam Consists of questions from:
• Mathematics and • General Awareness
Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam Pattern
Selections for the Indian Navy Dockyard Apprentices Exam are made on the basis of a written test divided into two parts.
The First Paper contains questions on Mathematics consisting of the questions from:
Number system, Natural numbers, Integers, Rational and Real numbers, Commutative, Associative and Distributive law,
Fundamental operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division),Square root, Decimal fractions, Unitary method
(application to simple and compound interest), Time and Distance, Time and Work, Percentages, Profit and Loss, Ratio and
Proportion, Averages, Areas and Volumes, Factors, Problems and Equations on Algebra.
The Second Paper contains questions on General Knowledge from: Abbreviations, Books and Authors, Facts about
India and the World, Sports, Awards and Prizes, Everyday Science, and short notes on various subjects in 100 words.
Each Paper is of 2.5 hours duration and carries maximum marks of 100.
Based on their performance in the written examination, candidates will be called for interview at Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta
and Bangalore. Final selections will be made on the basis of the performance of the candidates in the final interview, after
which they will be sent to Naval Dockyard School.

14.11. INDIAN NAVY SOLDIER METRIC ENTRY RECRUITMENT EXAM

Indian Navy Sailors Matric Entry Recruitment Exam is conducted twice in a year for recruiting personnel to the naval
wing (Indian Navy) of Defense force.
Indian Navy Soldier Metric Entry Recruitment Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualification: Aspiring candidates should have passed the Matriculation / equivalent examination
preferably with Science and Mathematics with at least 55% marks in aggregate. Candidates with less than 55% marks in
Matriculation / equivalent examination will be eligible only if they have secured 55% or more marks in aggregate in a higher
board examination with Science and Mathematics.
Age: Male candidates belonging to the age group of 17 to 20 years are eligible.
Marital Status: Unmarried Indian male citizens are eligible.
Indian Navy Soldier Metric Entry Recruitment Exam Pattern
Questions in these tests will be of Objective Type and bilingual, i.e., in Hindi and English. The Test is of 60 minutes
duration and the questions asked will be of the Matriculation standard.
The written test will be followed by a Physical Fitness Test comprising of a one mile (1.6 km) run to be completed in 7
minutes, 20 squats (Uthak-Baithak) and 10 push-ups.
Based on their performance in the Written Examination, the Physical Fitness Test and the Medical Test, candidates will
be selected for enrollment as Indian Navy Sailors.

14.12. TERRITORIAL ARMY EXAM

Territorial Army Exam acronym as TA Exam is conducted for enabling motivated young men to serve in a military
environment without having to sacrifice their primary professions in two capacities ie. as a civilian and as a soldier. The
selected candidates are given one month basic training in the first year of commission. Two months annual training camp
every year including the first year. Three months Post Commissioning training within first two years at IMA Dehradun.
You can serve the nation in two capacities – as a civilian and as a soldier.
Territorial Army Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualifications: The aspiring candidates should be a graduate from any recognized university.
CAREER IN DEFENSE 339

Employment: The aspiring candidate should be Gainfully employed in Central government/Semi Government/Pvt
Firm/Own Business/Self Employed. Note: Serving employees of Police/Para Military Forces are not eligible.
Age Limit: Aspiring candidate should be between 18 years to 42 years of age as on 30 jun, 2014.
Territorial Army Exam Syllabus
Territorial Army Exam consists of question from the following Topics/Subjects.
Part I:
English Essay
English comprehension & Language
• Sequencing of sentences.
• Comprehension passage.
• Fill in the blanks.
Part II:
• General Awareness which consist of Economics
• Politics
• Defense
• Sports
• International Events etc.
Territorial Army Exam Pattern
Territorial Army Exam consists of two parts carrying 100 marks to be completed in 2 Hrs time.
Part I: Short Essay: Essay depends on current national and international events.
English comprehension & Language
• Sequencing of sentences (04 marks)
• Comprehension passage (06 marks)
• Fill in the blanks. (10 marks)
Part II: Objective Type Questions
• General Awareness which consist of Economics
• Politics
• Defense
• Sports
• International Events etc.
Important: Overwriting in objective and fill in the blanks will not be awarded any marks. Half mark will be deducted for
each wrong answer. (Negative marking).
Territorial Army Exam Selection Process
On the basis of correct applications, shortlisted candidates will be called for Screening at the respective headquarters of
Territorial Army by a Preliminary Interview Board (PIB) including written exam. They have to submit detailed Resume,
present employment details, salary along with all the attested documents which are attached to original application form.
Applications of candidates, who will successfully complete this stage of selection, will be forwarded to Service Selection
Board for SSB Interview.
Candidates also have to go through Medical Board for final selection.
How to apply for Territorial Army Exam?
For Civilian Candidates: Aspiring candidates can apply for Territorial Army in prescribed format given in the
advertisement cut outs or by downloading application from official website www.indianarmy.gov.in.
They should complete the application in all respect as per the guidance given in the form. Applicants should send this
application to respective zonal office address along with self addressed stamped envelope, two pass port size photo, and postal
stamp of Rs.12 and Rs. 25 for J & K. The zonal officer are:
For Ex-Servicemen: Ex-service Officers of three services as a candidate should send their application along with
enclosures as mentioned in the application form direct to Addl Directorate General TA, Integrated HQ of MoD (Army), ‘L’
Block, New Delhi-01. The candidates are screened by an Army HQ Selection Board held at Addl Dte. Gen TA, GS Branch, ’L’
Block, Church Road, New Delhi which is followed by a Medical Board at New Delhi for successful candidates.
Territorial Army Exam Dates: Territorial Exam is noarmally held in the month of Aug.
340 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

14.13. INTRODUCTION: PARAMILITARY FORCES

The Paramilitary Forces of India (PMF) are those agencies that help the Law Enforcement Agencies and the Indian Armed
Forces in their operations. It has over a million personnel active in its service. PMF is regarded as the world’s second largest
paramilitary organization (second only to the Chinese People’s Armed Forces) and its head officers and other senior officers
being members of Indian Police Service (IPS).
The defence services of the country are responsible for the guarding our national boundaries from external aggression.
However for internal security, as also for providing additional support to the defence forces in guarding the national frontiers,
paramilitary services viz., CRPF, BSF, ITBP and CISF had been constituted many decades ago .Each of these units plays a well-
defined role besides coming to the nation’s rescue at times of national calamities and emergencies.
The first tier of the PMF is formed by the Central Police Organizations (CPO) and the second tier is formed by the Central
Paramilitary Forces (CPF). The main difference between the two is that CPO works independently or in coordination with
Indian Federal Agencies, State Police Forces and other Law Enforcement Agencies whereas the CPF works in cooperation with
the Indian Armed Forces. All the branches of PMF excluding the Indian Coast Guard are under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The largest force of the PMF is the Central Reserve Police Force which assists the Indian Police in maintaining law and order.
List of Central Police Organizations
# Railway Protection Force – it consists of about 45,000 personnel who provide police security to the Indian Railways.
# Indian Home Guard – consists of 400 to 600,000 personnel
# Civil Defence – it consists of 35,930 personnel
# Sashastra Seema Bal – it consists of 32,500 personnel who guard the indo-Nepal and indo-Bhutan borders
# Special Protection Group – it consists of about 3000 personnel
# Special Frontier Force – it consists of about 10,000 personnel and is an elite, parachute qualified commando unit
deployed along sensitive areas of border with china.
# Provincial Armed Constabulary – it consists of 250 to 300,000 persons who act as mobile armed reserve
# Central Reserve Police Force – it consists of 172,000 personnel in 200 battalions
• Rapid Action Force – it consists of a 10 battalion semi-independent part of CRPF
• Commando Battalion for Resolute Action – it consists of a 10,000 strong force
List of Central Paramilitary Forces
# Border Security Force – it consists of 215,000 personnel
# National Security Guards – it consists of 30,500 personnel who are charged with the protection of very very important
people (VVIP’s) such as ministers.
# Central Industrial Security Force – it consists of 105,000 personnel
Nature of Work
Police: Entry is open to the police service to both men and women. The police constabulary is a large force. Physically
robust young boys/girls are recruited. For recruitment to the post of sub-inspectors and assistant sub-inspectors, a degree is
essential. Both boys and girls are eligible. These posts are advertised from time to time and selection is carried out at the state
level. Gazetted posts above the sub-inspector level are filled by selection conducted by the State Public Service Commissions.
Indian Police Service (IPS) appointments move to their respective state cadres to fill the senior most positions of Superintendents
of Police, DIG, IG etc.
CRPF: The promotions in CRPF are structured. Generally an Assistant Commandant may reach the rank of DIG or IG in
a 20 year service. After training at the academy, Assistant Commandants complete their field training. They move to the rank
of deputy commandant in five to six years. As Commandants they are in command of about 1000 men. Movement upwards to
the position of DIG is dependent on selection, based on service records and vacancies. During these years, opportunity for
special training is available eg. in mountaineering, communication, management etc. Many refresher courses keep the personnel
updated in all aspects of work. Officers of CRPF are given opportunity to serve with National Security Guards and Special
Protection Groups. This earns them special allowances.
B.S.F - Newly selected candidates begin their careers as AC (Assistant Commandant) and within 20 years the career graph
ascends to the rank of DIG or IG. Officers of these organisations also get the opportunity to work for special groups like
National Security Guards and Special Protection Group. They are deputed to these groups for three to four years, after which
they are replaced by another batch of officers sent on deputation. They receive special allowances for their important duties
like protecting VIPs during deputation. CRPF, BSF, ITBP act as feeders for these special groups doing important duties.
CRPF - Selection Boards of Central Police Organisation recruit personnel for the CRPF. While selection to non-gazetted
posts of constables is made through a selection test open to non-graduates, the gazetted positions are open only to graduates.
CAREER IN DEFENSE 341
Graduates from any stream can apply if they fall in the 19 to 25 years age group.They begin their careers as Assistant
Commandants/Company Commanders, Quartermasters and Deputy Superintendents. The prescribed qualification is a 1st
Class/2nd Class Bachelor’s degree with 50% marks. Special relaxation in marks is made for graduates who have the certificates
of N.C.C. For officer cadres, preference is given to certificate holders. Selection is made through a written examination,
physical efficiency test (PET) and an interview. Senior positions of IGs, DIGs, Commandants are filled through promotions or
by deputed personnel from the defence services or from the Police Services.Police - Entry is open to the police service to both
men and women. The police constabulary is a large force. Physically robust young boys/girls are recruited. For recruitment to
the post of sub-inspectors and assistant sub-inspectors, a degree is essential. Both boys and girls are eligible. These posts are
advertised from time to time and selection is carried out at the state level. Gazetted posts above the sub-inspector level are
filled by selection conducted by the State Public Service Commissions. Indian Police Service (IPS) appointments move to
their respective state cadres to fill the senior most positions of Superintendents of Police, DIG, IG etc.ITBPITBP stands for
Indo-Tibetan Border Police. This force was established mainly for the protection and safeguarding our border areas adjoining
Tibet. However now they are also deployed for internal security duties like providing security cover to VIPs. Strength wise it
is a much smaller force than CRPF and BSF.CISFCISF stands for Central Industrial Security Force. This force was raised to
provide security to industrial establishments and handling labour unrest. However recently they have also been handed over
the responsibility to provide security cover to some of the major airports in the country and other such duties related to
internal security. The force has also geared itself to provide consultancy services in the area of security cover of industrial
establishments.
Border Security Force’s motto is “Duty unto Death”. The motto reflects the true passion with which this agency has
helped secure India and Indians. The Paramilitary Forces of India like BSF, CRPF, and ITBP help the Armed forces and Police
in securing India. India has the second largest Para military force in the world.
While these agencies work under the ministry of home affairs, some work in cooperation with the Police forces and some
work in cooperation with the Armed Forces.
Central Paramilitary Forces
• Border Security Force – it consists of 215,000 personnel
• Central Industrial Security Force – it consists of 105,000 personnel
Central Police Organizations
• Railway Protection Force – it consists of about 45,000 personnel who provide police security to the Indian Railways.
• Indian Home Guard – consists of 400 to 600,000 personnel
• Civil Defence – it consists of 35,930 personnel
• Sashastra Seema Bal – it consists of 32,500 personnel who guard the indo-Nepal and indo-Bhutan borders
• Special Protection Group – it consists of about 3000 personnel
• Special Frontier Force – it consists of about 10,000 personnel and is an elite, parachute qualified commando unit
deployed along sensitive areas of border with china.
• Provincial Armed Constabulary – it consists of 250 to 300,000 persons who act as mobile armed reserve
• Central Reserve Police Force – it consists of 172,000 personnel in 200 battalions
• Rapid Action Force – it consists of a 10 battalion semi-independent part of CRPF
• Commando Battalion for Resolute Action – it consists of a 10,000 strong force
The Border Security Force (BSF) is a Border Guarding Force of India. The personnel of this force guards India’s land
border during peace time and prevents transnational crime. It is a Union Government Agency under the administrative control
of Ministry of Home Affairs. The Border Security Force has three main operational arms, the General Duty branch, which is in
charge of vigilance, The Technical branch, which maintains equipments, telecommunication networks and is also in charge of
construction work and the Medical branch, which provides all kinds of medical facilities to BSF troops as well as civilians.
Border Security Force patrols mountainous terrains, deserts and long coastal stretches on camel-back, horseback, on foot,
speedboats or in helicopters. During war-time they are required to hold ground in less threatened sectors so long as the main
attack does not develop in a particular sector. Protection of vital installations against enemy commando raids is also part of
responsibilities in the Border Security Force. They also carry out internal security, anti-infiltration and counter insurgency roles.
The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is an armed Force of the Union of India, with the basic role of striking reserve
to assist the State/Union Territories in Police operations to maintain law and order and contain insurgency. Its role is that of a
catalyst in maintaining law & order, and returns to barracks once this objective is achieved. The force is also being used for
various police duties in various States. It is All India in character, both in deployment and in its composition. Due to its unique
capability to quickly adapt to various situational requirements, and also, to work in perfect harmony with the State Police,
CRPF has, over the years, acquired the distinction of being perhaps the most acceptable Force, by the people and the State
administrations. CRPF personnel do Crowd control, Riot control, Counter Militancy / Insurgency operations, Dealing with
342 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Left Wing extremism, Overall co-ordination of large scale security arrangement specially with regard to elections in disturbed
areas, Protection of VIPs and vital installations, Checking environmental de-gradation and protection of local Flora and
Fauna, Fighting aggression during War time, Participating in UN Peace Keeping Mission, Rescue and Relief operations at the
time of Natural Calamities.
Courses and Eligibility
Graduates from any stream, who can pass the written test as well as the physical fitness criteria, are all welcome to join in.
The forces take in candidates at the Sub-Inspector level, wherein the academic eligibility is not very high, but the physical
fitness is given more emphasis. Similarly, there are vacancies for technical graduates, education officers, medical officers, and
other specialists.
Apart from this, candidates who have just completed Class X or XII can apply for the post of a jawans. There are different
requirements in the four distinct levels at which recruitment takes place — jawans, technical personnel (like radio operators),
sub-inspectors and finally, officers (the highest rank being assistant commandant).
While for the jawans, meeting the physical fitness criteria of height, weight and chest-size is very important (they also
have to appear for a written test on general knowledge), at the officer level there is a full-fledged written exam conducted by
the Union Public Service Commission and an interview. The age limit for applicants is a minimum of 18 years and maximum
of 26 years, which is relaxable for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Vacancies are announced regularly in the electronic
and print media.
How to Join Paramilitary Forces?
BSF: For the post as an officer (of an assistant commandant (AC): Any graduate is eligible. Possession of NCC ‘B’ or ‘C’
certificate or outstanding achievements in sports or athletics is an added qualification. UPSC selects officers for BSF through
written test, preliminary medical examination, physical efficiency test, group discussion, interview and the final medical
examination. On selection there is one year of basic training and one gets posting.
Newly selected candidates begin their careers as AC (Assistant Commandant). Officers of these organisations also get the
opportunity to work for special groups like National Security Guards and Special Protection Group. They are deputed to these
groups for three to four years, after which they are replaced by another batch of officers sent on deputation. They receive
special allowances for their important duties like protecting VIPs during deputation. CRPF, BSF, ITBP act as feeders for these
special groups doing important duties.
Civil, electronic and electrical engineers find employment in the technical branch. One of the most important departments
of this branch is the Signals Arm. Here, you will be in-charge of the line of communication for passing information on matters
relating to internal security.
Qualified Doctors join in the Medical Branch where they take care of Border Security Force personnel as well as civilians.
They dispense medicines to the civilian population as well as attend to the sick. In addition you will be involved in numerous
civic actions.
CRPF: From time to time UPSC holds written exam for recruitment of Assistant Commandants (Group A) in CAPF, CRPF,
CISF, ITBF and BSF for which only Indian Nationals are eligible. While selection to non-gazetted posts of constables is made
through a selection test open to non-graduates, the gazetted positions are open only to graduates. Graduates from any stream
can apply if they fall in the 19 to 25 years age group.
Selection is made through a written examination, physical efficiency test (PET) and an interview. Senior positions of IGs,
DIGs, Commandants are filled through promotions or by deputed personnel from the defence services or from the Police
Services. During their career in forces there is opportunity for special training in mountaineering, communication, management
etc. Many refresher courses keep the personnel updated in all aspects of work. Officers of CRPF are given opportunity to serve
with National Security Guards and Special Protection Groups. This earns them special allowances.
Police: Entry is open to the police service to both men and women. The police constabulary is a large force. Physically
robust young boys/girls are recruited. For recruitment to the post of sub-inspectors and assistant sub-inspectors, a degree is
essential. Both boys and girls are eligible. These posts are advertised from time to time and selection is carried out at the state
level. Gazetted posts above the sub-inspector level are filled by selection conducted by the State Public Service Commissions.
Indian Police Service (IPS) appointments move to their respective state cadres to fill the senior most positions of Superintendents
of Police, DIG, IG etc.
CISF: Recruitment to the posts of sub-inspectors and assistant commander are open to graduates, while for junior
positions, eligibility is a school leaving certificate. Preference is given to NCC certificate holders.
Admission Procedure
Selection Test for graduate entry to all paramilitary services: Graduates take the written exam which is a selection test
for recruiting cadets. The entrants also go through a physical efficiency test (PET). Those who qualify face an interview
CAREER IN DEFENSE 343
board and take the medical test. Selected candidates undergo rigorous training before taking charge. Technical graduates
too go through the PET and medical examination.
The written part has two papers - Paper I of 200 marks is a test of general awareness, basic intelligence and reasoning and
numerical ability. Paper II of 100 marks is an assessment of ability to read and understand serious discursive prose and also the
ability to express the ideas clearly and correctly. This comprises essay (in Hindi or English), precise writing and comprehension
of a given passage, (in English only).
Physical Efficiency Test: This is a test to ensure physical fitness. It compromises of 100 meters (16 sec men, 18 sec girls),
800 meters races (3 min men, 4 min. girls), and long jump, high jump for both men and women and shot-put for men only.
Interview: Beginning with questions pertaining to the bio data, the interviewers move on to hobbies, subjects of study,
general awareness and general intelligence. The candidates psyche, aptitude, mannerisms and etiquette along with the
dedication to the cause of the nation are also assessed by the Board. Preference in selection is given to outstanding sports men
& NCC cadets who have outstanding record.
Physical Standard: Height 165 cms. for men & 157 cms. for women, Chest 86 cms. with expansion weight 50 kg. for men
& 46 kg. for women. Physical /mental health should be good. Knock knees, flat foot and squint in eyes are not permitted.
Perfect colour vision/corrected vision J-I/J-II permitted/corrected distant vision 6/6 or 6/9 and 6/9 and 6/9 or 6/12 permitted.
Road ahead to join Para Military Forces
BSF/CRPF/ITBP/CISF is organised and conducted by the Special Selection Board (SSB) of the Central Police
Organisations. Eligible, interested candidates have to go through a three stage selection process which includes:
The written examination carries 300 marks split among two papers. Paper-I (200 marks) has selection on: general awareness,
general intelligence and reasoning and numerical ability. Paper-II (100 marks) includes: essay writing (in Hindi/English),
precis writing (in English only) and comprehension of passages (in English only).
Physical Standard: Height-165 cm (for men), 157 cm (for women)
Chest-81 cm. Unexpanded, 86 cm. Expanded for men only.
Weight-50 kg. For according to height (men), for women according to height but not less than 46 kg.
Indo-Tibetan Border Police
Naik or Head Constables (Combatant Ministerial) :
Eligibility : Matriculation or equivalent. Preference will be given to Graduates for Naik (CM) and Senior Secondary
Certificate (10+2) for Head Constable (CM).
Technical Qualification: Minimum 30 wpm in English Typing or 25 wpm in Hindi Typing.
Physical Student: 170 cms. 5 feet 4 inches for ST candidates. Chest-80 cm. Expandable by 5 cms. 157 cms. For female
candidates.
Selection: Eligible candidates shall be put through a Physical Efficiency Test. Those who qualify will be put through
written tests comprising General Knowledge, General English and Arithmatic. Then follows typing test and interview.
Constable (Stenographer) :
Eligibility : Matriculation or equivalent.
Age Limit : Between 18-25 years. Relaxable upto 30 years for STs.
Technical Qualification : 100 wpm in English Stenography and 30 wpm in English Typing or 80 wpm in Hindi Shorthand
& 20 wpm in Hindi Typing.
Other details are same as for Naik (CM) mentioned above.
Address for Reference :
Directorate General, Indo-Tibetan Border Police (MHA),
Block-2, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003.
Central Reserve Police Force
Sub-Inspector/Constable :
A. Sub-Inspector (Stenographer Gr.III or ‘C’/Assistant Sub-Inspector(Clerk)/ Assistant Sub-Inspector (Ministerial).
Eligibility: Intermediate (10+2 or equivalent). Typing speed 30 wpm in English & 25 wpm in Hindi & 80 wpm in
Shorthand (English, Hindi).
B. Constable (General Duty or GD)/Ct. Fitter and Tradesmen/Head Constable or Draftsman/Constable (Drivers).
Eligibility : For Ct/Fitter : Motor Mechanic Fitter Certificate from I.T.I. For Head Constable or Draftsman: Draftsman two
years diploma course. For Constable Driver: Heavy Motor Driving Licence.
Age Limit : For Category ‘A’ : 18-25 years. Category ‘B’: 18-23 years.
Physical Standard :
For Category ‘A’ : (Male) Height-165 cm., Chest-77 cm., Weight-48 kg. Relaxation for STs.
For Female : Height-157 cm., Weight-43 kg.
344 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

For Category ‘B’ : For Male : Height-170 cms. Chest-80 cms. Weight-50 kg.
For Female: Height-157 cms. Weight-43 kg.
Address for Reference :
Central Reserve Police Force CGO Complex,
Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003.
Border Security Force
Sub-Inspector (Stenographers) and
Assistant Sub-Inspector (Clerk) :
Eligibility : 10+2 or equivalent, Shorthand English or Hindi 80 wpm and Typing English 40 wpm, Hindi 30 wpm. English
30 wpm & Hindi 25 wpm for ASI(Clerk).
Age Limit : 18 to 25 years, relaxable to certain categories.
Physical Standard: Height-167.5 cms. Chest-81 cms. unexpanded with 5 cms expansion.
Selection : Made on the basis of (a) Written Examination (b) Shorthand Test, Type writing Test for ASI(Clerk) (c) Interview
and (d) Medical Examination.
Constable (Operator/General Duty :
Eligibility : H.S.C. with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. For Constable (GD) only H.S.C.
Age Limit : 18 to 22 years (27 years for SC/ST).
Physical Standard : Height-170 cms. Chest-80 cms. unexpanded with 5 cms. expansion.
Selection : Selection is made on the basis of Physical Test, Written Test and interview.
Engineering Directorate : SI/JE (Civil),SI/JE (Electrical) :
Eligibility : 3 years diploma in Engineering Civil & Electrical.
Age Limit : 18 to 25 years, relaxable by 5 years for SC/ST.
Physical Standard : Height-167.5 cms. Chest-81, unexpanded.
Selection : Physical Test and Written Test.
Address for Referemce :
Deputy Director (Pers),
BSF HQ, Block No.10 CGO Complex,
Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003.
Indian Coast Guard
Assistant Commandant (General Duty-Pilot/Navigator) :
Eligibility : 10+2 or B.Sc. with Physics & Mathematics, Commercial Licence Pilot.
Age Limit : 19 to 27 years, as on July 1st of the year of admission (32 years for SC/ST).
Physical Standard : Height-162 cm. Leg length-Minimum 99 cm.(for Pilot Navigator only).
Weight-91 kg. maximum, Eye sight-6/6 without glass.
Selection : Short-listed candidates are called for selection test/interview of New Delhi and other specified centres.
Candidates with extracurricular activities and NCC are given due weightage
Yantriks (Technical Soldiers) :
Eligibility : (a) H.S.C. (b) Diploma in mechanical/Electrical/Electronics/Aeronautical Engineering.
Age Limit : Below 22 years relaxable by 5 years for SC/ST.
Physical Standard : Height-157 cm. Chest-Proportionate to height, Eyesight-6/12 (good eye) 6/24 (bad eye).
Selection : Short-listed candidates will be called as per the marks obtained in Matric, Diploma and N.C.C. and Sports.
Address for Reference :
Director (Training) Recruitment Cell,
Coast Guard Headquarters National Stadium,
Purana Quila Road, New Delhi-110001.
Central Industrial Security Force
(A) Assistant Sub-Inspector (Clerk/Typist) :
(B) Sub-Inspector (Steno) :
Eligibility : 10+2 and for Category A: 30 wpm in English Typewriting or 25 wpm in Hindi, for Category B : 80 wpm in
Stenography and 35 wpm in English Typewriting and 30 wpm in Hindi.
Age Limit : Minimum 18 years for Category A and 19 years for Category B, relaxable by years for SC/ST.
CAREER IN DEFENSE 345
Physical Standard : Height-167 cms. Chest-81 cms. unexpanded, 153 cms. for female candidates, Eyesight-6/6 with or
without glasses.
Selection: Written Test in General Knowledge, Arithmatic and Language (English & Hindi)
Inspectors & Sub-Inspectors (Fire Wing) :
(A) Sub-Inspector (Mech./Fire :
(B) Sub-Inspector (Fire) :
Eligibility : For Category A: H.S.C. with 3 years Diploma in Mechanical/Electrical/ Automobile Engineering or equivalent.
For Category B: Degree in Science with PCM or H.S.C. with 3 years diploma in Aeronautical/Telecommunication
Engineering or equivalent.
Age Limit: 19 to 25 years, relaxable by 5 years for SC/ST.
Physical Standard : Same as for candidates of CISF ASI (Clerk/Typist).
Selection: Written Test in G.K. and Language Test in English and Hindi, Physical efficiency Test and Interview.
Constable (General Duty) :
Eligibility : H.S.C.
Age Limit : 18 to 23 years, relaxable for SC/ST/OBC.
Physical Standard: Height-167 cms. Chest-80 cms. Eyesight-6/6. Candidates should not have knock knee, flatfeet and
squint eyes.
Selection: Written Test and Interview.
Address for Reference:
For applicant from West Bengal, Orissa, Andaman and Nicobar:
DIG, CISF (East Zone), 41, Karaya Road, Park Circus, Calcutta-700017.
Relaxation in age and physical standard is given to different categories. For details contact the respective headquarters.
Before appearance at the recruitment test candidates should thoroughly prepare themselves for physical tests like cross-
country, high jumping , long jumping etc.
N.B. Prescribed applications format and other details are published in Employment News/Leading Newspapers.
N.B.: Given dates are subjects to change
Job Prospects
Young, energetic and adventurous individuals are always attracted to a career in the paramilitary forces. A career in para-
military forces gives prestige as well as honour to the person associated with a particular job. Once you are selected, the
training takes place according to the specific paramilitary organisation that you have entered. Women can also enter the
paramilitary services, but the scope for them is limited.
The opportunities available in Para-military forces are many. With the growing concern for domestic security, their
services have also been required in a wide range of areas.

14.14. NATIONAL DEFENCE ACADEMY & NAVAL ACADEMY EXAM (NDA)

The National Defence Academy (NDA) is the Joint Services academy of the Indian Armed Forces, where cadets of the
three services, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force train together before they go on to pre-commissioning training in their
respective service academies. The NDA is located in Khadakwasla near Pune, Maharashtra. It is the first tri-service academy in
the world. NDA alumni have led and fought in every major conflict in which the Indian Armed Forces has been called to action
since the academy was established. The alumni include 3 Param Vir Chakra recipients and 9 Ashoka Chakra recipients.
Campus
The NDA campus is located about 17 km south-west of Pune city, north-west of Khadakwasla Lake. It spans 7,015 acres
2 2
(28.39 km ) of the 8,022 acres (32.46 km ) donated by the Government of the former Bombay State.
Admission: Applicants to the NDA are selected via a written exam conducted by the UPSC, followed by extensive
interviews covering general aptitude, psychological testing, and team skills as well as physical and social skills, along with
medical tests. Incoming classes are accepted twice a year for semesters starting in July and January. About 320,000 applicants
sit for each written exam. Typically, about 9,000 of these are invited to interview. Applicants to join the Air Force also go
through a Pilot Aptitude Battery Test. About 300-350 cadets are accepted to the academy each semester. About 66 cadets are
accepted for the Air Force, 39 for the Navy and 195 for the Army.
Cadets who are accepted and successfully complete the program are sent to their respective training academies for one
year of training before granting of commission: army cadets go to IMA at Dehradun, Air Force cadets to AFA at Dundigal,
Hyderabad, and naval cadets to INA, Ezhimala, Kerala. A cadet can only decline a commission in case of a serious permanent
medical condition caused during the program.
346 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Those of you who dream of an officer’s career in the armed forces, an NDA/ NA is the best entry point. Conducted twice a
year in April and August, the examination is the first hurdle to cross.
An SSB interview, followed by a medical board would lead you to the august portals of National Defence Academy/Naval
Academy. Remember, though the eligibility for the course is Class 12 pass, all those of you appearing for the exam could also
apply for the entrance. Applying when you are in the 12th can you save a year. An early start is good for cracking any exam.
The NDA is no exception. Determined students start studying soon after the X standard exam.
Start With Your Basics
Attending school, doing homework and a few minutes of recreation leaves very little time for the NDA candidate to study.
However, do revise the social science you studied in the X standard every now and then. Set aside time, at least once a week
and revisit your X standard textbooks and focus on geography and history.
Brush up General Knowledge: Ideally, you should be reading the news paper every day. But that doesn’t always
happen. In that case, you should pick up a copy of any authentic yearbook which covers general areas such as sports,
international politics, popular books and authors. You could also buy a current affairs monthly digest. This will keep you
updated. Crashing through a pile of issues a month before the exam is not the best way to absorb information. If you have the
time, keep a diary to classify information into three categories - economics, civics and history. Improve your English: The
section on English is of 200 marks and should not be taken lightly. With a bit of daily reading you could score quite well.
There are a few areas which you should work upon specifically for this exam:
English usage, subject-verb relationship, tenses and prepositions. You should also be trained in identifying grammatical
errors. Questions on error finding and un-jumbling are asked regularly in the exam, points out Nanu Singh, CEO Olive Greens, a
coaching academy in Chandigarh. The usage of articles has always been a weak point for Indian students, so work hard on that.
Eligibility Criteria
Age between 16 ½ to 19 yrs as of first day of the month in which course is due to commence
Qualification 12th Class of 10+2 System of Education/Equivalent for Army and with Physics and Maths for AF/
Navy
Marital Status Unmarried
Likely SSB Date Sep to Oct and Jan to Apr
Date of Training Jan and Jul
Training Academy NDA, Khadakwasla, Pune
Duration of Training 3 Yrs at NDA and 1 Yrs at IMA(For Army cadets)/
3 Yrs at NDA and 1 Yrs at Naval Academy( for Naval cadets)/
3 Yrs at NDA and 1 & 1/2 Yrs at AFA Hyderabad (For AF cadets)
Written Examination Scheme: Written exam consists of 2 papers 1st mathematics(300) and 2nd is of general ability
test(600=200+400).mathematics paper consists of topics from 11th and 12th standard mathematics while 2nd paper have
English(200) and G.K.(400) as its part A and part B.
th th
Paper I: MATHEMATICS (10 , 11th& 12 )
Topics are: Algebra, Matrices and Determinants, Trigonometry, Analytical Geometry of two and three dimensions,
Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus and Differential equations, Vector Algebra, Statistics and Probability (students studying
in 12 class also clears the written exam).
Paper II: GENERAL ABILITY TEST
Part A - ENGLISH:-The question paper in English will be designed to test the candidates understanding of English and
workman like use of words. The syllabus covers various aspects like Grammar and usage, vocabulary, comprehension and
cohesion in extended text to test the candidate’s proficiency in English.
Part B - GENERAL KNOWLEDGE:-The question paper on General Knowledge will broadly cover the subjects Physics,
Chemistry, General Science, Social Studies, Geography and Current Events.
For preparation various publication books are available in market.
Service Selection Board
Candidates declared successful in written by UPSC, appear before AFSB or SSB according to his choice of Service here a
2 stage testing is conducted. Stage 1 is conducted on 1st day and candidates who clear stage 1 are further tested in stage 2. For
details of the SSB procedure follow the www.ssbcrack.com articles on SSB procedure.
Medical Exam: A candidate recommended by the Services Selection Board undergoes a medical examination by a Board
of Service Medical Officers. Only those candidates are admitted to the academy who are declared fit by the Medical Board.
However the candidates declared unfit are intimated by the President of the Medical Board and the procedure for request for
CAREER IN DEFENSE 347
an Appeal Medical Board also intimated to the candidate. Candidates declared unfit during Appeal Medical Board are
intimated about the provision of Review Medical Board.
At last merit list is issued according to the vacancies available. and candidates who make it join the prestigious academy.
• Curriculum • Academics
The NDA offers only a full-time, residential undergraduate program. Cadets are awarded a Baccalaureate degree (a
Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science or a “Bachelor of Technology”) after 3 years of study JNU, New Delhi. Cadets have
a choice of two streams of study. The Science stream offers studies in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Computer Science.
The Humanities (Liberal Arts) stream offers studies in History, Economics, Political Science, Geography and Languages.
In both streams, academic studies are split into three categories.
• In the Compulsory Course, cadets study English, Foreign Languages (Arabic, Chinese, French or Russian), Physics,
Chemistry, Mathematics, Computer Science, History, Political Science, Economics and Geography. Note that all cadets
must take basic classes in all these subjects except Foreign Languages. Cadets then take advanced classes depending on
their chosen stream.
• The Foundation Course is mandatory and comprises Military Studies and General Studies. Subjects such as Military
History, Military Geography, Weapons systems and Armaments, etc. are covered in Military Studies. Subjects such as
Geopolitics, Human Rights, Laws of Armed Conflict and Environmental Sciences are covered in General Studies.
• The Optional Course focuses on subjects specific to the cadet’s chosen Service.
Cadets spend the first four semesters on the Compulsory Course and the Foundation Course. They take the Optional
Course during the fifth and sixth semesters. They may transfer to other Service academies for the optional courses.
• Training • Training Pattern
All the cadets joining the NDA after their 10+2 Examination are trained in the Academy for three years culminating in
graduation with BA/BSc or BCs (Computer Science) degree of Jawaharlal Nehru University. Apart from academic training
they are also trained in outdoor skills, like Drill, PT and games. The emphasis in NDA is on character building, esprit-de-corps,
mental and physical robustness, leadership and a sense of keen observation.
NDA has an excellent infrastructure for all-round training of cadets and a vast array of facilities like spacious and well-
maintained classrooms, well-equipped labs, two Olympic size swimming pools, a gymnasium, 32 football fields, 2 polo
grounds, a cricket stadium and a number of squash and tennis courts. The academic year is divided into two terms, viz. Spring
(Jan. to May) and Autumn (July to Dec.). A cadet must undergo training for a total of six terms before graduating from the NDA.
If you have cleared the written NDA exam then you have to appear for SSB or Service Selection Board interview. As we all
know SSB is the toughest interview for any service in this country. Only few candidates are able to crack this interview in first
attempt. So it is very difficult to clear SSB interview. You have to go through 5 tough days. Here are they
Day 1: Screening Test
(a) IQ Test – Verbal & Non Verbal
(b) Picture Perception & Picture Description Test
For Air Force Only – Pilot Aptitude Battery Test (PABT)
(a) Part 1: Instrument Reading Test – Written Test
(b) Part 2: Machine Test on Computers
Day 2: Physiological Test
(a) Thematic Appreciation Test – TAT
(b) Self Description Test – SDT
(c) Word Association Test – WAT
(d) Situation Reaction Test – SRT
Day 3 & Day 4: Group Testing Officer’s tests and Interview
(a) Group Discussion
(b) Military Planning Exercises
(c) Progressive Group Task
(d) Group Obstacle Race
(e) Individual Lecturette
Day4:
(a) Command Task
(b) Final Group Task
Day5: Conference and Results Declaration
(a) Closing Address
(b) Conference
348 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

(c) Result Declaration after you have gone through these stages only then you will be successful. But how do you
successfully clear all these stages. Well here are some tips that can help you to do so.
Day1: Screening Test: Technique No 1: For verbal and non verbal IQ test you need great presence of mind. I will advise
you to practice a lot of course material available in the market which is really good. You can take those competitive books and
practice.
Then for Picture perception and description again you need practice. It needs a lot of time. So start with the competitive
exam books available in your local market.
Technique No 2: As far as PABT is concerned it is only for pilots. It is tougher than previous IQ test. So it needs some god
gift skill plus little bit of luck.
Day2: Physiological Test
Technique No 3: For TAT you need great comprehension skill. You also have to develop great analyzing power. For this
you need to give some time to reading passages and answering questions related to it. A lot of candidate find it very difficult
because they lack concentration power. So get this right and practice a lot. Technique No 4: SDT is all about explaining
yourself. You must able to express yourself. For this you need better understanding of yourself. So you can try to talk yourself
in front of a mirror and practice.
Technique No 5: WAT is all about vocabulary and able to put words together in right time and right order. You need a great
sense of assimilation. So learn to play with words and using in right context. It will test your assimilation power.
Technique No 6: SRT again needs mental alertness or great presence. You have to make right decision at right point of
time. You need to answer questions which are asked in particular scenario. To clear this test I advise you to meet people and
talk with them. Attend seminar and answer questions of the audience. This is the best way to clear this exam.
Day3: Group Testing Officer’s tests and Interview
Technique No 7: To clear group discussion round. You must have great communicating skills. You must be able to
communicate with your team and present your ideas or thought in a clear manner. It is better that you discuss a lot with your
friends on different topics like politics, arts, culture etc. You can learn in your school or college.
Technique No 8: For military planning exercises you need to have a military mind. If you are going SSB interview then
expect some military exercises. Here you have to find solution of war game like situation. You need to know this before hand
and only then you can clear this test. Otherwise it will be difficult to clear.
Technique No 9: In progressive group task you have to work in a team. There your team working skills would be tested.
So you should come prepare and work in a team to show you have a great leadership quality as well as team work quality. Then
comes the group obstacle race here you have to clear obstacles or hurdles. Again this is also to test your team work capability.
Technique No 10: For Individual Lecturette your individuality would be tested. Leading from front is the first quality that
you must possess. You have to have a leadership quality that can not only lead the team but also communicate with them in
any situation. Here focus will be only on you as an individual.
Day4: Group Testing Officer’s tests and Interview
Technique No 11: In day 4 you have to clear all command and group task. This will again test your leadership and team
work capabilities. But it will be tougher than previous day or round. Here you have to be prepared for grilling and show your
real mental preparedness. You need to work on to bring out your inner fear and express yourself.
This round or day will be the last milestone that you have to cross. So start preparing from now on if you have clear this round.
Day5: Conference and Results Declaration
On the final day you do not have to do anything. Just you have to wait for the result. There will be a closing address by
the officials there. If you are selected then congratulations otherwise do not break your heart prepare for the next time. A career
in Armed Forces offers a rare blend of adventure, good career prospects, honour and high social standing. Several special
concessions are offered by the Armed Forces to its officers which are not available in any other services.
SSB Interview
SSB interview is a comprehensive test of one’s personality which is the basis of selection to the Armed Forces. Even for
selecting the Lady Officers under the WSES(O) the candidates have to qualify the SSB interview. While the basic design of the
interview remains the same, the standards of physical fitness however are relaxed for the women candidates. As usual, the SSB
interview lasts for 5 days in which the candidates are examined thoroughly by the psychologist. Group Testing Officer (GTO)
and the Interviewing Officer.
SSB interview is a scientifically designed system of personality test in which physical fitness, mental robustness, leadership
qualities, psychology and intelligence of a candidate are tested by conducting several tests. Tests are divided into two parts
viz. Stage-I and Stage-II. Stage-I consists of Verbal Intelligence, Social Psychology, Picture-Story Writing and Group Discussion.
Therefore tests are evaluated on the spot by three Examiners. The result of Stage-I is announced after two hours. Candidates
who qualify Stage-I, are given Stage-II, either the same day or the next day. Stage-II has a screening test which contains 100
questions of verbal and non-verbal.
CAREER IN DEFENSE 349
Psychology test contains four parts namely Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Word Association Test (WAT), Situation
Reaction Test(SRT) and Self-Description(SD). VIVA is one of the major tests, wherein each candidate has to face an interview
lasting 40 minutes to an hour.
The GTO Test commonly called group test has nine parts such as Group Discussion, Group Planning, Progressive Group
Task, Group Obstacle Race, Half group Task, Lecturette, Individual Obstacle Test, Command Test and Full Group Task. After
conclusion of 19 Tests both in Stage-I and Stage-II, in four days, each candidates is seen by the entire board. On fifth day, the
Conferences’ treated as a mini interview and each candidate has to appear before 10-member board which marks the end of
SSB tests. After Conference, the result is announced and finally selected candidates go for medical examination which takes
about 3-4 days.
Selected candidates, after successfully qualifying the medical examination, are then required to wait for a call to join the
Officers Training Academy (OTA) Chennai for 9 months training. On successful completion of the training the candidates are
granted commission in the rank of Lieutenant.
Top NDA Coaching Institutes
IN MUMBAI
The sterling Institute: Opp Andheri Bus Depot Above Bank Of Baroda, S V Road, Andheri West, Mumbai - Call: +(91)-
22-67309512
Sankalp Institute: G 1,601, Malhar Lokpuram, Opp Hiranandani Medows, Thane West, +(91)-22-61637240
Agrawals Study Centre: Shanta Prasad, Hindu Colony,1ST Lane, Opp Vidyalankar Classes, Dadar East, Mumbai Call:
+(91)-22-49173483
IN DELHI
Lakshya Academy B-277,Ground Floor, Ramphal Chowk, Dwarka Sector-7, Delhi Call: +(91)-11-66532821
Kakini defence academy Plot No.18-19,Pkt-2, 85, Rohini Sector-25, NR Rithala Metro Station, Rohini, DelhiCall:
+(91)-11-66435537
National Academy Of Teachers Training: E-42, B Ground Floor, Hira Sweets, laxmibai nagar market, Delhi - 110027
Call: +(91)-11-66357379
Success Mantra Academy: 1091/1-15,2ND Floor, . Ambawatta Complex, Mehrauli, Delhi Call: +(91)-11-66362998
IN DEHRADUN
Disha Academy: Garhi Cantt, Dehra Dun. Call: 0135-2553284.
Ground Zero Institute 9, E. C. ROAD, OPP. S. K. MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, NEAR SURVEY CHOWK,
DEHRADUN, UTARAKHAND. PHONE: 0 9412348398, 0135 2745159
Disha Academy Garhi Cantt, Dehra Dun. Call: 0135-2553284.
OPP. S. K. MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, NEAR SURVEY CHOWK, DEHRADUN, UTARAKHAND.
PHONE: 0 9412348398, 0135 2745159
Disha Academy
Garhi Cantt, Dehra Dun. Call: 0135-2553284.
Ground Zero Institute
9, E. C. ROAD, OPP. S. K. MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, DEHRADUN, UTARAKHAND.PHONE: 0 9412348398
Disha Academy
Garhi Cantt, Dehra Dun. Call: 0135-2553284.
 15
CHAPTER

Career in
Merchant Navy
15.1. CAREER IN MERCHANT NAVY: INTRODUCTION Chapter Outline
“Every seaman is not only a navigator, but a merchant and also a G Career in Merchant Navy: Introduction
soldier.” —William Petty G Career in Marine Engineering
A career as Merchant Navy Officer is financially rewarding but is much q Careers in Shipping Industry
more than that and this quote brings out the essence aboard a ship The G Career in Naval Architecture and Ocean
Merchant Navy is a non-combatant commercial fleet, which deals with Engineering
transporting cargo and passengers by sea. Its fleet is therefore composed G Special Class Railway Apprentices Exam
of passenger vessels, cargo, liner tankers, carriers, as well as other special (SCRA)
types of vehicles. Merchant navy is a career full of adventure and long
voyages to different beautiful places. In spite of a lot of hard work and long absence from home, the Merchant navy
professionals earn a high tax free salary, with other numerous benefits and promising promotional opportunities. This
makes merchant navy a lucrative and exciting career. The main positions open in the merchant navy are for marine
engineers, navigating officers and radio officers.In a field which was hitherto purely for men, there is some positive
change visible now, with many women joining merchant navy as ship doctors and radio officers.
The employment on board a ship is divided into three different streams. Deck officers, Engineers and Ratings. Deck
officers are headed by the Captain of the ship. Deck officers are responsible for navigation, safe and efficient movement
of the ship and transportation of cargo. To navigate the ship they use a range of satellite, radar systems and equipments
and communication systems. Checking weather and navigation reports is very important; it helps in taking appropriate
action. Deck officers monitor the loading, storage and unloading of cargo and the maintenance of deck machinery. They
also take care of the safety, firefighting and life-saving equipment in terms of any emergency. They also maintain the
legal and operational records. The Engineering department looks after the main engine, which is gigantic and complicated.
They are also responsible for the operation of mechanical and electrical equipment on board, managing power, fueling
and distribution systems, repairing and upgrading systems and equipments and implementing regular equipment
inspections and maintenance programmes. Engineers also need to be updated with new developments in the marine
engineering field.
Ratings have three categories. Deck rating is responsible for handling cargo, mooring / unmooring and general
maintenance. Engine ratings who help the engineering officers in maintenance of engine and other equipments. Saloon
(catering) consists of steward / cooks; they look after the housekeeping and catering.
Personal Attributes
Medically and Physically one should be sound to face the rigorous life at sea, mentally, one should be prepared to
be away from home and family for an extended period of time. There is no place for the weak. To someone who is
adventurous, extrovert and wants to enjoy life with others, merchant navy offers a very suitable career.
Functional Set up
The captain (Master) holds the highest rank in navigation and the Chief Engineer in Engineering. On joining the
ship, the cadet is appointed third mate in case of navigation and fifth engineer in case of engineering. The promotional
routes are from third mate to second mate, first mate and captain and from fifth engineer to fourth, third and second
engineer and then Chief Engineer.
The two internationally recognized training institutes in India are training ship Chanakya (formerly Rajendra), New
Bombay and Marine Engineering and Research Institutes (MERI), Calcutta. Both operate under the Ministry of Surface
Transport. The former produces navigating officers while the latter marine engineers.
350
CAREER IN MERCHANT NAVY 351
Courses & Eligibility
Eligibility for Merchant Navy; Merchant Navy can be joined after 10th as seafarer after qualifying pre sea courses or after
th as
12 an officer through various degree or diploma courses in mainly two specialized fields, Nautical (Deck) and Marine
engineering. Unmarried Female and Male candidate are eligible.
Age Limit: 16-25 Years
Medical Standards: Candidates should be physically and mentally strong, fit for sea-services under standard norms
Eye-Sight: 6/6 without glasses, No color Blindness. (The candidate is subject to medical examination).
th th
Courses to Join Merchant Navy; There are various courses to join after 10 or 12 in both private and govt training
institute recognized and approved by Director General of Shipping, Ministry of Shipping. These are;-
Pre Sea Training: In this course you will get proper training of maintenance of engine as well as deck. It is also known
th
as G.P.R (General Purpose Training) you can join this course after 10 with minimum aggregate percentage of 40% with
Mathematics, science and English as compulsory subject and should have 40% marks in each of them. The time duration of
this course is 06 months and age limit is joining this course is 17 to 25 years. Beside that other short term courses are also there
3 month Pre-Sea Course in Deck rating.
3 month Pre-Sea Course in Engine rating.
4 month Pre-Sea Course in Saloon rating.
Deck cadet: In this course you are given a diploma in Nautical Science. The minimum education qualification for this
course is 10+2 with P.C.M (Physics, Chemistry and Math) as compulsory subjects and you should have scored minimum 50%
in aggregate and 50% in English at 12th level.
STCW Course: This is basically a safety course which is compulsory for every seaman. This consists of four basic course
i.e. EFA (Elementary First Aid), EPFF (Fire Prevention & Fire Fighting ), PST (Provisional Survival Techniques) and PSSR
(Pesonal Safety & Social responsibility). It is totally 15 days programme.
Beside that there are others certificates, diploma and degrees enables you to join Merchant Navy is:
Pre-sea Training for personnel, man Dredgers, Tugs, OSVs, etc on N.C.V (DECK)
Qualification -Minimum 10th standard, courses approved by DG Shipping (Govt of India)
Pre-sea Training for personnel, man Dredgers, Tugs, OSVs, etc on N.C.V (ENGINE)
Qualification- Minimum 10th standard, courses approved by DG Shipping (Govt of India)
1 year Pre-Sea Diploma in Nautical Science
Its leads to B.Sc Nautical Science affiliated to Indian Maritime University and approved by DG Shipping (Govt. of India)
eligibility – 10+2 PCM/Bsc. Degree/ B.E./B. Tech. Degree
HND (Higher National Diploma) Nautical Science
Qualification- Minimum 10+2 PCM
HND (Higher National Diploma) Marine Engineering
Qualification- Minimum 10+2 PCM
B.E Marine engineering (4-Year Degree course in Marine Engineering)
Qualification- Minimum 10+2 PCM and English
B.S. in Nautical Technology (3 years training at Institute + 1 year at Sea)
Qualification- Minimum 10+2 PCM
3-Year B.Sc. Degree in Nautical Science
Qualification- Minimum 10+2 PCM and English
2-year Marine Engineering course
Qualification – Diploma in Mechanical /Marine/ Naval Architecture / Electrical / Electrical and Electronics Engineering
1-year Marine Engineering Course, Graduate Marine Engineer(GME)
Qualification – Graduation in BE (Mech) Engineering / Naval Arch. with minimum of 50% marks in final year and with
50% minimum marks in English language at 10th or 12th or in Degree Exam.
Merchant Navy entrance exam ; The All India Merchant Navy Entrance Test (AIMNET) is conducted by Bharat Shipping
Limited usually in the month of November-December every year for following courses;
B.Tech NAVAL ARCHITECURE & SHIP BUILDING (4 years) Qualification -Pass HSC OR 10+2 from a recognised
board with 50% average in PCM (Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics) Maximum age-25 years.
B.Tech – MARINE ENGINEERING: Qualification -Pass HSC OR 10+2 from a recognised with 60% average in PCM
(Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics) Maximum age-25 years
B.Sc NAUTICAL SCIENCE: Qualification -Pass HSC OR 10+2 from a recognised with 60% average in PCM (Physics,
Chemistry, Mathematics) Maximum age-25 years
352 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

PRE-SEA TRAINING G.P. RATINGS: Qualification – 10th pass with total average of 40% marks (with Mathematics &
Science) OR Has Passed in Govt. approved 2 years ITI course from recognized institute with 50% minimum aggregate marks. 40%
marks in English subject shall require in 10th or 12th OR any Degree OR Diploma course approved by AICTE. Maximum age 25 years.
M.B.A. Shipping and Logistics
Any degree from a GOVT recognized University ORMariners holding following professional qualification obtained after
study-cum training of 6 years after 10+2 OR Diploma from a recognised Institution:
(a) Master Foreign Going Certificate of Competency. OR
(b) First Class Motor or Combined (Chief Engineer) Certificate of Competency issued by the DG Shipping (Directorate
General of Shipping), MOS (Ministry of Shipping), Govt of India or its counterparts in other countries.
Merchant Navy: The courses offered by Institutes are:
1.3 year degree course in Nautical Science for (10+2) students.
2.4 year degree course in Marine Engineering for (10+2) students.
3.2 year course for Diploma Holders.
4.1 year course for Graduate Mechanical Engineers.
5.3 month course for Deck Cadets for (10+2) students.
6.4 month Pre-Sea Course for General Purpose (GP) rating.
7.3 month Pre-Sea Course for Deck rating.
8.3 month Pre-Sea Course for Engine rating.
9.4 month Pre-Sea Course for Saloon rating.
In order to pursue a B.E. Marine Engineering, a four years degree course; the qualifying age is 20 years, eyesight +/- 2.5,
without colour blindness and the candidate should have passed higher secondary examination with Physics, Chemistry and
Mathematics as compulsory subjects with an aggregate marks of 60%. It is also mandatory to qualify in the Joint Entrance
Examination (J.E.E) which the IIT conducts every year or All India Engineering Entrance Examination (A.I.E.E.E) which is
conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) once a year or the other most important entrance level
examination, which is held at the national level for the enrollment of the students in the government merchant navy institutions,
which is called A.I.M.N.E.T or All India Merchant Navy Entrance Test.
Course Fees: The cost for Marine Engineering course varies from Rs.2, 20,000/- to Rs.10 lacs for all four years depending
on the university and the state selected. The cost for B.Sc. Nautical Science varies from Rs.2 Lacs to Rs.8 Lacs for all three
years depending on the university and the state selected.
The four Government Training Institutes providing Pre-Sea and Post-Sea training of international repute:
1. Training Ship Chanakya, Navi Mumbai.
2. Marine Engineering & Research Institute (MERI), Kolkata.
3. Marine Engineering & Research Institute (MERI), Mumbai.
4. Lal Bahadur Shastri College of advanced Maritime Studies and Research, Mumbai.
Where to Study: Here’s a list of institutes from where one can pursue course in marine engineering:
1. Tolani Maritime Institute (TMI), Pune
2. Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies - Mumbai
3. International Maritime Institute (IMI), Delhi/NCR
4. Maharashtra Academy of Naval Education and Training (MANET), Pune
5. Institute of Technology & Marine Engineering (ITME), Kolkata
6. B.P. Marine Academy, Navi Mumbai
7. TS Rahaman Mumbai, India
8. Indian Maritime University (IMU) (Chennai, Cochin, Kandla port, Kolkata, Mumbai and Vizag) - Offers B.Sc. Nautica
Science and B.Sc. Maritme Science
9. Indian Centre for Advancement of Research and Education (ICARE), Haldia
10. Coimbatore Marine College (CMC), Coimbatore
11. Academy of Maritime Education & Training (AMET University), Chennai
12. Maritime Foundation, Chennai
13. Chennai School of Ship Management, Chennai
14. MASSA Maritime Academy (MMA), Chennai
15. S B Vignesh Marine Training Centre, Chennai
16. Cosmopolitian Technology of Meritime, Chennai
17. Vels University, Chennai
18. International Maritime Academy (IMA)
Career Prospects
Merchant Navy plays a very important role in import – export business. Without merchant navy, international trade would
come to an stand still. It is growing industry offering hard working and qualified people with opportunities in navigation,
CAREER IN MERCHANT NAVY 353
engineering and catering & hospitality. There are numerous government and private shipping companies which hire officer
for the deck, engine and service department.
The foreign shipping companies offer better pay packages.Merchant navy offers opportunities for promotion, which are
dependent on clearing the requisite competency exams conducted by the Ministry of Surface Transport for all navigating
officers and marine engineers. Among all developing countries, India ranks as one of the countries having the largest merchant
shipping fleets.
Others Routes for Entry
Instead of entering the merchant navy through the training programmes at TS Chanakya and MERI, interested persons
may directly approach shipping firms/lines, which from time to time recruit deck cadets and train them for a marine career.
Minimum eligibility to apply for deck cadets is a pass in +2 or equivalent examination with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics.
In case of engineering officers shipping lines follow their own recruitment policies. Sometimes candidates with BE qualifications
are taken directly after they complete on eight month attachment with a naval dockyard in Bombay, Cochin, Calcutta or
Vishakhapatnam. Unlike the marine engineers from MERI these candidates have to pass additional competency examination.
Entry of Women
The image of the bearded captain in white uniform may no longer signify the typical mariner, soon women, too will do
that cap. With Sonali Banarjee of Allahabad joining the marine engineering courses the Indian merchant navy is finally
entering the unisex time zone. More and more women are now opting for training in marine engineering which will eventually
lead to their employment in the merchant navy.

15.2. CAREER IN MARINE ENGINEERING

This branch of science, deals with the engineering of ships, boats, oil rigs and different other kinds of marine vessel. Such
type of engineering includes both marine propulsion, which is all about the propulsion systems of the vessel and marine
architecture that refers to the engineering of the structures supporting the various marine vessels.
Marine engineering can be of the following two kinds:
• Sea going engineering • Shore based engineering
A student aspiring to be a marine engineer needs to have an academic degree of this course of study. Many universities,
based all over the world, offers varied courses on this field. The nature of those educational programs ranges from under
graduate level to post graduate level.
Current Scenario of Marine Engineering in India
The requirement of Marine Engineers is getting increased day by day to keep pace with the increase in the number of
marine vessels. However, the different engineering institutes in India, which offers courses on marine engineering, keep a cut
off marks along with some other eligibility criteria for enrollment in their offered programs on this field. The basic and
common eligibility criteria for getting admission in any of such courses is that a student needs to score at least 50 % marks in
the subjects of chemistry, english, mathematics and physics. This is followed by passing the admission tests conducted by the
respective institute, where a candidate intends to enroll him or herself.
In the Indian Republic, the students graduating in marine engineering are conferred with the degree of B. E. or Bachelor
of Engineering whereas, those post graduating in this branch of engineering are awarded with the degree M. E. or Master of
Engineering. Post graduating in marine engineering, some of the engineering institutes in India even provides an opportunity
to a marine engineer to do Ph. D in that field.
Major Marine Engineering Examinations in India
The various entrance examinations for admission in any of the marine engineering institutes in India are, generally,
conducted every year during the month of April. Apart from judging one on the core subjects of science like chemistry,
mathematics and physics, these admission tests check the capability of logical reasoning and aptitude of the candidate.
Separate entrance examinations are held for Bachelor’s degree and Master’s degree. The names of some of the most important
ones are mentioned below according to their categories:
Graduation Level Marine Engineering Entrance Examinations in India
• A.I.C.E.T or All India Common Entrance Test
• Indian Institute of Technology JEE advance and main.
• I.M.U.C.E.T or Indian Maritime University Common Entrance Test
• Marine Engineering and Research Institute (M.E.R.I) Entrance Examination
Post Graduation Level Marine Engineering Entrance Examinations in India
• Andhra University Entrance Examination
• Bengal Engineering and Science University Entrance Examination
354 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Chidambaram Institution of Maritime Technology Entrance Examination

• Cochin University of Science and Technology Entrance Examination
• G.A.T.E or Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
• Goa University Entrance Examination
• Indian Institute of Technology (I.I.T), Mumbai Entrance Examination
• Indian Maritime University (I.M.U) Entrance Examination
• International Marine Communication Centre Entrance Examination
• International Maritime Institute Entrance Examination
• Lal Bahadur Shastri College of Advance Maritime Studies and Research Entrance Examination
• Mangalore University Entrance Examination
• Marine Engineering and Research Institute (M.E.R.I), Chennai Entrance Examination
• Marine Engineering and Research Institute, Kolkata Entrance Examination
• Marine Engineering and Research Institute, Mumbai Entrance Examination
• Tolani Maritime Institute Entrance Examination
• University of Madras Entrance Examination
Top Marine Engineering Colleges in India
The country has got several public and private institutes that offer varied marine engineering courses to the students, who
aspire to get him or herself a degree in this field. The names and contact information of some of the most reputed ones are
provided in the below mentioned table:
• B.P Marine Academy or B.P.M.A
• Chennai School of Ship Management or C.S.S.M
• Indian Maritime University or I.M.U
• Institute of Technology and Marine Engineering I.T.M.E
• Vels Academy of Maritime Studies or V.A.M.S
• Tolani Maritime Institute T.M.I
• Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies or S.I.M.S,
• Mumbai Marine Engineering and Research Institute or M.E.R.I
• Maharashtra Academy of Naval Education and Training M.A.N.E.T
• Institute of Technology and Marine Engineering I.T.M.E
15.3. CAREERS IN SHIPPING INDUSTRY
Merchant Navy Ships consists of Bulk Careers that carry cargo, Tankers that carry petroleum crude and derivatives and
Liners that carry passengers. The navigation of these ships and their maintenance require qualified personnel on land as well
as at sea. The industry is a highly specialised one and it needs trained manpower.
Specialisation: The two broad areas of specialisation are navigation and engineering. Navigation involves the navigation
of ship and overall responsibility of the ship. Engineering involves running the ship and engineering of the ship.
Navigation: Training of navigation is offered at “Training Ship Chanakya” – a land based institution. This programme
in Nautical Science is of three years duration and covers principles and practices of navigation, use of navigational equipment,
seamanship, basic principle of ship design, and ship repairs. Successful completion of the programme earns for the candidates
a B.Sc. in Nautical Sciences from the Bombay University. Following this, a training of one year on the deck is required for
obtaining second mate’s certificate of competency. This allows appointment to foreign going ships. From the second mate
upwards, the officer has to clear regular examinations to go up he hierarchy on the navigation side. Another route to becoming
a navigating officer in the merchant navy is to join as a deck cadet in the ships. After a minimum of three years, the cadets can
apply for appearing for a written examination that evaluates their competency to become navigating officers.
Marine Engineering: The Engineering stream is concerned with the maintenance of the ship. This includes the engine,
navigation systems, and auxiliary systems such as the air conditioners, heating systems, equipment for loading and unloading
and safely equipment. Some of the marine engineers who opt for a share job are absorbed in design, building and dry dock
maintenance of ships.
Major Institutions:
1. T.S. Chanakya, Karaus, New Mumbai-400706
2. Marine Engineering & Research Institute (MERI), Hay Bunder Road, Mumbai-400033.
3. Marine Engineering & Research Institute (MERI), P-19, Taratolla Road, Calcutta-700088.
4. Ministry of Surface Transport (Govt. of India), Directorate General of Shippping, “Jahaz Bhavan” Ballard Estate, Opp
Indira Dock (Red Gate), Walchand Hira Chand Marg, Mumbai-400038.
Basis for Selection: Entrances to T.S. Chanakya and MERI are based on performance in Joint Entrance Examination (JEE)
jointly conducted by Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT). Eye sight is important for those who aspire to get into navigation
stream a normal vision of 6/6 or better is required. For those in engineering stream, up to plus minus 2.5 is allowed.
CAREER IN MERCHANT NAVY 355
The competency examination for moving from cadet’s level to officer level is conducted by the Directorate General of
Shipping.
Employment: Employment could be with international and domestic shipping companies. Jobs are usually on a contract basis.
Shipping can be categorized into three work segments:
The first area has shipping companies, which have an administrative set up manned with personnel who take care of the
logistics, and the general documentation required by the industry. There are vessels which move passengers and cargo and
have on board the ships crew who are:
1. Responsible for its running on the scheduled routes and for overseeing and liasoning the loading and offloading
operations while the ship is docked.
2. The third area of work is at the docks and ports where the ships are loaded and unloaded and all documentations and
other formalities are completed.
Institutes:
• Academy of Maritime Education and Training (AMET) University
• Indian Maritime University, Vishakhapatnam OR Chennai OR Kolkata - B.Sc. (Nautical Science), B. Tech. (Naval
architecture & Ocean Engineering), B. Tech. (Marine Engineering), B.Sc. (Maritime Science)
• Alagappa University - MBA in Shipping
15.4. CAREER IN NAVAL ARCHITECTURE AND OCEAN ENGINEERING
Land resources are getting scarce and oceans and water bodies would be the destination in future. Small countries like
Singapore are expanding and creating artificial land and underwater structures. For a country like India which surrounded by
water on three sides the potential in water structures and vehicles is huge. Who knows India will have commercial floating airport
or floating city. All the structures and developments in the oceans is made possible by Naval architects and Ocean Engineers.
Naval architects are basically engineers who deal with the design, construction, maintenance and operation of marine
vessels and structures like watercrafts, hydrofoils and oil drilling platforms. They do research, design development, design
evaluation and stability calculations during all stages of the life of a marine vehicle. Preliminary design of the vessel, its
detailed design, construction, trials, operation and maintenance, launching and dry-docking are the main activities involved.
Ship design calculations are also required for ships being modified (by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or
repair). Naval architects also are involved in formulation of safety regulations and damage control rules and the approval and
certification of ship designs to meet statutory and non-statutory requirements.
Their work includes all types of watercrafts like cargo ships, tankers, bulk carriers, warships, submarines, passenger
ferries, cruise liners, hovercraft, boats, yachts, icebreakers, and other structures.
Ocean Engineers invent Oceanographic instruments and devices for use by Oceanographers. Ocean Engineers study
engineering sciences, and receive training in core study areas related to Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture. A course
in Ocean Engineering includes Marine constructions, Floating structures, Hydrostatics and Stability,
Courses and Eligibility
• B.Tech and B.Tech(Hons) Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering
• M.Tech –Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• B Tech Arch Naval architecture: PCM in 10+2, Selection criteria Entrance test.
• JEE for admission into IITs and NITs. Separate entrance tests for other institutes.
• Post Graduate Diploma in Naval architecture : Navy officers are eligible for this program conducted at IIT Delhi. The
Indian Navy takes in graduates in select branches of engineering and then sends them for training.
Where to Study
• IIT Kharagpur
Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture
B.Tech.- Ocean Engg. and Naval Architecture
Dual Degree - Ocean Engg. & Naval ArchitectureDual Degree - MBA
M. Tech. - Ocean Engg. and Naval Architecture
• IIT Madras
B.Tech and B.Tech(Hons) -( Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering)
B.Tech & M.Tech (Dual Degree) -(Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering)
M.Tech -OE1(Ocean Engineering)
M.Tech -OE2(Ocean Technology)
M.Tech- (Offshore Structural Engineering)
• College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam
• Naval College of engineering, INS Shivaji, Lonavala.
356 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Cochin University of Science and Technology, BTech in naval architecture and shipbuilding
• IIT Delhi (Diploma in naval construction, for Indian Navy officers)
• Indian Maritime University, Chennai and various campuses Offer B Tech Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering at Vizag.
• Ocean Engineering in India is offered at undergraduate and postgraduate level in following colleges / universities /
institutes
• Indian Institute of Technology – Madras
• Indian Institute of Technology – Kharagpur
• Cochin University of Science and Technology – Cochin
• National Institute of Technology – Surathkal
• National Institute of Technology – Calicut
• National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)
Pay and Remuneration
Fresh Engineers get around Rs 2.5-3 lakhs per annum . The pay increases with experience and there is no upper limit of
earnings for entrepreneurs.
Career Prospects
Indian Navy and government and private shipyards offer huge employment opportunity. Naval architect can also be self
employed — ship repairs, boat-building, shipbuilding, harbors and docks, ship lifts, equipment for the ships.
Both private and government agencies seek the services of Ocean Engineers. Ocean Engineers find employment in
industries related to Offshore Oil Recovery, Marine metals and corrosion, Environmental Protection, Global Climate Monitoring,
Renewable Energy, Underwater Vehicles, Remote Sensing, Marine Transportation, or Naval Architecture and Defence.
15.5. SPECIAL CLASS RAILWAY APPRENTICES EXAM (SCRA)
Special Class Railway Apprentices’ (SCRA) refers to a handful of candidates that are selected by the Union Public
Service CommissionIndia, after a rigorous selection process, to the undergraduate program in Mechanical Engineering at the
Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jamalpur. This programme was started in 1927 and is one
of the oldest in India.
Undrgraduate Courses: With as many as 2 to 3 lakh candidates taking the entrance examination, now conducted by
UPSC, for about 42 seats. That translates into an astonishing ratio of 1 selection per 10,000 applicants. The examination
comprises written test in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, English Language, General Knowledge, and Psychological Test
(Mental Ability). The selected candidates are called for an interview, which is followed by a medical examination. The
standard of syllabus is that of Class XII (CBSE equivalent).
The notice for the SCRA entrance examination, along with form and syllabus, is brought out by the UPSC around the
months of June–July. According to the new rules issued by the Ministry of Railways, the exam is now conducted once in
every two years.
The selected candidates undergo a four-year rigorous training programme in Mechanical Engineering, for which the
Institute has a Memorandum of Understanding with BIT, Mesra, Ranchi. The semester system of BIT, Mesra is followed, with
workshop training sessions during the holidays at BIT, Mesra.
The apprentices get a stipend of Rs. 9100 and Dearness Allowance, apart from other benefits such as medical care,
privilege passes, PTOs, etc. In short they are adopted by the Indian Railways with all high class facilities, their stipend also
increases year by year .Moreover they have a guaranteed top notch Group A service which they get after successful completion
of four years of training, the candidates join as Indian Railway Services of Mechanical Engineers (IRSME) Officers in Indian
Railways to face a challenging and satisfying career.
Career: After the completion of their training, they are absorbed into the highest level leadership program in the
Railway organization (also called Group A Officers). These cadres of officers are attached to the IRSME.
On completion of the probation in SCRA, one is posted as an officer in the junior scale. Promotion to the senior scale takes
place after about two years of service in working post. After six to seven years of service, the officer is promoted to the Junior
Administrative Grade, which has two levels. One can be serving in various assignments at the Junior Administrative Grade for
8–10 years. This is followed by the Selection Grade.
The next in seniority is the Senior Administrative Grade, equivalent to the Joint Secretary, Government of India which is
obtained after 16–18 years of service. Officers of this grade may be posted as heads of various workshops in the field, as heads
of a department functioning at the Headquarters office, as Addition Divisional Railway Manager or as the Executive Director
in the Railway Board. After six to eight years, while remaining in the same pay scale officers are selected to be appointed as
Divisional Railway Managers (DRM).
Academics: The BE (Mech.) degree is now provided in collaboration with Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra. 56
SCRAs have also won Gold Medals in the examinations conducted by the Institution of Engineers (India) and 3 have been
awarded University Gold Medals at Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra.
 16
CHAPTER

Career in Aviation
16.1. CAREERS IN AVIATION: INTRODUCTION Chapter Outline
Career in aviation industry can be extremely fascinating and exciting. G Aviation and Event Management
All the activities dealing with the operation of an aircraft, whether it is G Careers in Aviation: Introduction
aircrew, air traffic management, flying operation, technical aspect, comes G Career as Air Hostess/Flight Steward
under the purview of aviation industry. Privatization and liberalization of G Career as a Commercial Pilot
the industry has resulted in tremendous growth of the sector. At present, G Career in Meteorology
aviation industry is among the fastest growing industries in India, which G Other Related Careers in Aviation Industry
offers plethora of job opportunities to meet the increasing demand of manpower. G Career in Event Management: Introduction
Youngsters are the one, who are most attracted towards the job offers of aviation
industry, as most of them provide the opportunity to travel across the globe, in addition to whopping salary package.
Course Details
Highly specialized courses are available in both technical and non-technical sectors of aviation industry, at undergraduate
as well as at postgraduate levels. In order to enroll in technical courses, study of physics, chemistry and mathematics as mainstream
subjects at 10+2 level is must. For non-technical course at the undergraduate level, 10+2 in any stream and for postgraduate level,
graduation in any stream from a recognized institution is required. Numerous courses like Aircraft Maintenance Engineering
Courses, Aviation Safety Training Instructor Courses, Flight Attendant Courses, Commercial Pilot Training, Flight Deck Crew
Courses, Cabin Crew & in-Flight Services and Air Hostess courses are also available. These courses provide detailed outline of the
job profile. In addition, they impart mental and physical training to the aspirants.
Career Prospects
Aviation industry is quiet vast and offers plenty of career options. One can work as air hostess, customer care executive,
air ticketing professional, commercial pilot, operation executive, flight steward, aerospace engineer, aviation administrator,
cargo manager or be a part of the cabin crew. Various divisions of the prominent airlines companies like Kingfisher, Sahara
India, Jet Airways, Deccan Airlines, Trans Asian Aviation, Indian Airlines and Indian International Airlines etc. hire professionally
trained aspirants. Opportunities in civil aviation department of India are also desirable. Apart from career opportunities in top
Indian airlines, doors of international airlines like Lufthansa, Emirates, Qantas, Singapore Airlines, etc. are also open.
Aviation refers to all activities involving the operation of aircrafts. Aviation courses in India deal with Flying Operation
(jobs performed by Pilots), Aircrew (such as Air Hostesses), Aircraft, Air Traffic Management, Technical aspects of Flight,
Aviation Safety, Regulatory Policies and economics of airport. Civil Aviation courses (as opposed to the Indian Air Force, that
is, the air wing of the Indian armed forces) are necessary for those wishing to work in government or regulatory bodies of
aviation or those planning to work as aviation consultants. All aviation courses in India are supposed to comply with the rules
laid down by the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).
Careers in the aviation industry are much sought after as they are very well paid. Not too many people go in for careers in
aviation as the courses are very expensive. However with student loans and high pay packages once one finishes the course
and gets a job, that is a lesser problem nowadays.
Nature of Work
The nature of work is different for different types of workers in the aviation industry. Whereas being a pilot or an air
hostess is most advertised, there are other equally lucrative options in the aviation industry. The aviation courses focus on
some aspects of the work like airline customer support, flight attending rules, the nuances of the air transport industry, cargo
357
358 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

marketing and management, transportation of perishable cargo, ticket reservation, regulation of traffic, customer relationship,
cargo reservations, attendance of flight, flight and ground instruction, cockpit resource management, federal regulation and
the federal laws on aviation, aerodynamics and the basic concepts of flying, advanced navigation procedures, multi engine
flight instruction, crew synchronization, aviation safety, aviation administration and meteorology.
The nature of the work, entails in several posts like those of pilot, air hospitality attendants like air hostesses and flight
stewards, cabin crew, travelling all over the world.
Two distinct sectors: Commercial and Military sectors are present. Regulations for the commercial aviation industry are
determined by the apex body, Directory General of Civil Aviation in India (DGCA).
Personality
• Agility, stamina and good health are vital to attend to the stressful duties for long hours. Requires presence of mind,
courage, physical fitness, determination, due to the risks which flying involves. They need to be self-confident and at
east working with other people.
• Air hostesses must have a need appearance. They require a polite, pleasant and tactful manner with the ability to put
people at east also described as ‘service aptitude’.
• Aircraft engineers must be able to work in all types of weather conditions. Ability to work as a team is needed.
Personality
Air hostesses and flight stewards need to have a hospitable and pleasant personality. One of the common problems faced
by air hospitality attendants is that the passengers misbehave with them. Air hospitality attendants need to have a strong
personality to deal with such problems in a strong manner and rebuke the passengers without becoming excessively rude.
As for the technical staff and for almost all jobs in the aviation sector, one must be able to work at different times of the day.
One may have to work night shifts and sometimes may have to spend more than 24 hours without sleeping. Pilots, cabin crew
and air traffic controllers also need to have a high level of concentration and focus as there is a lot of minute observation and
immediate response required in such technical posts and these are also positions of great responsibility as the lives of the
passengers depends on the proper functioning of the air plane which is ensured by the minute and thorough work of those
involved in such work.
Professional Courses
Professional courses are available for both those wishing to work in technical sectors of the aviation industry as well as
for those wishing to work in non technical sectors of the aviation industry like those involved in air hospitality like air
hostesses and flight stewards.
Eligibility: The eligibility for technical courses is Physics, Chemistry and Maths till class 12 in school.
For air hospitality careers, the eligibility is generally appearing for the class 12 board examinations though some institutes
require physics, chemistry and maths till class 12.
Some of them also require a certain physical height in order to be eligible to become air hostesses. The practice is widely
criticized as it has no necessity.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
Some of the institutes offering aviation courses are as follows:
• Indian Institute of Aeronautics, Delhi Contact: 011-25911882/25163367
• Bharat Institute of Aeronautics, Patna Contact: 0612-2224160/2221696
• Indian Institute of Aeronautics Science, Jamshedpur Contact: 0657-2309349/2223062
• Hindustan Institute of Aeronautics, Bhopal Contact: 0755-2748018/2665473
• Indian Institute of Aeronautical Science, Kolkata Contact: 033-25673830/25673832.
• Flytech Aviation Academy 102, Al Kausar, Road No 10, Street No 1, West Maredpally, Secundarabad, Andhra Pradesh -
500 026 Tel: +91-40-5549 6900, Fax : +91-40-2780 7664, email id : contact@flytechaviation.com
• Avalon Aviation Academy, Aptech House,A/65, MIDC, Andheri (E), Mumbai -400093. Outside Mumbai, Avalon Centres
are situated at the following locations.
Bombay University or Mumbai University now offers a 3 year B.Sc. course in aviation. The course is being conducted by
the Institute of Aviation and Aviation Safety (IAAS), an educational wing of the Mumbai based Federation of Indian Pilots.
This course also trains students to be pilots and thus also offers commercial pilot’s licenses (CPL) if one wishes to become a
pilot. The fees for such a course including the charges for getting a CPL are very high - Rs 12 lakh for the three year course.
Courses for air hostesses and flight stewards are offered by the following institutes:
• Global Institute, B-!/637, Janakpuri, Main Najafgarh Road, New Delhi-58
• Indian Aviation Academy, 7/8 Rushabh Complex, Oshivara, Andheri (West)
CAREER IN AVIATION 359

• Sristys Aviation, Sristy’s School of Air Hostess, 307, Swarnajayanthi Complex, Hyderabad
• Air Hostess Academy (AHA), 48, Ring Road, Lajpat Nagar III, New Delhi, 110024,
• Aptima Air Hostess Academy, J1/164, Rajouri Garden, New Delhi 110027,
• Flyers Inc,33, Jangpura Road, New Delhi 110014, Ph: 4313411, 4323412; Fax: 4313411
• Pacific Airways, Pocket GH-6/35,PaschimVihar,New Delhi 110087, Ph: 5576463, 5577190
• Free bird Aviation & Management Services, TC-41/2454 Mancaud, Trivandrum-9
• Frankfinn Institute of Air Hostess Training has emerged as the leading institute for air hostess training in the country.
Frankfinn institutes are located all over the country. Check http://www.fiatfrankfinn.com/ for more details.
Specialization
The specialisation options in the technical sector are at an advanced level. For instance, one can specialise in air traffic
management and in cabin control amid a lot of other specialisations.
Career Growth and Prospects
Airports are being upgraded (some by being privatized) and there is a major thrust in the aviation sector from the central
and state governments. With the Indian airports becoming bigger and busier, new jobs are opening up rapidly. With the
extremely lucrative nature of these jobs, the prospects for a career in the aviation industry are extremely bright.
Remunerations
The remuneration for those in the aviation industry is extremely high. This is primarily because careers in the aviation
industry require a lot of special skills. All technical jobs are highly specialised. Pilots, too, are one of the highest earners in the
country with senior pilots being paid approximately 4.5 lakh rupees to 5 lakh rupees per month. Non technical jobs such as
those of air hostesses are well paid too. Even fresh starters get paid approximately Rs 16,000 per month.
The fees for aviation courses are very steep as well. However, student loans are easily available and the loan can be easily
repaid off in six months’ time after one gets a job in the aviation industry.
An added benefit of being in the aviation industry especially for pilots, cabin crew, air hospitality attendants like flight
stewards and air hostesses, is the chance to visit places all over the world as part of the work requirements. This is an attractive
feature of careers in the aviation industry.
How to Find a Job?
Most institutes offering aviation courses also have placement cells. Recruitments are made through campus placements.
One can also apply to the major airlines in India like Indian, Spice Jet, Deccan Aviation, Jet Airways, Kingfisher, Alliance Air
and Air Sahara. With new airline companies coming up frequently, getting jobs in the aviation industry is not a problem as the
nature of the jobs are specialised and there are few skilled practitioners.

16.2. CAREER AS AIR HOSTESS/FLIGHT STEWARD

“You can’t imagine a world, quite frankly, without a safe and secure aviation system. And so our job is to really focus on
that, and what we need to do to keep it safe and secure.”
This is what Janet Napolitano said about the aviation industry. She holds a respectable post in the scheme of things for the
United States of America. This is a great boost for those who are willing to get into the profession of Flight Steward / Air
Hostess or stewards.
What is The Job All About?
Air Hostess / Flight Steward is a person who is responsible to take care of and handle all the activities that go on inside
the aero plane. There is no denying the fact that the aviation industry is constantly seeing a rise over the last few years,
helping the career emerge as one of the sought-after by those who want to start earning early in their life.
A Flight Steward / Air Hostess usually is a great blend of diplomacy along with great efficiency. There are several qualities
that one needs to inculcate so as to become a Flight Steward / Air Hostess. For an instance a Flight Steward / Air Hostess is
always expected to keep calm in emergency situations and crisis time. As part of their responsibility, they have to greet all the
passengers with smile, guide them elegantly to their seats, coordinate with the security personnel, helping passengers to settle
down in their seats etc. Some of the traits which come in very handy in this career are: self confidence, presence of mind,
patience to keep working for long hours, good communication skills, initiative, attractive personality etc.
Courses and Eligibility
While most of the airlines earlier looked at possession of the personality traits (mentioned above) in the potential
candidates, however lately with the boom in aviation sector, formal qualifications have come into play. Following are some of
the courses that are being considered for this career:
360 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

1. Diploma in Aviation, Hospitality and Travel Management

2. Diploma in Hospitality, Travel and Customer Service
3. Post Graduate Diploma in Aviation and Hospitality
4. Post Graduate Diploma in Airport Ground Services
The eligibility criteria of getting into airline companies vary from each other. However there are a few common traits as
mentioned earlier, that one needs to have in order to go ahead with the courses. The age of the candidates should be between
18 to 26 years with a minimum qualification of intermediate (10+2). Good interpersonal skills along with smartness always
add up as positives.
Course Fees: The usual duration of the courses designed for Flight Steward/Air Hostess vary from institutes. But on
average the courses range from 6 months to 18 months. Similarly the course fee also depends on the institute that you choose
to do the course from. The course fee usually ranges from INR 40000 to INR 120000.
Where to Study
1. Aptech Aviation & Hospitality Academy - Aptech Aviation & Hospitality academy is one of the premier most institutes
when it comes to providing training and courses for Flight Steward/Air Hostess. The institute provides with very good
placements which is the requirement of the day.
2. Pinnacle Career Zone - The name serves just perfect for the institute which has been providing part time and full time
diploma for aviation industry. The course usually lasts over a period of 12 months. The institute is known for its very
good placements.
3. Frankfinn Institute of Flight Steward/Air Hostess Training - Association of Frankfinn and the aviation industry is
something that goes pretty deep. The courses provided by the institute are well thought over and very practical which
makes things easier for the students.
4. All India Institute of Aeronautics - The institute has collaborations with lots in organizations which help it to provide
the best education possible. The institute provides with BBA degree in Aviation and also takes care of the placements.
5. Rajiv Gandhi Memorial College of Aeronautics
6. SES College of Hotel & Tourism Management
7. Sristys Aviation – Sristys School of Air Hostess
8. Indira Gandhi Institute of Aeronautics
9. Fly Airaviation Academy
10. Universal Aviation Academy
11. Avalon Academy
12. IIFLY Aviation Training Center
13. Kairali Aviation
14. Mumbai College of Hotel Management and Catering Technology
15. India International Trade Center
16. Livewel Aviation Training Academy
17. Kompass Aviation
18. Wings Airline Academy
19. Annamalai University
20. Narayan Academy of Civil Aviation
Apart from the above mentioned institutes and universities, there are several other universities and institutes all over the world
and in India which provide with such courses. This means that the interested candidates have lot more options to choose from.
Pay and Remuneration
The payment or remuneration that a Flight Steward / Air Hostess can expect completely depends on the area of her
functionality and also the airline she is involved with. Thus it does not take much to understand that Flight Steward / Air
Hostess with more experience can bag better salaries. A fresher seeking an Air Hostess Job may expect a salary anywhere
between INR 16000 to INR 30000 per month as per the national salary survey data. A head flight attendant can get up to INR
70000 per month on domestic airlines. When it comes to international air lines, the pay scale becomes bigger and better with
more perks and better packages. International airlines pay up to INR 200000 per month along with other perks and incentives.As
part of their work, a Flight Steward / Air Hostess gets to travel to lots of places and have interactions with people from various
fields of life.This acts as an additional perk in this career.
Career Prospects
As the Indian Economy grows, one sector which is bound to grow alongside is the Aviation sector as more and more
people adopt air-travel as a preferred mode of travel. Therefore career in aviation industry is going to be lucrative.
CAREER IN AVIATION 361

A Day in Life
A typical day in the life of an Flight Steward / Air Hostess can be very challenging and at the same time very thrilling as
well. One of the major issues that Flight Steward / Air Hostess have to cope up with is the change in the timing and schedule.
Depending on the kind of people who are travelling in the air plane, an Flight Steward / Air Hostess can either have a smooth
time or busy time as well. For an instance if only elderly people are the passengers, the time proves to be smooth. But with kids
and babies in flight, one might have to take care of crying babies, kids kicking the back of seats etc. The schedule of an Flight
Steward / Air Hostess varies as per the airline and the place where she is working. No matter what, an Flight Steward / Air
Hostess has to go through pre-flight briefing. It is during this time that they are required to brush up the manuals and refresh
the emergency locations on the flight. But nothing beats the fact that one might have breakfast in one destination and lunch
in another destination and so is the case for dinner.

16.3. CAREER AS A COMMERCIAL PILOT

Being a pilot is perhaps one of most glamorous careers. No wonder, so many students want to be pilots. Nothing can beat
the thrill of handling complex machinery, flying high to all the beautiful places and at the same time earning a lot of money.
But hold on, somebody has said “Flying is injurious to your wealth”.
Pilots fly aircrafts of all sorts like passenger planes of various capacities, helicopters, and cargo planes. To fly they should
have sound technical knowledge on air navigation. They should know how to operate various controls and should know how
to interpret the weather and other reports. Flying is physically taxing and especially if one flies international, one has to deal
with frequent changes in time zones. They have to be continuous learners as flying is filled with challenges. One has to remain
calm and take decisions in fractions of seconds. Practical skills are of utmost importance and one has to be medically fit to fly.
Courses & Eligibility
To become a Commercial Pilot one must have a commercial Pilot license (CPL). In India the licensing authority is
Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). After 10+2, (English, Mathematics and physics), one can undergo a pilot
training course from a reputable DGCA-approved institute.
Reputed flying clubs conduct written entrance exam and one must be medically fit to apply and must meet the criteria as
per the Class I medical assessment rules of the DGCA. It is mandatory to complete 200 hours of flying and to clear theory
papers to be eligible to apply for the commercial pilot licence (CPL).
Selection Procedure: Before beginning the training to obtain CPL the flying clubs and academies select students for
training. For selection they should clear the written exam, pilot aptitude test, and interview.
Written exam for CPL is paper of 2 hours duration, maths, physics, general English, and reasoning. Successful candidates
of exam undergo the pilot aptitude test and interview.
Eligibility for Rajiv Gandhi Uran Academy: Age 17 years, 10+2 or equivalent with maths and physics and English, Class
1 medical certificate is required before joining the course.
Student Pilot Licence (SPL): This is an examination conducted by flying clubs in every State and covers papers in Air
Regulations, Aviation Meteorology, and Air Navigation Air Technical. It is a theory exam. Eligibility-age of 16 years minimum
and pass in class X. A medical certificate of fitness, security clearance and a bank guarantee of Rs.10, 000 are required.
Aspiring Pilots receive extensive training in the academies and the flight instructors begin with the flight training. First
flights are dual flights after 15 hours or more of dual flight one flies solo. One also flies cross country before one applies for CPL.
For CPL one has to clear 5 theory exams in subjects Air Regulations, Aviation Meteorology, Air Navigation, Aircraft
Engines, Seamanship and complete 250 hours of flying. 250 hours of total flying time (150 hours of solo, 25 hours of cross
country, 10 hours of instrument flying , 5 hours of night flying). Even after getting the CPL one should have multi engine
endorsements to apply for an airline job.
Once in a job, one can get further training on simulators to get the type endorsement (say, from Airbus or Boeing) to be
able to work as a co-pilot. This training takes six months to one year after you get the CPL.
CPL License and training as a particular aircraft leads to a co-pilot assignment. Promotion depends as flying experience
and vacancies. Co-pilots must have the required numbers of flying hours and license. A pilot has to keep training himself and
depending on the type of license one has to continuously renew one’s license through medical and other tests.
What will you study?
In addition to flying on twin engine simulator, one will study Flight planning, Air navigation, Aviation meteorology, Air
frames and engines, Air regulations, Cockpit resource management
Study Abroad
One can also get training at any reputed institute outside India but to get the CPL one has to clear the exam and other
procedure as specified by DGCA from time to time.
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Commercial Helicopter Pilots

Helicopter pilots need to have Commercial Helicopter Pilots License (CHPL). This License can be acquired after completing
required hours of training and after clearing the exams on aviation subjects.
Helicopter Pilots find employment with big companies, with helicopter services companies and Public Sector organisation
and other security/protective agencies.
Where to Study
• Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Udaan Academy, Rae Bareli, Uttar Pradesh - The institute also offers BSC Aviation (Affiliated
to university) degree simultaneously with CPL course, subject to completion of syllabus
• Faculty of Flight Safety Services, Delhi Flying Cub.
• Ahmadabad Aviation and Aeronautics
• Carver Aviation, Baramati, Maharashtra
• Gujarat Flying Club, Vadodara
• Orient Flying School, Chennai
• Ludhiana Aviation Club, Ludhiana
• Nagpur Flying Club, Nagpur
Pay and Remuneration
The pay for senior pilots range from INR 65 Lakhs to 1 Cr per year. While in low cost airlines the pay is INR 35 lakhs to
60 lakhs per year. There are also other perks and allowances. One can begin with a package of INR 10-15 lakhs depending on
the airline.
Famous Personalities
Rajiv Gandhi: Before joining politics and becoming the prime minster of India he was a co-pilot with Indian Airlines.
Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on moon was an astronaut and a Pilot.
Durba Banerjee, the first woman pilot of Indian Airlines in 1956.
Ronald Nagar: shot into fame becoming the first pilot to land in toughest foggy conditions in Delhi. Ronald was the first
to land using Instrumental Landing System under CAT III B condition on a foggy Delhi runway.

16.4. CAREER IN METEOROLOGY

Introduction
“Meteorology has ever been an apple of contention, as if the violent commotions of the atmosphere induced a
sympathetic effect on the minds of those who have attempted to study them.”
—Joseph Henry ‘Meteorology in its Connection with Agriculture’

What is Meteorology?
Meteorology is the study of different processes and phenomena of atmosphere along with weather forecasting.
Who is a Meteorologist?
Meteorologists / Atmospheric Scientists scientifically study the earth’s atmosphere for various purposes and one of them
being weather forecasting. On the other hand the climatologists are involved in long term study of weather. These professionals
observe, understand and predict weather. Meteorologists use sophisticated instruments and satellites to monitor weather and
advanced computing techniques are used to analyze the data. They are involved in weather forecasting based on various
weather conditions. This information is used by many industries and government agencies like Airlines, Shipping, and
Disaster Management etc. They collect data and evaluate it using various techniques.
Courses & Eligibility
B Sc, M Sc Meterology, Science students after class 12 are eligible. There are various branches of meteorology and one
can specialize in them like Climatology, Synoptic meteorology, physical meteorology, agricultural meteorology and applied
meteorology. One can also take up courses like M Tech Atmospheric science and M Tech Meteorology PhD Atmospheric
Science is another higher studies option.
Admission is through entrance exam in reputed colleges.
Where to Study
1. Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh Offers MSc Meteorology, M Tech Atmospheric science.
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2. Cochin University of science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala Offers MSc Meteorology, M Tech Atmospheric science.
3. IIT Delhi Offers B Tech, M Tech Atmospheric sciences
4. IIT Kharagpur offers course in Physics and Meteorology.
5. The center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Science (CAOS), Indian Institute of Science. Bangalore, offers research -
oriented programmes leading to M.Sc (Engg). And Ph.D degree.
6. University of Pune, Pune Offers M Tech Atmospheric Science, PhD Atmospheric Science
7. ABV Government Degree College Jangaon, AP Offers B Sc Meterology
8. Govt Institute of science, Aurangabad, Maharashtra Offers M Sc Meterology
9. Sardar Krushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Palanpur, Gujarat
10. Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Fatehgunj, Vadodara. Offers B.Sc in Meteorology.
11. Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur, Maharashtra. Course offered: B.Sc in Meteorology along with Oceanography.
Salary: A fresher can begin with Rs. 4-5 lakhs a year and pay increases with experience.
Career Prospects
With increase and travel and transport from water and air ways, employment opportunities will also increase. Professionals
in meteorology, in the field of pollution control and climate changes would get ample employment options with state run and
private organizations. Career prospects are bright in government agencies, aviation and shipping industry and in private
agencies that use this data. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) recruits these students at Grade II level through
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). Selected students undergo one - year advance course in Meteorology at IMD
campuses in Pune and New Delhi.
Meteorology Courses in India are not as popular as they are in western nations, partially because these have not aroused
much interest in students possibly because of the lack of information. Meteorology is the ‘Science of Weather’. The term has
been derived from the Ancient Greek word ‘Meteoros’ meaning ‘High in the Sky’ and ‘Logy’ meaning ‘The study of the Sky’.
Aristotle’s ‘Meteorological’ (c.340 ) is the oldest comprehensive treatise on meteorological subjects. It is also the interdisciplinary
scientific study of the atmosphere. Additionally, it can be defined as ‘The branch of science concerned with the processes and
phenomena of the atmosphere, especially as a means of forecasting the weather’. Largely, Meteorology deals with various
meteorological factors such as the changes in temperature, air pressure, moisture and wind direction in the troposphere.
Meteorology involves 3 aspects – 1) Observation 2) Understanding and 3) Predication of Weather. All these aspects are used
in understanding the pattern and behaviour of climate to discover how natural processes and human activities affect our
atmosphere. The study and research of Meteorology is conducted with simple instruments like the thermometer for measuring
temperature or the anemometer for recording wind speed. More advanced instruments include Satellites, which are increasingly
being launched and used to monitor the weather globally or locally.
The information gathered by various countries around the world is used to prepare weather charts which are analyzed by
professionals at forecasting centres. Weather forecasts are then made with the help of modern computers and supercomputers.
Weather forecasts are essential for many activities like agriculture, aviation, shipping, fisheries, tourism, defence, industrial
projects, water management and disaster mitigation.
A Meteorology professional is known as ‘Meteorologist’. Meteorologists, also known as ‘Atmospheric Scientists’, study
the atmosphere and its characteristics. They use various equipments such as rain gauge, anemometer, thermometer, barometer,
radiosondes, remote sensing instruments (Radar, Lidar, and satellites etc), in order to measure temperature, humidity, pressure,
wind speed, rainfall and air quality. Meteorologists provide a variety of services to industries and other organizations. Some
are consulting meteorologists with their own companies and others worked for corporations. Meteorologists help planners
and contractors locate and design airports, factories and many other kinds of construction projects. They provide climatological
information for heating and air conditioning engineers. Meteorologists also work in government agencies, private consultancies,
research services, industrial enterprises, utilities, radio and television stations and in education.
Some of its specialized fields are:
Aeronomy: It is the study of the physics of the upper atmosphere.
Aerology: It is the study of free air not adjacent to the earth’s surface.
Agricultural Meteorology: It is study of the application of meteorological information for the enhancement of crop
yields and reduction of crop losses.
Applied Meteorology: It is the study and the application of weather data for specific practical problems.
Climatology: It is the study of climate of a place or regions on the basis of weather - related date gathered over a period
of time.
Dynamic Meteorology: It is the study of atmospheric motions including the meteorology of other planets and satellites
in the solar system.
Physical Meteorology: It is the study of the physical properties of the atmosphere.
364 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Synoptic Meteorology: It is the study of the movement of low pressure area, air, masses, fronts and other weather systems
used for day-to-day analysis and forecasting.
Content
The study of this field includes all or few of these:
• Atmospheric Waves and Instability. • Introduction to Weather and Climate.
• Dynamics of Monsoon. • Radiation.
Objectives of Meteorology Courses in India
• To develop outstanding research talent to effectively utilise atmospheric sciences for the benefit of humanity.
• To further the advancement of research by undertaking relevant scientific programmes.
• To collaborate with other institutions and minimise or eradicate the threats to atmosphere.
Basic Requirements
Meteorology Educationin India- A number of institutes offer courses in meteorology at undergraduate and postgraduate
levels. The eligibility criterion for U.G. courses is - 10+2 pass with physics, chemistry and biology, from any recognized state/
national Board. For the P.G. programs, one must have passed in B.Sc., from any recognized University.
Meteorology Courses in India
Diploma in Meteorology. Duration: 1 year.
B.Sc. – Bachelor of Science in Meteorology. Duration: 3 years.
M.Sc. - Master of Science in Meteorology. Duration: 2 years.
M.Sc. - Master of Science in Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences. Duration: 2 years.
M. Tech. – Master of Technology in Meteorology. Duration: 2 years.
M. Tech. - Master of Technology in Atmospheric Science. Duration: 2 years.
Meteorology Colleges in India
• Andhra University – Visakhapatnam.
• Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences.
• Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
• Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala.
• IIT Kharagpur.
• Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi.
• Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology.
• Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.
• Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur, Maharashtra.
Job Perspectives
Careers in Meteorology have been flourishing ever since the advent of Global Warming and increasing occurrences of natural
disasters like Tsunami. Though, a bad case scenario for the world at large, the increase in the availability of meteorological jobs is
good case scenario. Apart from the environmental concerns, meteorology has application in various diverse fields like
agriculture, construction, energy production, military, transport etc. After pursuing course in meteorology, one can specialize
in fields such as aviation meteorology, agricultural meteorology, and hydrometeorology and so on. Jobs in Meteorology exist in
various meteorological centres like Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology,
Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Council of Agricultural
Research and Indian Space Research Organization. These offer placements as research scholars and scientists.
The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) recruits students at Grade II level through application submitted to the
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). Minimum Qualification for the above is M.Sc Physics /Maths or in Applied Physics of
Maths or Computer Applications; B.Tech. Engineering / Computer Application; B.Tech. Engineering / Computer Science, M.Sc.
Electronic or B. Tech Electronics. Students of B.Sc. are also recruiter in the IMD through applications forwarded by the respective
employment exchange. All those who have done their Master’s Meteorology or Atmospheric Sciences or Geo - physics or Meteorology
as one of the subjects can also apply to MD. Those with Master’s degree in Physics or Maths with Astronomy or Astrophysics as one
of the subjects along with Masters degree in Science from a recognized University or equivalents are also eligible to apply. Selected
students undergo - 1 year advance course in Meteorology at IMD campuses in Pune and New Delhi.
Meteorology Careers can also be pursued abroad like in U.S.A. - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Department of Energy and the Department of Agriculture are
CAREER IN AVIATION 365

major employers. In U.K., it is the Royal Meteorological Society. There are increasing employment opportunities for
meteorologists in industry, private consulting firms, and research organizations. Many television stations employ professional
meteorologists rather than reporters to present weather information to their viewers.
Remuneration: Meteorology Salary may vary according to the person’s work experience in the field. Beginners in this
field can earn around Rs. 10,000 – Rs. 15,000 per month. On the other hand, experienced one’s can get a salary as high as Rs.
50,000 per month.
Some Job Types
• Archive Meteorologists. • Broadcast Meteorologists.
• Climate Meteorologists. • Consulting Meteorologists.
• Forensic Meteorologists. • Research Meteorologists.
• Teachers and Professors.
Some Employment Areas
• Meteorological Departments. • Meteorology Research.
• Meteorological Educational Institutes. • Environment Regulatory Bodies.
• Research Institutes. • Consultancies.
• Non Government Organisations. • Television Channels.
• Meteorological Equipment Manufacturers. • Meteorological Equipment Service and Repair.
List of Meteorology courses in India
• B.Sc. (Meteorology)
• B.Tech. (Atmospheric Sciences)
• M.Sc. (Meteorology)
• M.Tech. (Atmospheric Sciences)
• M.Tech. (Meterology)
• Ph.D. (Atmospheric Sciences)
Other Related Careers in Aviation Industry
Still amongst the better-paid and more attractive jobs going, in popular imagery the profession of a pilot has a special
mystique attached to it. So those who do succeed in realizing the almost universal childhood dream of earning their wings are
generally a pretty pleased lot. Although the employment scenario has been tight in the last decade, thanks to the waves of
change sweeping the ‘civil aviation industry and the entry of several new private and international airlines, more aspirants
may be able to realize this dream in the near future.
Aviation sector has opened avenues for Pilots, Co-Pilots, Aircraft Maintenance Engineers, Cabin Crew, Technicians and
Ground Duty Service Officers. In 2003-04, India had only three domestic airlines with 123 commercial jets. But today, the
scenario has changed.
If a person has a scientific bent of mind, he can opt for a career as a Pilot, Aircraft Maintenance Engineer, etc. and if a
person is good at communication and interpersonal skills, she/he can consider a career as an Air Hostess or a Flight Steward.
Commercial pilots are employed by national airlines like Indian Airlines or Air India and by private airlines as well as by
foreign airlines. With the Asia Pacific region emerging as the pivot of the world, the aviation industry in India is poised for
takeoff. From a mere 175 aircrafts in 2004, by 2010 around 400 odd aircrafts will zip across the Indian skies.
The aviation industry employs about 3000 pilots and there is an immediate shortage of 450 planes that will be added to
the activity expanding Indian fleet in the next five years and a shortage of additional 4,500 pilots stares us in the face (Total
requirement: 7500 pilots by 2010) Training to be a pilot can be a pretty expensive affair that can push you into a financial air
pocket! From April 2001 all DGCA-subsidized rates have been discontinued. However, various states offer separate subsidies
of varying amounts up to the PPL stage. Considering the high cost of aviation fuel, you have to pay the steep commercial rate,
which is in the region of Rs.2750-3500 per hour. 40 free flying scholarships are awarded to SC/ST trainee pilots every year.
Under this scheme, apart from free flying training, student pilots receive financial aid.
While a private school may charge as much as Rs.15-20 lakh, the cost of obtaining a CPL in a government-sponsored
school works out to Rs.10 lakh plus boarding and lodging, which add up to another Rs.1, 500/- p.m.
Salaries for commercial pilots are very attractive, ranging anywhere from Rs.40, 000/- to whopping Rs.4 lakh p.m.,
depending on the airline. Besides the obvious thrill of going places and seeing the world in five-star comfort, there are several
attractive perks that go with the job.
Where to Look for Work:
Besides Indian there are several private airlines like Jet Airways, Sahara, Air Deccan, Kingfisher, currently expanding their
fleet and range of operations in India. There are several other international airlines that operate through India like United
366 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Airlines, Air Canada, Virgin Atlantic, Quantas, KLM, Lufthansa, United Airlines, Cathay Pacific, British Airways, Thai Airways,
Malaysian Airlines and China Airlines to name a few.
You could start off as a trainee pilot on smaller aircraft. Besides large corporate houses that own private aircraft, there are
about 40 aviation companies in the country that rent out helicopters and small aircraft (for a fee of Rs.30, 000-Rs.1.30 lakh per
hour + 15% air travel tax.)
Helicopter Pilots
Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd’s (HAL) Rotary Wing Academy at Bangalore would be a good bet. However in compliance
with the flight-safety requirements that are being followed worldwide, the DGCA has recently upped the mandatory flying
time from the present 100 hours to 150 hours before the CHPL can be issued. So correspondingly, the earlier fee of Rs.10 lakh,
which makes it rather steep. Also I’ve heard some rumblings about the non-availability of training aircraft. But on the flip side,
the placements for helicopter pilots are far better than their CPL counterparts.
Last you think this is only a male prerogative, remember Indian Airlines was the first to have a women pilot (Durba
Bannerjee) command the wide bodied Airbus 300 way back in the early 60’s. Today it has scores of women Airbus pilots on its
rolls. The Indian Air Force has over 200.
Aptitude
There are certain attributes to be a Pilot. First of all, one should not be afraid of heights and should have a passion to fly
those machines. One should possess a good coordination of mind and limbs. The ability to remain calm under any circumstance
and apply theoretical knowledge into practice while flying is very important. A Pilot has to be quick thinker as he is the one
who is responsible for the lives of many. One should have patience, commitment, responsibility and self-confidence. A lot of
hard work, stamina, adaptability to follow difficult time schedules, good team spirit etc., are also required in an aspirant. Most
importantly, one must have emotional stability in crisis situations.
Eligibility
To get a CPL, one should have passed 10+2 examination with Physics and Mathematics and must be between the age of
18-30 years. The minimum height should be 5 feet and eyesight 6/6.
Air Hostess / Flight Steward
The trouble free, comfortable and safe journey of a passenger is of prime importance to the aviation sector. In this regard,
it is an Air Hostess / Flight Steward whose role becomes really crucial as they are the first one to welcome passengers aboard
an aircraft.
Their job also includes giving instructions to the passengers on how to use safety measures during crisis, catering foods
and drinks to the passengers and answering passengers| inquiries on facilities and services. They are supposed to provide First
Aid to passengers who feel sick.
By the count, the various airlines in the country have almost 10,207 Cabin Crew members in 2007-08 and the number is
expected to grow to almost 20,284 by 2011-12.
Aptitude
To be an Air Hostess or a Flight Steward, one should have common sense, sense of responsibility, initiative quality, friendly
outgoing personality, politeness, physical stamina and the capacity to work for long hours on the feet. The ability to react
quickly in time of emergency, presence of mind, systematic approach, unruffled appearance, a well-modulated pleasant voice
and a proportionate figure with a graceful carriage are the important traits required in an Air hostess or a Flight Steward.
Eligibility
The educational qualification for an Air Hostess / Flight Steward training programme is 10+2 or a graduate degree with a
diploma / degree in Hotel Management or Tourism Management. The aspirant must be eligible to hold an Indian Passport and
should be below twenty-five years of age with proportionate weight and height.
Further, one must be unmarried, with normal eyesight of 6/6 increased vision in each eye. Fluency in English, Hindi and
knowledge of an international language is an added advantage.
Selection Procedure
The applicant should be physically fit with a pleasing personality and clear complexion. After the initial screening of applicants
is completed, the airline company calls them for a written examination, usually of the objective type (multiple choice).
Those who qualify in the written examination have to appear for a group discussion followed by a personal interview of
successful candidates. If selected, the applicant will be on training for two to three months in which one can learn about
service, grooming, safety and first aid, after which one is initially put on trainee flights.
CAREER IN AVIATION 367
Flight Training
The flight training covers several topics, each of which deals with technical or nontechnical aspects of the aircraft.
Beginning with history of aviation, the candidates are made to learn in-flight service, passenger handling, passenger psychology,
service of meals on the aircraft, the art of conversation, transactional analysis, emergency evacuation system, personal grooming
and hygiene, First Aid, confidence building, handling of visually impaired passengers, making announcements, emergency
demonstration.
Prospects
There is a great demand for Air Hostesses/Flight Stewards in the Aviation sector.
Flight Purser
After three to five years, depending upon your performance, Flight Steward/Air Hostess is eligible to become a Flight
Purser. Your responsibilities increase as you take over the charge of the Cabin Crew on board. Salaries generally get double up.
Ground Job: You can join here directly or after having served on the flight for long, you can opt for ground jobs in
sections like staff-training and human resource management in the corporate office.
Remuneration
The Cabin Crew can get up to Rs.40, 000 per month for domestic flights whereas upto Rs.1, 50,000 for international
flights on wide-bodied aircrafts. The ground staff can also earn Rs.20, 000 - Rs.30, 000 per month.
Aircraft Maintenance Engineer The Aircraft Maintenance Engineers play a stellar role in Aviation sector as they are the
ones who ensure that the aircraft is in a perfect condition before take-off. An engineer needs to be completely focused on safety
as the casual attitude can pose a danger to the lives of people on board. The Aircraft Engineer has to certify the aircraft fit for
release. The job ensures the availability of safe aircraft at the best possible cost. The Engineering and Maintenance department
of an airline performs scheduled and unscheduled tasks, leading to restoration of the expected airworthiness.
The job includes diagnostic and mechanical duties covering maintenance, repair, trouble shooting and overhaul, in addition
to performing inspection and modification on an aircraft.
Aptitude : An Aircraft Maintenance Engineer, at times, has to work under stringent conditions, tough deadlines and harsh
weather in difficult locations. To overcome all this, one should be logical, focused and have perseverance.
Eligibility: The basic and minimum qualification required to be an Aircraft Maintenance Engineer is a Senior School
Certificate with Mathematics, Chemistry and Physics as main subjects. Candidates are required to undergo a 3-year certificate
course on aircraft maintenance engineering, conducted by various training schools approved by the Director-General of Civil
Aviation. Candidates also need to undergo structured aircraft type courses in the mechanical or avionics stream and obtain regulatory
licences or approvals on a type of aircraft. Candidates need an engineering degree for career in support services in technical services,
engineering planning quality assurance and logistics. Courses on structured aircraft type maintenance are also desirable.
Other Jobs:
Flight and Ground Instructors: The Flight Instructors give training to the Pilots on some systems and are mainly with
engineering background. On the other hand, the Ground Instructors are from operations background. Flight Instructors are
usually senior Pilots who are employed within the airline. They usually perform line duties as they are not released due to
shortage of pilots.
Flight Despatchers: Flight Dispatchers| are those people who give a briefing to the Pilots before a flight on the weather,
flight path and optimizing the flight.
Factor Facilitators: The Factor Facilitators give training to the cockpit and cabin crew on resource management. They
also undertake joint sessions of cabin crew, engineers and cockpit crew on working together.
Aviation Psychologists: The Factor Facilitators give training to the cockpit and cabin crew on resource management.
They also undertake joint sessions of cabin crew, engineers and cockpit crew on working together.
The Aviation Psychologists assess the attitudes of the Pilots through psychometric tests. They also guide the young cabin crew
to overcome the problems faced by them at their job.
Aviation Doctors: The Aviation Doctors conduct a rigorous medical check-up of the Pilots and other employees as per
the norms of Aviation Medicine and the Central Medicine Establishment, both run by the Air Force. The airlines have to look
their slots months’ in advance due to high rush of employees from different airlines. The white-collar jobs on the ground,
airport and custom services-people who do check-in, ticketing, etc., are also on the rise. After acquiring Air Sahara, Jet Airways
has 11,000 people as its employees whereas Sahara (renamed JetLite) has 4,000 people.

16.5. CAREER IN EVENT MANAGEMENT

Event management is a glamorous and exciting profession which demands a lot of hard work and dynamism. As the name
suggests, it means conceptualizing, planning, organizing and finally executing an event. The event could be of any type -
368 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

musical show, concert, exhibition, product launching etc. This industry is just five years old in India, but holds a lot of promise
for expansion. It offers enormous scope for ambitious young people.
It keeps a person on his toes, and ultimately provides a great deal of satisfaction and emotional contentment of having
organized a successful show which is appreciated by the audience. Of course, one also needs to be prepared to handle any
mishaps that may just happen at the last minute despite perfect co-ordination and arrangements.
Event Manager Overview : Be it a birthday party or a marriage reception Event Managers are the master organizer- the
brain behind these events. Right from arranging yummy chole baturas to flying in flowers straight from Amsterdam, Event
Managers will be counted upon to handle the works.
If you want to test your organising skills with bigger events like the next Miss India contest, you have to consider a career
in Event Management. Who knows as an event manager you might just land the deal to hold a Britney Spears concert in India.
Think big!!! So get ready. Its Showtime folks!
Event Management is an offshoot of the Advertising/PR Industry. Ever since the advent of satellite television everyone
is exposed to mega events being held all over the world simultaneously. Award ceremonies too have become more polished.
Car launches are rivaling the derby in terms of glamour. So the demand for individuals specializing in Event Management is
on the rise.
Event management is very closely related to advertising and marketing. Events can be thought of as another means of
advertising and brand building. Event management, as an activity constitutes of visualization, creativity, and meticulous
planning and venue management.
Visualization involves imagining the event to be a brand and then customizing and promoting it as per the needs and
values of the brand. This requires a lot of creativity, originality and novel ideas to lend a winning and distinguishing edge to
the event so that it stands apart from the others. The creative potential of a person is tapped to a very high degree.
To make an event successful, one needs to have an in-depth understanding of the product or brand for which the event is
being organized, and then plan accordingly. The execution of the event is a process of projecting a small idea in a whole new
way. The presentation is what matters, to make the look and feel of the event a wonderful experience for the audience.
The design value is a major planning consideration as well, and this includes a logo creation for the event, customizing
the decor, furniture and the entire surroundings in such a way that it blends with the basic theme of the event.
Personality: A person who is creative, has organizational skills, enjoys meeting people to form good inter-personal
relationships and is willing to work hard to experience the thrill of achievement is rightly suited to enter into this industry.
As an Event Manager you’ll conceptualize an event for your client in terms of theme, content and visualization. As an
Event Manager you’ll also look at the minute details like décor, furnishing, design, caption, visuals, feedback, scripting,
invitation cards and also the medium of presentation.
Event Managers organise everything be it marriage reception, trade show, exhibitions, conventions, road shows, product
launches, public entertainment shows, concerts, high profile parties, awards functions and even sporting events. As an Event
Manager your job starts at least 2-3 months ahead of the actual date of event. The amount of work will depend on magnitude
of event. For instance if you are getting in Britney Spears for a concert in India, you will have to get in touch with Britney,
coordinate her dates, book tickets, take care of her accommodation in India, get the requisite legal permissions, select and
book the venue, get the sponsors to pay up in time, etc.
The real work happens on the D day when, as an event manager you will have to check the sound, lights, set design,
security and the works. Mainly event manager’s job would be to work out the actual logistics and co-ordinate between the
various parties, generate hype and spread the word around.
Don’t take the word hype lightly here. It’s the single-most important factor in this business. Event industry thrives on
hype - the more the better. As a event manager, you basically get anyone and everyone (even those who are not remotely
connected to the event) to talk about the event.
Troubleshooting is another important function of an Event Manager, As an event manager you never know when things
might go wrong. Here, security is the buzzword. A really good event can be marred by poor security. If you are arranging an
event for New Years Eve, troublemakers will have to be taken care of. Gatecrashers will spoil a perfectly arranged marriage
party. As an event manager you have to take these things into account when you arrange a big event.
Last but not the least, as an event manager you have to make sure that all the requisite permissions have been sought.
You’ll often have to deal with spoilsports like cops. Basically, an event manager’s job is to see that all things are taken care of.
What’s it About?
Event management is about organising a professional and focused event for a target audience. It involves visualizing
concepts and planning, budgeting, organising and executing events such as fashion shows, musical concerts, corporate
seminars, exhibitions, wedding celebrations, theme parties, product launches, among others. This career does not require
much investment and offers a huge canvas for creative expression.
CAREER IN AVIATION 369

The Payoff
Remuneration in this field varies according to the type of event managed. A trainee can get around Rs. 15,000 a month.
From here, salaries depend on the company one is working for. A freelancer’s income depends on the event s/he handles. The
head of an event management company can earn in lakhs, depending on the scale of the events handled and whether s/he has
a stake in the company.
Skills
• Leadership qualities • Public relations skills
• Marketing and business acumen • Budgeting skills
• Risk management ability • Mastery over conceptualising and planning events
How do I Get There?
No certification course or specific qualification is required for becoming an event manager. Graduates with good public
relations and networking skills can join this field. Some institutes offer specialised diplomas and advanced diplomas in event
management. However, some of the biggest event management firms may prefer candidates who have an MBA degree, along
with good PR skills. Another possible combination of qualifications is a public relations course along with a Master’s degree
in marketing. This gives you an edge over others with the same years of experience in the field Institutes
• Event Management Development Institute, IES Management College, Mumbai, www.emdiworld.com
• Indian Institute of Event Management, Mumbai, www.niemindia.com
• Amity Institute of Event Management, Noida, www.amity.edu/aiem
• International Center for Event Marketing, New Delhi, www.eventmanagementindia.com
Pros & Cons
• Great sense of satisfaction on successful completion of an event
• Very creative work.Offers a chance to move around with celebrities and top shots of the corporate world.
Immense work pressure and long hours, quite often outside regular business timings.
Be confident of what you are selling
An expert in event management talks about the work
What is the best way to enter this profession?\
Event management is an exciting and growing industry, a unique career for people who have a passion for planning and
organising events. A good social network and the zeal to do something unusual are key to this industry. Event management
companies nowadays hire lots of young people. In terms of educational qualifications, graduation should be ideal. But a host
of other skills are essential for people in this field.
These include:
• Analytical/ critical thinking and problem solving nature.
• Client/customer service orientation: This is the ability to be client-focused and committed to meeting the needs of your
customers and Negotiation skills:
Ability to work under pressure: One should remain calm and cool and work as though everything is under control, so
that others are not adversely affected.
• Teamwork: One of the most important things here is the ability to work as a team. You should not only know how to lead
a team but also work with everyone and get the job done on time.
• Planning, co-ordination and organisation: This involves the ability to effectively co-ordinate and organise oneself,
others, information. Good networking skills: An event manager needs to build his network.
Why should someone choose event management as a career?
An event manager is responsible for managing an event from conception to staging. The responsibilities in brief are
venue selection, logistics, budgeting, design, negotiation, marketing, ticket sales, customer service and managing people.
Managing events successfully requires careful planning, attention to detail and patience. It requires creativity, the ability
to think out of the box and a strong personality for leading a team.
Time management, resourcefulness, communication and passion are the basic requisites for this line. If you have an
appetite for challenges and would love to work in a dynamic, fast-paced environment where no two projects are the same, a
career in event management will suit you.
What do you need to reach the top rung in this field?
One needs confidence with clear goals and knowledge of what one is selling. Only then can one inspire one’s staff and win
the confidence of clients. To be successful, avoid “comfort zones”.
 17
CHAPTER

Career in Information
Technology and
Computer Applications
17.1. CAREER IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Chapter Outline
Introduction G Career in Information Technology
The World has entered the new millennium, which is going to be an G Career in Computer Engineering
Information Technology Age. Today Computers have not only assumed G Career as a Software Developer
strategic importance in the corporate world, they are being effectively used G Career as an Ethical Hacker/IT security
in other fields ranging from space exploration to food processing and banking professionals/Cyber Security
to communication etc. In this era of Information Technology, which has G Career in Computer Aided Design (CAD)—
revolutionized the whole world, INDIA has stood to the world standards and Options and Opportunities
is being regarded the World over for its skilled IT Professionals. Even the G Career as Data Managers/Information
government has recognised the promising future of this industry and has Systems Managers
formed a new IT Ministry which will give a boost to this industry. G Courses offered by National Institute of
Electronics & Information Technology (NIELIT)
Presence of Multinationals like IBM, HP has made possible transfer of
G National Institute of Electronics and
hardware technology into the country, Internet has further bridged the time Information Technology (NIELIT)
gap ensuring arrival of the latest technology simultaneously in INDIA and
the West without delay. The domestic hardware industry has witnessed
quantum growth in the turnover and profits, which is largely attributable to our liberalized economy. On the software front
various software giants like IBM, Motorola, Oracle, Samsung, HP, Digital, Unisys, AT&T, ICL, Fugitsu etc. have opened
software development centres in the country. The number of professionals in this industry is believed to have crossed the 2
lakh mark and still there is a huge gap between the demand and supply of professionals which is an encouraging sign. The US
alone requires around 3 lakh professionals, leave aside other countries. It is believed around 65% of the world’s software is
produced in INDIA. INDIA is also exporting software to around 100 countries including many countries which are exclusive
buyers from INDIA. Many Indian IT companies like Infosys, Wipro, NIIT, Zenith computers, Satyam Computers, STG, Pentafore
Software, and Mastek etc. are expanding themselves in a big way making their presence felt globally.
Information Technology (IT) covers all aspects of managing and processing the information in any field one can imagine.
IT provides jobs in various fields like office automation, telecommunication, computing and networking. Mangers, consultants,
doctors, publishers, manufacturers, filmmakers, scientists and even housewives are highly depending on information systems.
The developments in software, hardware and networking field has generated huge career opportunities. India has become
worlds software hub. Various software giants like IBM, Motorola, Oracle, Samsung, HP, Digital, Unisys, AT&T, ICL, Fugitsu
etc. have opened software development centres in India. Many Indian IT companies viz. Infosys, Wipro, NIIT, Zenith computers,
STG, Pentafore Software, Mastek have become global brands. One of distinctive feature of IT is that the career aspirants of
different backgrounds, aptitudes and interests find satisfying careers in the information technology.
Scope
National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) estimated that India would require 10, 00,000
trained software professionals in few years. The number of professionals in this industry is believed to have crossed the 2 lakh
370
CAREER IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 371

mark and still there is a huge gap between the demand and supply of professionals. US alone require around 3 lakh professionals.
The present availability of very skilled professionals is only 5% of the required number. Our country export software to around
100 countries and about 65% of the world’s software is produced in India. IT is expanding at exponential rate and offers
exciting career avenues for the career aspirants.
Remuneration
IT professionals get a good amount of salary and incentives. The pay scales vary from job to job and depend on the level
of qualification, experience, performance and company. The data entry staffs earn in the range of Rs 8000 to Rs 20,000 and so
do the computer operator and supervisors. The pay scale in the programming jobs range from Rs 15000 to Rs 50,000 per
month. At the Maintenance level one can earn around Rs 15,000 to Rs 80, 000 per month Software consultants can earn more
than Rs 60,000 per month. At the Management level pay scales varies 60,0000 to Rs.1,50,000 per month. So are the salaries
of those who are in research and development departments.
Eligibity: B.E/ M.E./B.Tech./BSc/M.Tech/M.E./M.Sc. are eligibility criteria for IT industry. For B.Tech in Software
Engineering 12th Science pass and rank in Joint Entrance Exam (JEE) conducted by IITs. For B.E. good performance in All
India Engineering Entrance Exam (AIEEE)/state/national level exams is essential. BCA/MCA/BSc. computer science/M.Sc.
computer science also provides good job opportunities. Commerce students get numerous career opportunities in e-commerce.
The hardware and networking degrees, diplomas and certificate courses are also important of getting good job opportunities.
Degrees/Diplomas/certificate courses from internationally recognized IT Institutes are always desirable.
Employabilty Skills
• Ability to focus and concentrate.
• Good communication skills. • Ability to make smart decisions.
• Ability to work hard and readiness to work for long hours. • Creativity.
• Logical thinking. • Organizational and administrative skills.
• Good problem-solving ability. • Mathematical precision.
• Design skills. • Computer skills.
• Good planning ability and a knack for working under pressure.
If you record “Yes” for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career in the field
of Information technology.
• Do I have high intellectual capability?
• Do I am good in logical thinking?
• Do I have programming and data management skills?
• Do I have design skills?
• Do I have good manual, technical as well as mechanical aptitude?
• Do I have ability to get well with people.
• Do I have good communication skills?
• Am I ready to travel frequently and even in foreign countries?
• Do I have ability to work independently?
• Do I have analysing and interpreting skills?
• Do I read latest scientific news, books and research magazines?
• Am I creative?
• Can I work for 10-14 hours per day as normal routine?
• Am I ready to learn and adopt new techniques?
• Do I like to work as a part of team?
• Do I have ability of problem solving?
• Do I have good planning ability and a knack for working under pressure?
Career Opportunities
There are virtually unlimited career opportunities are created.
• Research field • Industries • Banking • Education • Film production
• Natural resource management • Health care • Manufacturing • Engineering
• Management • Public services • Telematics • Virtual reality • E-commerce
Job Options
There are numerous career opportunities in IT field.
372 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Animator/Graphic Designer • Data entry persons • Database administrator

• Software engineer/Programmer • Hardware engineer • Network administrator/mangers
• Sales manager (IT) • Technician • Web Master/Web Designer /Web developers
• Embedded Systems Developer • System analysts • Consultants
• System analyst • Computer trainers
Self Employment
• Software development firms • IT Software services and export firms
• Software solutions firm • Computer assembly centres
• Computer training institute • Computer maintainace and servicing centres
• Marketing of computer software and hardware • Consultancy
• Net cafe
Employers
• Schools, Colleges and Universities. • Research Centres. C-DAC
• Business firms, industries and companies. • Government establishments
• National Information centres (NIC). • New papers/magazines- Computer Science Columnist
• Educational content development firms. • BPO’s/KPO’s
• IT Software services and export companies: TCS, Wipro, HCL Technologies, MBT, HCL Perot, MASCOT Systems,
Mastek, Birlasoft, Pentasoft, Tatainfotech, Infosys, PCS, iFLEX, NIIT, Digital Global soft, Polaris, Mphasis BFL, Hexaware,
Infinite Computer Solutions, etc.
Courses (an overview)
Courses after 12th standard
• Diploma in Animation Engineering Centres: Arena multimedia, Pune.
• Diploma in multimedia and web designing Centres: Edit institute, Arena multimedia
• Diploma in Geoinformatics Centre: Symbiosis Society Pune-1.
• Bachelor in Computer Applications (BCA) Course duration: 3 years. Centre: All reputed Colleges in India
• Bachelor in Science (B.Sc) with Computers Course duration: 3 years Centre: All reputed Colleges in India
• B.Tech/B.E Computers/IT Course duration: 4 years Centres: IITs and some reputed institutes.
• B-Tech. (Information and Communication Technology) Eligibility: 10+2 (Physics, Maths) Based on Ranking of AIEEE
Centre: Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat. WWW.da.iict.org
• Degree courses in Computer hardware and Networking Centre: Jet king, Institute, Pune or MAAC- Maya Academy of
Advanced Cinematics.
Other courses:
• Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Computer Science
• Bachelor of Mathematics in Computer Science
• Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) in Computer Science
• Bachelor of Computing in Computer Science
• Bachelor of Computer Security in Computer Science
• Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (B.Sc IT)
• Bachelor’s Degree in Web Development
• Bachelor’s Degree in Web Design & Multimedia
• Bachelor of Science in Web Application Development
• Bachelor of Science in Graphics and Multimedia Courses after Graduation
• B.Sc. Applied in Geographic Information system and Remote Sensing Course duration: 12 months. Centre: Department
of Geography University of Pune, www.unipune.ernet.in/dept/geography
• M.Sc (Computers) Eligibility: Bachelors degree. Duration: 3 years Mode of admissions: Institutes criterion Centre:
Reputed Universities and colleges.
• Masters of Computer Applications (MCA) Eligibility: Bachelors degree. Duration: 3 yrs Centres: Reputed Universities
and colleges and many private institutes
• Masters of Computer Management (MCM) Eligibility: Graduate possessing 45% marks from any faculty. Duration: 2
years Centres: Reputed Universities and colleges and many private institutes.
• MBA programme in Advanced Information technology Centre: International Institute of Information Technology
(I2IT). Pune Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune-57.
CAREER IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 373

Other Courses:
• Master of Business Administration in Computer Information Systems.
• Master of Science in Computer Information Systems (MSIS).
• Master of Software Engineering
• Master of Science in Software Engineering
• Master of Science in Computer Engineering
• Master of Science in Network Security Master of Philosophy (M.Phil): Eligibility: M.Sc. Course Duration: 1-2 year
Centre: Pune University Computer sciences Dept. Many reputed Universities offer M.Phil programmes.
Courses offered by C-DAC:
• Diploma in Advanced Computing (DAC)
• Diploma in Embedded Systems Design Course (DESD)
• Diploma in Geo-informatics Course (DIG)
• Diploma in Information Technology (DIT)
• Advanced Diploma in Information Technology (ADIT)
• Diploma in VLSI Design (DVLSI)
• Co-curricular Diploma in Advanced Computing
• Diploma in Advanced Computer Arts (DACA)
• Multimedia & Computer Arts Certificate
Important Institutes:
• Pune Institute of Computer Technology, Pune.
• Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune. www.cdac.in
• National Multimedia Resource Centre, Pune
• Center for Development of Advanced Computing (E-governance Group) Pune
Examinations: The Department of Electronics Accredited Computer Courses (DOEACC) Society O, A, B, C level courses.
www.doeacc.edu.in
Emerging Trends
1. BPO’s: BPO is a major employer in the services sector. The starting salary of an employer in the BPO is higher that is
why majority of youth are attracted towards this job. Skills: Good convincing skills, fluency in English, good incite about
customer relations, etc. Voice accent test is compulsory. Remuneration: Rs.9000/- 35,000 Companies: Goldman, Saches,
Accenture, Macromedia, Adobe and many more.
2. Animation industry: Animation is used in movies, TV programmes (42.5%), Sport development (14%), Education
(7%), Advertisement (6%), Constructions (4%) and Engineering (3%). Many companies are using this for prospectus, charts,
video-shooting, to teach technical studies, project presentations, slide shows, charts, OHP, site visits, object drawing, solid
geometry, robotics, etc. Indian animation industry has more than 60% of share in Asian market.
3. Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO): It is a form of outsourcing, in which knowledge-related and information-
related work is carried out to save cost. KPOs mainly offer research and backend work. In KPOs typically high-value work
carried out by highly skilled staff. KPO will provide the high-end services like research and development, business and
technical analysis, learning solutions, animation and design, business and market research, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology,
medical services, writing and content development, legal services, intellectual property (IP) research, data analytics, network
management, training and consultancy. KPO offers higher salaries (three to four times higher than BPO companies), international
facilities, provide exposure to global industry.
4. Careers in Computer Aided Design (CAD): Computer-aided design (CAD) is use of a wide range of computer based
tools that assist engineers, architects and other design professions in their design activities. It is extensively used in the design
of tools and machinery as well as in the drafting and design of all types of buildings, houses, hospitals, factories, etc. It lowers
product development costs and a greatly shortened design cycle. Qualified professionals find employment in manufacturing
units, research and developmental firms and other related companies. Eligibility: A course on CAD (3-6 months duration).
Graduates in science and engineering are preferred. Degree or Diploma in Engineering or ITI pass certificate in mechanical/
automobile or electrical branch of engineering can pursue course in CAD/CAM. The salary in this field is high Rs.30, 000 –
Rs.80, 000 per month depending upon his/her expertise in the field. These courses are offered by many private and public
training centres.
5. Cyber Laws: Cyber Law is requires knowledge of technology and law. A lawyer or a non-lawyer, an MBA or a B.E.,
a CA or an ICS can take cyber law courses. Remuneration: Rs 10,000-Rs 90,000. Consultancy pays better than litigation.
Courses: Diploma courses are offered by www.cyberlawcollege.com ( online), NALSAR University, Hydrabad; Asian School
374 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

of Cyber Laws, Pune (www.asianlaws.org) offers diploma courses in cyber laws at Pune and Mumbai; A master’s programme
in Cyber Law & Information Security (MPCLIS) is offered at Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad
(www.iiita.ac.in) and P.G. Diploma in Cyber Laws &Intellectual Property Rights (PGDCL & IPR) by Centre for Distance
Education, University of Hyderabad (www.uohyd.ernet.in).
Information Technology
There are two main sectors in this field:
Hardware: This includes the physical elements of the computer system and deals with the designing, manufacturing and
maintenance of computers. This area also includes the assembling of the manufactured components of the computers.
Software: This includes the set of instructions by which a computer is programmed for working and performing the
specified tasks. This realm includes the work of designing the programs for various purposes. Programs may be for controlling
the functioning of the computers or they may also be some user-friendly programs for specific needs. The programs may also
come in the form of packages, which are designed for meeting the different kinds requirements for large number of people.
Functional areas in Hardware:
• Manufacturing: This involves the work of production and assembly of components of computer systems.
• Maintenance: People in maintenance look after the smooth functioning of the machine and help in rectifying and
detecting the breakdown in them. They also help in taking preventive measures so that least amount of damage could
be caused to the computer systems and peripherals.
• Research and Development: It involves designing of chips and circuits, computer architecture and integration of
peripherals. It also includes improvement and upgrading of the existing systems.
• Management: Managers ensure that the development and production work goes on smoothly. They look after the
allocation of resources and planning.
Functional areas in Software:
• Manufacture: This involves preparing the set of instructions or programs to let the computer work. This further needs
combining of application of computer science and telecommunications principles and creativity.
• Software development: This involves updating and development of existing operations as well as their refining and
improvement. All this is carried is carried out in various stages like analysis, designing, construction, implementation etc.
• Data entry: The data for the programs, which are made, have to be fed in computers. So this work is done at data entry level.
• Programmers/Coders: They write and test programs and convert the strategies of the system analyst into working
programs.
• Application programmers: They prepare programs either for general purpose or user-friendly programs or some specific
programs for individual use along with testing and integrating them.
• Support services: They vary in nature and can range from helping a customers in the purchase of the software, suggesting
its right kind of application and providing them with the required training at the initial stage of its use.
There are other technical areas where one can look for employment in this field:
• Computer operations: It requires handling of computer peripherals along with other accessories like CD-ROMs, disk
drives, printers etc.
• Database administration: It involves management and maintenance of data.
• Sales and Marketing: The work here involves selling of the computer system and its marketing to different companies
or individuals.
• Data center management: It involves management of the dedicated facilities, which houses the critical servers and
other networking and backup equipments. Data-centers typically houses those equipment which have to be kept
operational 24x7x365.
Personality; One should have the following personal attributes if one wishes to enter this filed:
• Flexibility and willingness to learn new things, technologies and adopt new methods of work
• Logical thinking • Ability to focus and concentrate
• Creativity • Accuracy
• Organizational and administrative abilities • Confidence
• Ready to work for long hours and ability to work hard
• Ability to take decisions
• High intellectual capacity
• Ability to gel well with people and good communicational skills
Professional Courses: This is a specialized field and so academic and technical skills are very essential. There are
various courses available at different institutions. Many diploma and degrees courses are there for those who have an aptitude
and flair for the subject. These are:
CAREER IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 375

• Bachelor in Computer Applications (BCA) • Bachelor in Science with Computers (B.Sc)

• Masters in Computer Applications (MCA) • M.Sc in computers
• Masters in System Management • B.Tech and B.E
• M.Tech • Certification Courses • Diploma in Computer Applications
• Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications
• DOEACC’s O, A, B, C level courses. For Details, check the DOEACC’s website:
Eligibility: It depends on the kind of course and the level of study
• For a course at undergraduate level one needs to have passes 10+2 in science.
• For a “B” level or graduate level DOE scheme one need to have an “A” level certificate of diploma in computers or an equivalent.
• For Post Graduate courses graduation in Computer Science or any other degree related to science, mathematics, statistics
or operational research is required.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
There are more than 200 Engineering Colleges and more than 1000 Institutes which are engaged in imparting computer
education in India both in Hardware and Software. Some of the well-known institutes in the private sector imparting computer
education are:
1. Aptech 2. NIIT 3. Pentasoft 4. IIS Webcity 5. Informatics and First Computers
The following Universities are providing education and career opportunities through BE (Computer Science), B.Tech
(Computer Science), Bachelor in Computer Science (BCA), Bachelor in Science with Information Technology (B.Sc-IT),
Master in Computer Science (MCA), Master of Technology (M. Tech), Master in Science with Information Techno-logy (
M.Sc-IT), Master in Computers Management (MCM), Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications (PGDCA), Diploma
courses or certificate courses:
1. Department of Computer Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630003.
2. Department of Computer Science, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam - 530003.
3. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Annamalai University, Anna- malainagar
4. Department of Computer Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappali;
5. http://www.bdu-ernet.in
6. Department of Computer Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani - 333 031; website: http://
www.bits-pilani.ac.in
7. Post-graduate Department of Computer Science, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal
8. Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi -110007.
9. Institute of Computer Science, Guru Ghasidas University, Balaspur - 495 009.
10. of Computer Science, Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar-125 001, Haryana.
11. Department of Computer Science, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad
12. Institute of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi13. Department of
Computer Science, University of Jammu, Dr. B.R. Ambedker Marg, Jammu-180004.
14. Department of Computer Science, University of Mysore, Mysore-570 006.
15. Department of Computer Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 036.
16. Department of Computer Science, Madurai Kamaraj Univeristy, Palkalainagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu - 625021; website:
http://mku.ac.in
17. Centre for Computer Science and Engineering, Anna University, Chennai.
18. School of Computer Enginee-ring, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Mahaveer Marg, Hyderabad- 500 008.
19. School of Computer Science, Kakatiya University, Warangal- 506 009.
20. Department of Computer Science, Kurukshetra Univer-sity, Kurukshetra - 136 119; website: http://www.kuk/ernet.in
21. Institute of Computer Science, University of Madras, Chepauk Chennai-600005.
22. Department of Computer Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Abishakapathi, Thirunelveli – 627012
23. School of Computer Science, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Saidapet, Chennai- 600 015.
24. Institute of Computer Science, University of Mumbai, Mumbai- 400098.
25. Centre for Computer Science and Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007
26. Department of Computer Science, Utkal University, Bhubaneshwar - 751004
27. Department of Computer Science, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, Prof. G. Ram Reddy Marg, Road No. 46, Jubilee
Hills, Hyderabad- 500033; Tel: 040-3544728; 3544986.
28. School of Computer Science, Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidan Garhi, New-Delhi - 110068; Tel: 011-
6853421; 6865923; Website: http://www.ignou.ac.in
29. Department of Computer Science, Karnataka State Open University, Manesa-gangotri, Mysore - 570 006; Tel: 0821-500
846, 51247.
30. Department of Computer Science, Kota Open University, Rawatbhate
376 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Specialization
One can specialize as:
• Software Engineers: They design programs and specialized packages for the required purposes. There work even
involves research and development.
• Web developers: They are electronics and computer engineers who are engaged in developing websites for the Internet.
• System analysts: They look after the work of final testing of the software and advising the clients on the purchase and
installation of the computer systems. They also are responsible for researching the organizational procedures and
planning their computerization.
• Consultants: They provide expert guidance to the companies during the purchase of the computer system. System
analyst or designers with considerable amount of experience can work as consultants.
• Technical writers: they are involved in writing manuals for computers.
• E-commerce: They are adept in the net-com business, e-commerce fundamentals and its security issues and assist in
developing websites for commercial purposes.
• Knowledge engineers: They are expert in designing of the computer systems, which are associated with a human expert,
like medical diagnosis or safety systems for industry.
• Webmasters: They handle the task of configuration and setting up of the websites and its development. They have to
take care of the security of the websites and create firewalls against the hackers and stalkers.
• Networking: This work involves designing of networks, implementation of support, servicing and management.
• Computer education: This job involves giving training to the end users, students or computer professionals in advanced
technologies.
Career Prospects
India is no longer considered as country of Castes, Curry and Cows with an ossified society. According to India’s National
Knowledge Commission, India well positioned to take advantage of the knowledge revolution which can be seen the dramatic
revolution in the field of Information and Technology. This has witnessed a wide range of macroeconomics implications
which can be seen in the development of multi-million dollar IT sector and creating of a huge amount of job potential for a
large assembly of English speaking scientific professionals.
Information Technology encompasses a wide range of activities like Office Automation, Telecommunication and
Computing, therefore provides a larger area of job avenues for those who have acquired the right qualifications for it. At the
beginning of this millennium NASSCOM, National Association of Software and Services Companies made an estimate that
India would require 10,00,000 trained software professionals in few years. The present availability such skilled people is only
5% of the required amount. So we can conclude that this sector is going to provide employment to a large number of such
professionals.
Remunerations
These professionals earn a good amount of salary and incentives. The pay scales vary from job to job and depend on the
level of qualification and performance.
The data entry staff earns in the range of Rs 5000 to Rs 15,000 and so do the computer operator and supervisors. The pay
scale in the programming jobs range from Rs 5000 to Rs 20,000 per month. Software consultants can earn around Rs 50,000
per month. At the Management level the pay scales varies to Rs.1,00,000 per month. At the Maintenance level one can earn
around Rs 15,000 to Rs 1,00,000 per month so are the salaries of those who are at Research and Development level.

17.2. CAREER IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Introduction
“I do not fear computers. I fear lack of them... “ —Isaac Asimov, science fiction writer
Today, it is impossible for us to imagine the time when there were no computers. We are living in the times when laptops,
net books, tablets, etc. are common knowledge even for a primary school child. Computer Science is being taught as a subject
as early as in class 1 therefore looking at Computer Engineering comes quite naturally to a lot of students.
Computer Engineering encompasses studying subjects from both electrical engineering as well as computer science. The
knowledge from these two branches is applied in making and development of computers and allied systems. There are two
types of computer engineers – hardware engineers and software engineers. Hardware engineers build computers like workstations,
laptops, PCs or tablets. They also develop systems, which are computer based like those in electronic equipment, communication
networks and even complex navigational systems found in aircrafts and space satellites.
CAREER IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 377
Then there are those who are trained as software engineers. They design the software program, the VLSI chips, analog
sensors, circuit boards and other things required to operate the hardware system. Even the highly revered field of robotics,
which includes research and design of motors and sensors falls under the purview of a computer engineer. Some of them write
programs known as operating system that makes the computer work such as windows and Linux. Others write programs which
are meant for specific purpose like creating a document, editing a photograph or designing a house. There are still others who
design the communication and network interface between various computers. For all this, there are languages in which codes,
that the machines can understand, are written.
With all the development that is happening in the world of computers, for a career in this field, one has to keep oneself
knowledge abreast. There are a number of computer languages in which the programs can be written and still newer ones are
being developed every day. It is just a matter of time that what is the latest today becomes obsolete. All in all it is not just a
technical field, but also a one, that demands constant updating of knowledge.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor of Engineering (BE)/ Bachelor of Technology (BTech): The eligibility class 12th with physics, chemistry and
maths as the main subjects and qualification in the Entrance Exam. The AMIE (Associate Memberships of the Institution of
Engineers) offers courses, which are also equivalent to BE and B.Tech. Masters in Engineering (ME) or Masters in Technology
M.Tech: Eligibility is BE, B Tech and qualification in the entrance exam also known as Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
(GATE) exam. The marks scored in this exam are valid in most colleges.
For those who wish to study further, a Ph.D. in engineering can be pursued.
Course Fees
The 4 years course in Computer Engineering from an IIT will cost about Rs. 2 lakhs. There are a number of scholarships,
fee waivers and loans available for those who are unable to fund the education. Apart from this, in most colleges the students
can earn a small amount while working on a research project with the professors in their college and this can also help funding
the course. The fee in other private colleges is more ranging from about 40,000 per year to about 70,000 per year.
Where to Study
In India, one is spoilt for choice when it comes to deciding on an engineering college with 36 universities and 1195
colleges offering both undergraduate and postgraduate course in computer engineering. Some of the top colleges offering the
course are:
• Indian Institute of Technology - There are 15 IITs in India. New Delhi, Kanpur, Mumbai, Kharagpur and Chennai feature
in the top 5 for computer engineering.
• International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad
• Institute of Technology, Benaras Hindu University, Benaras.
• Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati.
• Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani.
• Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, West Bengal.
• College of Engineering, Pune.
• Delhi Technological University, Delhi.
• Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur
• Apart from this other well-known institutes are the 30 NITs located in Warangal Andhra Pradesh, Surat Gujarat, Silchar
Assam, Jamshedpur Bihar, Kurukshetra Haryana, Bhopal, Calicut Kerala, Jaipur Rajasthan, Roukela Orissa, Suratkal
Karnataka, Allahabad Uttar Pradesh, Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh, Jalandhar Punjab and others.
• There are the Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs), in Allahabad, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Gwalior
which are also amongst the top engineering colleges in India.
Pay and Remuneration
For all the hard work that computer engineers put in for four years of their study, they are rewarded with highly paid jobs.
The average salary for fresh graduates from good institutes is about Rs 4.5 lakhs-Rs 6 lakhs a year. To start with, the fresh
graduates are employed as trainees or development engineers. They are then promoted to the level of design engineer, senior
design engineer and then project leader. The salary ranges from Rs 20 lakhs-Rs 30 lakhs a year.
Career Prospects
The Prospects for Computer Engineering would remain quite robust in the coming years.All the new age information
technology solutions would require computer engineering as the core discipline for its development, Computer Engineering
is going to be one of the most sought after courses.
378 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Famous Personalities
There are two names in the world of computers that are not unknown to anyone. Bill Gates has made an everlasting mark
in this field with Windows and then Steve Jobs who gave birth to Apple. That Bill Gates is not an engineer does not undermine
his contribution to this field. Tim Berners-Lee and his contribution to the World Wide Web, Alan Dix and his research in
Human Computer Interface, Brendan Eich and Mozilla and Bill Joy of the Sun Microsystems are some other famous names
from the world of computers.

17.3. CAREER AS A SOFTWARE DEVELOPER

Introduction
“There are two ways of constructing a software design: One way is to make it so simple that there are obviously no
deficiencies, and the other way is to make it so complicated that there are no obvious deficiencies. The first method is far
more difficult.” —C.A.R. Hoare, British Computer Scientist & Winner of 1980 Turing Award
In other words, a good software designer or a developer should have lot of skill, devotion, and insight, inspiration to
develop and to make a software work.
A software developer is a person who overlooks all the software development processes which includes researching,
designing, developing and testing the software. They often work in teams with programmers, engineers, analysts to develop
and install a software solution. They even write codes for those programs which they design, test and document. This happens
at a much later stage when a developer can write professional quality codes hence mentoring under some good team is usually
the way to begin.
Software developers often write and develop software applications for desktops, servers as well as develop and code
applications for devices like Tablet Computers, Phablets and Smartphones. Some of the skills which a software engineer
should possess are Ability to analyze and to understand the customer needs and then design, construct and maintain the
application accordingly, Communication skills to be get and to provide information to the client, conceptual knowledge of
networking and Operating systems. Writing secure codes is a very important part of any software development. Secure coding
helps protect software from theft or corruption hence a good knowledge of security and encryption is required. He should have
an expert knowledge of computer languages like C/C++, C#, Java, HTML, Visual Basic, computer program design methods
and techniques and should have the ability to learn new programming languages quickly. He should keep himself updated
and adapted with the new technologies which keep emerging and know its impact on the current systems.
Courses and Eligibility
To become a software developer many courses are available beginning at the Diploma level and going up to Masters
level. Some of these include:
• Bachelor in Computer Applications (BCA),
• Bachelor in Science with Computers (B.Sc),
• Masters in Computer Applications (MCA),
• M.Sc in computers,
• Masters in System Management,
• B.Tech and B.E in computers
• M.Tech.
• Certification Courses, Diploma in Computer Applications,
• Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications, DOEACC’s O, A, B, C level courses.
The eligibility criteria varies form course to course but Maths at 10+2 level is compulsory. For B.Tech/ B.E and B.Sc in
computers, one should have Physics, Chemistry and Maths at 10 +2 as subjects. Very basic Knowledge of computer languages
like C, C++, Java or .NET, Visual Basic would generally help anyone who wanted to make Software Devepment as ones’ career.
There are many short term computer courses with various computer training institutes which one can do to keep updated
with the latest programmes in the market. Programming courses which can be done are:C and C++, Java Development, C#,
VB.NET, ASP.NET, Diploma in JAVA programming, DOT NET Technology, Diploma in Software Engineering
Course Fees
The course price varies according to the institute and course chosen and can be starting from 5000/- going up to 15,000/
- per month or can go up to 65,000/- for a diploma course. Most of the well renowned institutes have placements too and one
can expect to be picked up by reputed companies with stipends available too to the fresh candidates. The ability of the
candidate and his interpersonal skills then can take him to new heights.
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Where to Study
There are more than 200 Engineering Colleges and more than 1000 Institutes which are engaged in imparting computer
education in India both in Hardware and Software.
• BTech/BE in IT
• IITs (Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Madras, Roorkee and others)
• IIIT, Allahabad, BTech in IT
• BIT Mesra, BE in IT, MCA at BIT Mesra and other Campuses at Allahabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Lalpur, and Noida.
• Delhi College of Engineering, BE in IT
• Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Delhi, BE in IT
• Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, BTech in IT
• Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Bachelor’s in IT
• BTech computer science and engineering
• IT, Banaras Hindu University BTech computer science and engineering
• Indian Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad: BTech in computer science and engineering, Computer science
dual degree (five years)
• BITS Pilani, BE (Hons) computer science
• Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Gandhinagar, BTech in ICT
Many other Universities are providing education and career opportunities through BE (Computer Science), B.Tech
(Computer Science), Bachelor in Computer Science (BCA), Bachelor in Science with Information Technology (B.Sc-IT),
Master in Computer Science (MCA), Master of Technology (M. Tech), Master in Science with Information Techno-logy
(M.Sc-IT), Master in Computers Management (MCM), Post Graduate Diploma
• Aptech Computer Education, Mumbai
• BigMind Solutions, Bangalore
• C DAC, Mumbai
• A.T.S. Infotech, Pune
• 3 Edge Solutions, Hyderabad
• Ameex Educational Software Services Pvt Ltd, Chennai
• Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kerala
• National Institutes of Technology
Career Prospects
Due to the constant increase in demand for computer software, the future of a software developer is really bright. As the
internet technologies and computer networks continue to evolve with each passing day, the number of new jobs created also
increases day by day. Mobile technology, health care industries have a tremendous increase in computer systems and new
applications where professionals are constantly needed to develop, maintain and run the different applications. A variety of
products now use latest software for speed, cost effectiveness, security reasons and hence the demand for good developers.
“The more you learn, the more you earn” is absolutely true for a software developer as the more specialized and updated
he is at all times and the better he would earn.
Famous Personalities
Tim Berners Lee, an English computer scientist was also the inventor of World Wide Web which changed the future of
internet.
Peter Norton, an American programmer, software publisher, author has written lots of computer program books and is a
developer of Norton Utilities.
Richard Garriott, a British video game developer and entrepreneur is also the creator of the famous series Ultima.
Philippe Kahn is a technology innovator, entrepreneur and is also responsible for creating the first camera phone which
shared pictures instantly on public networks.
A Day in Life
A software developer during a typical work day would be expected to do the following:
• Reviewing current systems and suggesting changes for improvements making it more cost effective and less time
consuming.
• Working in teams with other designers, programmers, marketing professionals to plan and execute projects according to
the client’s requirement.
380 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Maintaining the systems once they have been created.

• Meetings with the clients and making presentations to customer or client audience or professional peers.
• Researching and developing new programmes constantly.
• Responding responsibly and promptly to bug reports.
• To keep the clients and companies systems updated with changing technologies.
• To write codes and then further develop them for various software.
• To find error codes and other errors in the software.
So if you are a computer geek, you have a bright future awaiting you. Go on and grab your dream.

17.4. CAREER AS AN ETHICAL HACKER/ IT SECURITY PROFESSIONALS/CYBER SECURITY

The virtual world of Internet is known as cyberspace and the laws governing this area are known as Cyber Laws and all
the netizens of this space come under the ambit of such laws as these laws carry a kind of universal jurisdiction.
In today’s techno-savvy environment, the world is becoming more and more digitally sophisticated and so are the crimes.
Internet was initially developed as a research and information sharing tool, and meant to be a pool of knowledge but it was in
an unregulated manner. As the time is passing by it is becoming more transactional with e-business, e-commerce, e-governance
and e-procurement etc. All the legal issues related to the internet crimes are being dealt through the Cyber-Laws. As the number
of internet users is on increase with the changing times, the need for cyber laws and their application is gathering a great
momentum.
India has passed an IT Act 2000, which has laid down stringent laws against those committing cyber crimes like hacking,
credit card frauds, cyber stalking, blackmailing, pornography and the crimes related to Intellectual Properties, Copyrights,
and Trademarks etc. So now there is a new field, opening up as a branch of law i.e. the Cyber Law.
More and more youngsters would like to opt for this branch of law as the technology firms are growing up along with the
dotcoms, which would provide these Cyber Lawyers a lucrative job opportunity. Now all the electronic records would be kept
under a legal framework of Cyber Laws.
“It’s kind of interesting, because hacking is a skill that could be used for criminal purposes or legitimate purposes, and so
even though in the past I was hacking for the curiosity, and the thrill, to get a bite of the forbidden fruit of knowledge, I’m now
working in the security field as a public speaker.” —Kevin Mitnick, Computer Security Consultant, Author, Convicted
Criminal, Hacker
IT security professionals/ ethical hackers are employed by organisations to protect their computer network. They are
entrusted with the work of making a computer system that is secure from malicious hacking.
IT security professionals, who are essentially system and networking experts, are needed to protect the IT system so that
no one can penetrate the network and prevent any harmful attack on it. Ethical hacker does just the opposite, he/she attacks
a network of computers, penetrates but with the intention of helping the network administrator to make the system secure.
Ethical hackers test the security system, report problems and help in making the system more secure.
They work in networking or the security domain. Should be comfortable with many types of operating systems and
should be able to work in all kinds of IT environments.
Nature of Work
A cyber lawyers has to crack down cyber crimes like hacking, credit card fruads, protecting digital signatures to safeguard
business transactions or encryption codes or electronic records etc. He has to deal with the cases of Intellectual Property laws
or Copyrights, Software patents, Net Banking etc
Personality: One who wants to be a cyber lawyers should have the capability of analysing the problem along with an eye
for details. Intellectual ability as well as ability to assimilate and observe, is also one of the pre-requisite. The person should
be adept in handling computers and should be well informed with changing times. He should be quick witted and needs to be
oriented to look web as an information provider.
Courses and Eligibility
There are few courses in IT security and ethical hacking that can be taken by engineers, graduates and post graduates in
Computer Science or Information Technology.
• Certificate course in ethical hacking
• PG Diploma in Information security and system administration: Graduation in IT, Computer science, engineering,
MCA, , PGDCA
• M.Sc in cyber forensics and information security: degree in computer science, computer application, IT, mathematics/
physics, statistics, electronics or BE/BTech. Selection is through entrance exam.
CAREER IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 381
• M.Tech in CS and Information Security: BTech in Cs/ECE/IT or MCA with BSC mathematics or Msc mathematics/CS,
selection through entrance exam/GATE.
• M.Tech in Information Security and computer Forensics: B.E/ B.Tech (CSE/ IT/ ECE/ EEE), M.Sc (Computer / Computer
Forensics Science/ IT/ Electronics) or MCA. selection through entrance exam/GATE.
• M.Tech in cyber Security: BE/BTech in CSE/IT/ECE or equivalent, Selection through entrance exam/GATE.
• International certifications are there like Certified Ethical Hacker (EC-Council), Certified Hacking Forensic Investigator
(EC-Council), GIAC Certified Penetration Tester (GPEN) offered by SAN and GIAC Certified Intrusion Analyst (GCIA).
These certifications can improve one’s prospects. The training for the certifications is available in regular and online modes.
• MS in Cyber Law and Information Security (BE/B.Tech/Postgraduates/Bachelor in Law) Admission through entrance exam.
1. National Institute of electronics and Information Technology, formerly DOEACC Calicut.
2. Reliance web world outlets offer Ankit Fadia Certified ethical hacker course
3. University of Madras - M.Sc in cyber forensics and information security
4. IIIT, M.Tech in CS and Information Security
5. Indian Institute of Informaton Technology, Allahabad (IIIT) MS in Cyber Law and Information Security (BE/BTech/
Postgrduates/Bachelor in Law) Admission through enrance exam.
6. SRM University - M.Tech in Information Security and computer Forensics
7. IMT Ghaziabad - One year program in cyber security in collaboration with Ankit Fadia.
8. Institute of Information Security Mumbai and Chandigarh - Provides training for Certified professional hacker,
certified professional forensic analyst, certified information security consultant, Certified Information Systems
Security Professional (CISSP).
9. Tech Defence Ahemdabad, Delhi.
10. Amrita school of engineering, Amrita Vishva Vidyapeetham University - M Tech in cyber security
11. Indira Gandhi National Open Universitys (Ignou) School of Vocational Education and Training (SOVET) one-year
PG diploma and a six month advanced certificate in information security through the distance mode.
Professional Courses
The courses carry a multi-disciplinary task as it a multi dimensional subject. While studying such a subject one needs to
acquire knowledge of technology as well as laws governing Personal Laws, Telecom Laws, Company Laws and Intellectual
Property Laws. These courses are oriented to support e-business. There are many short term and long term courses available
online/offline, in this subject of Cyber Laws.
Colleges, Institutions and Universities
1. Symbiosis society’s Law College, Pune, and NALSAR University ( www.nalsarpro.org)
2. Asian School of Cyber Laws, Pune (www.asianlaws.org).
3. Indian Institute of Information and Technology, Allahabad ( www.iiita.ac.in)
4. Center for Distance Education, University of Hyderabad (www.uohy.ernet.in)
5. Amity Law School, Delhi. ( www.amity.org)
6. Department of Law, University of Delhi (www.du.ac.in)
7. National Law School of India, University Bangalore-72. ( www.nls.ac.in)
8. National Academy of Legal Studies and Research University of Law, Hyderabad-27. ( www.reachouthyderabad.com )
9. Cyber Law College NAAVI in Chennai, Mysore, Hubli, Mangalore and Bangalore ( www.cyberlawcollege.com)
Pay and Remuneration: Fresh professionals with certifications can earn around 3 lakhs per annum in the beginning but
growth potential is very high depending on skills. With 4-5 years of experience one can earn around 10 lakhs per annum.
Career Prospects
As someone has said that the future wars would not be fought on the battlefields but on the cyber-fields of the world.
Clearly as more and more of business, financial and social activities shift to the online world, the prospects of Internet security
and cyber-wars between corporations and countries is looking as a reality. All this means that Ethical Hackers would be in
good demand from law enforcement agencies and even large corporations.
• Cyber Consultant in an IT firm, police department or in banks.
• Research assistants in a law firm.
• Research assistants in a technology firm.
• Advisors to the web developers.
• Advisors in the Ministry of Information and Technology or in Corporate Houses.
• Security Auditors and Network Administrators in Technology firms.
• Trainers in law schools and Multinational Corporations.
382 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Famous Personalities
Ankit Fadia: Ankit Fadia is an independent computer security consultant In the mid-2000s, he started a program on
computer security for corporates in alliance with Reliance Info. He was MTV India’s Youth Icon of the Year for the year 2008.
Sunny Waghela: India’s second mostly known computer security consultant

17.5. CAREER IN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD)—OPTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Introduction
Computer Aided Design (CAD) is an electronic tool to make a quick and accurate drawing with the use of computer. CAD
uses science and business with creativity to design figures, curves, surfaces or solids in two and three dimensional objects. In
CAD, computer models are created by defining geometric parameters that appears on a computer monitor as a 3D representation
which can be altered by changing relevant parameters. Candidates who are working in Computer aided jobs are called CAD
operators or Drafters and their main job is to evaluate, prepare and produce drawings and design layout and sketches using
computer.
Performance and Growth of Industry in India
With the advancement of technology CAD has made its access in all areas where designing and creativity is required. Now
a days it is not only restricted to engineers, architectures but is also used by other design professionals. In recent times, various
industries are using CAD for product design in Automotive, Aerospace, and Prosthetics etc. This technology is even used to
produce animation in movies, advertisements etc. which has opened new career avenues for the candidates in the field of CAD.
Options and Opportunities
Candidates with CAD diploma have varied opportunities in industries, manufacturing units, construction companies.
Courses Available:
• M.Tech Computer Aided Design • M.E Computer Aided Design
• Diploma in Auto CAD • Certificate Course in Coral Draw
• AutoCAD • CATIA
• CNC • Pro/E
Qualification Required
Every Institute has their own eligibility criteria for CAD courses.- For Diploma courses a candidate need to have a
Diploma/Degree in Electrical/Mechanical/Production/Automobile Engineering.- For studying Engineering Drawing with
CAD candidates need to have a plus two.- For Post Graduate Programme candidates should possess graduate degree in
engineering with 50% marks from any recognized university.
Some good institutes: IITs National Institutions - Anna University-AU-FRG- Bhubananda Orissa School of Engg.- Dauto
CAD School, Bhopal- SITS, Jaipur, Rajasthan- Sarab Institute of Information Technology.- Birla Institute of Technology-
Govt. Polytechnic
Entrance Exams
Every Institute has their own entrance exams for conducting CAD programme in their institute.

17.6. CAREER AS DATA MANAGERS/INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGERS

Introduction
“Information technology and business are becoming inextricably inter-woven. I don’t think anybody can talk
meaningfully about one without talking about the other.” —Bill Gates
A career in IT involves researching, developing, implementing, supporting and managing computer-based information
systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. Use of computers to store, protect, process, transmit, and
retrieve information is also an IT function. Today IT relates to many aspects of computing and technology. IT professionals
perform numerous duties such as installation of applications to designing complex computer networks and information
databases. They are also responsible for data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and
software design, as well as the management and administration of entire systems.
What do Data Managers / Information Systems Managers do?
Information Systems Managers plan, coordinate, and direct computer-related activities in an organization. Depending
on the requirements of an organization they manage and implement the computer system. Data managers make policies and
CAREER IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 383

procedures and execute the plans to manage the data assets of a company and to improve its value. Database managers
oversee the storage of information in a system. They update the database design and application, install new software and
protect data from hackers and unauthorized users. They also design and implement new data management systems. They
work also involves configuring the hardware, maintaining the records on repair and installation and trouble shooting.
Courses & Eligibility
This is a specialized field and therefore, academic and technical skills are very essential. There are various IT courses
available at different institutions. Many diploma and degrees courses are there for those who have an aptitude and flair for the
subject. These are:
• Bachelor in Computer Applications (BCA) • Bachelor in Science with Computers (B.Sc)
• Masters in Computer Applications (MCA) • M.Sc in computers
• Masters in System Management • B.Tech and B.E in computers
• M.Tech. Certification Courses • Diploma in Computer Applications
• Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications • DOEACC’s O, A, B, C level courses.
Where to Study
For BTech/BE in IT:
• IITs (Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Madras, Roorkee and others)
• IIIT, Allahabad, BTech in IT • MNIT, Allahabad, BTech in IT
• BIT Mesra, BE in IT • IIIT Hyderabad
• BITS Pilani • Delhi College of Engineering, BE in IT
• Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Delhi , BE in IT
• Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Bachelor’s in IT
• Banaras Hindu University, BTech computer science and engineering
• Indian Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad
Many other universities are providing education and career opportunities through:
• BE (Computer Science) • B.Tech (Computer Science)
• Bachelor in Computer Science (BCA) • Bachelor in Science (B.Sc-IT)
• Master in Computer Science (MCA) • Master of Technology (M. Tech)
• Master in Science - ( M.Sc-IT) • Master in Computers Management (MCM)
• Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications (PGDCA)
• Diploma courses or certificate courses
Other Related Careers
Below is short listing of different computer related jobs in the industry. This list was created for users who enjoy computers
but are uncertain about what field to enter. In the below list we have described each of the jobs, the requirements, and
recommendations what to do if you are interested in the job.
If you are looking for the highest paying jobs in the computer industry, this document does not contain that
Information because of the wide variety of salaries depending on the company and its location. However, it’s safe to assume
that with the increased difficulty and experience required for a job, the higher you’d get paid. If you are looking for a pay
range, refer to your local listings (newspaper), or job listings for pay grades.
If you are looking for your first job in the computer industry or just want to get your foot in the door, we suggest looking
at Data Entry, Freelancer, Sales, Quality Assurance (QA), or Technical Support jobs. The qualifications and requirements for
these jobs vary, so it’s best to refer to your local listings (newspaper), or job listing for available positions and the requirements.
Other Related Jobs
• Customer service • Data Entry
• Database • Electronics technician or engineer
• Engineer • Freelancer
• Hardware • Networking or System Administrator
• Quality Assurance (QA), System analyst or Tester • Repair and fix
• Sales • Technical Support (Technician or Help Desk)
• Technical Writing • Security expert
• Webmaster or Web Designer
384 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

17.7. COURSES OFFERED BY NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS & INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY (NIELIT)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (NIELIT), is an Autonomous
Scientific Society of Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Ministry of Communications & Information
Technology DeitY), Government of India. It was set up to carry out Human Resource Development and related activities in the
area of Information, Electronics and Communication Technology (IECT). NIELIT (formerly DOEACC) is engaged both in
formal and non-formal education in the area of IECT.
NIELIT OFFICES-PAN INDIA PRESENCE
The Society with headquarters at New Delhi has Centres at Ajmer, Agartala, Aizawl, Aurangabad, Calicut, Chandigarh,
Chennai, Chuchuyimlang, Gangtok Gorakhpur, Guwahati, Itanagar, Imphal, Jammu, Kohima Kolkata, Lucknow, New Delhi,
Patna, Shillong, Shimla, Srinagar, Tezpur.
Courses Offered by NIELIT, New Delhi Long Term Courses
1 NIELIT ‘O’ Level IT Course 2 NIELIT ‘A’ Level IT Course
3 NIELIT ‘B’ Level IT Course 4 NIELIT Bio- Informatics ‘A’ Level Course
5 NIELIT ‘O’ Level on Computer Hardware Maintenance 6 NIELIT ‘A’ Level on Computer Hardware Maintenance
7 Diploma in Computer Applications 8 Advanced Diploma in Computer Applications
9 Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications
10 Post Graduate Diploma in Information Security and System Administration
11 Post Graduate Diploma in Software Technologies 12 Advanced Diploma in Embedded System Design
13 Diploma in Computer Hardware and Networking 14 Advanced Course in Multimedia and Animation
15 Diploma in .Net technologies 16 Diploma in J2EE
17 SQL Server 18 C / C++
19 C#
20 Multimedia Courses : 2D Animation, Flash, Graphic Designing, 3D animation using 3DS Max
21 AutoCAD 22 Office Automation
23 Desk Top Publishing 24 Data Entry and Office Automation
25 Tally
Web Technologies
1 Web Designing : HTML, DHTML, JAVA Script, Flash, Photoshop
2 ASP.Net with VB.Net 3 ASP.Net with C#
4 J2EE 5 PHP With MY SQL
Electronics Courses
1 Embedded Systems (8051 uController) 2 Embedded Systems (ARM)
3 VHDL 4 MATLAB
Other Courses
1 RedHat ( RHCE and RHCSA) 2 Cisco Certification (CCNA and CCENT)
3 Android (for mobile Application Development) 4 Oracle
5 Project Management 6 System Administration Under Linux, Unix and
Windows 2000 series
Course Details
NIELIT, Delhi is offering following courses:
NIELIT ‘O’ Level Computer Course
‘O’ level course of NIELIT Scheme is equivalent to a Foundation Level Course in Computer Applications. Students can
acquire this qualification by undergoing this course and passing the examination conducted by NIELIT. After completion of
‘O’ Level course, students can further enrol for NIELIT ‘A’ level course.
Eligibility for admission : 10+2 or ITI Certificate course (one year).
Career opportunities : The career options available to a NIELIT ‘O’ Level qualifiers are:
- Computer Operator
- Lab Attendant
CAREER IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 385

- Computer Instructor
- Clerks etc.
NIELIT ‘A’ Level Computer Course: ‘A’ level course of NIELIT Scheme is equivalent to Advanced Diploma in
Computer Applications. Students can acquire this qualification by undergoing this course and passing the examination
conducted by the NIELIT. After completion of A level course students can further enrol in ‘B’ level course of NIELIT Scheme.
Eligibility for admission : ‘O’ Level or Government recognized polytechnic engineering diploma after class 10, or a
Government recognized polytechnic engineering diploma after 10+2 / Graduate
Those who are pursuing graduation can also take admission, but the A level certificate shall be awarded only after the
completion of graduation.
NIELIT B-Level Computer Course
‘B’ Level Course of NIELIT Scheme has been recognized by Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India,
as professionally equivalent to MCA Degree Course. Students can acquire this qualification by undergoing this course and
passing the examination conducted by the NIELIT. Working professionals can also appear in this examination Directly,
provided they possess the requisite education qualification as indicated below.
Eligibility for admission : Level ‘A’ / Government recognized PPDCA/ Government recognized PGDCA / Government
recognized polytechnic engineering Diploma / Graduate (First two semesters are exempted for those who have passed ‘A’ level
in full. Candidates having Government recognized PPDCA / Government recognized PGDCA will also be eligible for exemption
of some subjects depending on the courses they had undergone, on a case by case basis).
And various other courses, check the application procedure and other details on the official website of NIELIT.
Career opportunities and courses offered:
• Basic Computer Course (BCC) • Course on Computer Concepts (CCC)
• O level (foundation) • B level (MCA equivalent)
• A level (advanced diploma) • C level (M.Tech. level)
Further details can be had from:
National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology (NIELIT)
Electronics Niketan, 6 CGO Complex, Lodhi Road New Delhi- 110 003
Ph: 011-2436 3330/1/2, 011-2436 6577/79/80
Email: doeacc@nielit.in Website: www.nielit.com
Job Opportunities
A brilliant career awaits the students who have qualified various courses provided by this Centre. We have been running
various training courses at different proficiency levels for all types of participants.
The Centre imparts various long term courses like NIELIT ‘O’, ‘A’, ’B’ Level that makes a candidate eligible for jobs in
various Govt/Pvt. Organisations at the level of Asst. Programmers, Programmers, Software Engineers respectively. Further the
candidates who have completed their basic qualification like graduation can hone their IT skills by undertaking various
specialised courses like .NET Technologies, J2EE, LAMP, Information Security, Embedded System etc. offered by this Centre.
Placement
Many of our students have brought laurels to the Centre, for they have been placed in every known sphere of the IT field.
Our students have shown their capabilities in the following areas:
• Project Leaders in various Software Development Projects. • Technical Writing.
• Database administration. • Network administration.
• Software Testing. • Desktop Publishing and Designing.
• Web Designing.
• Systems Analyst, Programmer, EDP Manager and Web Optimization etc.
As a result of their sincere and hard working efforts they have been placed in known MNCs with handsome salary
packages.
 18
CHAPTER

Career in Agriculture
18.1. INTRODUCTION: CAREER IN AGRICULTURE Chapter Outline
Agriculture is concerned with cultivation, processing and marketing of G Introduction: Career in Agriculture
crops. It also deals with agro-industry, food industry, horticulture industry, G Agricultural Related Careers
biotechnology, animal husbandry, etc. Most of the specialisations in G ICAR’s entrance test
agriculture have a strong focus on the innovative use of technologies for G Agriculture Engineering
higher productivity and optimal use of natural resources. India is one of the G Career as an Agricultural Scientist
leading agricultural countries in the world; agricultural sector contributes G Career as Agricultural Economists
29.4% of GDP and employs about 64% of the work force. G Career as Agronomist
Agriculture has always been the back bone of our economy as it G Career in Agriculture Marketing
contributed nearly 29.4% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). More than G Career as Animal Geneticists
64% population works in the agriculture and allied sector and provides food G Career as a Horticulturist
to over hundred million Indian and raw materials for our industries. India G Career in Plant Breeding/Plant Genetics
also has enormous potential as an exporter of agricultural commodities that G Career in Food and Dairy Technology
makes it one of the leading agricultural countries in the world. G Career in Dairy Science and Poultry
Farming
Scope: Agriculture sector provides numerous career opportunities in
G Career as a Veterinarian
the field of agricultural finance, insurance, transportation, storage, grading
G Agricultural Research Services acronym as
and marketing. Many business firms’ viz. insurance companies, banks, public
ARS Exam
utilities and food chains employ the persons who have specialized knowledge
G Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board
of the agriculture. The career aspirants who have good knowledge of National Eligibility Test acronym as ASRB
agricultural science, economics and business administration get lucrative NET
jobs. There are growing opportunities in agriculture sector especially natural G National Dairy Research Institute, Indian
resource management, food and wine, aquaculture, biotechnology, pest Council of Agricultural Research Diploma
management, forestry, etc. Recent surveys have revealed that Agrobase in Animal Husbandry and Dairying
industries and Agro-biotechnology would provide enormous job Entrance Exam acronym as NDRI DADH
opportunities in near future. Entrance exam
G List of all Agriculture Science and
Career Prospects in Agriculture Technology Courses in India
• Agriculture Engineering • Agriculture Economics
• Dairy industry • Fishery farming
• Forestry • Horticulture
• Plant Pathology • Poultry farming
• Rural Management • Veterinary Science and animal husbandry.
• Food Technology
Remuneration: It depends on the academic qualification and experience. Remuneration in private sector is higher than
government organizations. The salary may range from Rs.10, 000 to 1, 50,000. The jobs in Agrobase and Biotech industries
are highly remunerative.
Employability Skills
• Ability to work hard. • Ability to work in different weather conditions.
• First-hand experience field experience. • Ability of making good decision making.

386
CAREER IN AGRICULTURE 387

• Good managerial skills • Strong social skills.

• Ability to learn new things. • Ability to apply gained knowledge into the field.
• Good physical fitness.
Career Test
If you record “Yes” for maximum questions then it indicates that you have potential for perusing career in the field of
agriculture field.
• Do I have any field experience of agriculture?
• Do I any technical knowledge of plant sciences?
• Do I like to work in farm?
• Do I have ability to work hard?
• Do I have ability to take appropriate decision?
• Do I have innovative ideas to implement in the agriculture field?
• Do I like the systematic way of working?
• Do I like to work for several hours (8-12hrs or more) per day in farm?
• Do I have ability to work with a team?
• Do I have better statistical, computing and interpreting skills (especially for advanced farming)?
• Am I ready to learn and adopt new techniques?
Career Opportunities
• Agro-industry Sector: Provides jobs to scientists, engineers, technologists, sales and marketing people.
• Services Sector: This sector provide jobs to graders, agricultural technicians, agricultural consultants, agricultural
statisticians, veterinarians, etc. Banks finance and insurance companies also provide jobs to agriculturist.
• Corporations: Various corporations viz. National Seed Corporation, State Farm Corporation, Warehousing Corporation
and Food Corporation, etc provides job opportunities to agriculturists.
• Agricultural Engineering: This field better job prospectus as compared to other fields.
• Agriculture Management: This is a new field. Requires knowledge of management and agriculture.
• Estates and tea gardens: Many job opportunities are available in estates and tea gardens.
• Self-employment: agriculture firms, agro-base industry, agriculture product shops, etc.
Job Options
• Agricultural Research Scientists (ARS)
• Agriculture Development Officers (ADO)/Farm Technicians (after class X)/Lab Technicians/ Workshop Staff).
• Field Officers/Rural Development Officers/Agricultural and Probationary Officers (post-graduates in agriculture are
appointed by banks)
• Natural Resource manager. • Agriculture engineer
• Agriculture representative. • Agri-statistician.
• Agronomist. • Aqua culturist
• Agri-business analyst • Executive (Agriculture)
• Food technologist • Dairy technologist
• Machinery operators • Manager (Organic farming)
• Plant controller. • Plant supervisor
• Plantation manager • Sales Consultant
• AgriSales manager • Seed technologist
And many more Employers
• Agriculture Departments • Agriculture colleges and Universities
• Banks • Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).
• Corporations viz. National Seed Corporation, State farm Corporation, Warehousing Corporation and Food Corporation, etc
• Owners of big tea estates and gardens. • Agro biotech institutes and companies.
Important Institutes
• Allahabad Agricultural Institute (Uttar Pradesh) www.aaidu.org
• Indian council for Agriculture Research (ICAR), New Delhi www.icar.org.in
• Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Lzatnagar (Uttar Pradesh) www.ivri.nic.in
388 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Central Agricultural University, Imphal (Manipur) www.cic.nic.in

• Forest Research Institute, PO. New Forest, Dehra Dun. www.fri.icfre.gov.in
• Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai (Maharashtra) www.icar.org.in
• National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana) www.ndri.res.in
• Agricultural Research Scientists (ARS) and Agriculture Development Officers (ADO) is recruited on the basis of ARS
NET entrance. Further details: www.ugc.ac.in
• Graduate Test for Engineering) Biological sciences. www.iitk.ac.in/gate

18.2. AGRICULTURAL RELATED CAREERS

The varying climatic and demographic conditions offer a conducive environment for the cultivation of a large variety of
agricultural products throughout the year. In recent years, the state of agriculture has improved a lot because of the use of state
of art technology along with genetically modified seeds and cross breed verities for high yield. Unlike pre independence era
or to be precise pre green revolution era of 1964 agriculture has no longer been practiced in an unprofessional or classical
manner , instead it has become highly scientific, sophisticated and mechanized and consequently, very profitable too. The
impact of agriculture is not only on the production of food grains, vegetables and fruits, but on so many agriculture dependent
and allied industries which get its raw material from agriculture sector. A good monsoon would drive the sensex raging as bull,
while floods, droughts or other such calamities would bring it to a grinding halt or even worse downfall
Horticulture, dairying and poultry farming are allied agricultural activities that have become economically viable
opportunities today. Aspirants can opt for a career option from any of the following areas in the field of agriculture and allied
practices
Agricultural Research, Agri-Business, Agro Industry, Agricultural Education, Agricultural Journalism, Agriculture
Engineering, Agricultural Management etc.
Besides these areas in the agricultural field young Indian generation can also make career in the allied activities like
Horticulture floricultureetc, owning to the fact that India is among the largest producers of vegetables and fruits in the world
and has an equally strong floriculture base. Today India’s agriculture has become globalised and the idea of integrating Indian
agriculture with the world economy is getting government support. India has enormous potential as an exporter of agricultural
commodities ranging from mushrooms to flowers, spices, cereals, oilseeds and vegetables to name a few of them. With the
commercialization of agriculture and horticulture there are varied opportunities for salaried jobs as well as entrepreneurship.
While salaried jobs with various government and private concerns provide a regular income, entrepreneurship can generate
handsome profits. Landscapers and horticulturists are hired by hotels, health farms, and holiday resorts to beautify their
surroundings. Florists and nurseries are doing lucrative business especially in the metropolitan cities. Suburban farmhouses
have become important suppliers for the domestic market. Horticulture with its offshoot floriculture has become a focus of
export activity. India’s exports of roses, carnations, gladioli, chrysanthemums, jasmine and other tropical plants and flowers
are scaling new heights. Careers in horticulture are interesting and inspirational as there is continuous development in
growing techniques of plants. With new varieties of plants being nurtured the progress of horticultural science in unprecedented.
In addition to studies of plant types, students in horticulture also need to study weather and soil conditions, plant diseases
and their treatments, and economic viability of each of these plants Opportunities in the research are also increasing as
research institutions are gearing up to accept the challenge of the ever increasing export market with the combined support
of the state and Central governments and the corporate sector Agricultural Research Service/National Eligibility Test
Examination is conducted by the Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board or ASRB for filling up vacancies of Scientists
of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Institutes Considering
all these opportunities candidates with ability to work on one’s own as well as part of a team, good health, a strong back
for frequent bending, indifference to unpleasant weather conditions, sometimes to dirty work, practical ability, good
powers of observation to detect early signs of disease in plants, animals and poultry, ability to deal with the unexpected
calamity and interest in scientific developments can make fortunes in this career.
Whereas Researchers should have the ability to work for long periods with intense concentration, a keen analytical mind,
and a strong scientific bent Candidates with all or some of the above given traits andBasic training in agriculture offered as a
Bachelor’s degree course of three to four years duration at all the agricultural universities in the country can do well in
agriculture and allied fields. The minimum eligibility required for admission to B.Sc. (Ag.) course is a pass in the plus two or
equivalent examination with science or agriculture. Many universities fix a minimum aggregate of 50% marks to be obtained
in the qualifying examination. To the different universities may be based on merit or performance in an entrance examination.
Notifications of the courses at various places appear from January onwards, while the sessions usually start off between July
and September.
More than 40 colleges offer the B.Sc.(Ag.) course, as also the M.Sc.(Ag.) course. Some of the designations and their work
area in the field of agriculture are Agriculturists are scientists who have specialised in a specific field in agriculture. Their main
CAREER IN AGRICULTURE 389

objective is to produce food and fibre. Some of the specialisation fields are Entomology, Agricultural Economics, Soil Science
and Plant Nutrition, Animal Science, Food Science and Wildlife Management minimum requirement to become an agriculturist
is a B.Sc. degree or a B.Sc. (Agri Agricultural engineerAgricultural engineers usually specialise in a specific field such as
agricultural mechanisation, soil conservation and the processing of food. Agricultural engineers often work in the field and are
away from home for several days. The minimum requirement for agricultural engineers is a B.Sc. degree in Engineering or
Agricultural techniciansAgricultural technicians lays emphasis on the practical aspects of agriculture.
Different universities conduct Entrance exams for the selections of aspirants to the course of Agriculture. Other than this,
Indian council of agricultural research also conducts entrance exams for the selection of suitable aspirants. Those with 50%
marks in the XII exam are eligible to apply to this examination.
Different Institutions Offering BSC Agriculture Course
Some of the top institutions offering B Sc degree in agriculture course are mentioned below
• Chandrasekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
• Jawaharlal Nehru Agriculture University College of Agriculture, Jabalpur
• M.P. BSC agriculture, Punjab agriculture University
• College of agriculture, Ludhiana, Punjab

18.3. ICAR’S ENTRANCE TEST

The Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, annually conducts an all-India level entrance examination
for admission to undergraduate and Master’s programmes in agriculture and allied subjects. Those clearing the test will be
eligible for admission to 15 per cent seats in B.Sc. agriculture and horticulture; B.Tech. Agricultural engineering and dairy
science and technology; and so on in the State agricultural universities. Those who have passed Plus Two or equivalent
examination with at least 50 per cent marks in physics, chemistry and biology or mathematics are eligible to appear for this
entrance examination.
ICAR’s postgraduate level entrance examination is conducted for admission to the Master’s degree programmes in the
field of agriculture and allied sciences and for awarding ICAR’s Junior Research Fellowships. All the seats for the Master’s
degree programmes in agriculture at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and 25 per cent seats in the State
agricultural universities (including the Kerala Agricultural University) and Central agricultural universities are filled through
this examination.

18.4. AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

Agricultural Engineers apply engineering principles to all activities related to agriculture and horticulture. Improvement
in agricultural farm machinery, farm structures, rural electrification, bio-gas, new technologies in the design and manufacture
of agricultural products and also conservation of soil and water are some of the jobs handled by an agricultural engineer. This
basically implies looking after the mechanisation of agricultural activities for the smooth functioning and efficient increase
in food productivity.
Agricultural engineers apply their knowledge of biological and agricultural systems and engineering to equipment
design and assure environmental compatibility of practices used by production agriculture. This includes all activities related
to agriculture and horticulture for smooth functioning and efficient increase of food productivity, improvement in agriculture
farm machinery, farm structure, rural electrification, biogas, new technology in the design and manufacture of agriculture
products, conservation of soil and water are the major jobs handled by agriculture engineers.
Entry: To become a qualified engineer one must have a graduate degree (B.E / B.Tech) or atleast a diploma in any one of
the several branches of Engineering.
Eligibility: The basic eligibility criteria for a candidate aspiring to do a BE in Agricultural Engineering is 10+2, with
Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and preferably Biology.
Selection: Selection to all Engineering courses is on the basis of: (a.) merit / marks secured in the final exams of 10+2
(with science subjects); (b.) through the means of entrance exams (joint entrance exam / JEE for the IIT’s and separate state
level and national level exams for other institutions). Engineering courses are available at two levels. There are the degree and
postgraduate degree courses offered by the engineering colleges and Institutes of Technology (IITs), and, the diploma courses
available at polytechnics.
The six Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) at Delhi, Bombay, Madras, Kharagpur, Kanpur and Guwahati, and the
Institute of Technology (BHU) at Varanasi, conduct the Joint Entrance Examination for admission jointly.
Competitive examinations on an all-India basis for admission to a B Tech / B E course are also conducted by The Birla
Institute of Technology, at Pilani, Rajasthan, and at Ranchi; the University of Roorkee, UP; Manipal Institute of Technology,
Manipal; the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, among others.
390 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

There are also 17 Regional Engineering colleges all over the country which offer admission in various branches of
engineering, on the basis of marks obtained in the Class 12 examination.
There is also the (AMIE) Associate Membership Examination of the Institute of Engineers which enables working people
in the private and public sector, or diploma holders to acquire a Bachelor’s degree through distance education, for career
advancement.
Course Duration: BE / B.Tech courses are of 4 years’ duration The diploma courses are of 2-3 years’ duration.
Specialization: The bachelor’s degree courses covers basic physical, engineering, and agriculture sciences, Soil
conservation, drainage method, irrigation practices, firm machinery, dairy engineering etc.
Educational Attainment: BE in agriculture Engineering. At the postgraduate level crop process engineering, firm
machinery and power, soil and water conservation etc are taken up.
A Ph.D. degree of three years is also offered at IIT kharagpur, and IARI , New Delhi.
Institutions: Some of the premier engineering colleges in India are listed as follows:
• Indian Institute of Technology (New Delhi, Mumbai, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, and Chennai)
• Regional Engineering Colleges ( Warangal, Andhra Pradesh ; Silchar, Assam ; Jamshedpur, Bihar ; Surat, Gujarat ;
Kurkshetra, Haryana; Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir; Surathkal, Karnataka ; Calicut, Kerala ; Visvesvaraya REC, Nagpur,
Maharashtra ; Rourkela, Orissa ; Jaipur, Rajasthan ; Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu ; Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh ; Durgapur,
West Bengal ; Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh ; Jalandhar, Punjab.)
• Birla Institute of Technology (BITS) - (Pilani and Ranchi.)
• Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi.
• University of Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh.
• Jadavpur University, Calcutta.
Personal Attributes Required
Organising ability, practicality, ability to get on well with people of all types- at all levels in the hierarchy,-from operatives
to heads of research and managing director, ability to keep calm under pressure and in inevitable crises, and a liking for being
at the centre of action. It is also necessary to like working with tools, drawing sketches of complex things and operations, and
conceptualising forms and structures. While a high level of practicality, skill, accuracy, understanding power, capacity to toil,
and perseverance are needed in ample quality, one must also have a knack for numbers and the ability to express one’s ideas
precisely to others.
To be specific Central and state Government of agriculture and agriculture engineering, agro industry, minor irrigation
corporation, Food corporation of India, National Seed Corporation of India, National Diary Development Board, Agriculture
Research Organization, Agriculture university, Diary and food industries, Nationalized Bank, Agriculture machinery
manufacturing organization, tea gardens etc.
Job Prospects
There is no dearth of jobs for engineers. They can find employment in the following areas :
• Government Sector, including the railways, municipal corporations, telecommunications departments, etc.
• Public Sector organisations,
• Private companies,
• As commissioned officers in the defence services,
• Research organisations and laboratories,
• As technical experts on engineering projects in banks and financial corporations,
An engineer can set up his / her own small unit / company or consultancy.
The Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers was established in 1960. Agricultural Engineering, involves application
of engineering to production, processing, preservation and handling of food, feed and fibre. It also includes the transfer of engineering
technology for the development and welfare of rural areas and masses. The major fields of Agricultural Engineering are:
• Farm Power and Machinery.
• Soil and water Conservation and Management Engineering (including watershed management, command area
development, conservation, irrigation and field drainage).
• Irrigation (including surface and ground water development).
• Agricultural Process Engineering.
• Farm Storage Engineering.
• Farm use of Electricity.
• Rural water supply, rural roads, rural housing, rural sewerage and other aspects of rural engineering.
CAREER IN AGRICULTURE 391
List of Agricultural Universities in India
India is a Hub of Farmers. Agricultural education in India has evolved into a large and distinct domain, separately from
other areas of higher education.
• Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad
• Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
• Anand Agricultural University, Anand
• Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
• Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat
• Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
• Bihar Agricultural University, Bhagalpur
• Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya
• Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke
• Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai
• Central Agricultural University, Iroisemba
• Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
• Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
• Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur
• College of Agricultural Technology, Theni (Kullapuram)
• Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli
• Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola
• Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan
• G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
• Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana
• Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
• Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur
• Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly
• Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur
• Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh
• Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur
• Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi
• Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad
• Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar
• Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar
• Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University
• Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri
• Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani
• Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur
• Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji University of Agriculture and Technology
• Nagaland University
• Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad
• National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal
• Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari
• Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar
• Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
• Rajendra Agricultural University, Samastipur
• Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior
• Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu
• Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar
• Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner
• Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
• Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram, Chennai, India
• Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
• Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Banaskantha
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut
• Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad
• University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore
392 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad

• University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur
• University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot
• Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan,
Mathura
• Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry
• Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar
• Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan
• West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata
Central Universities
Central universities including Banaras Hindu University, Aligarh Muslim University, Visva-Bharati University, Hemwati
Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Nagaland University and Sikkim University have distinct faculties in agriculture. Few
Central universities also have affiliated agricultural colleges.
State Universities
Bundelkhand University, Lucknow University, Kanpur University, Gorakhpur University, Meerut University, Calcutta
University and many other state universities have distinct agriculture faculties. Most of these universities have a number of
affiliated agriculture colleges.
Institute of National Importance
IIT Kharagpur has a very strong programme in Agricultural Engineering, while IIM A and IIM Lucknow have leading
programmes in Agribusiness. Central Food Technological Research Institute under AcSIR is the premier institute in Food Technology.
Job Opportunities in Agriculture
Placements and Prospects: India is among the largest producers of vegetables and fruits in the world and has an equally
strong floriculture base. Today India’s agriculture has become globalised and the idea of integrating Indian agriculture with
the world economy is getting support. India has enormous potential as an exporter of agricultural commodities ranging from
mushrooms to flowers, spices, cereals, oilseeds and vegetables. The spurt in government support for export of agri-products
has evoked considerable interest among the large business houses which have worked out agreements for technology transfer,
marketing tie-ups, and management and trading contacts with leading foreign counterparts.
Horticulture with its offshoot floriculture has become a focus of export activity. India’s exports of roses, carnations,
gladioli, chrysanthemums, jasmine and other tropical plants and flowers are touching new heights.
In the field of fruits and vegetables too, India has tremendous export potential. With the commercialisation of agriculture
and horticulture there are varied opportunities for salaried jobs as well as entrepreneurship. While salaried jobs with various
government and private concerns provide a regular income, entrepreneurship can generate handsome profits.
Landscapers and horticulturists are hired by hotels, health farms, and holiday resorts to beautify their surroundings.
Florists and nurseries are doing lucrative business especially in the metropolitan cities. Suburban farmhouses have become
important suppliers for the domestic market.
Agricultural University: Different agricultural universities recruit agricultural postgraduates for different post from
concerned field of specialisation. Following are some of the positions which are generally advertised by agricultural universities-
Plant Pathologist, Plant Pathologist, Breeder, Agro-meteorologist, Economic Botanist, Research Engineer, Agronomist, Scientist,
Associate Professor.
Other posts are Assistant Scientists, Assistant Professors , District Extension Specialists, Assistant Plant Pathologist ,
Assistant Bacteriologist, Assistant Botanist, Assistant Soil Chemist, Junior Pedologist, Assistant Economic Botanist, Assistant
Fruit Breeder, Assistant Seed Research Officer, Assistant Seed Research Officer, Junior Entomologist, Assistant Breeder, Junior
Breeder , Junior Agronomist, Assistant Vegetable Botanist , Seed Production Assistant, Assistant Research Scientist, Assistant
Plant Physiologist.
Qualification for all above posts is Doctor Degree/ master degree in concerned disciple. However for some posts experience
in concerned field is required and for Assistant professor and other teaching post, candidate should be NET qualified (conducted
by UGC/ CSIR/ICAR/Other). For senior level post Ph.D in concerned field is compulsory requirement
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
One can choose career under ICAR in the areas of research; one can become an Agricultural Research Scientists (ARS).
The recruitment to these posts is made through ARS/ NET examination is conducted for Scientist post and lectureship.
Presently first time ASRB has change the ARS/NET exam criteria. Now ASRB will conduct ARS/NET (Preliminary and Main)
CAREER IN AGRICULTURE 393

examination. Only those candidates who qualify the preliminary examination will be called for Main examination. Candidate
for ARS interview will be selected on the basis of performance in main examination..
Also ICAR has better option for agricultural graduates, postgraduates and for doctorate degree holders. Bachelor degree
holder can apply for some technical post in concerned discipline. Also some technical post of level of T-5 (Technical Officer)
is better option for postgraduate and above the Technical(T-5) post like T-6 etc and subject matter specialist in Krishi Vigyan
Kendras are better opportunities for Ph.D degree holders.
State Agricultural Departments
One can become an Agriculture Development Officers (ADO). The post is equivalent to that of the Block Development
Officers (BDO). Recruitment to these posts is made on the basis of an examination conducted by public service commission/
concerned department.
You can also apply for the post of a Research Scientist in organisations in the private sector. There, your services may also
be utilised in the laboratories in private labs. The desired qualification required for this purpose is of doctoral level i.e. a Ph.D.
Banking Sector: After doing your B.Sc. you are eligible to apply for jobs offered by banks, finance sector seed companies,
breeding farms, poultry farms and insurance companies etc. Reserve Bank of India, State Bank of India and the nationalised
banks offer openings for postgraduates in agriculture and allied areas as Field Officers, Rural Development Officers and
Agricultural and Probationary Officers.
Seed Companies: Another job opportunity is to join seed companies as Seed Officer, Scientist (Breeding, plant protection
etc.), and technical and other field jobs. Besides these, job opportunities also exist in the areas of farm management, land
appraisal, grading, packaging and labelling. Both in the public and private sectors jobs are also offered in the field of
marketing and sales, transportation, farm utilities, storage and warehousing etc.
ICRISAT
Another opportunity is to join embassies as Agricultural Specialist and other post. Also ICRISAT is an organisation for
research related job of agriculture field.
Career Opportunities in Agro-Industry Sector
Agro - industry provides jobs to scientists, engineers, technologists, sales and marketing people, besides the production
people. These areas of work relate to production, food processing, grain and seed processing, meat and poultry packing, dairy
processing, fats and oils, textiles, fibres, machinery and equipment, fertiliser and lime, pesticides, herbicide, feed manufacturing,
constructions, etc. for which people with adequate knowledge, in the respective fields are required.
Agricultural Engineering: Agricultural branch of engineering provides better job prospects as compared to other
branches. The job is related to activities aimed at improving agriculture, reconstructing rural areas in general and agricultural
machinery, power, farm structures, soil and water conservation, rural electrification, etc.
Agricultural Management: Job opportunities also exist in these relatively new areas. Agriculture related Job
opportunities7 are also available in estates and tea gardens.
Services Sector: In order to regulate the functions of adequate and timely supply of seeds, chemicals, fertilizers, etc. at
genuine price, as also to regulate quality of the food products supplied for consumption by people, there is requirement for
people to inspect, grade, quality control chemicals, plants and animal quarantine, agricultural technicians, agricultural
consultants, agricultural statisticians, veterinarians, foreign agricultural service, inspection and regulation, food and feed,
seed and fertiliser.
There are several Government agencies at centre, state and district levels, which appoint of agricultural employees. In
addition, at the international level the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nation and some other agencies
related to the development of agriculture also appoints consultants.
Corporations: Various corporations providing job opportunities to agriculturists include National Seed Corporation,
State Farm Corporation, Warehousing Corporation and Food Corporation.

18.5. CAREER AS AN AGRICULTURAL SCIENTIST

Introduction
“Agriculture not only gives riches to a nation, but the only riches she can call her own” —Samuel Johnson

What does an agricultural scientist do?

Agricultural scientists do research and development on production techniques, in Improving agricultural productivity in
terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of drought-resistant crops and animals, development of new pesticides, yield-
sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro cell culture techniques), in transformation of primary
394 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of agricultural products), prevention and
correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., soil degradation, waste management, bio-remediation), theoretical production
ecology, relating to crop production modelling. Traditional agricultural systems, sometimes termed subsistence agriculture,
which feed most of the poorest people in the world. These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration
with natural ecological systems greater than that of industrial agriculture, which may be more sustainable than some modern
agricultural systems.
Courses & Eligibility
Various courses at bachelors and masters level are offered in agriculture and its allied subjects. One can also apply for
various research programs in agricultural institutes and universities.
B. Tech programme in Agricultural sciences (4 years)
B.Sc programme in any subject. One can choose from a variety of subjects depending upon his/her interest.
Minimum eligibility requirement for admission: To be eligible, a candidate must have passed 10+2 science examination
with PCB/PCBM/PCM/10+2 having scored not less than 50% marks in aggregate with the condition that candidates coming
from different streams must take remedial courses as prescribed.
Admission: is through entrance test and academic performance
M.Sc Agri Science (2 years)
Masters in Agricultural Business Management
M.Sc Agricultural Biotechnology
M.Sc Food Science and Technology or M.Sc Environmental Science and Technology
Eligibility: Relevant Bachelor’s Degree examination from an institution accredited by ICAR
Admission: is through Entrance and academic performance.
Doctoral degree programmes and fellowship are also offered by many agricultural universities of India.
Course Fee: Central University charges around Rs.18000-20000 per year.
Where to Study: India has as many agricultural universities that offer regular full time programs in agriculture.
• Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural Univ., Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, A.P.
• Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat
• Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam
• Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, P.O Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
• Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand
• Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur
• Chandra Shekar Azad Univ. of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, U.P
• Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar, Haryana
• Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidhalaya, Palampur, Kangra, H.P.
• Dr Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra
• Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Krishi Nagar, Akola, Maharashtra
• Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar Univ. of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan, Nauni, Himachal Pradesh
• Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Udhamsingh Nagar, Uttarakhand
• Guru Angad Dev University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ludhiana, Punjab
• Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Krishak Nagar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh
• Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Krishi Nagar, Jabalpur, M.P.
• Junagadh Agriculture University, Moti Baug, Agril. Campus, Junagadh, Gujarat
• Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Science University, P.B. No. 6, Nandinagar, Bidar, Karnataka
• Kerala Agricultural University, P.O Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala
• Maharana Pratap Univ. of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan
• Maharashtra Animal Science & Fishery University, Nagpur, Maharashtra
• Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra
• Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani, Maharashtra
• Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh
• Navsari Agricultural University, Vijalpore, Navsari, Gujarat
• Orissa Univ. of Agriculture & Technology, Siripur, Bhubaneswar, Orissa
• Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab
• Rajasthan AgriculturalUniversity, Bikaner, Rajasthan
• Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar
• Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Modipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
• Sardarkrushinagar-Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Dantiwada, Banaskantha, Gujarat
• Sher-E-Kashmir Univ. of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Railway Road, Jammu (J&K)
CAREER IN AGRICULTURE 395
• Sher-E-Kashmir Univ. of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Shalimar, Srinagar, (J&K)
• Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Chittoor, A.P.
• Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
• Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
• University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka
• University of Agricultural Sciences, Banglore, Karnataka
• UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidhyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura,
Uttar Pradesh
• Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwaviddyalaya, P.O. Pundibari, Distt. Cooch Behar, West Bengal
• West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, 68 KB Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal
• University of Horticultural Sciences, Venkataramnagudem, West Godavari, A.P.
• Rajmata VRS Agricultural University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh
• University of Horticultural Sciences, Navanagar, Bagalkot, Karnataka
• University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka
Deemed-to-be Universities:
• Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi
• Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
• National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana
• Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra
• Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
Central Universities with Agriculture Faculty
• Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P.
• Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P.
• Vishwa Bharti, Shantiniketan, West Bengal
• Nagaland University, Medizipherma, Nagaland
Career Prospects
There are excellent career opportunities in Agricultural sector for engineering graduates and scientists. They find
employment in private consultancies, large corporations, government and non-government organisations, universities and
colleges, research laboratories, fertiliser industry and some manage large farms or estates.
Famous Personalities
Prof M S Swaminathan is an internationally famous agricultural scientist and he developed varieties in rice and wheat and
is considered leader of the Green Revolution Movement. He has been awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community
Leadership, the Albert Einstein World Science Award, the first World Food Prize in 1987, Volvo Environment Prize in 1999,
and the Franklin D Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award in 2000.
Professor Baldev Singh Dhillon, is an internationally famous agricultural scientist and former Assistant Director General
at ICAR; he developed variety in maize.

18.6. CAREER AS AGRICULTURAL ECONOMISTS

Introduction
Agricultural Economists are concerned with all economical activities that influence agriculture and the distribution of
agricultural products. The primary objective of agricultural economists is to increase profitability in agriculture and improve
human prosperity. They pursue this aim through studying and analyzing the aspects which influence the agricultural economy,
and giving advice. This includes the manufacture and distribution of agricultural means of production; farming itself; the
determination of government policy concerning agricultural and consumption affairs; the purchasing, processing and
distribution of agricultural products; the financing of all aspects of agricultural production and the sale of agricultural
products; economic evaluation of agricultural projects; agricultural development as well as research and advice on all these
facets. Each agricultural economist usually specializes in a certain field.
The fields of study of the agricultural economist are as follows:
Production Economics, which involves the relationship between the inputs, production and profit as well as labor utilization.
Financial Management, which includes aspects such as the management process itself, agricultural planning and the
principles of financing.
Agricultural Marketing, which involves all aspects of marketing such as the price system and market types.
Agricultural Policy, which involves the interaction between agriculture and other sectors, the trade policy, production
policy, price and income policy and the government functions.
396 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Operational Research, which is the application of economic simulation and optimization techniques on agricultural
problems.
Natural Resource and Environmental Economics, which is about the economic evaluation of the interaction between
agricultural production processes and the natural environment.
Courses & Eligibility
Various courses at bachelor’s and master’s level are offered in agriculture and its allied subjects. One can also apply for
various research programs in agricultural institutes and universities.
B. Tech programme in Agricultural Sciences (4 years)
B.Sc programme
One can choose from a variety of subjects depending upon his/her interest.
Minimum eligibility requirement for admission: To be eligible, a candidate must have passed 10+2 science examination
with PCB/PCBM/PCM/10+2 having scored not less than 50% marks in aggregate.
Candidates coming from different streams must take remedial courses as prescribed.
Admission is through an entrance test and academic performance
M.Sc Agri Science (2 years)
Masters in Agricultural Business Management
M.Sc Agricultural Biotechnology
M.Sc Food Science and Technology or M.Sc Environmental Science and technology.
Eligibility: Relevant Bachelor’s Degree examination from an institution accredited by ICAR
Admission is through entrance and academic performance.
Doctoral degree programmes and fellowship are also offered by many agricultural universities of India.
Course Fee: Central University charges around Rs.18000-20000 per year.
Where to Study: (The colleges and universities to study are same as last article)
Career Prospects
Government departments are the major employers for agricultural economists: The Departments of Agriculture, Foreign
Affairs, Trade and Industry, Labour, Environment Affairs & Tourism, Water Affairs and Forestry as well as state authorities give
employment. Commercial and development banks and insurance companies and organisations involved with agricultural
outputs and inputs provide good employment opportunity.

18.7. CAREER AS AGRONOMIST

Introduction
An agronomist is a person who engages in the scientific study of agronomy, which is the science of using plants and plant
materials as fuel, feed, food, and fibre. Agronomists integrate science and practical applications of crop production, soil
management, and climatology in the production and utilization of food, feed, and fibre within an environmentally sound system.
Agronomists today are involved with many issues including producing food, creating healthier food, managing environmental
impact of agriculture, and creating energy from plants. Agronomists often specialize in areas such as crop rotation, irrigation and
drainage, plant breeding, plant physiology, soil classification, soil fertility, weed control, insect and pest control.
Courses & Eligibility
Various courses at bachelor’s and master’s level are offered in agriculture and its allied subjects. One can also apply for
various research programs in agricultural institutes and universities. B.Sc programme in the subject - one can choose from a
variety of subjects depending upon his/her interest. Minimum eligibility requirement for admission: To be eligible, a candidate
must have passed 10+2 science examination with PCB/PCBM/PCM/10+2 having scored not less than 50% marks in aggregate
with the condition that candidates coming from different streams must take remedial courses as prescribed. Admission is
through entrance and academic performance.
M.Sc Agri Science (2 years), Masters in Agricultural Business Management, M.Sc Agricultural Biotechnology, M.Sc Food
Science and Technology or M.Sc Environmental Science and Technology. Eligibility: Relevant Bachelor’s Degree examination
from an institution accredited by ICAR, admission is through entrance and academic performance.
Doctoral degree programmes and fellowship are also offered by many agricultural universities of India.
Course Fee: Central University charges around Rs.18000-20000 per year.
Where to Study: (The colleges and universities to study are same as last article)
Career Prospects
There are excellent career opportunities in agricultural sector for engineering graduates and scientists. They find
employment in private consultancies, large corporations, government and non-government organisations, universities and
colleges, research laboratories, fertiliser industry and some manage large farms or estates.
CAREER IN AGRICULTURE 397
Famous Personalities
Dr. Panjabrao S. Deshmukh, Agricuturist, who was also Agriculture Minister when Pt Nehru was Prime Minister of India.

18.8. CAREER IN AGRICULTURE MARKETING

Agricultural marketing covers the services involved in moving an agricultural product from the farm to the consumer.
Various activities are involved in agricultural marketing such as planning production, growing and harvesting, grading,
packing, transport, storage, agro- and food processing, distribution, advertising and sales.
What does an agricultural marketer do? Agricultural marketers are engaged in providing real estate support, equipment
used in cultivation and harvesting, storage facilities for harvested crops, and delivery services that transport the harvest to
consumers. In addition, financial services that make it possible to secure products necessary for agriculture to function are also
normally included as part of agricultural marketing.
Courses & Eligibility
• Postgraduate Diploma in Agricultural Business Management for students with graduation and PG in agricultural and
allied sciences.
• Postgraduate Program in Agri Business MBA.
Post Graduate Programme in Agribusiness Management (PGP-ABM): The Two-Year Post-Graduate Programme in
Agribusiness Management (PGP-ABM) is designed to prepare students for careers in management related to food & agribusiness
and allied sectors in an international environment. What makes this sector-specific programme special compared to many
other agribusiness programmes is that the programme curriculum has a leading-edge managerial foundation firmly rooted in
IIMA’s “management” culture and proficiency with a focus on food and agribusiness. PGP-ABM has been consistently ranked
Number 1 in the World in Agribusiness and Food Industry Management programs by Eduniversal, Paris, France.
Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad
Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow
National Institute of Industrial Engineering
Symbiosis Institute of International Business
Banaras Hindu University
Indian Institute of Forest Management
Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management
Eligibility Criteria: Candidates must satisfy requirements as given in either section 1.1 or 1.2 below:
The candidate must hold a Bachelor’s or Master’s Degree in agricultural sciences or agriculture-related disciplines, with
at least 50% marks or equivalent CGPA [in case of the candidates belonging to Scheduled Caste (SC)/Scheduled Tribe (ST)
and Differently Abled (DA) category, this is relaxed to 45%], of any of the Universities incorporated by an act of the central or
state legislature in India or other educational institutions established by an act of Parliament or declared to be deemed as a
University under section 3 of UGC Act, 1956, or possess an equivalent qualification recognized by the Ministry of HRD,
Government of India. The Bachelor’s Degree or equivalent qualification obtained by the candidate must entail a minimum of
three years of education after completing higher secondary schooling (10+2) or equivalent.
OR The candidate must hold at least a Bachelor’s/Master’s degree or equivalent qualification in any non-agricultural
discipline from a University or Institution as defined in the above paragraph and have a strong interest in agriculture, food,
rural and allied sectors.
The Bachelor’s Degree or equivalent qualification obtained by the candidates must entail a minimum of three years of
education after completing higher secondary schooling (10+2) or equivalent.
18.9. CAREER AS ANIMAL GENETICISTS
Introduction
Animal Geneticists are animal scientists who conduct research in genetics, nutrition, reproduction, growth and development
of domestic farm animals. They find techniques to enhance animal production efforts. They study the animal’s nutritional
requirements and advice the producers about animal feed. They conduct research on animal selection and breeding to increase
the quality of breed and animal produce. After studies they advise animal keepers on improved practices in feeding, keeping
and improving the quality and quantity of animal products. They crossbreed animals to obtain a breed that has the desired
traits using the principals of genetics.
Courses & Eligibility
One can pursue course in animal science, animal reproduction, or biology. Coursework for such degrees generally
includes the study of subjects such as anatomy, physiology, reproduction, genetics, nutrition, and behavior. Additional
398 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

courses in marketing, communication, and technology are usually beneficial.B.Sc. in animal science, M.Sc. in animal Science.
M.Sc (Animal Genetics and Breeding MVSc Animal Genetics and Beeding.
Admissions are on the basis of common entrance exams and some universities hold their own entrance.
Course Fee: Per year fee for animal genetics program in a good university costs around Rs.60,000.
Where to Study: There are more than 45 veterinary colleges in the country which are imparting the BV.Sc & AH degree
and many Agricultural Universities that offer courses in animal science.
• Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, UP
• College of Veterinary & Animal Science, Udgir
• Bihar Veterinary College, Patna
• Central Institute of Research on Buffaloes (CIRB), Hisar
• College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner
• Central Avian Research Institute (CARI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh
• College of Veterinary Research, Pantnagar, Nainital
• Chandra Shekar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
• Central Institute of Research on Goats (CIRG), Makhdoom, Mathura
• College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardar Krushinagar, Banaskantha
• College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mathura
• College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand, Gujarat
• Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute (CSWRI), Avikanagar, Rajasthan
• National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana
• National Research Center on Camel (NRC Camel), Bikaner, Rajasthan
• National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Karnal, Haryana
• National Research Center on Equines (NRC Equines), Hissar, Haryana
• College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur
• College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow
• College of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Parbhani
• National Research Center on Pig (NRC Pig), Guwahati, Assam
• Project Directorate on Cattle,Meerut Cantt, Uttar Pradesh
• Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
• Central Institute of Fisheries Educations (Cife), Mumbai
• National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Uttar Pradesh
• Choudhary Sarwan Kumar Agricultural Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
Pay & Remuneration
The remuneration that one gets as animal breeder depends on the type and quality of animal. Scientists employed with the
national research institutes or private big organisations earn well. There is huge scope in teaching and educational institutes.
18.10. CAREER AS A HORTICULTURIST
“Gardening requires lots of water—most of it in the form of perspiration.” —Lou Erickson
But there is much more to horticulture than just planting plants. Horticulturists cultivate plants for human use. They
cultivate fruits, vegetables, mushrooms, culinary herbs and non-food crops like flowers, trees and shrubs, turf-grass, hops,
medicinal herbs.
Who is a Horticulturist?
Horticulturists are involved in plant propagation and cultivation with the aim of improving plant growth, yields, quality,
nutritional value, and resistance to insects, diseases, and environmental stresses. They work as growers, therapists, designers,
and technical advisers in the food and non-food sectors of horticulture. A horticultural scientist conduct research in horticulture
and encompasses all of the pure sciences – mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology, and biology – and related sciences and
technologies that underpin horticulture, such as plant pathology, soil science, entomology, weed science, and many other
scientific disciplines. Horticulture Professionals apply their skills in many industries and settings, including private research
laboratories, universities, greenhouses, agriculture businesses, and government agencies. Horticulturists usually specialize in
particular field. Some do research in particular plant species of family and others do more fundamental research in plant
propagation and other areas of interest. It is increasingly getting connected to the Food technology field also as production,
harvesting and storing of vegetables all are getting mechanized.
CAREER IN AGRICULTURE 399
Courses & Eligibility
• Diploma in horticulture (2 years)
• B.Sc. Horticulture/ Agriculture (4 years)
• M. Sc Horticulture (2 years)
• Bachelors degree in Horticulture can be pursued as separate discipline or as a subject of BSc Agriculture Science, 10+2
students in Science stream (class 12th) with physics, chemistry and maths/biology/agriculture as the subject are eligible
for the course.
• After doing B. Sc one can continue his/her further study in the field by doing M. Sc or PhD. The minimum qualification
for admission to various Master’s programmes in agriculture is 60 per cent marks or equivalent in graduation in same or
related streams. For instance, in order to get admission to MA in Pomology; Floriculture and Landscaping; or Vegetable
Crops a B. Sc degree in Agriculture or Horticulture is required.
Course Fee: Agriculture universities charge on an average Rs.20, 000 per year in the B.Sc course.
Where to Study:
• Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Course: Diploma in Horticulture, B.Sc. (Hort), M.Sc. (Horticulture)
• Kerala Agricultural University Course: MSc (Horticulture)
• University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore Course: MSc (Horticulture)
• Choudhary Charan Singh University Haryana, Hisar.
• Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth
• University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwar Course: B.Sc. (Hort), M.Sc. (Horticulture)
• Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi
• Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat
• Dr Y S P University of Horticuture and Forestry, Himachal Pradesh
• Assam Agriculture University, Jorhat.
• BHU, Varanasi, UP.
• Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar
• Annamalai University Course: BSc (Horticulture)
• Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand
• Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chattisgarh
• Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad
Course: M.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture (Vegetable Science), M.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture (Floriculture & Land Scaping), M.Sc.
(Ag.) Horticulture (Fruit Production & Post Harvest Technology)
• Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
Course: B.Sc. (Horticulture), B.Tech. (Horticulture)
• Calcutta University, Kolkata Course: MSc (Horticulture)
Pay & Remuneration
Beginners get around Rs.1.5 to Rs.2 lakhs a year, experienced horticulturists in research get very handsome packages.
They have a good option to start their own business and then there is no limit to how much one can earn.
Career Prospects
Scope in the field of horticulture looks bright in the future. As demand for food plants is definitely going to grow, the
demand for non food plants like flowers, ornamental plants is also picking up very fast. The option to enter in exports sectors
is one bright option after doing horticulture. The advancements and growth in food technology industry is also improving the
prospects in horticulture. Both public and private sectors offer good job options to horticulturists and there are opportunities
to work abroad also.
Famous Personalities
Dr. M. H. Marigowda is considered as the father of Indian Horticulture.
Dr. M. S. Randhawa has also made significant contributions in the field of horticulture.

18.11. CAREER IN PLANT BREEDING/PLANT GENETICS

What is Plant Breeding/Plant Genetics?
Plant breeding is the science involved with the study of genetics in botany. It involves working with plant genes in order
to isolate them and then develop certain plant traits. Once a certain trait, such as plant height, fruit sweetness, or tolerance to
cold is found, a plant geneticist works to improve breeding methods to ensure that future plant generations possess the desired
traits.
400 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

What does a Plant Breeder / Plant Geneticist do?

Plant geneticists develop methods of making produce more nutritious, or altering plant pigments to make the food more
attractive. Plant breeders utilise many techniques to change the genetics of plants in order to produce desired characteristics.
The techniques range from simple selection of plants with desirable characteristics to complex molecular techniques. Classical
plant breeding uses deliberate interbreeding (crossing) of closely or distantly related individuals to produce new crop varieties
or lines with desirable properties. Plants are crossbred to introduce traits/genes from one variety or line into a new genetic
background. For example, a mildew-resistant pea may be crossed with a high-yielding but susceptible pea, the goal of the
cross being to introduce mildew resistance without losing the high-yield characteristics. Progeny from the cross would then be
crossed with the high-yielding parent to ensure that the progeny were most like the high-yielding parent, (backcrossing). The
progeny from that cross would then be tested for yield and mildew resistance and high-yielding resistant plants would be
further developed. Plants may also be crossed with themselves to produce inbred varieties for breeding. Classical breeding
relies largely on homologous recombination between chromosomes to generate genetic diversity. The classical plant breeder
may also makes use of a number of in vitro techniques such as protoplast fusion, embryo rescue or mutagenesis to generate
diversity and produce hybrid plants that would not exist in nature.
Courses & Eligibility
Various courses at undergraduate and post graduate level are offered at many universities
• B.Sc. Genetics, B.Sc. (Genetics and Plant breeding)
• Eligibility: Different universities have different eligibility criteria but mostly universities offer
• M.Sc Genetics, M.Sc. (Genetics and Plant breeding)
• Eligibility: different universities have different eligibility criteria but mostly B.Sc. Botany/ Zoology/ Bio- Chemistry/
B.Sc. (Ag.)/ B.V.Sc. / MBBS students are eligible for Post graduate course.
Where to Study: Course in Genetics is offered at Undergraduate level at
• Osmania University, Hyderabad, B.Sc.
• University of Poona, Pune, B.Sc.
• Kakatiya University, Warangal, B.Sc.
• Lucknow University, UP, B.Sc.
• SRM university, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu offers B.Tech in Genetics
Universities with courses in Genetics and Plant Breeding
• BHU, Varanasi, UP M.Sc.
• Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, UP, M.Sc.
• Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, M.Sc.
• Calcutta University, West Bengal, M.Sc.
• CCS University, Meerut, M.Sc, M.Phil.
• Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, M.Sc.
• University of Kerala, Thiruvananthpuram, Kerala , M.Sc.
Other universities offering course in genetics are
• University of Delhi, Delhi Offers M.Sc.. - Eligibility: B.Sc. with the requisite percentage of marks and with such
additional qualifications as may be prescribed from time to time.
• Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana Offers M.Sc., - Eligibility: An overall grade point average of 2.25 (4.00
basis) of 53% marks in aggregate at graduate level.
• Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab Offers M.Sc
• Barkatullah Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, Offers M.Sc.
Famous Personalities
1. Benjamin Peary Pal, Plant breeder and geneticist, architect of Indian Green revolution, worked in wheat hybrid.
2. Dr. Harbhajan Singh, Plant Geneticist, contributed to the Green Revolution in India, introduced new species such as
soybean, sunflower, low chilling and temperate fruits.

18.12. CAREER IN FOOD AND DAIRY TECHNOLOGY

Introduction
“All you need is love. But a little chocolate now and then doesn’t hurt.” —Charles M. Schulz
Food was, is and will be needed by all of us but the way we consume food has undergone considerable change. Newer
products with same ingredients or sometimes new ingredients are available, Milk powder; different types of cheese, decaffeinated
coffee, packaged juice, and ready to eat packaged food are all work of food technologists. These professionals work in
CAREER IN AGRICULTURE 401
development of manufacturing processes and recipes of foods and drinks. They work on existing and new ingredients and
technology to invent new recipes and concepts and create specialized products.
What do food technologists do?
Food technologists are trained professional who are involved in the treatment, processing, preservation, and distribution
of foods. Many food technologists are food scientists rather than engineers. These individuals also develop new food products,
and also deal with sensory evaluation of food products. On the other hand food engineers design the process and machinery
for making products with a consistent flavor, color and texture in large quantities.
Dairy Technologists are professional who use their skills and knowledge in improving the methods in production,
preservation, and utilization of milk, cheese, ice cream, and other dairy products. They conduct experiments in such problems
as preventing bacterial increase in milk during handling and processing, improving pasteurization methods, and designing
better packaging materials, dairy equipment, or supplies. Dairy technologists specialize according to products like ice cream
or cheese, or according to functional activity, as sanitation research or storage problems.
• B.Sc. (Food science / food technology): PCM or PCB at 10+2 level can opt for under-graduate courses in food technology,
food science and home science. M.Sc( Food science/food technology), eligibility criteria is B.Sc.( Food science/food
technology).
• B.Sc. Dairy Technology: 10+2 with Science with a minimum required percent of aggregate marks.
• B.Tech. Dairy Technology: 10+2 with Science with a minimum required percent of aggregate marks and entrance test
conducted at the National or state level.
• M.Sc.: Graduation in dairy technology.
• M.Tech in Dairy Technology: Eligibility criteria is B.Sc or B.Tech degree.
• B.V.Sc. and Biotechnology courses are exempted from graduation courses in dairy technology. Such candidates can
directly opt for masters degree programmes.
Where to Study:
• Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences (Delhi University)
• Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women (Delhi University)
• Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore
• Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
• University of Bombay, Mumbai
• National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management
• Manipur University Imphal (B.Sc with food technology)
• Dr. Babasabeb Ambedhar Marathawada University Aurangabad (B.Sc. with Food & Nutrition)
• Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam (B.Sc with food technology)
• Kakatiya University,Warangal (B.Sc. with Food and Nutrition)
• University of Calcutta, Calcutta, B.Sc. with Food and Nutrition
• University of Mysore, Crawford Hall, Mysore (Diploma Course Food Analysis and Quality Assurance/Food Science
Technology)
• University of Madras, Madras (B.Sc. with Food Preservation)
• Chitrakoot Gramodaya Visbwavidyalaya, Distt. Satna - B.Tech. (Food Engineering)
• Kanpur University, Kanpur (UP)(M.Tech. is also available)
• Nagpur University, Nagpur B. Sc. Tech (after B.Sc)
• Andhra University, Visakhapatnam (A.P.) M.Sc. (Food Science)
• Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (UP) M.Sc. Food Technology, (M.Sc. in Food
and Nutrition is available)
• Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (Punjab) M.Sc. in Food & Fermentation Technology and Food Sc
• Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore M.Sc. (Food and Nutrition)
• University of Agricultural Sciences, Krishinagar, Dharwad
• University of Mysore, Mysore M.Sc. (Food and Nutrition)
• SNDT Women’s University, 1, Nathibai Thackersay Road, Mumbai, Food Science Preservation/Management and Food
Sc. Technology
• Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar. (DOU 27112007), M.Sc. Food Technology Institutes/Universities (Dairy Technology)
• National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal
• SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand
• Dairy Science College, Bangalore
• IIT Kharagpur
• Allahabad Agricultural Institute (Diploma in Dairy Husbandry and Dairy Technology course of two years duration)
• National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore
402 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

• Archarya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University

• College of Dairy Technology , Nagpur (Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University)
• Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya College of Agricultural Engineering, Adhartal, Jabalpur
• Kerala Agricultural University
• Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
• University of Agricultural Sciences, Krishinagar, Dharwad,Karnataka
Career Prospects: Good opportunities exist in food processing industry in research and development and manufacturing.
Food industries, rice mills, dairy industries, hospitals, food packaging industry, soft drinks manufacturers all employ food
technologists

18.13. CAREER IN DAIRY SCIENCE AND POULTRY FARMING

Today, the dairy industry is a large organized sector with both private and government participation. In its network across
the country there are rural based milk producers who have joined private or government owned cooperatives to reach the
burgeoning markets in cities and towns, and there are large scale government/privately owned dairy farms. There are almost
200 dairies across the country managing milk produce of almost 1.5 lakh tons a day. Based in urban and semi-urban locations
are milk processing units involved in the manufacture of milk products like cheese, butter, cream, ghee, milk food, ice cream
etc. The marketing outlets, with efficient transportation network of dairy products, are in large metropolitan towns and in some
smaller cities.
Poultry farming has indicated rapid growth of 20% in the past few decades as well. From a backyard hobby it has
culminated into an industry involving almost 7 lakh people. Egg production today is approximately 2.2 billion a month while
broiler chicken marketing indicates 30 million sales per month. This venture has largely been entrepreneurial and poultry
farmers prefer to target their efforts to breeding& broiler farming for sale of ready broilers or layer farming for eggs.
Nature of Work
Dairy Farming: Dairy farming includes breeding and care of milch cows and high yielding cattle, procuring milk and
processing of milk into a variety of dairy products. The production process requires engineers for the maintenance of processing
plants and dairy technologists for overseeing the processing of milk products. Breeding and care of cattle is generally the work
of Veterinary Scientists. Dairy technologists work in procuring milk from rural based small dairy farmers or as supervisors in
large dairies, monitoring the procurement and collection process. Marketing of the dairy products is handled by marketing
and sales professionals.
Dairy Technology: The dairy technologist is concerned with the development of new and improved methods in
production, preservation and the utilization of milk, cheese and other dairy products. They apply their knowledge of bacteriology,
economics, engineering and physical sciences.
Dairy Science: Dairy science is the study of the reproductive and lactation process. It incorporates improving breeding
of dairy animals. Dairy scientists experiment with feed and environmental conditions for better quantity and improvement of
nutritional value of milk.
Poultry Farming: Poultry farming encompasses the breeding and rearing of chicks, feed formulation, care of chicks for
prevention and control of disease and overall management of the farm including finance and marketing functions. It is a
highly specialized field of work where experience and knowledge have a lot to contribute to success. Procurement of good
breed of chick (from breeders) with the correct assessed laying or weight gain capacity to formulating nutritional feed for the
chicks, keeping the farm clean and free of disease and infection, prophylactic administration of vaccinations and monitoring
the breeding temperature in the farm all require good training and intense involvement. Experienced poultry farmers experiment
on light and warmth management in layer farms, artificial insemination, feed substitutes and additives as well as on feed
formulations. Like dairy products marketing of poultry products too needs efficient management. Poultry farmers have to
manage the storage of their products till these reach the market.
Work Environment: Since the dairy industry must maintain strict codes of health and hygiene dairy plants are generally
clean and equipped with modern machines. Animal rearing, nevertheless, is a job which requires stamina and endurance to
work under conditions which are not too clean and comfortable. In a poultry farm working and inspecting sheds where birds
have been kept can be tough as the place is dirty and noisy. In dairy farms there are similar working conditions. In marketing
the job is very much like that of other marketing professionals.
Personal Characteristics: The job of dairy and poultry farmers requires both scientific acumen and attention for detail.
Health and care of the farm animals and birds is of prime concern which requires regular attention and a well structured
personal regimen.
Dedication, care and love for animals, attention to many details is required while providing shelter, medical care,
nourishment to the animals and birds at the farm. A scientific temper allows handling the work methodically eliminating
breeding problems and casualties.
CAREER IN AGRICULTURE 403
Marketing requires skills of communicating, planning and marketing skills. Dairy Technologists as managers must have
leadership qualities, team spirit, ability to think on their feet, originality, knowledge of man and machine, preparedness to go
anywhere and above all, motivation, commitment, and a killer instinct to give and receive the best from the industry.
Employment Avenues: Dairy technologists work in public and privately managed dairy farms, cooperatives, rural banks,
milk product processing and manufacturing industries. They work in quality control departments and in biotechnological
research. With Operation Flood, Indian cooperatives have had to play a significant role in the growth of this sector. The organized
sector has been steadily growing in milk production and in milk processed foods. Dairy Technologists, Dairy Scientists and rural
managers are employed by public sector organisations e.g. National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), Dairy Cooperative Societies,
Plants manufacturing milk products, marketing of milk and milk products including storage and transportation.
Research organisations too look for Dairy Scientists: In the private sector, Hindustan Lever, Nestle, Glaxo, Smith Kline
Beecham, etc. are some of the leading companies employing dairy technologists. The chain of command differs in public and
private dairy plants. In the latter case, fresh graduates usually join as management trainees/executives and go on the become
junior officers. The next stage is that of a Shift-in-Charge, followed by Superintendent, Manager, General Manager and then
the Managing Director. In the state dairy department, the Milk Commissioner is the supreme head, under him come the
Additional Milk Commissioner and Deputy Milk Commissioner. At the plant level, the hierarchy starts with the Dairy
Manager or Plant Manager. Below him are the Deputy Plant Manager, Assistant Plant Manager, Technologists and Technicians.
While a B. Tech in dairy technology usually joins as a Technologist or Assistant Manager, those with an M.Tech start off on a
higher rung. Graduates in poultry farming find employment in large poultry farms, breeding farms, feed production industries,
laboratories working on feed formulation and analysis, pharmaceutical firms, in veterinary hospitals, in government poultry
extension cells, and in large scale marketing divisions of poultry products. Many graduates set up their own venture.
Institutes of poultry production and management
• Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Pin: 243 122 (UP) India E-mail us: cari_director@rediffmail.com
• National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Makrampur Campus, G.T. Road Baldi Bye Pass, P.O. Box-129, Karnal-
132001 (Haryana), India
Name of the universities offering post graduation in poultry science
(1) Acharya N.G. Ranga, Agricultural University, Hyderabad College of Veterinary Science, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad.
College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati.
(2) Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat. Faculty of Veterinary Science, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati.
(3) Gujarat Agricultural University, Banaskantha. College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand. College of
Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Sardar Krushi Nagar.
(4) Karnataka Veterinary, Animal & Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar. (KVAFSU) College of Veterinary Science, Bangalore.
(5) Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur. College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur.
(6) Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur.
College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Mohow.
(7) Maharashtra Animal & fishery Sciences University, (MAFSU) Nagpur. College of Vetreianry & Anmal Sciences, Parbhani.
Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur. Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai. Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary &
Animal Science, Akola.
(8) Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneshwar College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry,
Bhubaneshwar.
(9) Pondicherry University, Pondicherry Rajiv Gandhi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pondicherry.
(10) Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Science University, Chennai. Madras Veterinary College, Chennai Veterinary College
and Research Institute, Namakkal.
(11) Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sanstha,
Mathura College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Mathura. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, (Deemed
University), Izatnagar, UP. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, (Deemed University), Izatnagar. UP.
Private institutions of poultry science:
1. Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Itzatnagar 243122, UP.
2. Central Avian Research Institute (CARI), Izatnagar 243122, UP.
3. Project Directorate on Poultry, Hyderabad 500030. (A.P)
4. High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Bhopal. (M.P.)
5. Central Poultry Development Organization (CPDO), Mumbai, Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh.
6. Central Training Institute for Poultry Production and Management (CTIPPM) Bangalore, Karnataka.
7. Poultry Diagnostic Research Centre, (PDRC) Pune (M.S.) 412202.
8. Dr. B.V. Rao Institute of Poultry Management & Technology (IPMT) Pune (M.S.) 412202.
404 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Fellowships programme: After completing graduation (B.V.Sc & AH), Candidate can avail the fellowship for doing his
post graduation (M.V.Sc) in Poultry science by qualifying All India Competitive Examination conducted by Indian Council
of Agricultural Research (ICAR) which award Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) for rankers though which, students can
secure post graduation seat in universities.
Diploma Courses: Some ICAR and Private Institutes train students by providing basic information and practical training
courses in different aspects of Poultry Science. IVRI conducts National Diploma which helps them to provide knowledge and
join opportunity in poultry sector.
Many students are interest in research program after post graduation. There are job opportunities in teaching or research
as an Assistant professor/Teaching associates in the department of Poultry Science for candidates who have doctorate degree.
Agricultural Scientist Recruitment Board (ASRB), New Delhi also conducts National Eligibility Test (NET) for selection of
Poultry graduates as Scientist at various National Institutes to enhance research quality. There are few candidates who want to
provide consultancy and are self employed. Poultry graduate can earn good amount of money through consultancy and
visiting at different private poultry farms. People can start their farm by completing post graduation in poultry science. For
doing own business, they can get financial support from NABARD (National Agricultural Bank for Rural Development).,
Rural Cooperative Banks and Nationalized Banks.
Poultry Industry & Public Sector: At present, demand of poultry specialist is very high due critical issue of bird flu
which is a major problem for poultry sector. All poultry companies require experts to face the challenges of disease and other issues
for overall development of poultry sector. Post Graduate in poultry science can work in any field like hatchery, breeding, nutrition
& feed manufacturing, health & biosecurity, economics, products & processing, Management, technical and sale.
They also get array of job opportunities in NGOs/ Public sectors which are working in the field of poultry rearing. In every
state of India, there are poultry farms for development of livestock policies. These organizations are always looking for
suitable candidates who are post graduate of Poultry science. Poultry specialists are also employed in Veterinary Officer/
veterinary Assistant Surgeon/ Livestock Development Officer in state government’s poultry farms. Krishi Vigyan Kendra
(KVK) which works under Agricultural Extension Division, New Delhi also choose poultry post graduates as Training Associates/
Subject matter Specialist for training of farmers and enhance their knowledge in leading edge areas of poultry farming.
Therefore, post graduate candidate can choose this career and get success in life.

18.14. CAREER AS A VETERINARIAN

A veterinarian, or a vet, is a physician/surgeon for animals and a practitioner of veterinary medicine. Most vets look after
domesticated animals, while some treat wild animals, too.
As per research, veterinarians tend to the healthcare needs of animals, pets, livestock, and zoo animals. Many vets work
in private clinics treating companion animals, for example dogs and cats. Many large-animal veterinarians are employed by
farms, ranches, and even zoos. Indian army is also one of the big employers. A small number are unique veterinarians who treat
horses, and food animal vets who work with farm animals. There are some vets who specialize in food safety and inspection.
They check livestock for illnesses that can be transmitted to humans. There are research veterinarians also who do research on
human and animal health conditions.
Animals can’t tell their problems and many pet owners do not spend a lot of money on diagnosis and tests, vets have to
rely on their experience. Before touching the animal they should know about the temperament of animal also they should
examine with a lot of care so that injury to self should be prevented.
Courses & Eligibility
Bachelor’s in Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (B.V.Sc & AH) (5 years) eligibility is class 12th with science
subjects such as Physics, Chemistry and Biology and admission is through entrance exam.
Veterinary colleges are recognized by Veterinary Council of India.
Masters in MVSc: After BVSc one can go for MVSc and specialize in medicine, surgery, biochemistry, genetics and
breeding, poultry science, biotechnology, pharmacology, physiology, immunology, etc.
Veterinary Council of India conducts an ‘All India Common Entrance Examination’ All India Pre-Veterinary Test
(AIPVT) for admission to first year Bachelor of Veterinary Science (BVSc) & Animal Husbandry (AH) degree course for filling
up 15% of the total number of seats of each veterinary college of all states; about 36 colleges where Indian Veterinary Council
Act, 1984 extends. For other seats the respective states conduct entrance exams.
This Entrance exam is usually held in the month of May each year. For admission to master’s degree program, All India
Entrance Examination is conducted by the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR).
Where to Study: There are 38 veterinary colleges in India. Apart from this IVRI (Indian Veterinary Research Institute,
Bareilly, UP) offers the Master and Ph.D. programs in almost every subject. NDRI and College of Animal Science CCSHAU,
Hissar offers Master’s and Ph.D. in animal sciences only.
CAREER IN AGRICULTURE 405

• Bombay Veterinary Science College.

• Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana
• Indian Veterinary Research Institute
• College of Veterinary Sciences, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
• Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
• College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Udgir, Maharashtra
• Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University Veterinary College, Bidar
• Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy
• Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University College of Veterinary Science, Pookode
• Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
• Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University
• Rajendra Agricultural University
• Rajiv Gandhi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
• SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir Faculty of veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry
• Sri Venkateswara University College of Veterinary Science
Career Prospects: There are plenty of job opportunities for vets. In urban areas there is scope for small animal vets and
dairy vets. Dairy farms, farm houses and zoological parks all offer good opportunity for vets. One can also become a Army
officer. With higher education one can also think about career as a professor in veterinary college. Various research organizations
like veterinary research institute, also offer good opportunity. Some vets also join corporate sector and work with companies
producing food stuff for animals. There are a number of opportunities in NGOs/Societies working for the welfare of the animals
and livestock owners like BAIF (Bharti Agro Industrial Federation), Help-in-Suffering, LPP, PETA (People for Ethical Treatment
of Animal) etc.
Veterinary science is a medical profession that deals with the control of disease in animals. A veterinarian or a doctor of
animals’ primary responsibility is to look after the health and welfare of the animals. It also includes the breeding and
scientific handling of livestock. Veterinarians can choose to work in urban areas, where the work would mostly include the
care and handling of domestic pets, or with the government’s animal husbandry departments.
The demand for veterinary doctors has increased tremendously. More and more people are keeping pets, both for
companionship and protection, than ever before. Many more women, too, are entering this profession today.
Nature of Work: The job profile of veterinarians is probably much more than that of a general physician or a surgeon.
They diagnose the disease; work to prevent and control animal diseases; treat sick and injured animals; prevent the
transmission of the animal diseases to people and advise owners on proper care of the pets and the livestock.
Approach in treatment can also vary according to different animals. Those handling domestic pets have to keep in mind
the owner’s attachment to the pet and provide individual attention and care.
In farm animal practice, vets are concerned not only with treating animals which are owner’s investment, but also with
advising on the well-being and productivity of the entire stock.
Personality: A veterinarian should have a genuine love for animals. Aptitude and interest in the biological sciences are
important. Scientific learning and undertaking of animals is required.
Working with large animals requires physical stamina and quick body reflexes to tackle the animal’s moody behaviour.
Other qualities are:- ability to inspire confidence in animals; power of observation and self-reliance; adaptability; indifference
to the occasionally disagreeable conditions of work;
Professional Courses
1. College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
2. College of Veterinary Science, Guwahati, Assam.
3. College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Ranchi, Jharkhand.
4. Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, Bihar.
5. College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand, Gujarat.
6. Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai, Maharashtra.
7. College of Veterinary Science, Ludhiana, Punjab.
8. College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan.
9. Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
10. College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh.
11. College of Veterinary Science, Pantnagar, Uttar Pradesh.
12. Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai.
13. West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Calcutta.
406 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Colleges, Institutions and Universities

Specialization: Most veterinary surgeons develop a particular area of expertise.
(a) Private Practice: Veterinary doctors in urban areas can set up private practice to deal mainly with small or domestic
animals. This can be quite profitable, especially in big cities, but tends to get restricted to canine and feline pets.
(b) Hospitals:- Veterinary surgeons attached to veterinary hospitals in cities may also find themselves handling mainly
domestic pets. But the government postings could also be in rural areas where responsibilities extend to cattle, sheep,
goats, horses, poultry, etc.
(c) Extension Officers:- Veterinary doctors are required for extension programmes, i.e. they educate and encourage livestock
farmers to build up the quality of their animal stock. They also advise on animal farm management and animal health
problems.
(d) Dairy Sector:- The veterinarian doctors employed by the dairy sector work at ensuring increasing yields in milk
production, and also the health and breeding of dairy cattle.
(e) Pharmaceutical Companies:- Veterinarians are employed in the pharmaceutical companies where they handle the
production of vaccines, or the development of animal feeds and fertilizers.
(f) Wildlife and Environment: Vets play an important role in captive breeding of wild animals, particularly those feared
to be getting extinct. This helps in maintaining the ecological balance and in catering to the health of wild animals.
Career Prospects
Within the veterinary field itself, there are several career options. After a student graduates as a vet, he/she can opt for a Post
Graduation or Ph.D. in specialized areas like surgery, andrology or medicine, or take up the job of a livestock development officer.
Other than these, a vet can also join dairy and poultry farms as a doctor or become a marketing officer for a pharmaceutical company.
Wildlife and zoo veterinarians promote natural ecology and cater to the health problems in wildlife in zoos, national
parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
Army veterinarians can work as officers of the Remount Veterinary corps.
Remunerations: In India, an average vet makes anything between Rs.10, 000 to Rs.80, 000 per month. This depends
upon the kind of practice and the animals that are treated.
18.15. ARS EXAM—AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICES ACRONYM
Agricultural Research Services acronym as ARS Exam is conducted by the ASRB of Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR) for appointment as Scientists in Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of Indian Council of Agricultural
Research in the pay scale of Rs.15,600 - Rs.39,100 plus research Grade Pay of Rs.6,000 in the ICAR (Indian Council of
Agricultural Research) Institutes.
ARS Exam Eligibility:
Eligibility Criteria
1. Educational Qualification: For Agricultural Research Service Test a candidate must have a Master’s degree or equivalent
in the concerned subject
2. Age: A candidate must have attained the age of 21 years but not have attained the age of 32 years as on the respective
year of the exam.
On job candidates of ICAR less than 45 years in age and of the State Agricultural Universities less than 35 years in age as
on the respective year will also be eligible to appear subject to possession of prescribed qualifications.
ARS Exam Syllabus: ARS consists of questions from the relevant subjects.
ARS Exam Pattern: ARS Exam consists of two stages ie. Preliminary Exam followed by Main Exam and Vica Voca as
given below.
Preliminary Exam: Subject Type of Questions M.Marks Timing
Respective Professional Subject Objective Type 150 2 Hrs.
Note: 1/3 marks will be deducted for each wrong answer in Prelim ARS Examination. This is a Qualifying exam and marks
scored will not be counted for final selection.
Main Exam
Main Exam consists of three parts as given below:
Subject Type of Questions No of Questions M.Marks Timming
Part A Very short answer type of question<10 words 40 80 3 Hrs.
Part B Short Answer type of question 1 or 2 paragraph 20 100
Part C Essay type or discriptive type 6 60
Total 240
CAREER IN AGRICULTURE 407

Note: Answers are required to be written in the space provided below the question. In no case extra sheets will be provided.
Viva Voce: 60 Marks
The candidates clearing Mains Examination will be called for Viva-voce in the ratio 1:5 subject to minimum 55% are
obtained by General / OBC candidates and 50% marks are obtained by SC / ST / PC candidates in ARS Mains Examination
(Subjective type).
ARS Exam Dates: ARS Preliminary Exam is generally held in the month of February every year.
How to apply for ARS Exam? A candidate seeking admission to the Examination must apply to The Secretary,
Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, New Delhi-110012 on the application form
available on ICAR Website www.icar.org.in or ASRB Website www.asrb.org.in. The application form must be filled up by the
candidate in his / her own handwriting only. The candidates are not required to attach the copies of the documents/certificates
in support of their candidature.
How many attempt can a candidate avail to take ARS Exam? The number of attempts for appearing in the Agricultural
Research Services Examination will be limited to FOUR for all candidates (whether M.Sc/PhD) including the in-service
candidates of ICAR. However this restriction will not apply to SC and ST candidates, who are eligible otherwise.
ARS Exam Fee: Prospective candidates have to pay Rs.480 (Rs. Four hundred eighty only) plus registration charge of
Rs. 20/- (Rs. Twenty only).
All candidates will pay registration fee of Rs. 20
Note: Women candidates and the candidates belonging to schedule caste/schedule tribe/physically challenged categories
are exempted from payment of examination fee only. No fee exemption is, however, available to OBC candidates and they are
required to pay the registration fee in full. Details of fee charges to be paid:
S.No Category of Candidates Examination Fee Registration Fee Total Fee
1 General / OBC 480 20 500
2 Woman/Schedule Caste/Schedule Tribe/
Physically ChallengedWoman/Schedule Caste/
Schedule Tribe/Physically Challenged Nil 20 20
The Agricultural Research Services Exam is held every year in the main cities of the India.
ARS Exam Contact Details
The Secretary
Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board
Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan
Pusa, New Delhi-110012.

18.16. ASRB NET

Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board National Eligibility Test acronym as ASRB NET is conducted twice in a year
for selecting candidates for determining eligibility for Lecturer/ Assistant Professor in the State Agricultural Universities
(SAUs) and other Agricultural Universities (AUs).
ASRB NET Exam Eligibility
1. Educational Qualification: For admission to Agricultural Research Service/National Eligibility Test a candidate
must have a Master’s degree or equivalent in the concerned subject
2. Age: A candidate must have attained the age of 21 years as on the respective year of the exam.
Reservations as per governmental norms are applicable regarding age limits and job vacancies
ASRB NET Exam Syllabus : ARS NET Consists of questions from the relevant subjects.
ASRB NET Pattern: ASRB NET will be one paper of 150 marks consisting of 150 objective type multiple choice questions
to be solved in 2 (Two) Hrs. Each question carries One mark. These 150 questions shall be derived from the respective discipline in
which the candidate has opted to appear.
Minimum marks required for qualifying NET Exam:
Category of Candidate Minimum Qualifying Marks
General / OBC 60%
SC / ST/ Physically Challenged Person 50%
Note: 1/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer in the NET examination.
ASRB NET Allowed Number of Attempts
The number of attempts for appearing in the National Eligibility Test Examination will be limited to FIVE for all
candidates (whether M.Sc./Ph.D.) including the in-service candidates of I.C.A.R. However, this restriction will not apply to SC
and ST candidates, who are otherwise eligible.
408 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Note: The number of attempts made by the candidates prior to National Eligibility Test Examination - 2012 will not be
taken into account for counting the number of attempts made
ASRB NET Exam Dates: ASRB NET exam is held twice in a year in the months of January and June.
ASRB NET Exam Fee: The fee a given below must be paid through a Crossed Bank Draft only drawn in favour of The
Secretary, A.S.R.B. and payable at New Delhi with the application form.
Candidates should write their name and address on the reverse of the Bank Draft. No other form of payment will be
accepted by the Board.
Fee Structure
S.No Category Fee
1 General Rs.1000
2 Other Backward Classes- Non Creamy Layer Rs.500
3 Scheduled Cast Scheduled Tribe and Physically Challenged Rs.250
ASRB NET Exam Centres
List of ASRB NET Exam centres is as follows:

18.17. NDRI DAHD ENTRANCE EXAM

National Dairy Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research Diploma in Animal Husbandry and Dairying
Entrance Exam acronym as NDRI DADH Entrance exam is conducted by ICAR for providing admission to Diploma in Animal
Husbandry and Dairying in Eastern Regional Station of NDRI, Kalyani.
NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam Eligibility
Educational Qualification: Aspiring candidates must have passed 10 Standard Examination of the Central Board of
Secondary Education or any other examination within scope and standard found to be equivalent to the Secondary School
Examination of recognized board after a period of 10 years of study.
Candidate must have passed the qualifying examination as enumerated above securing not less than 50% of the total
marks (or equivalent grades/ OGPA etc.) for General, OBC and UPS categories and 40% of the total marks (or equivalent
grades/OGPA etc.) for SC/ST, Physically handicapped and NEH states nominated candidates.
Note: Those candidates who are appearing for Class 10th examination in the year 2014 can also apply subject to their
producing 10 passing certificate on or before 31.07.2014.
Age Limits: Aspiring candidates who must have attained the age of 15 years but not more than 21 years are eligible.
NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam Pattern: There will be only one paper based on Science, Mathematics and English
language of 10 Standard syllabuses and General Knowledge expected from 10 Standard. The entrance examination will be 2
hrs duration and of 150 marks. Paper will be of objective type with multiple choice questions.
Note: The qualifying marks in the entrance examination will be 50% for general, OBC & UPS and 45% for SC / ST and
PH categories.
NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam Dates: NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam is normally held in the month of June.
How to apply for NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam?
To apply for NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam the downloaded Application Form shall be filled and submitted along with a
Demand Draft of Rs.600/ OR
The Information Bulletin and Application Form can also be obtained from the:
In Charge, Academic Cell
National Dairy Research Institute
Eastern Regional Station
A-12 Block, Kalyani
District Nadia- 741235 by hand
After obtaining Application: The completed Application Form along with the necessary documents should reach to the
following address by Speed post to:
In Charge, Academic Cell
National Dairy Research Institute
Eastern Regional Station
A-12 Block, Kalyani
District Nadia- 741235
CAREER IN AGRICULTURE 409
NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam Fee: NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam Fee is Rs.600 only.
NDRI DAHD Test Centers: The entrance examination will be conducted at the following given centres.
1. NDRI, Karnal-132001, (Haryana)
2. Southern Regional Station, NDRI, Adugodi, Bangalore-560030 (Karnataka)
3. Eastern Regional Station, NDRI, A 12 Block, Kalyani-741235, District Nadia, West Bengal
NDRI DAHD Entrance Exam Contact Details:
The Head
National Dairy Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station
A 12 Block, Kalyani, District Nadia
West Bengal -741235.
Other agricultural courses: While many non-agricultural universities offer postgraduate courses related to agriculture,
a number of agricultural universities have introduced agricultural courses related to other disciplines. Some of the important
ones are: Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Statistics and Agro Meteorology.
What can you do after passing out?
On obtaining a graduate or a postgraduate degree in a discipline of agriculture and allied sciences, there are a wide range
of options and opportunities in teaching, research and transfer of technology areas in State Agricultural Universities (SAUs),
State Departments of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry and NGOs. Even banks which advance credit and loans for agro-
based projects employ agricultural specialists. The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducts an annual competitive
examination for recruitment in the Indian Forest Services. The employment opportunities are really multifaceted for competent
persons. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) (Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, and New Delhi-110012), an
autonomous body under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), is one of the largest employers of
scientific manpower in the country.
The research set-up includes 45 Central Institutes, four National Bureaus, 10 Project Directorates, 30 National Research
Centres and 80 All-India Coordinated Research Projects. For effective communication of research findings among farmers, the
ICAR maintains a network of 261 Krishi Vigyan Kendras, along with 8 Zonal Coordinating Units. More than 6,500 research
scientists work directly in ICAR’s research establishments and about 5,000 work in SAUs, and projects funded directly by the
ICAR.
Recruitments to these positions constituting the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) are made by the Agricultural
Scientist Recruitment Board (ASRB). Recruitments are made in 61 disciplines through a nation-wide competitive examination
followed by a personal interview. These 61 disciplines apart, agricultural, animal and allied sciences include basic and
fundamental sciences, home science and engineering, This is, however, a combined competitive examination not only for
recruitment in ARS but also used as National Eligibility Test (NET) for appointment of Assistant Professors and Lecturers in
SAUs and for awarding Senior Research Fellowships. Generally, the competitive examination is held in October every year for
which notification is made latest by April. The National Academy of Agricultural Research Management (NAARM) at Hyderabad
imparts foundation training to new entrants in Agricultural Research Service (ARS).
Scientific placements in ICAR are classified into Scientists, Senior Scientists and Principal Scientists. Promotion from
Scientists to the level of Senior Scientists is through performance appraisal and the length of service in the previous grade.
Lateral entry into these positions is open to scientists from other organisations and the SAUs. There is also ample opportunity
for training and skill up gradation and active participation in research both within the country and abroad. Opportunities are
also available for obtaining higher degrees for in-service candidates with study-leave benefits.

18.18. AGRICULTURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSES IN INDIA

List of all Agriculture Science and Technology Courses in India
Agriculture science and technology is an applied science industry. Its objective is to impart technical and professional
knowledge of biological and chemical principles so that they can be utilized in the areas of soils and fertilizers, pests and
control procedures, and crop and livestock production and management.
Agriculture Science and Technology is further divided into following sub categories:
• Agriculture and Allied Practices
• Dairy Technology and Management
• Forestry and Wild Life
• Horticulture
• Plant Pathology
• Poultry and Dairy Farming
410 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

18.19. LIST OF AGRICULTURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSES IN INDIA

Degree Courses in Agriculture:
B.Sc. (Agriculture) B.Sc. (Soil Science)
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Agriculture) B.Sc. (Tea Husbandry & Technology)
B.Sc. (Horticulture Science) B.Sc. (Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources)
M.Sc. (Agriculture) B.Sc. (Vegetable Science)
M.Sc. (Horticulture) B.Tech. (Agricultural and Food Engineering)
Ph.D. (Agriculture) B.Tech. (Agriculture Information Technology)
Ph.D. (Horticulture) B.Tech. (Dairy Technology)
B.B.A. (Agriculture) B.V.Sc (Poultry Science)
B.E. (Dairy Technology) Bachelor in Rural Studies (BR)
B.Sc. (Agricultural Biotechnology) M.B.A. (International Agribusiness)
B.Sc. (Agricultural Economics & Farm management) M.Sc. (Agricultural Economics & Business Management)
B.Sc. (Agricultural Economics) M.F.Sc. (Applied Aquaculture)
B.Sc. (Agricultural Marketing and Business Management) M.Sc. (Agricultural Economics)
B.Sc. (Agricultural Meteorology) M.F.Sc. (Freshwater Aquaculture)
B.Sc. (Agricultural Statistics) M.F.Sc. (Inland Aquaculture)
B.Sc. (Agriculture and Food Business M.F.Sc. (Mariculture)
B.Sc. (Agriculture Business Management) M.Phil. (Genetics & Plant Breeding)
B.Sc. (Agro-Chemical and Pest Control) M.Phil. (Horticulture)
B.Sc. (Agroforestry) M.Sc. (Agricultural Entomology)
B.Sc. (Agronomy) M.Sc. (Agricultural Extension Education)
B.Sc. (Animal Husbandry & Dairying) M.Sc. (Agricultural Extension)
B.Sc. (Biochemistry and Agricultural Chemistry) M.Sc. (Agricultural Microbiology)
B.Sc. (Crop Physiology) M.Sc. (Agricultural Physics)
B.Sc. (Dairy Technology) M.Sc. (Agricultural Sciences)
B.Sc. (Entomology & Apiculture) M.Sc. (Agricultural Statistics)
B.Sc. (Entomology) M.Sc. (Agriculture Biotechnology)
B.Sc. (Extension Education & Rural Sociology) M.Sc. (Agriculture Botany)
B.Sc. (Extension Education) M.Sc. (Agriculture Chemicals)
B.Sc. (Fisheries) M.Sc. (Agriculture Chemistry & Soil Science)
B.Sc. (Floriculture and Landscaping) M.Sc. (Agriculture Chemistry)
B.Sc. (Forestry) M.Sc. (Agriculture Horticulture)
B.Sc. (Hons) (Horticulture) M.Sc. (Agril. Biochemistry)
B.Sc. (Hons.) (Forestry) M.Sc. (Agril. Marketing & Cooperation)
B.Sc. (Nematology) M.Sc. (Agril. Meteorology & Physics)
B.Sc. (Plant Breeding and Genetics) M.Sc. (Agro-meteorology)
B.Sc. (Plant Pathology) M.Sc. (Agroforestry)
B.Sc. (Plant Science & Plant Biotechnology) M.Sc. (Agronomy)
B.Sc. (Plant Science) M.Sc. (Animal Husbandry and Drying)
B.Sc. (Post Harvest Technology) M.Sc. (Aquaculture management & Technology)
B.Sc. (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) M.Sc. (Bioscience)
B.Sc. (Sericulture) M.Sc. (Climate Science and Policy)
B.Sc. (Soil Science & Water Management) M.Sc. (Co-operative Management)
M.Sc. (Crop Physiology) M.Sc. (Water Resources Management)
M.Sc. (Cropsiology) M.Sc. (Wildlife Sciences)
M.Sc. (Dairy Chemistry) M.Sc. (Wood Science & Technology)
M.Sc. (Dairy Engineering) M.Tech. (Agricultural Water Management)
M.Sc. (Dairy Microbiology) M.Tech. (BioEnergy)
M.Sc. (Dairy Science) M.Tech. (Dairy Chemistry)
M.Sc. (Dairy Technology) M.Tech. (Dairy Microbiology)
M.Sc. (Developmental Communications) M.Tech. (Dairy Technology)
M.Sc. (Entomology) M.Tech. (Farm Power& Machinery)
M.Sc. (Extension Education & Rural Sociology) M.Tech. (Plant Design)
M.Sc. (Floriculture and Landscaping) M.Tech. (Process and Food Engineering)
M.Sc. (Forest Products) M.Tech. (Soil and Water Engineering)
CAREER IN AGRICULTURE 411
M.Sc. (Forestry) M.V.Sc. (Plant Phonology and Soil Science)
M.Sc. (Fruits & Orchard Management) M.V.Sc. (Poultry Science)
M.Sc. (Genetics and Plant Breeding) Masters in Rural Studies (MRS)
M.Sc. (Homological Algebra) Masters in Wildlife Science
M.Sc. (Hons) (Agriculture) Ph.D. (Agri Business Management)
M.Sc. (Horticulture- Fruit Production and Post Harvest Technology) M.Tech. (Post Harvest Engineering and Technology)
M.Sc. (Horticulture-Floriculture and Land Scaping) M.Tech. (Post Harvest Processing and Food Engineering)
M.Sc. (Horticulture-Vegetable Science) Ph.D. (Agricultural Entomology)
M.Sc. (Industrial Fisheries) Ph.D. (Agriculture Biotechnology)
M.Sc. (Mycology & Plant Pathology) Ph.D. (Agriculture Economics)
M.Sc. (Nematology) Ph.D. (Agriculture Botany)
M.Sc. (Olericulture) Ph.D. (Agriculture Chemistry)
M.Sc. (Plant Biochemistry) Ph.D. (Agriculture Zoology)
M.Sc. (Plant Biotechnology) Ph.D. (Agril. Biochemistry)
M.Sc. (Plant Genetic Resources) Ph.D. (Agril. Meteorology & Physics)
M.Sc. (Plant Pathology) Ph.D. (Agril. Statistics)
M.Sc. (Plant Physiology) Ph.D. (Agril.Chemicals)
M.Sc. (Plant Protection) Ph.D. (Agril.Chemistry & Soil Science)
M.Sc. (Poultry Production) Ph.D. (Agril.Economics)
M.Sc. (Rural Banking & Finance Management) Ph.D. (Agroforestry)
M.Sc. (Seed Science & Technology) Ph.D. (Agronomy)
M.Sc. (Silviculture) Ph.D. (Animal Biochemistry)
M.Sc. (Soil and Water Conservation) Ph.D. (Animal Biotechnology)
M.Sc. (Soil and Water Conservation) Ph.D. (Animal Husbandry/ Animal Husbandry and Drying)
M.Sc. (Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry) Ph.D. (Animal Reproduction Gynaecology & Obstretrics)
M.Sc. (Soil Science and Water Management) Ph.D. (Crop Physiology)
M.Sc. (Soil Science) Ph.D. (Dairy Chemistry)
M.Sc. (Spices & Plantation Crops) Ph.D. (Dairy Engineering)
M.Sc. (Tea Husbandry & Technology) Ph.D. (Dairy Microbiology)
M.Sc. (Tree Improvements) Ph.D. (Developmental Communications)
M.Sc. (Vegetable Science) Ph.D. (Extension Education)
M.Sc. (Veterinary Physiology) Ph.D. (Farm Machinery & Power)
M.Sc. (Veternity Anatomy & Histology) Ph.D. (Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry)
M.Sc. (Water Management) Ph.D. (Soil Science and Water Management)
Ph.D. (Fisheries Economics) Ph.D. (Spices & Plantation Crops)
Ph.D. (Forest Products) Ph.D. (Tea Husbandry & Technology)
Ph.D. (Forestry) Ph.D. (Tree Improvements)
Ph.D. (Fruits & Orchard Management) Ph.D. (Vegetable Science)
Ph.D. (Genetics & Plant Breeding) Ph.D. (Veterinary Bacteriology)
Ph.D. (Horticulture - Vegetable Science) Ph.D. (Veterinary Immunology)
Ph.D. (Industrial Fisheries) Ph.D. (Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry)
Ph.D. (Mariculture) Ph.D. (Veterinary Science)
Ph.D. (Plant Biotechnology) Ph.D. (Veterinary Virology)
Ph.D. (Plant Breeding) Ph.D. (Soil Conservation & Water Management)
Ph.D. (Plant Pathology) Ph.D. (Silviculture)
Ph.D. (Plant Physiology) Ph.D. (Sericulture)
Ph.D. (Poultry Science) Ph.D. (Seed Science & Technology)
Diploma Courses in Agriculture Science and Technology Diploma in Agriculture
Diploma in Poultry Husbandry
Advanced Diploma in Dairy Science and Technology Diploma in Poultry Management (DPM)
Advanced Diploma in Floriculture Diploma in Vegetable Production
Diploma Course in Floriculture Diploma in Watershed Management
Diploma in Agro Journalism Diploma in Zoo and Wild Animal Health Cure and
Management
Diploma in Animal Husbandry Post Graduate Diploma in Agri Input Management
(PGDAIM)
412
Diploma in Animal Reproduction
Diploma in Animal welfare Div. of Medicine
Diploma in Commercial Horticulture
Diploma in Dairy Technology
Diploma in Equine Husbandry, Medicine and Surgery
Diploma in Farm Management
Diploma in Fish Products Technology (DFPT)
Diploma in Fishery Management cum Fish Breeding
Diploma in Floriculture and Landscape Gardening
Diploma in Fodder and Feed Technology
Diploma in Food and Dairy Technology (FDT)
Diploma in Food Processing
Diploma in Fruit Production
Diploma in Management Non Wood Forest Products
Diploma in Meat and Meat Products Technology
Diploma in Meat Technology (DMT)
Post Graduate Diploma in Veterinary Nuclear
Medicine (DVNM)
Post Graduate Diploma in Wild Animal Disease Management Post Graduate Diploma Pulp & Paper Technology
Post Master’s Diploma Natural Resource Management Post Master’s Diploma Non wood Forest Products
Certificate Courses in Agriculture Science and Technology
Certificate Programme on Tea Tasting and
Marketing (PCP-TTM)
Certificate Course in Aquaculture
Certificate Course in Bio-fertilizer Production
Certificate Course in Floriculture
Certificate Course in Food and Beverage Operations
Certificate Course in Food Production
Certificate Course in Fruit Production
Certificate Course In Mushroom Spawn Production
and Cultivation
Certificate Course in Organic Farming (COF)
Certificate Course in Raising of House Plant
Certificate course in Seed Technology
Certificate Course in Sericulture (CIS)
Certificate Course in Vegetable Production
Certificate in Farm Management
Certificate in Poultry Farming (CPF)
Certification Course in Fruit and Vegetable
Processing Technology
CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH
Post Graduate Diploma in Applied Agriculture and Information
Technology
Post Graduate Diploma in Companion Animal Practice
Post Graduate Diploma in Fishery Science
Post Graduate Diploma in Food Safety and Quality Management
(PGDFSQM)
Diploma In Production Of Value Added Products From Cereals,
Pulses And Oilseeds (DPVCPO)
Post Graduate Diploma in Forestry Management
Post Graduate Diploma in GIS and Remote Sensing
Diploma in Value Added Products from Fruits and Vegetables
(DVAPFV)
Post Graduate Diploma in Agricultural Marketing Management
Post Graduate Diploma in Nuclear Applications in Animal
Sciences
Post Graduate Diploma In Plantation Management (PGDPM)
Post Graduate Diploma in Post Harvest Technology
Post Graduate Diploma in Regulations in Agricultural
Biotechnology
Post Graduate Diploma in Agricultural Water Management
Post Graduate Diploma in Remote Sensing and Geographical
Information System (GIS)
Post Graduate Diploma in Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis
Post Graduate Diploma in Watershed Management
Certificate Course in Commercial Flower Production
Certificate Course in Fish Farming
Certificate Course in Food & Beverage Service
Certificate Course In Home Gardening (CCHG)
Certificate Course in Home Scale Preservation of Fruits and
Vegetables
Certificate Course in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CMAP)
Certificate Course in Mushroom Production
Certificate in Water Harvesting and Management (CWHM)
Certificate Course in Protected Cultivation (CCPC)
Certificate in Food Safety (CFS)
Certificate Course in Wildlife Management - WII
Certificate in Agricultural Insurance
Certificate in Agriculture Science
Certificate in Bee Keeping (CIB)
Post Graduate Certificate in Agriculture Policy (PGCAP)
 19
CHAPTER

Career in Sports
and Training
19.1. CAREER AS A SPORTS TRAINER/PHYSICAL Chapter Outline
EDUCATION TEACHER G Career as a Sports Trainer/Physical
Education Teacher
Introduction
G Career In Sports Management
“The real glory is being knocked to your knees and then coming back.
That’s real glory.” —Vince Lombardi (Football coach)
Sports can teach us a lot to be successful in life. It teaches us determination, working together and to take
responsibility and to cope with failure. One can be a Physical Education Teacher or sports Instructor in schools or colleges
or one can be a coach of a respective sport. One can also think of careers as umpires or referees. Sports journalism and
photography is also up coming and so is career as a fitness trainer. These days, apart from regular school education and college
education, both teachers, student and parents are giving due importance to sports and physical education. The mushrooming
of sports academies and fitness centres all across the country; there are no dearth of opportunities for a Sports Instructor. To be a
physical education instructor one must have qualification in the field. Many universities in India and abroad offer such courses.
Courses and Eligibility:
• B Sc In physical education
• Masters and PhD in Physical Education
Where to Study
Below mentioned are a few places from where one can pursue courses in Physical Education.
• Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University
• Doctorate in Sports
• Post Graduate Diploma in Sports Psychology and Sociology
• Post Graduate Diploma in Fitness Management
• Diploma in Physical Education
• Department of Physical education, Delhi University ( BSc in physical education and sports science)
• Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana (Offers course in Physical Education at Graduation, Post Graduation
and PhD level)
• Tamil Nadu Physical Education and sports university.
• Osmania University
• B. Phy Ed, Eligibility 10+2
• Punjab University
• B. Phy Ed, Eligibility 10+2, B. Ed. (Yoga) Eligibility Graduation, MA (Phy. Ed).
• Indira Gandhi Institute of physical education and sports sciences
• PG Diploma in Phy Ed, Masters (Phy. Ed).
• Graduate course by Sports authority of India- BSc (Health and Phy. Ed. And sports)
• Post Graduate course by Sports authority of India- BSc (Health and Phy. Ed. And sports)
• Gujarat Vidyapeeth
• Graduate course in sports (B. Phy.Ed).
• Kurukshetra University
• Bangalore University
• Meenakshi University, Chennai
• Diploma in Fitness, Health and Nutrition
413
414 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

To start a career in coaching, one must be equipped with the right educational and training background. Nowadays, there
are several institutions in India that offers such courses/degree. Some of the institutions that specifically offer a Diploma in
Coaching are:
• Netaji Subhash National Institute of Sports, Montibagh, Patiala Punjab
• National Sports East Centre, Salt Lake City, Sector-III, Calcutta, West Bengal
• National Sports West Centre, Sports Complex. Sector-15, Gandhinagar, Gujarat
The Sports Authority of India (SAI) offers courses in sports coaching at its various branches:
• SAI, Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports, Patiala.
• SAI, NS South Centre, University Campus, Bangalore.
• SAI, NS Eastern Centre, Salt Lake City, Sector-III, Kolkata.
• SAI Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education, Gwalior (deemed university)
Career Prospects
The state and central government sports bodies and Sports authority of India offers huge opportunities for professionals in this
field. Sports clubs, schools and colleges also offer opportunity for trained coaches and instructors. Many big companies also
maintain sports facilities and require professional staff. Indian defence services and government are still the biggest employers.
With general awareness about sports arising, there is a growing demand for good professional coaches to coach kids of 5-
18 years old. There are numerous after-school sports coaching academies run at various schools, stadium, and playground to
impart professional training in sports of one’s choice.
Famous Personalities
Satyajit Chaurasia - Satyajit Chaurasia is the founder of Barbarian Gym, which is located at Mumbai, New Delhi, and
Nagpur. Satyajit Chourasia is the physical trainer of several celebrities including Aamir Khan and Hrithik Roshan. Apart from
the film stars Satyajit Chaurasia has also trained a four and half year old child Ronak Vitha. Under Satyajit guidance, Ronak could
do 1450 push-ups in 40 minutes and set a record and now he is popular all over India for making such record at so young age.

19.2. CAREERS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT

The recent hype in the sports industry has induced every Indian to give his/her hidden talent a serious thought. Whether
it is the Indian Premier League (IPL) or the Commonwealth Games, this talented and gifted field called sports has raised the
need for trained professionals manifold over the last few years, or recent months to be precise. Today, sports is not just confined
to cricket, tennis, or hockey in India, but encloses various other international and domestic sports, such as football, golf,
athletics, badminton, shooting, archery, and other games. With name, fame and glamour reaching every nook n corner of sport,
requirement for professional sports management companies, too, has increased. Plus, individuals who’ve always been fascinated
by the idea of working at high-profile jobs, sports management could just be the start. The excitement, thrill, and enjoyment
that sports management includes are comparable to none of the umpteen career options available.
Course Details
Although no specific course is required to enter sports management, but the increasing popularity of sports has triggered
the launch of different courses at various study levels in colleges and universities. A management course can be pursued in
sports industry after completing graduation, such as PGDM. Though a candidate from any stream can take up studies in sports
management, but graduates in physical education are preferred. Sports management is a diverse term that encompasses sports
and finance, social and ethical relevance of sports management, sponsorship and broadcasting, communication with the
media and press, knowledge about sports law on contracts and drug use, and sports ethics and sports organization.
Career Prospects
Not all careers in sports management may seem to be as glamorous as a professional athlete. But nevertheless, different
positions in this high-profile industry can let one enjoy and earn equal recognition. To start off with, one can work as a coach
in gymnasium, sports and fitness centre, sports club, schools, and colleges. With adequate experience, one can explore various
other opportunities in sports management, such as athletic director, trainer, recruiter and scout. Being a diverse field, some
other productive and search of professionals with sponsorship leveraging, evaluation, media planning, merchandising, finance,
corporate event sponsorship management, and infrastructure management. Suitable jobs to look for in sports management
include compliance director, sports information director, agent, and sports marketer. Organizations like Board of Control for
Cricket in India (BCCI) are always in top.
Colleges Offering UG/PG/Other Courses
The increasing craze of sports in India has led to the establishment of degree, diploma and certificate courses in sports
management. Some leading and esteemed colleges and universities are: Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education and
Sports Science, New Delhi; Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu; Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management
(IISWBM), Kolkata; Amity School of Physical Studies and Sports Sciences, Noida; Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports
(NSNIS), Patiala; International Institute of Sports Management, Mumbai; and Lakshmibai National University of Physical
Education, Gwalior.
 19
CHAPTER

Offbeat Career Options

20.1. CAREER IN ROBOTICS—OPTIONS AND Chapter Outline
OPPORTUNITIES
G Career in Robotics—Options and
Robotics is one the interesting fields which makes it possible for the Opportunities
design and development of robots possible. Lots of research is being carried out G Career as a Detective
to develop robots that can perform various activities just like humans do. It is G Criminology Career Option
G Careers In Packaging Technology
considered to be one of the fields of engineering which deals with the design,
G Growth Prospects Galire In Oil And Gas
development and application of robots. It also makes use of computer for their Sector
manipulation and processing. Study of robotics allows the creation of Robots G Career Opportunities In Oil & Natural Gas
which in turn helps us to achieve the goals which we thought once not possible. Commission
Robots are used in many industries to speed up the process of manufacturing. G Career in VLSI/ Chip Designing—Options
and Opportunities
Performance and Growth of Industry in India G Career in Call Centers—Options and
Opportunities
Growth of Robotics is picking up, but it is not being a developed field till
G Career in Telecommunications
now. The field is very interesting and grabbing lots of attention in India and G Career in Mining Engineering
worldwide as well. Robots are being made by the use of principles of robotics are G Education in India, Career in India:
used everywhere today from commerce field to home, from security to rescue Industrial Engineering
fields, from weather information to exploration to unknown location etc. G Career in Biochemical Engineering
G Career in Real Estates
Options and Opportunities G Education in India, Career in India:
Publishing
Lots of opportunities in this field are being generated over the years. G Career as a Copywriter
Robotics is a field of engineering that deal with design and application of G Career as a Fitness Trainer
robots and the use of computer for their manipulation and processing. Robots
are used in industries for speeding up the manufacturing process. They are also used in the field of nuclear science, sea-
exploration, servicing of transmission electric signals, designing of bio-medical equipments etc. Robotics requires the
application of computer integrated manufacturing, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, biological mechanics,
software engineering and other engineering disciplines.
Courses Available
- B.E. Robotics and Automation Engineering - M.E. Automation and Robotics
- M.E. CAD/CAM and Robotics - M.E./ M.Tech Robotics
- M.Tech. Industrial Automation and Robotics - M.Tech. Intelligent Systems and Robotics
- Certificate in Embedded Systems and Robotics - Diploma in Industrial Automation and Robotics
Qualification Required
Students who have completed their graduation in electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, instrumentation
engineering or computer engineering can apply for the course in Robotics
Some good institutes:
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
- National Institute of Technology, the University of Hyderabad
- Jadavpur University, Kolkata
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
415
416 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

- Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthinilayam, Tamil Nadu

- PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu)
- Innobuzz Knowledge Solutions, Pitampura, New Delhi
Entrance exams:
• All India Engineering Entrance Exams
• BITSAT
• Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Exam
Robotics is one the interesting fields which makes it possible for the design and development of robots possible. Lots of
research is being carried out to develop robots that can perform various activities just like humans do. It is considered to be one
of the fields of engineering which deals with the design, development and application of robots. It also makes use of computer
for their manipulation and processing. Study of robotics allows the creation of Robots which in turn helps us to achieve the
goals which we thought once not possible. Robots are used in many industries to speed up the process of manufacturing.
Performance and growth of industry in India: Growth of Robotics is picking up, but it is not being a developed field
till now. The field is very interesting and grabbing lots of attention in India and worldwide as well. Robots are being made by
the use of principles of robotics are used everywhere today from commerce field to home, from security to rescue fields, from
weather information to exploration to unknown location etc.
Options and Opportunities: Lots of opportunities in this field are being generated over the years. Robotics is a field of
engineering that deal with design and application of robots and the use of computer for their manipulation and processing.
Robots are used in industries for speeding up the manufacturing process. They are also used in the field of nuclear science, sea-
exploration, servicing of transmission electric signals, designing of bio-medical equipments etc. Robotics requires the
application of computer integrated manufacturing, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, biological mechanics,
software engineering and other engineering disciplines.
Courses Available: B.E. Robotics and Automation Engineering- M.E. Automation and Robotics- M.E. CAD/CAM and
Robotics- M.E./ M.Tech Robotics- M.Tech. Industrial Automation and Robotics- M.Tech. Intelligent Systems and Robotics-
Certificate in Embedded Systems and Robotics- Diploma in Industrial Automation and Robotics
Qualification Required: Students who have completed their graduation in electrical engineering, mechanical engineering,
instrumentation engineering or computer engineering can apply for the course in Robotics
Some Good Institutes: Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh- National Institute of Technology, the
University of Hyderabad- Jadavpur University, Kolkata- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani- Sri Sathya Sai
Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthinilayam, Tamil Nadu- PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) - Innobuzz
Knowledge Solutions, Pitampura, New DelhiEntrance exams- All India Engineering Entrance Exams- BITSAT- Indian Institute
of Technology Joint Entrance Exam- KL University Engineering Entrance Exam (KLUEEE)- SRM Engineering Entrance
Examination (SRM EEE)- Birla Institute of Technology M.Sc Entrance Test- Cochin University of Science and Technology
Entrance Exam- Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE)- IISC Entrance Test- IIT JAM- National Institute of Technology
M.Tech Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Entrance Exam- Post-Graduate Engineering Common Entrance Test (PGECET)-
SRM Engineering Entrance Examination (SRM EEE)- Tamil Nadu Common Entrance Test (TANCET)- Thapar University
M.Tech in Robotics entrance exam- University of Hyderabad M.Tech in artificial intelligence and robotics entrance exam-
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) M.Tech entrance exam- VTU Post Graduate Common Entrance Test
(PGCET)- WB Joint Entrance Examination (WB-JEE)
Which are the top colleges in India to study Robotics?
• The Center for Robotics and Mechatronics at IIT (Indian Institute of Technology), Kanpur
• Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
• National Institute of Technology
• Jadavpur University, Kolkata
• Birla Institute of Technology and Science
• National Institute of Technology, the University of Hyderabad- M.Tech in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics
• Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Andhra Pradesh - M.Tech in Robotics
• PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore - Mechanical engineering (Robotics as an elective subject)
• IITs in Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur
• Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
• National Institute of Technology
• University of Hyderabad
• Jadavpur University
• Birla Institute of Technology and Science
What are the personal attributes required in Robotics?
Should have a high aptitude in PCM subjects. Skilled in using computers. At the onset you can expect a salary in the
range of Rs 5 – 6 lakhs per annum.A fresh research scholar at IIT might get anything from Rs 6000 – Rs9000 only.The salary
OFFBEAT CAREER OPTIONS 417

in this field is the same as other engineering fields. Again the earnings depend on the experience and the qualifications.
Various other benefits and perks are offered to employees in this field In abroad you can earn a higher income than in India.
Once a candidate gains experience and expertise, the salary might go up to more than 10 lakhs per annum. The scope for this
field is more in developed countries than in India.
20.2. CAREER AS A DETECTIVE
More often than not, the word ‘detective’ immediately conjures up an image of Sherlock Holmes, with his pipe, the
magnifying glass, the cane and the deerstalker’s cap coupled with his legendary line “Elementary my dear Watson.” But
detectives or private investigators are very much a part of our reality – shadowing an errant spouse to unearthing murky secrets
of organisations and even verifying the credentials of prospective marriage partners! They not only lighten the burden of the
law and order enforcement agencies but also strive to address the issue of civilian security adequately.
Detective is a person on a police force, whose work is investigating and trying to solve crimes against people and
property. Police detectives observe criminals actions, develop sources of information, and assist in the arrest of criminals.
Detectives use modern techniques and tools, including computers and elaborate communications systems, to prevent and
solve crimes ranging from shoplifting to mass murder. Detectives work long and irregular hours during some investigations.
Their hours include nights, weekends and public holidays. At times, they may need to be on call.
Some detectives work for private detective agencies or individual clients. They are often former police officers, although
some are trained by the private agencies themselves. Because they are not part of the police force, they have no power to make
arrests. Private investigators gather information from police sources, interview witnesses, and observe suspects. Lawyers and
other companies hire investigators to gather information for court trials and to investigate fraud, the passing of bad checks, and
other matters. Many insurance companies hire private detectives to investigate insurance claims. Parents may hire them to
locate missing children.
Work Profile
The work of a detective primarily relates to fact-finding, which involves probing, investigation and knowledge of techniques
such as finger-printing, photography and tracking someone. Generally, a client discusses the case with the detective and all
the details are confidentially recorded to aid the investigation. Devices such as a recording machine and special miniature
cameras are used. Mumbai-based private detective Madan Kumar says, “Today, much of the private investigators work can be
done in front of a computer, uncovering information. Outside work can be anything from serving papers to surveillance and
observation.” Knowledge of forensics sometimes may be of great help but such cases or incidents are handed over to the
specialists in the field. A detective can be hired to provide information pertaining to:
- Domestic problems: Problems of divorce, child custody, unnatural deaths, getting information on the other family before
arranging a marriage, etc.
- Property disputes: Matters relating to ownership of property and wills.
- Industrial espionage: Credentials of potential employees, cases of theft and fraud involving executives passing on
industrial patents and know - how to rival organisations.
- Corporate intelligence: Information about organisation, infringement of trademarks and copyrights, submission of
tenders, pirating goods, verification of a loan applicant or a prospective employee, etc.
- Investigative journalism: Like Tehelka, is another avenue which has recently opened up.

Eligibility
As of today, a detective does not require a license to operate within India; the Private Investigator Bill was introduced in
the Rajya Sabha in 2007 and is since pending for approval. Once it is approved, professionals and agencies will be licensed
in India. Till then, no particular academic qualifications are necessary to enter the profession. It is advisable to acquire a
graduation, selecting specialisations relating to the kind of investigation one wishes to take up.
Explains Kumar, “There are usually no educational requirements to be a private investigator. To be a corporate investigator
most companies require you have at least a bachelor’s degree in a business related field. For work in computer forensics a
degree in computer science and or accounting would be helpful. If you want to be a private investigator in the computer field,
there are colleges now that offer certificate programmes for computer forensics.”
Graduation in any discipline makes a person eligible to take up diploma courses offered by certain institutes, such as:
- The Indore Christian College, Indore
- The National Institute of Private Investigation, New Delhi
- ACE Detectives India International Securities, New Delhi
- Lancers Network Limited, New Delhi
- All-India Private Detectives Association, New Delhi
The Canadian Academy of Private Investigation offers an online correspondence course on under-cover detection and
investigation. Degree and/ or diploma courses on criminology and forensic sciences are also of great help.
418 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Skill Sets
Since the industry caters to the security of people and organisations and these security threats could vary with every
situation, the typical qualities required of an aspiring detective include excellent communication skills, dynamism, agility
and an alert, analytical and innovative mind.
Scope and Salary
As it is a growing industry the requirement for properly trained individuals is rapidly increasing. A private detective can
be hired by agencies or individuals; and after gaining enough experience can opt to open an agency of his own. Almost all the
major detective agencies in India are branches of registered agencies abroad thus the scope of finding a job abroad is also quite
bright. For trained forensic personnel, job opportunities are present in the national intelligence services; whereas to work as
an undercover police detective, one first needs to apply for a position as a police officer.
Salary wise, a fresher in a detective agency makes around Rs 4, 000- 9, 000, which gradually increases. In cases of family
disputes the remuneration is quite high and varies from Rs 8, 000- 15, 000. Individual cases, involving shadowing, can fetch
from Rs 1, 500- 3, 000 per day, which can go up to Rs15, 000 per day depending upon the level of experience.
Future Ahead
Private investigation and detective services can now be considered a burgeoning industry. This is because the security
situation has worsened in the last decade or so, moreover the regular police force has its hands full of cases. Hence, detective
and security agencies around the country are running successfully today and their services are being increasingly sought after.
There is a lot of thrill, adventure and a certain amount of danger involved in this profession, while at the same time the job is
never mundane and can give tremendous satisfaction and confidence. It may be a tough career option but young individuals
who have the potential and courage to fight against crimes can definitely find it as one of the satisfying professions in today’s
world. So, would you like to be India’s answer to Mr. Holmes?
Eligibility:
Educational Qualifications:
The courses on private investigation are:
One year Diploma Course in private investigation
Degree and Diploma courses on Criminology and Forensic sciences also help people to choose this profession.
Personal Skills
Who wish become a detective he should have a good knowledge of police procedures, including how to investigate
crimes, Knowledge of police policies and the laws relating to police work, Knowledge of how the court system works,
Knowledge of a range of cultures, Good communication and people skills, including interviewing and listening skills,
Conflict resolution and negotiation skills, Problem-solving skills, Skill in analysing information and preparing written and
verbal reports, Record-keeping skills, Logical thinking, accurate, with an eye for detail, adaptable, honest, able to keep
information private, mature and responsible, firm and fair, able to remain calm in emergencies, motivated, determined and
disciplined, able to relate to people from a range of cultures and backgrounds, able to work well in a team.
Job prospects: Private Detectives usually are a part of our fantasy world. But surprisingly enough, private detectives
have become associated to a large extent with our daily lives these days. Situations like the deterioration of industrial security
conditions, spouse infidelity and other domestic problems are calling for more and more security and detective personnel. As
it is a growing industry the requirement for properly trained individuals is increasing by the day. There are training institutes
that offer private detective courses in India.
Criminology Career Option
Criminology as a subject tries to throw light on complex issues related to crime and criminal justice. By making use of
tools of criminology, criminologists try to delve deep into various questions like:
• Who commits crimes and why?
• How society responds towards a crime in general and towards a criminal in particular?
• And, how the intensity of a crime is measured?
Criminologists find out ways to understand the nature and impact of behavioral and social problems which alleviate
crimes. Criminologists work towards formulating policy making for juvenile justice, drug addiction, cyber crimes, violence,
crime prevention, Indigenous justice, and organized crimes.
The other areas of interest in this field include:
• Prevention of crime • Crime Statistics
• Criminal Behavior • Penology
• Evaluation of criminal justice agencies • Sociology of Law
• Criminal careers and its desistance
Criminology Eligibility Criteria: Education Requirements: Many Indian universities offer both undergraduate and
Post Graduate courses in Criminology. While the basic requirements for getting admission into an undergraduate course is
OFFBEAT CAREER OPTIONS 419
kept as a pass at XIIth standard with either Arts or Science background, for Post Graduation one has to be a graduate with
science or arts subjects.
Training Programs: Degree and Post Graduate courses in Criminology/Criminology and Correctional Management/
Criminology and Forensic Science are offered by various institutions in India.
Degree holders can also opt for the one year diploma or two year postgraduate diploma course in Criminology. There are
also specialized courses in criminology for those who have graduated in Law.
Syllabus: The syllabus for a course in Criminology usually includes - Principles of Criminology, Psychology of Crime,
Criminal Law, Police Administration, Forensic Science and Medicine, Juvenile Delinquency, Correctional Management and
Rehabilitation of Criminals etc.
Criminology Career Prospects
The experts in criminology can find employment as probation officers, jailors, social welfare officers, counselors etc.
They can also get into crime fighting Organizations like CBI, IB etc. or work in rehabilitation centers, juvenile homes and
voluntary organizations. Those who have specialized training in forensic science can seek employment in forensic labs or in
the forensic department of crime fighting units. Self-employment is possible as private detectives. Insurance Companies as
well as some corporate houses employ investigating officers to ascertain the bonafides of a client.
Criminology Institutes & Training
• Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh - 202 002 (U.P.)
• Andhra University, Waltair, Visakhapatnam - 530 003 (A.P.)
• Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya Gour Nagar Sagar, Madhya Pradesh \
• Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad - 380 009
• Karnataka University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad - 3
• Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi - 221 002 (U.P.)
• Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra
• Punjab University, Sector - 14, Chandigarh - 160 014
• Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai - 400 088
• University of Madras, Chepauk, Chennai - 600 005 Tamil Nadu
• Utkal University, Vanivihar, Bhubaneshwar - 751 004 (Orissa)
Institutions offering courses in Criminology for those who have completed LLB:
• University of Jammu,Jammu Twai - 180 004
• University of Lucknow, Lucknow - 226 007 (U.P.)
• University of Pune, Ganeshkind, Pune - 411 007 (Maharashtra)
• University of Rajasthan, Jaipur - 302 004
20.3. CAREERS IN PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY
Packaging has a become a highly specialised area. Due to the tough market competition, the new products released by the
companies need attractive packing to meet buyer’s expectation with regard to functionality and aesthetic looks to win over
their competitors and get recognition for their products. Wrapping, box packing or bottling go under the name of packaging.
It is one of the fast growing industries. The scope of work is expanding as the packaging of canned and frozen foods,
toiletries, tobacco products, gifts and other products is increasing day by day. Besides, when the persons working in Govt. and
Private Sectors get transferred from one city to another, their goods require to be packed in such a manner as to reach safely.
Thus, packaging expert plays an important role here also. Consider bacteria free fruit juices in tetra packs, milk that does not
spoil for several days or tea leaf packages that retain the flavour for months.
Course Structure/Eligibility: The foremost institution offering a packaging course is Indian Institute of Packaging,
Mumbai. It has been set up by the Government of India. It offers a P.G. Diploma in packing.
The P.G. Diploma Course is of 2 years duration and is open to graduates in Science with any two of the subjects (Physics/
Chemistry/Mathematics/Electronics/Microbilogy/Engineering or Technology) of a recognized University or equivalent with
minimum 50%.
The certificate programme is of 3 months duration and is open to persons having working experience in packaging industry.
Basis of Selection: Candidates are selected for the post graduate programme on the basis of the performance in All India
Entrance Examination comprising of a written test (Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics) and interview. Entrance Tests are
held at Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Delhi.
Announcement and Dates: Application forms will be available in May-June for the Examination in July.
Major Institutions:
1. The Indian Institute of Packaging, Plot E-2, MIDC Area, Chakala, Post Box-9432, Andheri (E), Mumbai-400093.
420 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

2. The Indian Institute of Packaging (Regional Centre), Block CP, Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Bidhan Nagar, Kokata-700091.
3. The Indian Institute of Packaging (Regional Centre), B/28, 29, Flatted Factories Complex, Jhandewalan, Rani Jhansi
Road, New Delhi-110055.
4. The Indian Institute of Packaging (Regional Centre), Plot No-169, Industrial Estate, Perungudi, Chennai-600096.
Employment Opportunities: The packaging technologists find placement in the company’s manufacturing packing
materials and packing systems, food processing and beverages industries that depends on packaging technology to improve
shelf life and transportability.
Job Profile: The job of a packaging expert is design and development of appropriate packing systems taking into
account the material to be packed, compatibility with materials to be packed, testing and evaluation and environmental compliance.
Growth Prospects Galire in Oil and Gas Sector
Working in the Oil and Gas industry can open up an exciting variety of career paths for you. All you must do is to choose
the path that suits for your aptitude and skills sets. Oil and Gas industry have opportunities to work offshore and onshore as
well. It also provides work on international assignments
The oil and gas industry consists of three segments upstream, midstream and downstream. The upstream segments
primarily consist of companies engaged in exploration and production activities. While midstream companies comprises of
storage and transportation, and the downstream section includes companies engaged in refining, processing, marketing of
petroleum products. Petroleum
Petroleum Engineering/ Petroleum exploration graduates are well equipped in knowledge of oil exploration, production,
reservoir management, transport, etc. therefore after completing Petroleum Engineering, one can choose to become a production
engineer, drilling engineer or a reservoir engineer in the oil and gas sector.
If you are interested to work in this field, but you are confused of the safety and related issues in this industry, don’t you
worry? The Oil and Gas sector industries are one of the most highly regulated industry in the world when comes to safety. Oil
and Gas companies take great care to offer the safest work environment for all the workers irrespective of the roles, processes
and place of work.
So happy exploring the Gas and Oil field!
Also Oil and Gas industry offers a lot of opportunities for Geophysicists and Geochemists. Since most of the petroleum
deposits are buried deep below the ground, they play a major role in finding out the where mineral reserves exists.
Here are the some of the good colleges offering Petroleum Engineering/Geophysics courses in India.
• Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mumbai. MSc petroleum Geosciences, Msc Applied Geophysics, MTech Geoexploration
• Indian School of Mines(ISM), Dhanbad. Applied Geophysics, petroleum Engineering.
• University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun. Applied Petroleum Engineering, Applied Geosciences
Engineering.
• Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University PDPU), Gandhinagar
• Maharashtra Institute of Technology (MIT), Pune
• Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), Uttar Pradesh
• Kurushetra University, Department of Geophysics, Kurushetra, Haryana
• Banaras Hindu University, Faculty of Science, Banaras
• Andhra University, college of Science and Technology, Vishakhapatnam
Key Players : In India, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL),
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL), Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL), IOC and Reliance Industries
dominate the field of oil and gas industries.
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), India’s number one corporate with significant contribution to industrial
and economic growth of the country, is a leading National Oil Company of India engaged mainly in exploration, development
and production of crude oil, natural gas and some value added products. Born over four decades ago in 1956 in a modest
corporate house “Tel Bhawan” within serene Himalayan setting at Dehradun - with strategic national objective to explore and
exploit hydrocarbon resources of the country,
ONGC today, is endeavoring to become a world class oil and gas company in pursuit of Exploration & Production
business in the domestic and international arena and related opportunity specific energy businesses. Their principle business
is Petroleum. At home, they explore and produce oil & natural gas from acreages both on land and offshore in diverse logistic
conditions, from rugged mountains to deserts and deep oceans
ONGC is India’s largest producers of Crude Oil, Natural Gas and LPG. They also produce other value added petroleum
products such as NGL, C2-C3, Aromatic Rich Naphtha and Kerosene.
Over 18,000 experienced and technically competent executives mostly scientists and engineers from distinguished
Universities/ Institutions of India and abroad form the core of our manpower. They include geologists, geophysicists,
geochemists, drilling engineers, reservoir engineers, petroleum engineers, production engineers, Engineering & Technical
OFFBEAT CAREER OPTIONS 421
service providers, financial and human resource experts, IT professionals and so on.
Career: If you are looking for a company, with a noble mission. Where technology counts. Where people matter & each
individual makes a difference in the working environment. Where the company reciprocates. ONGC is the place to be at.
Apart from an excellent atmosphere for growth, the company offers a package of remuneration that compares with the best
in the Indian industry. It includes basic pay and dearness allowance, contributory provident fund, conveyance maintenance
reimbursement; leave fare assistance/encashment, holiday home facility, medical facilities for self and dependent, gratuity,
self contributory post-retirement scheme, composite social security scheme and soft loans etc.
Candidates who are studying in Final Year of qualifying degree can also apply for the Posts. However, the candidate must
possess the requisite qualification with prescribed percentage of marks on or before the date of Interview from a university /
institute recognised by the Government of India. The prescribed qualification is minimum and mere possession of the same
does not entitle candidates to be called for written test / interview.
Age Limit: Gen.Category-30 years,OBC-33 years, SC/ST- 35 years
Selection Process:
(a) Eligible candidates will be required to appear for written test (Objective Type).
(b) The written test will consist of two papers namely
(i) General Knowledge
(ii) Subject / Specialization concerned.
(c) The final selection will be made from amongst the candidates who qualify in the written test, shortlisted on merit basis
and are called for personal interview, as per the criteria laid down by the Management.

20.4. CAREER IN VLSI/CHIP DESIGNING—OPTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES

VLSI, ‘Very Large Scale Integration’ is all about Integrated Circuit (IC) design. In other words it is called Chip design.
Integrated circuit design is a subset of electrical engineering and computer engineering, consisting the particular logic and
circuit design techniques required to design integrated circuits. Chip Designers are engineers who define chip’s architecture,
create circuit designs, run simulations, supervise layout, tape out the chip to the foundry and evaluate the prototype once the
chip returns from the laboratory. This field is suitable for those students who to do something more challenging and creative.
Students with electronic background with good programming skills, strong mathematics and analytical skills are well suited
for this career. Today, the two most popular languages used for chip designing are Verilog and VHDL. Nowadays, we have also
become dependent on these chips as they are present in most of the electronic appliances which we use every day, from
mobiles, remote of TV to dishwashers and so on. This has increased the demand of chip designers in every sector, be it
automobiles, consumer electronics etc.
Performance and growth of industry in India: At present, India is showing a huge potential in the market and its chip
industry is growing at a rate of 20 per cent annually. There are over 160 Chip design firms in India. The immense pool of talent
and growing domestic market has helped the country emerge as an important centre for chip design. The increasing demand
for consumer electronic items has increased various career opportunities in chip design industry. Demand of Chip Designers
is in excess compared to their supply. All the NITs and IITs totally produce only one fourth of the demand annually. To address
the shortage of engineers possessing the right skills, the Indian government has set up a special manpower development
programme (SMDP) in this area and spent a huge amount to introduce VLSI in institutes like NITs and IITs.
Options and Opportunities: In this industry the main job functions of a Chip Designer are Designing, Testing,
Applications, Production and Process Engineering. The job options available to the engineers in this field are Design Engineer,
CAD Engineer, Packaging Engineer, Product Engineer, Applications/Systems engineer, Test Engineer, Process Engineer. A
chip design engineer’s job ranges right from the architecture, logic design, circuit design and physical design of the chip to the
testing and verification of the final product.
Depending on the experience of the candidate in the industry his role could range from a technical individual to a
technical leader to an engineering manager. Some of the major recruitment companies are HCL Technologies, Intel, Micron
Tech, Alliance Semiconductor, Texas Instruments, Wipro, Synopsis, Cadence etc.
Courses Available: The IITs, NITs and many other universities offer various courses with high quality education in VLSI
or Chip Designing.
- M.E /M.Tech in VLSI Design
- M.E /M.Tech in Embedded Systems Technologies
- M.Tech in Embedded Systems and Design
- M.Tech in Microelectronics and VLSI Design
- Post Graduate Diploma in VLSI and Embedded Systems
- Post Graduate Diploma in VLSI Design through Correspondence/Distance learning.
422 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

- Diploma in VLSI Designing

- Diploma in Embedded Systems Design
Qualification required:
- Students can take admission in these courses after passing 10+2 with at least 60% aggregate marks from any recognised
board.
- In order to pursue Master’s degree a candidate should have at least Bachelor’s degree (B.E/B.Tech) in electronics,
telecommunications or computer science with high score in GATE.
Some good institutes:
- Anna University: College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
- Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, MP
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Goa
- JB Institute of Engineering and Technology, AP
- VEDA IIT, Hyderabad
- BITS, Pilani,
- Punjab University
- Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Hydrerabad, AP
- DOEACC Centre, Kerala
- Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal
- International Institute of Information Technology, School of Information Technology, Pune, Maharashtra
- National Institute of Technology, Kerala
- Manipal Centre of Information Science
- Bharath Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
- Bharati Vidyapeeths College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra
- Annamalai University Directorate of Distance Education, Tamil Nadu
Entrance exams:
GATE: The full form of VLSI is Very Large Scale Integration, also called as Chip Designing.
• They are basically semiconductors which connect numerous transistors and other components.
• It is a branch of electrical engineering and also computer engineering.
• The chip forms the base for an Integrated Circuit.
• It is for those students who want something more challenging and exciting than other engineering related fields.

20.5. CAREER IN CALL CENTERS—OPTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Introduction
Call center is a service centre which provides outsourcing in fields of Finance, IT, Engineering, Banking, Manufacturing,
Security, Market Research, Sales, Utilities, credit collections, Technical queries, Customer services with adequate telecom
facilities, access to wide database and internet which provide voice based support to customers in the country or abroad
through trained personnel. Call Center services can be inbound, outbound or specialized depending of the type of organization.
Performance and growth of industry in India: Call Centers also known as Business Processing Organization (BPO) is
the industry which has shown a tremendous growth in the recent years. It is the most popular service having a great scope that
a BPO Industry provides. With the expansion of Indian economy and globalization more and more International companies
are outsourcing their call centers in India. This industry attracts people from various areas, both for employment and business
purpose. In the coming years, the industry will continue to grow which will result in more job opportunities in India.
Options and Opportunities: Candidates can work in Call Centers as Call centre operators/customer care executives, Call
Centre Supervisors and Managers, Team leaders etc.
Courses Available:
- Certificate in Personality Development and Spoken English
- Voice and Accent/Domestic Call Centre Training
- Voice and Accent/International Call Centre Training
- Call Center Training
- Certified Customer Interaction Professional Course
Qualification required: There is no specific qualification required to become a customer care executive or officer in a
call center. But it is good option for 10+2, undergraduates, fresh graduates.
Some Good Institutes:
- Sikkim Manipal University (SMU)
OFFBEAT CAREER OPTIONS 423
- Edu Tech India
- Trans India Management Systems
- Ian System
- British Academy for English Language
- North Star Call Center College
- Hero Mindmine Institute
- Karma Institute of Computers and Languages
- BK ONE Institute
- Akiko Sherman Infotech
- JTS Institutes
Entrance exams: There are no common entrance exams to get into Call Centre or BPO as every company conducts its
own exam for the various positions. But generally every company tests a candidate’s English, Mathematics, and IQ to appoint
them in their organization.
What is the scope for call centres in India? What is the salary package that I can expect? There is a great scope for call
centres in India. The large population of educated English speaking people and the comparative low cost are encouraging
more and more companies from abroad/inland to base or outsource their call centres to India. GE capital, American Express,
Wipro Spectramind, Infowavz International (Mumbai), Daksh, Reliance Infotech are some of the call centres which are on a
recruitment spree. You can apply into either of these companies and be expected to get something or other out of it.
As a fresher in an International Call centre as a Call Centre Executive you can expect the salary package to be ranging
from Rs. 10,000/- to Rs. 15,000 per month other than the bonuses that you can earn as per your performance. The salary is
expected to be more for a person who is experienced in this field and also who is performing better than others. There are
highly attractive bonuses in this particular field for outstanding performances.
How can I become a call centre supervisor or a manager? How will my performance be reviewed? Call centre
supervisor is a high designation that you can achieve after working as an operator for atleast three to four years. After doing a
satisfactory job as an operator for the said period you will be promoted to a supervisory level based on your ability and
performance. As soon as there is a vacancy for a call centre supervisor posts, it will be published in house. After this you can
apply for it and then an interview will be conducted and finally the promotion is made. As a supervisor, you will be in charge
of the various operators working under you. You will be their leader and will be given the responsibility of guiding them
through all the hurdles. After working as a supervisor, you can be promoted to the managerial level depending upon your
experience, ability and skills acquired.
As far as the performance is concerned, it is measured based on the targets achieved in the particular business. In outbound
centres, like tele-marketing your performance is calculated on the sales you make per hour. In collection department of a bank,
performance is measured on contacts made and money collected. The more you achieve the more you are closer to achieving
the target. In inbound call centres, performance is measured on the basis of average talk time, i.e. the time you take to satisfy
the customer, analysis and understanding of the problem and courtesy extended to the customers. If you get an experience in
a call centre then it is considered to be worthwhile experience for customer relations, sales jobs or insurance sector. You have
a better chance of moving on to other industries with experience in call centres. For example – if you have had experience
dealing with insurance clients then insurance sector is the field that you can enter.
I wish to join a call centre and want to know what all trainings I have to go through in a call centre. If you wish to join a
call centre then you have to be well prepared for the job and for that training is a must. Freshers have to undergo intense
training to make them suited for the job. The training generally includes accent training (V A training also known as voice &
accent training), listening skills, ‘slang’ training, accent neutralisation, telephone etiquette, telesales etiquette and cyber
grammar, interaction skills, customer relationship, management skills and call centre terminology. You should be well trained
in all these things to be ready for this job. You would be given a thorough insight about the product of the company, even how
it could malfunction, breakdown and fail its objective. You would be taught as to how to deal with the complaints from
customers and how to take action accordingly.
The training goes on for a few months. Continuous training at regular intervals including updation on the latest references
and slang the callers are likely to use, updation on the new products, developing faster ways of accessing information is a must
for growth in this field.
What is the training period and are there institutes that I can join to get myself trained? There is no such period that is set
for training. It can vary between two weeks to twelve weeks depending on the nature and the complexity of the project. There
will be an orientation or initiation programme, which includes familiarizing the companies work culture and the international
environment in which they deal with their clients to have an awareness of the culture abroad. This is the basic orientation that
takes place just after you enter a company. Soon after that the actual training begins which includes both theoretical and on
the job training.
424 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

20.6. CAREER IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Telecommunication has brought the world very close. The world has become global village due to revolution in
telecommunication. The telecommunication industry delivers telephone, cellular telephone, broad band, mobile internet,
television, Internet and other services to customers. This industry provides primary means of communication to virtually all
businesses, households, individuals, etc. The telecommunications industry provides jobs to millions of people.
Scope: The telecommunication jobs are available almost every part of the country. The telecommunication industry
Now a day the convergence of the Aviation industry with the telecommunication industry has take place and this has created
many job opportunities in India as well abroad. Designing Data Networks, Optical Networks (SDH, SONET, DWDM), Wireless
Networks (GSM, CDMA, 3G), Next Generation Networks (NGN) and Broadband Technologies has become thrust areas in
telecommunication. Specialists in the areas of network management, DSP, next-generation networks (E.g. VOIP), intelligent
network and switching, wireless technologies, telecom applications and testing (VOIP & Wireless) are in huge demand and
commands attractive pay packages. India is the second largest telecom market in the world. Telecom industry is growing at a
great pace, the current growth rate being more than 100%. It is estimated that the telecom industry will create about 1.5 to 2
lakh jobs in next 2-3 years.
Remuneration: The salary mainly depends on post, experience, qualifications, employer, location of job, etc. Generally
salary ranges from 20, 000- 1, 20,000.
Eligibity: Eligibility vary from nature of job. Many jobs require at least a high school diploma in addition to on-the-job
training. In addition, many positions require pre-employment testing to determine a candidate’s aptitude for technical or
customer service roles. Other jobs require particular skills that may take several years of experience to learn completely. Some
managerial, maintenance and repair jobs require a college education. Telecommunication industry now requires knowledge
and skills in computer programming and software design, voice telephone technology (telephony), laser and fibre optic
technology, wireless technology and data compression. Installers and repairs needs to take the training of “National Coalition
for Telecommunications Education and Learning (NACTEL)”.
Employabilty Skills:
• Problem-solving ability. • Mathematical precision.
• Design skills. • Technical skills
• Risk identification skills. • Networking and programming skills.
• Good communication skill. • Planning ability and a knack for working under pressure.
• An engineer needs to be physically fit and may need to often work at great speed.
• Good manual, technical and mechanical aptitude.
• Ability to unite scientific discoveries with commercial applications to solve the problems.
Career Opportunities: Telecommunication field offer careers in different sectors such as sales executives, call center
executives, back office executives and technical support executives. The back office executives are great for youths since it
is a promising career as well as the call center. Technical support jobs are in huge demand since they need people that are well
equipped on troubleshooting for technical problems. There are many career opportunities in Government sector, Semi-
Government sector, Private telecommunication industries and Engineering colleges.
Job Options:
• Administrative assistant • Administrative support staff.
• Analog Digital Engineer, • Cable service installer
• Computer software engineer • Computer systems analyst.
• Customer service representative. • Electrical and electronics engineers
• Embedded Software Developer • Finance managers,
• General and operation manager. • Line installer and repairer
• Management analyst • Manager,
• Network Management Specialists. • Network Security Specialists,
• Network systems and data communication analyst. • Product manager
• Record clerk • Sales representative
• Service technician • Software and network engineer
• Supervisor, • Systems analysts
• Telemarketer. • Telephone operator
• Wireless and satellite service installer.
Work environment: Employees in installation, maintenance and repair jobs are in indoors and outdoors and in all kinds
of weather. Their work involves lifting, climbing, reaching, stooping, crouching and crawling. However, managers, administrative
OFFBEAT CAREER OPTIONS 425
workers and professionals work in comfortable offices. Mainly jobs are available in office and administrative support staff,
professional and related occupations and sales and related occupations.
Telecom Engineers: They analyse and solve various technical problems pertaining to telecommunications. They design
various new tools and equipment as per the requirement of organization. They manage a team of junior telecom engineers and
coordinate with various department heads in order to provide better facilities and services to the customers.
Eligibility: The training and certification of Diploma in Telecom Management; Diploma in Security Technologies;
Certificate course in LAN, WAN, GSM, CDMA, 3G, SDH, SONET, DWDM, VOIP, WiMax, NGN networks, etc; Certification in
networking and telecommunication; Certificate course in Trouble shooting and networking; Certificate courses on TCP/IP
and Networking; Certificate courses on Cisco Networking. A Bachelor’s degree/Master’s degree in Electronics and
Telecommunication engineering from a reputed college. In some case diploma in Telecommunication or any other related
field is also accepted.
Jobs:
• Telecom Engineer jobs are easily available all across the country though most of the Telecom Engineer companies in
India are locates in the following cities where it will be easier to find a Telecom Engineer job- Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai,
Pune, Hyderabad, Gurgaon, Bangalore, Chandigarh, Kolkata and Ahmedabad.
• Radio System Maintenance Technician • Communications/Operations Dispatcher
• ERP/SAP Analyst • Server Administrators & Systems Administrators.
• Database Administrators. • Networking Engineers
• Programmers
Employers:
• Vodafone Essar • Reliance Communications
• Bharti Airtel • Tata teleservices
• IMI mobile • VSNL Internet Services Ltd
• Motorola Worldwide • GTL limited
• Nokia
Important Institutes:
• AMC Engineering College, Bangalore www.amcgroup.edu.in
• Army Institute of Technology, Pune www.aitpune.com
• Assam Engineering College, Guwahati www.aec.ac.in
• Bangalore Institute of Aeronautical Engineering and Information Technology www.iameindia.org
• Bengal Engineering College, Kolkata www.becs.ac.in
• BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore www.bmsce.in
• Dayanand Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore www.dayanandasagar.edu
• Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bangalore www.dr-ait.org
• Indian Institute of Telecom Management (IITM), New Delhi. www.iitmedu.org
• Jadavpur University. Jadavpur www.jadavpur.edu
• Jawaharlal Nehru National College of Engineering Shimoga www.jnnce.ac.in
• M.S.Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore www.msrit.edu
• Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore www.sirmvit.edu

20.7. CAREER IN MINING ENGINEERING

“Where there is cinnabar above, yellow gold will be found below. Where there is lodestone above, copper and gold be
found below. Where there is calamine above, lead, tin, and red copper will be found below. Where there is hematite above,
iron will be found below. Thus it can be seen that mountains are full of riches.” —Guang Zhong

What do Mining Engineers do?

Mining engineering is an engineering discipline that is concerned with extraction and processing of minerals from a
naturally occurring environment. Mining and Mineral extraction is essential to modern society. Mining activities by their
nature cause a disturbance of the environment in and around which the minerals are located. Mining engineers are therefore
concerned not only with the production and processing of mineral commodities, but also with the mitigation of damage to the
environment as a result of that production and processing. Mining engineers are consulted for virtually every stage of a mining
operation. Mining engineers working in an established mine either work as an engineer for operations improvement, further
mineral exploration, and operation capitalization by determining where in the mine to add equipment and personnel. The
engineer may also work in supervision and management, or as an equipment and mineral salesperson. In addition to engineering
and operations, the mining engineer may work as an environmental, health and safety manager or design engineer.
426 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Courses & Eligibility

• Bachelor of Engineering (BE) / Bachelor of Technology (BTech): The eligibility is class 12th with physics, chemistry
and maths as the main subjects and Entrance Exam
• Masters in Engineering (ME) or Masters in Technology (M.Tech): Eligibility is BE, B Tech and entrance - Graduate
Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) exam. The marks scored in this exam are valid in most colleges
• For those who wish to study further, a Ph.D. in Engineering can be pursued
Entrance Exam
• JEE MAIN 2013 Exam - Joint Engineering Entrance Exam (2013): for NITs, IIITs, DTU, Delhi and other centrally funded
institutions (CFTIs)
• Kerala Engineering Entrance Exam - KEAM 2013
• Karnataka Engineering Entrance Exam - Karnataka CET
• Maharashtra Engineering Entrance Exam - MHT-CET
• West Bengal Engineering Entrance Exam - WBJEE
• Uttar Pradesh Engineering Entrance Exam - UPTU SEE
• Delhi Common Engineering Entrance Exam - DCEE
• Birla Institute of Technology Engg. Entrance Exam BITSAT
• VIT University Engineering Entrance Exam VITEEE
Course Fee: The 4 years course in Engineering from an IIT will cost about Rs.2 Lakhs. There are a number of scholarships,
fee waivers and loans available for those who are unable to fund the education. Apart from this, in most colleges the students
can earn a small amount while working on a research project with the professors in their college and this can also help funding
the course. The fee in other private colleges is more, ranging from about Rs.40,000 per year to about Rs.70,000 per year.
Where to Study:
• Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad - B.Tech. Mining Engineering, Mineral Engineering, Mining Machinery, Petroleum
Engineering, Open Cast & Surface
• Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur - B.Tech., M.Sc. and M.Tech. in Mine Planning & Mechanisation
• Bengal Engineering College, PO Botanical Garden, Howrah - B.E. Metallurgy
• Vinobha Bhave University Bihar Institute of Technology, Sindri PO, Sindri Institute, Dhanbad - B.Tech., M.Tech.
• Regional Engineering College, Rourkela - B.E. (Engg.) Mining
• Banaras Hindu University, Institute of Technology, Varanasi - B.Tech., M.tech. in Coal Mining, Metal Liferons Mining
and Mine Planning
• College of Technology & Engineering, Udaipur - B.E. (Mining)
• Orissa School of Mining, Keonjhar - B.E. (Mining)
• Pt. Ravishanker University, Govt. Engineering College, Raipur - B.E. (Mining)
• Guru Ghasidas University, Govt. Engineering College, Bilaspur - B.E. (Mining)
• MBM Engineering College, Jodhpur - B.E. Metallurgy
• Vivesvaraya Regional Engineering College, Nagpur - B.E. (Mining)
• Shri Ramdeobaba Kamla Nehru Engineering College, Katol Road, Nagpur - B.E. (Mining), Electronics Design Technology
Career Prospects: Job opportunities exist with government departments and public sector undertakings. Limited
opportunities are available with private sector mining companies and teaching and research offer good options.

20.8. CAREER IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Looking for a Career Option as a Industrial Engineering ? This section features industrial engineering as a career
option, elaborated with reference to the job profile, personality traits required, the courses and training involved, premier
institutions and future prospects.
This is one of the branches of engineering which is related to development, implementation, improvement, and the
evaluation of incorporated systems of people, equipment, knowledge, energy, process and the material. Industrial engineering
is totally based on methods and principles of the engineering. Industrial engineering minimizes waste of money, time, energy,
material and other resources. Production engineering, Operations management, Manufacturing Engineering are some another
names of the Industrial Management and these are depends on the motives and viewpoint of user. For specifying the areas,
most of the engineering applies the skill. Same as that industrial engineering applies in every industries like shortening the
queues at theme park, distributing products worldwide, streamlining an operating room, and manufacturing reliable and
cheaper automobiles. Industrial engineering term initially applies to the manufacturing but it has been extended the service
same as system engineering, operations research, quality engineering and ergonomics.
OFFBEAT CAREER OPTIONS 427
Personality Traits: Industrial engineer should be analytical, creative, detail oriented and inquisitive, have the ability to
work in group and communication skill is also good both writing and orally. For this course, knowledge of computer application
is very important which make easy process planning, component production, production planning, and so on.
Institutions:
• Adichunchanagiri Institute Of Technology, PB No.91, Chikmagalur-577102, (Karnataka)
• Anjuman Engineering College, P. B. No 24, Anjumanabad, Bhatkal-581320, (Karnataka)
• Bangalore Institute of Technology, K R Road, Visveswarapuram, Bangalore-560004, (Karnataka)
• Bapuji Institute Of Engineering And Technology, Devanagere-577004, (Karnataka)
• Basaveshwar Engineering College, PB.No-53, Bagalkot-587102, (Karnataka)
• Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College Of Engineering, Katraj, Dhenakulodi, Pune-411043, (Maharashtra)
• BLDEA’s (Vachanapithamaha) Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology, Ashram Road, Bijapur -
586103, (Karnataka)
• BMS College of Engineering, P.O. Box No : 1908, Bull Temple Road, Basavanagudi, Bangalore - 560 019, (Karnataka)
• Centre For Biotechnology- Anna Univeristy, Chennai-600025, (Tamil Nadu)
• College Of Engineering, Anna University, Guindy, Chennai-600025, (Tamil Nadu)
• College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram-695016, (Kerala)
• Dayanand Sagar College of Engineering, Shavige Malleswara Hills, Kanakapura Road, South-End of Jayanagar,
Bangalore-560078, (Karnataka)
• Delhi College Of Engineering, Bawana Road, Delhi-110042, (Delhi (union territory))
• Deputy Registrar (Academics), Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, G.T. Road, Bye Pass, Post Office NIT
Campus, Jalandhar- 144 011, (Punjab)
• Dr.Ambedkar Institute Of Technology, Near Janana Bharathi campus, Bangalore-560056, (Karnataka)
Placements and Prospects: Industrial Engineer gets jobs in all types of the industries. After the experience of some
years, opportunities of self employment are available. They may join the private consultancy firms, R&D establishments of
the big companies, and the technical sales managers. This is a long duration course so that industrial and production engineers
may work with the entire engineering and manufacturing department in public and private sectors. Industrial engineering
contains maintenance, operations, work study, production planning and the control, value engineering, materials management,
network models like p e r t (Program Evaluation and Review Technique), c p m (Critical Path Method), computer science,
operations research, statistical quality control and financial Management.
Industrial engineers research activities are given below:
• Deterministic methods of optimization and analysis
• Simulation modelling and analysis
• Stochastic method of analysis, optimization and control
• Artificial intelligence based methods
• Supply chain analysis and inventory lanning
• Logistics and transportation
• Financial engineering
• Scheduling and ERP
• Optimization, planning and control in manufacturing and robotics

20.9. CAREER IN REAL ESTATES

Introduction
“Real estate cannot be lost or stolen, nor can it be carried away. Purchased with common sense, paid for in full, and
managed with reasonable care, it is about the safest investment in the world.” —Franklin D. Roosevelt
What does a Realtor do? Real Estate Agents advise the client who want to sell or buy a real estate. Generally they deal
with high net worth individuals or high value properties. In India the real estate market is getting organized now, and no license or
specialized training is required to work as a Realtor (unlike west). Thus it is a relationship oriented business and one is expected to
provide personalized service to the clients. Realtors do their own research and analysis and present a range of options to the clients,
they have to accompany them to visit the site and do a lot of paper work so that the deal goes through smoothly.
Courses & Eligibility: There is no fixed criterion for anyone wanting to enter the business of realty consulting. However,
it is better to take up courses in business management and marketing communication. However, if you want to get into the
technical side of the business, a background in architecture or civil engineering would be suited best.
Where to Study: No particular institute.
428 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

In general, specialization in real estate management (non- technical courses) is not available in India unlike in the West.
However, some autonomous institutions provide related courses.
NIREM offers Post Graduate Diploma in Real Estate Management
NICMAR
IIRE offers course in Principles and Practice of Real Estate, a course in fundamentals of property management.
National Real Estate Development Council (NAREDCO), Human Settlement Management Institute (HSMI) of Housing
and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) and Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU) offer Certificate
course for real estate agents, property brokers, sales persons, commercial and customer care executives.
A Day in Life: Usually real estate agents work on all 7 days as they have to deal with clients who have weekends off and
would like to review the properties. So the days need to be planned in advance and one may begin with a breakfast meeting
with client, followed by visit to the site. After a quick lunch they head back to the office and attend meeting. If there is no
meeting scheduled for the evening, they do the ground work for the upcoming meetings by exploring new properties and read
about latest developments in the field.
20.10. CAREER IN INDIA: PUBLISHING
Looking for a Career Options in the Field of Publishing? This section features Publishing as a career options, elaborated with
reference to the job profile, personality traits required, the courses and training involved, premier institutions and future prospects.
One would think that with the advent of the techno-age, the publishing industry would go completely out of business. To
the collective relief of thousands of publishers and zillions of print lovers, this is one dire prophecy that doesnt seem to be
proving true. The publishing industry, along with an inherent love of the printed word, seems to be thriving. Its still not time
to write it off as another has been! The word publishing denotes a huge amount of publishing work that includes the printing
and publishing of books, newspapers, magazines, periodicals and journals. The basic requirements in terms of knowledge and
experience remain the same in all these cases.
Jobs in this sector can be roughly categorised under three heads editorial, production and marketing. Of course, there are
people, mostly in the upper echelons of the industry, who can claim to be equally good at all three. And then there are those
like Vikram Seth, and more recently, David Davidar, the dynamic editor of Penguin, who make the shift from editing and
publishing to writing with what seems like convenient ease.
Personality Traits: Editorial work is handled by professionals who have a background in the subject involved in being
published. A teaching background is useful for educational publishing and a degree in science, medicine, law or another
speciality for a post with publisher covering these fields. For fiction, a background in literature generally helps and is looked
for by publishing houses.
Publishing is simply bursting with opportunities for those with an inborn love of books. Those who want to begin at the
sub-editor level need to be equipped with basic editorial skills, and loads of patience as you might be required to read through
reams of manuscripts. If the smell of fresh newsprint makes you look forward to a bright day, and you simply love the musty
smell of old books, have an eye for details and for out-of-place words and punctuation, you could have a career in publishing!
Courses/Training: Courses in Publishing are very few as most publishers prefer to train their own staff to suit their requirements.
1. After XII (any subject), graduation/postgraduation in journalism are suitable for shouldering editorial responsibility.
Computing skills are required for word processing.
2. Graduates of Art/ graphic designers/commercial art/photography/ calligraphy can join the art department.
3. Class XII (PCM) followed by a diploma in printing technology can join the production department
Those looking for a career in publishing and with the required qualifications could find a job in Private publishing houses
or in the publication department of any organisation that undertakes its own publishing. Some central and state government
agencies such as the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, and of Education and Culture, also have their own publication
divisions.
There are other government organisations involved in publishing educational and cultural publications - these include
the Sahitya Akademi, Indian Council for Cultural Relations and the Indian Council of Social Science Research. One could
also work in publishing houses of organisations that are subsidized or run by public trust funds are the National Book Trust,
NCERT and the Children’s Book Trust. Some major universities have also set up publishing departments that bring out
academic works as do private educational and charitable institutions, as well as cultural and religious trusts.
Publishing courses:
1. B.A with Book Publishing
2. Course for Publishing Professionals Course Content
3. Course In Book Publishing-Course: NBT Training Course in Book Publishing
In book publishing, entry in the editorial section is generally at the sub-editorial level, or as trainee sub-editor or junior
sub. The hierarchy thereafter is as follows: Assistant Sub Editor, Sub Editor, Assistant Editor, Associate Editor, and Editor.
OFFBEAT CAREER OPTIONS 429

Placements and Prospects:

1. Editorial Jobs: Appointing and working with an editorial team The editorial director guides the team of editors and
oversees the complete running of the publishing house Editors are responsible for locating, identifying the value of publishing
books falling within their specific areas They select and contact authors for writing books on select topics In small book
publishing businesses, the task of an editor may involve overseeing the production as well as marketing of the books
Publishing begins with the processing of the manuscript This is followed by the reading of the proof by the author, proof reader
and editor, for checking the content, sequence, spellings and grammatical errors The final laser prints of the book are made and
the book goes for production.
Production: Editing is carried out on the computer and the typeface and page layout adjusted The illustrations, appearance
of the book, book cover, paper quality is decided by the editor as well as the production incharge The design department does
the art work for the book. A number of publishing houses work with freelance artists on their roles who are commissioned for
artwork, such as illustration, cover design, photographs etc.
2. Sales And Marketing: Publicity, promotion, sales campaigns is the major responsibility Distribution of books entails
understanding the market where the books may sell. Generally large distributors operate through a network of regional offices
Sales outlets, bookshops are visited by sales representatives who have the responsibility of giving information of all forthcoming
books as well as taking orders and ensuring supply. Distribution to libraries, schools, organisations is often done directly or
through local book suppliers. The on-line book sales are perhaps the latest technique in marketing and sales.

20.11. CAREER AS A COPYWRITER

Introduction
“Nobody reads ads. People read what interests them. Sometimes it’s an ad.” —Howard GossageWho is a Copywriter?
Copywriters are the craftsmen of words and write words that help sell or promote a product, service or an idea. They write
ad copies, slogans or copy that drive ad campaigns, instructions on products and write messages that inform and educate. They
also write scripts for audio visuals and speeches and infomercials.
Courses & Eligibility: This is one profession where one writes a lot of different things but still a qualification in English
language is not a prerequisite. Usually you need a “book” to show and get job as a copywriter. A book is collection of ad copies
that you worked on during internship etc.
Many reputed institutes take entrance test for admissions to courses which are offered at certificate and Diploma level.
Course Fee: SACAC charges Rs 25,000 for certificate course in copy writing.
Where to Study:
• Mudra Institute of Communications, Ahmedabad offers PG certificate program in crafting creative communications.
(6 months)
• Sri Aurobindo Centre for Arts and Communication offers Certificate course in Copy Writing, admission through entrance.
• CRAFT, New Delhi, offers PG Diploma in creative writing and copy writing.
• Accelerated program for six figure copy writing, from American Writers and Artists” (AWAI).
• KC College of Management Studies, Mumbai offers OG Diploma in Advertisements (1 year)
• NICC National Institute of creative communication, Bangalore Offers master of Communication Design.
• AAFT, New Delhi offers Post Graduate Diploma in Advertising and mass communication.
• St Xavier’s Institute of Communication offers post Graduate Diploma in advertising and Marketing.
Salary: A junior copywriter get a salary of around Rs 1.5 lakhs a year, senior copywriters make a lot of money.
Famous Personalities: David Ogilvy, founder of Ogilvy and Mather. Prasoon Joshi, Indian Copywriter, Poet and Lyricist.
20.12. CAREER AS A FITNESS TRAINER
This is probably the best time to think about a career in Fitness, with people becoming more aware about fitness and the cost of
not remaining fit very high (In terms of health care costs). People of every age are interested in becoming fit and there is no dearth of
people hoping to achieve some objective like losing/ Gaining weight, etc. No wonder we can see fitness centers in every neighborhood.
What do Fitness Trainers do?: Fitness Trainers are professionals in the field of fitness and exercise. They work towards
overall health and well being. They instruct their clients use, Yoga, aerobics and other techniques to help achieve specific
health and fitness objectives. They help in achieving specific goals like, weight loss, weight gain, achieving a specific look.
These professionals first assess the body type and other fitness factors for the clients, and then through various exercises help
them improve these components.
Since fitness trainers have to assess the clients level of physical fitness they should know a lot about human body, its
anatomy etc. They have to demonstrate various exercise routines and help clients improve their technique. They also keep
records of their clients’ exercise sessions to analyse their progress and physical fitness.
430 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

Personal trainers work with clients on a one-on-one basis with celebrities and others who like privacy while they work out
— either at a gym or at the client’s home. The workout is specially tailored to suit the client’s specific health and fitness
requirements. Aerobics instructors conduct group workout sessions that involve aerobics, stretching and muscle conditioning
exercises. You could even conduct these classes in a gym or at your own studio.
For achieving the desired levels of fitness diet plays and equally important role. Fitness expert need to know a lot about
food, diets and nutrition.
Various new techniques keep coming so the trainers have to keep training themselves and keep their knowledge updated.
Many trainers use a mix of aerobics other physical activities, Yoga and naturopathy.
Courses and Eligibility: Doing any specific certification or Diploma is not mandatory but highly desirable. Since many
people are entering this profession one needs to differentiate by being a more credible trainer and education goes a long way
in establishing that. A very good understanding of diet, nutrition, human anatomy and fitness related matters is needed. While
many colleges provide course for physical education at Graduate,
Post Graduate and higher levels. Private organisations provide diploma and certificates in Fitness training.
Where to Study: Institutes and Colleges for fitness trainers:
• Nike Aerobics Course
• Reebok Instructor Certification programme
• Sports Authority of India
• Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education, Thiruvananthapuram
• Department of Physical Education & Sports Science (University of Delhi)
• Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports, New Delhi
• HVPM, Amravati
• Symbiosis Department of Health Sciences, Pune
• Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior
• SAI, Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports, Patiala
• SAI, NS Eastern Centre, Salt Lake City, Kolkata
• SAI, NS South Centre, University Campus, Bangalore
• The Growth for Fitness Instructors (GFFI) Fitness training Institute, Mumbai and Delhi
• Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education & Sports Sciences (IGIPESS) (affiliated to University of Delhi), Vikaspuri,
New Delhi
• Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education, Kariavattom
A number of institutes and universities impart courses in physical education at the undergraduate and postgraduate level
i.e. Bachelors in Physical Education (BPEd) and Masters in Physical Education (MPEd)
Employment Opportunities for Fitness Trainers: Professional fitness trainers are hired by fitness centres, hotels, health
clubs, big corporate, resorts etc. After gaining experience one can start one’s own fitness centre and there are options to
specialize in a particular field, for example: Yoga specialist at Spa etc. Fitness is one of the fastest growing industries and
employment outlook is very bright.
Famous Personalities: Fitness expert Gerald Zarcilla who is known for training Aamir Khan in martial arts and gymnastics.
Fitness Trainer D’Souza who is personal trainer to Salman Khan.
A Day in Life: The days usually begin early as many people wish to start their days with fitness training. Begin with the
first batch and demonstrate the exercises for the day. And continue with the next batches. Some time is also spent in keeping
the records and discussing the progress on the fitness goals and discussing diets and nutritional plans. Afternoons are spent
either resting or in business development and evenings get busy with fresh batches for work outs.
Scholarships, Financial Aid and Student Internships
Terminologies: It is important at this point to understand the meanings of relevant terminologies.
• Assistantship: a paid academic appointment made to a graduate student that involves part-time teaching or research.
• Scholarship: a grant or payment made to support a student’s education, awarded on the basis of academic or other achievement.
• Fellowship: an endowment established or a sum of money awarded to support a scholar or student engaged in advanced
research in a particular field.
The Board results are out and now the most critical and crucial time has come, when Students are looking for admissions
in colleges. This time is important as plenty of organization supports students through various scholarships, Some of them are
merit based (Board performance based) and some of them are Means based (Parental income and board marks)
Here is a list of 10 scholarships with details, Which every student should take a look for applying.
1. LOreal India for Young Women in Science Scholarship 2014
Award-Rs. 2.5 Lakhs each, 50 scholarships
Eligibility-Class 12 Passed Girl students (PCB/PCM), 85%+ marks
Course: Science, Medical, Engineering, Biotechnology or any other scientific field
Apply-Online or by Post Deadline-30/6/14
OFFBEAT CAREER OPTIONS 431
2. G.P. Birla Educational Scholarships
Award: Rs 50000 per year
Eligibility-Class 12 Passed, 80% + Marks in State Board, or 85% in Central board, or have secured rank in top 150000
in AIEEE/JEE/AIPMT
Course: Science, Humanities, Engineering, Medicine, Architecture, Commerce or Law Apply-by Post Deadline-31/7/14
3. Sahu Jain Trust- Loan Scholarship
Award: Non-Refundable Rs150 to 1000 p.m. or Loan scholarship upto Rs. 50,000 per year
Eligibility-Need cum Merit Based Course: All Graduation/Post Graduation subjects, Engineering, Infotech, Medical,
MBA Apply-By Post Deadline-20/07/14
4. Merit cum Means Scholarship for Minority Students 2014
Award- Rs25000 to 30000 Rs annual for 20,000 students
Eligibility-Class 12 Passed, Annual Family Income< 2.5lakh Course- Professional and Technical courses
Apply-Online Deadline-30/9/14
5. FAEA Scholarship 2014
Award- Tuition Fee, Maintenance allowance, Hostel & Mess charges
Eligibility-Class 12 Passed, Graduation 1st year student, BPL students
Course- Arts, Commerce, Science, Medical, Engineering etc
Apply- Online, By Post Deadline-30/6/14
6. R D Sethna Loan Scholarship 2014
Eligibility-Class 12 passed
Course-Scientific, Technical, Industrial or Commercial studies in India and overseas
Apply- By Post, in Person Deadline-31/8/14
7. Post-matric Scholarship for Minority Students
Award-Rs3000 to 12000 annual Eligibility- Class 10 Passed, 12 Passed, G, PG, PhD
Course- Class 11, 12, Technical/Vocational, Under Graduate, Post Graduate, M.Phil & Ph.D Apply Online Deadline-15/9/14
8. Maulana Azad National Scholarship for meritorious girl students
Award-Rs 12000
Eligibility-Class 10 passed girl student from minority community, Family income<1 Lakh
Course-For studying in Class 11 and 12 Apply-by Post, in Person
9. Gaurav Foundation Scholarship
Award-Rs. 20000-2 Lakhs
Eligibility-11yrs-35yrs, All students Apply-By Email
10. The tGELF Khemka Domestic Scholarships/Grants 2014
Eligibility-Class 12 passed
Apply- Online Course-All undergraduate courses
11. North South Foundation (NSF) Scholarship 2014-15
Award- Rs 5000 to 12000 per year
Eligibility-Class 12 Passed Students in top 10% in Board & Exams, Family income is less than equal to Rs 65000
Apply-Online, By Post
Course: Professional courses like Engineering, Medicine, and Polytechnic in a GOVERNMENT COLLEGE
12. Nirmaan Scholarship and Mentorship Program (NSMP)
Award- College Fee till course completion
Eligibility-Class 12 Passed, Merit cum MeansApply-Online, By Post
Course: Professional courses like Engineering, Medicine, and Polytechnic in a GOVERNMENT COLLEGE
In addition to above, There are many prestigious scholarships are in line.
1. Central Sector Scheme Scholarship for Class 12 passed students of Science, Commerce & Arts subjects
Total 84000 Scholarships
Award- Graduation course: Rs 10,000 per year for 3 years, Masters course: Rs 20,000 per year for next 2 years
Apply-Online, Post
2. INSPIRE Scholarship for Class 12 Board performers (Top1 percentile), Performance in JEE Mains, Advance, NEET,
KVPY, NTSE, IMO etc Competitive Examinations.
Total 10000 Scholarships
Award- Annual scholarship of total value Rs.80,000 till the course completion
Apply-Online, Post
3. Indian Oil Academic Scholarship for Class 10, 12 passed students
Total-2600 Scholarships
Award-1000 Rs per month
Course-10+/ITI, Engineering & MBBS, MBA
Apply-Online
432 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

4. CBSE Single Girl Child Scholarship for Class 10 passed ONLY SINGLE GIRL CHILD of their parents.
Award- 500Rs per month for 2 years
Course-Class 11 & 12 study
Apply-Online
Scholarships In India
Foundation For Excellence Scholarships - The Scholarship Program provides FINANCIAL and other assistance to students
for their higher education in India. Foundation For Excellence Scholarships
The University Grants Commission (UGC) invites the ONLINE applications for the award of FELLOWSHIPS,
SCHOLARSHIPS and RESEARCH AWARD for the Academic Year 2014-2015.UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION -
Fellowships, Scholarships and Research Awards For The Academic Year 2014-2015
Scheme of National Overseas Scholarship for Other Backward Classes candidates and Passage Grants as a Central Sector
Plan Scheme during the XII Five Year Plan (2012-13 - 2016-17) starting from the year 2014-15. National Overseas Scholarship/
Passage Grant for Other Backward Class (OBC) students
L’Oréal India For Young Women in Science Scholarship Programme 2013 The world needs science and science needs
women... L’Oréal strongly believes that science is the source of progress, and the contribution of women is vital to its future.
That is why we have initiated the L’Oréal India For Young Women in Science Scholarship Programme, which encourages and
supports young women from Delhi/NCR or Maharashtra to pursue careers in science. L’Oréal India For Young Women in
Science Scholarship Programme 2014 Last date : 20.07.2014
R D Sethna Scholarship, one of the oldest and best known scholarship programme was initiated after the death of Mr R D
Sethna, Indian Philanthropist in 1938 assisting outstanding and deserving students of all communities. Mr R D Sethna was
clear in his approach to philanthropy: it had to be directed to specific causes, normally of large magnitude in support of higher
education, “For the promotion and encouragement of Scientific, Technical, Industrial and Commercial instruction or education”
in ways beneficial to society: Mr R D Sethna envisioned that his plan for granting FINANCIAL assistance to students would
broaden their academic interests and in turn benefit the Nation. R D SETHNA SCHOLARSHIP FUND 2014 Last date :
31.08.2014
National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation- National Scholarship for Persons with Disabilities (2014-
15) National Scholarship for Persons with Disabilities 2014-15 Last date : 20.09.2014
CBSE MERIT SCHOLARSHIP SCHEME FOR SINGLE GIRL CHILD : The objective of CBSE merit scholarship scheme
is to provide scholarships to the meritorious Single Girl Students, who are the only child of their parents; and have passed the
CBSE Class X Examination with 60% / 6.2 CGPA or more marks/ grades and are continuing their further school education of
Class XI and XII. The scheme is aimed to recognize the efforts of the parents in promoting education among girls and to
provide encouragement to meritorious students. CBSE Merit Scholarship for Single Girl Child Last date : 15.09.2014
CENTRAL SECTOR SCHEME OF SCHOLARSHIP FOR COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY STUDENTS-2014
CENTRAL SECTOR SCHEME OF SCHOLARSHIP 2014 Last date : 15.09.2014
LIC GOLDEN JUBILEE SCHOLARSHIP : SCHEME OF ‘LIC GOLDEN JUBILEE SCHOLARSHIP’ FOR STUDENTS
BELONGING TO THE ECONOMICALLY WEAKER FAMILIES FOR PURSUING HIGHER STUDIES.
LIC GOLDEN JUBILEE SCHOLARSHIP Last date : 23.09.2014
National Level Science Talent Search Examination-2015 By Unified Council National Level Science Talent Search
Examination-2015Last date : 27.09.2014
National Scholarship Exam (NSE) : Pratibha Education Society has been registered under the Trust Act 1882,(Reg.No.7735)
from Govt. Of India N.C.T., New Delhi, working in different fields of programme &
Scheme of Merit cum means based scholarship to students belonging to minority communities.Merit Cum Means Based
Scholarship Last date : 30.09.2014
PRATHIBHA SCHOLARSHIP SCHEME - By KERALA STATE COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY &
ENVIRONMENT Pratibha Scholarship Scheme 2014-15 Last date : 30.09.2014
Indian OIL Educational Scholarship Scheme 2014 : IndianOil offers 2600 Scholarships to Students pursuing 10+, ITI,
Engineering, MBBS & MBA Streams on merit-cum-means basis. Indian Oil Educational Scholarship Scheme 2014 Last date
: 30.09.2014
ALL INDIA COUNCIL FOR TECHNICAL EDUCATION : AICTE invites applications for TWO Scholarship Schemes to
(1) Girls under (PRAGATI) Scheme & (2) for Differently abled Students ALL INDIA COUNCIL FOR TECHNICAL EDUCATION
SCHOLARSHIPS Last date : 30.10.2014
J&K SPECIAL SCHOLARSHIP SCHEME (SSS) 2014-15 Notice for Head of Institutions to extend date of reporting of
students admitted under J&K SSS for the session 2014-15 J&K SPECIAL SCHOLARSHIP SCHEME Last date : Within 15 days
Aakash National Talent Hunt Exam 2014 : In sync with its vision to become a preeminent educational group that works
towards the overall advancement of the society by enabling the brightest minds of the country to achieve what they desire and
deserve to, Aakash is conducting Aakash National Talent Hunt Exam (ANTHE) 2014. Aakash National Talent Hunt Exam
2014 Last date : 12.11.2014
International Scholarships: The British Council IELTS Scholarship Award was launched with the objective of supporting
Indian students intending to study in an English-speaking country. Most importantly, it is a commitment to realising British
OFFBEAT CAREER OPTIONS 433
Council’s aspiration of enabling young people to achieve their life goals. British Council IELTS Scholarship Award 2014Last
Date : 30.06.2014
The A*STAR India Youth Scholarship is tenable for 4 years leading to the award of the Singapore-Cambridge General
Certificate of Education ‘Advanced’ (GCE ‘A’) Level (or equivalent) certificate. The Scholarship is for studies in selected
Singapore schools from Secondary Three to Pre-University Two and is renewed annually, subject to the satisfactory performance
of the scholar. A*STAR India Youth Scholarship Last Date : 13.07.2014
The SIA Youth Scholarship is tenable for 2 years of Pre-University studies in selected Singapore Junior Colleges leading
to the award of the Singapore-Cambridge General Certificate of Education ‘Advanced’ (GCE ‘A’) Level (or equivalent)
certificate. The Scholarship is for 2 years of Pre-University studies in selected Singapore Junior Colleges and is renewed
annually, subject to the satisfactory performance of the scholar. SIA Youth Scholarship Last Date : 13.07.2014
Tata Scholarship for Students from India Cornell University Scholarships For Indian Students. Tata Scholarship - Cornell
University
• The University of Queensland - Scholarships for International Coursework Students Scholarships for International
Postgraduate Research Higher Degree Students. Scholarships For International Coursework
• Applications are invited for the Award of Commonwealth Academic Fellowships and Commonwealth Split-site Doctoral
Scholarship for the year 2014 offered by Commonwealth Secretariat, UK. Commonwealth Academic Fellowship And
Commonwealth Split-Site Doctoral Scholarship - 2014
• Oxford-Indira Gandhi Graduate Scholarship - The Oxford Graduate Scholarships have been established through a
groundbreaking NEW MATCHED funding initiative to enable the creation of fully-funded scholarships for graduate
students of the highest calibre from across the world. 2013-14 will see the very first Oxford Graduate Scholars begin
their studies. Oxford-Indira Gandhi Graduate Scholarship
• Loughborough University Scholarships : International fees and FINANCIAL support School/Departmental bursaries
and scholarships - Postgraduate Loughborough University Scholarship
• To provide international students with an opportunity to conduct advanced studies at higher educational institutions in
Korea,To develop global leaders and strengthen Korea-friendly networks worldwide. Korean Government Scholarship
• Tomsk Polytechnic University is offering postdoctoral fellowship in nanotechnologies. Postdoctoral Fellowship in
Nanotechnologies in Russia, 2014
• The Tara Nirula International Students House (ISH) Scholarship : The Tara Nirula ISH/LCF Graduate scholarship for
2014/2015 is a combined tuition fee and residential scholarship offered to one international student from India who has
been accepted to study on one of the following London College of Fashion courses The Tara Nirula International
Students House (ISH) Scholarship Last date : 13.06.14
• Sussex India Scholarships (2014) - As part of a wider initiative to INVEST in excellence, the University of Sussex is
delighted to offer scholarships worth £3,000 for all overseas fee paying students from India admitted to start an eligible
Masters course in September 2014. Sussex India Scholarships (2014) Last date : 01.08.14
Some of the states and central government offers scholarships to the students. Here’s a list of scholarship for Indian
students:
Dr Manmohan Singh Scholarships
Oxford and Cambridge Society of India Scholarship
USIEF Fulbright-Nehru Fellowships
Chinese Government Scholarship
International PG Research Scholarship by Australia
Huawei Maitree Scholarship for study in China
Raman-Charpak Fellowship for Indian and French Ph.D students
Tata Scholarship for Cornell University,
US UCD UG scholarship
Oxford University’s Rhodes Scholarship
University of Sheffield’s Scholarship
India4EU II Scholarship to study in Europe
Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship
Inlaks Scholarship
Hornby Scholarship to study in the UK
Melbourne - India PG Scholarship
University of Sessex Scholarship
Students can apply for the scholarships after procuring detailed information on eligibility from individual websites.
 I
APPENDIX

Top Colleges
Ranking in India
Top Medical Colleges in India:
• All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi
• Armed Forces Medical College, Pune (AFMC)
• Christian Medical College, Vellore ( CMC)
• JIPMER- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry
• MAMC - Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi
• King George’s Medical University, Lucknow ( Erstwhile CSM Medical University)
• Grant Government Medical College, Mumbai
• St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore
• Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
• Kasturba medical college Manipal
• Bangalore Medical College & Res Inst, Bangalore
• Seth GS Medical college, Mumbai
• University College Of Medical Sciences And GTB Hospital- UCMS, Delhi
• Institute of Medical Sciences (BHU), Varanasi
• Amrita Institute of Medical Science, Kochi
• CMC-Christian Medical College, Ludhiana
Top Engineering Colleges in India
• Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur • Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
• Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur • Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
• Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi • BITS, Pilani
• Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee • IT-BHU
• Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati • College of Engineering, Anna University
• Jadavpur University, Faculty of Engineering & Technology• Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad]
• NIT, Warangal • BIT, Mesra
• NIT. Trichy • DTU
• PEC • MNNIT, Allahabad
Top Management Colleges in India
• Indian Institute of Management (IIM A), Ahmedabad • Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore
• Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (IIMC) • Indian Institute of Management Lucknow
• Faculty of Management Studies, New Delhi (FMS) • Indian Institute of Management, Indore
• Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode • Xavier School of Management, Jamshedpur (XLRI)
• Management Development Institute (MDI), Gurgaon. • Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai
• S.P Jain Institute of Management and Research, Mumbai • Institute of Management and Technology (IMT), Ghaziabad
• Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar (XIMB) • Narsee Monjee Institue of Management Studies, Mumbai
• International Management Institue, New Delhi
• Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human Resource Development
• K J Somaiya Institute of management
• Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Delhi (IIIFT )
• Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune
434
APPENDIX 435

Top Design Colleges in India

• National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad (NID)
• National Institute Of Fashion Technology (NIFT)
• Srishti School of Art, Design and Technology, Bangalore
• Maharashtra Academy of Engineering Education and Research (MAEER) MIT, Institute of Design
• Footwear Design and Development Institute, NOIDA
• Symbiosis Institute of Design, Pune
• Pearl Academy of Fashion, New Delhi
• Apeejay Institute of Design, New Delhi
• Amity School of Fashion Technology, Noida
• J D Institute of fashion Technology,
Top Law Colleges in India:
• NALSAR Hyderabad
• National Law School of India University, Bangalore (NLSIU)
• National Law Institute University, Bhopal
• WB National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata (NUJS)
• National Law University (NLU), Jodhpur
• ILS Law College, Pune
• Faculty of Law, Delhi University
• Symbiosis Law College, Pune
• University School of Law and Legal Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indra Prastha University
• Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar
• National Law University, Delhi
• Faculty of Law, Jamia Milia Islamia
• Amity Law School, Noida
• IMS Law College
• LLoyd Law College Greater Noida
Top Mass Communication Colleges in India:
• Xaviers Institute Of Communications (XIC), Mumbai
• Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC), Delhi
• Symbiosis Institute of Media and Communication, Pune
• AJK Mass Communication Research Centre (MCRC), Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi
• Asian College of Journalism, Chennai
• Indian Institute of Journalism and New Media, Bangalore
• S.Naidu School of Art and Communication, Hyderabad
• Dept of Journalism, BHU, Varanasi
• Manorama School of Communication, Kottayam
• Sardar Patel College of Communication & Management, New Delhi (Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan)
Top Hotel Management Colleges in India:
• IHMCTAN -Mumbai(Hotel Management)
• Institute of Hotel Management (Taj Group of Hotels), Aurangabad.
• Welcome group Graduate School of Hotel Administration , Manipal
• Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition, New Delhi
• Institute of Hotel Management, Bangalore(IHM)
• Institute of Hotel Management Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition (IHM)-Chennai
• Indian Institute of Hotel Management and Culinary Arts, Hyderabad
• Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Hotel Management & Catering Technology, Kalkaji, New Delhi
• Heritage Institute of Hotel and Tourism, Agra
• Merit Swiss Asian School of Hotel Management,Ooty
• A.k.Hafizka College of Hotel & Tourism Management Studies & Research, Mumbai
• Army Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Bangalore
Top Commerce Colleges in India:
• Shri Ram College of Commerce, New Delhi • Loyola College
• St. Xaviers College, Mumbai • Lady Shri Ram College, Delhi
• Christ University, Bangalore • H.R College of Commerce & Economics, Mumbai
• S K Somaiya Degree College Of Arts, Science and Commerce
• Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics, Mumbai
436 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

II
APPENDIX

List of
Central Universities
List of Central Universities
India has 39 central universities which provide world-class education to the students. They are spread across all over
India. Central Universities in India are established by the Government of India, by an Act of Parliament. Some of the important
features of Central Universities include:
The President can nominate some members to the Executive Committee/Board of Management/Court/Selection
Committees of the University in terms of the various statutes and provisions laid down in the University Act. The Ministry of
Human Resources and Development or MHRD helps the President to appointment Vice Chancellors, Court Nominees and
Selection Committee Nominees.
The list of Central Universities in India is given below:
• Hyderabad University • Maulana Azad National Urdu University
• The English and Foreign Languages University • Rajiv Gandhi University
• Assam University • Tezpur University
• University of Bihar • Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya
• University of Gujarat • University of Himachal Pradesh
• University of Jammu & Kashmir • University of Jharkhand
• University of Karnataka • University of Kerala
• Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya • The Indira Gandhi National Tribal University
• Mahatma Gandhi Antrashtriya Hindi Vishvidyalaya • Central Agricultural University
• Manipur University • North Eastern Hill University
• Mizoram University • Nagaland University
• University of Orissa • University of Punjab
• University of Rajasthan • Sikkim University
• University of Tamil Nadu • Tripura University
• Aligarh Muslim University • University of Allahabad
• Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University • Banaras Hindu University
• Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal • Vishwa Bharati University
• Delhi University • Indira Gandhi National Open University
• Jamia Millia Islamia University • Jawaharlal Nehru University
• Pondicherry University
APPENDIX 437

III
APPENDIX

India’s Top
School Ranking
Best Schools in India
1. Vasant Valley School, Delhi 2. Cathedral and John Connon School, Mumbai
3. Valley School, Bangalore 4. The School – KFI, Chennai
5. La Martiniere for boys, Kolkata 6. The Shri Ram School, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi
7. Mallya Aditi International School, Bangalore 8. The Mother’s International School, New Delhi
9. Springdales School, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 10. Campion School, Mumbai
11. National Public School, Indiranagar, Bangalore 12. Bombay Scottish School, Mumbai
13. Padma Seshadri Bala Bhawan Senior Secondary School, Nungambakkam, Chennai
14. DAV Boys Senior Secondary School, Chennai 15. Sanskriti School, New Delhi
16. Gitanjali School, Hyderabad 17. Vidya Niketan School, Bangalore
18. Step by Step, Noida 19. Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, New Delhi
20. The Shri Ram School, Aravali, Gurgaon 21. St. Xavier’s Collegiate School, Kolkata
22. The Riverside School, Ahmedabad 23. Sloka School, Hyderabad
24. Modern School, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi 25. St. James School, Kolkata
26. Amity International, Noida 27. La Martiniere Girls School, Kolkata
28. Jamna Bai Narsee School, Mumbai 29. Vidyashilp Academy, Bangalore
30. Ryan International School, Goregaon, Mumbai 31. St. Joseph’s Boys High School, Bangalore
32. Pallikoodam School, Kottayam 33. Inventure Academy, Bangalore
34. DPS, Noida 35. SBOA School &Junior College, Annanagar, Chennai
36. St. Mary’s High School, Mazgaon, Mumbai 37. Springdales Public School, Pusa Road, New Delhi
38. St. Xavier’s High School, Mumbai 39. Bishop Cotton Boys School, Bangalore
40. Eklavya, Ahmedabad 41. DPS, Mathura Road, New Delhi
42. DAV School, Sector , Gurgaon 43. Sishya School, Adyar, Chennai
44. CHIREC Public School, Hyderabad 45. J.B. Petit High School, Mumbai
46. National Public School, Rajajinagar, Bangalore 47. St. Joseph’s Indian High School, Bangalore
48. St. John’s High School, Chandigarh 49. Smt. Sulochanadevi Singhania
50. School, Thane 51. Arya Vidya Mandir, Mumbai
52. Bishop Cotton Girls, Bangalore 53. Little Flower High School, Hyderabad
54. National Public School, Koramangla, Bangalore 55. Loreto House, Middleton, Kolkata
56. DPS Ghaziabad 57. DPS, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi
58. Modern School, Vasant Vihar, Delhi 59. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad
60. Oasis International School, Bangalore 61. The Bishop’s School, Pune
62. APS, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 63. Bombay International School
64. Carmel Convent School, Chandigarh 65. Don Bosco High School, Mumbai
66. St. Francis de Sales School, Janakpuri, New Delhi 67. St. Mary’s School, Pune
68. Convent of Jesus & Mary, Bangla Sahib Marg, New Delhi
69. Carmel Convent School, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi
70. Hiranandani Foundation School, Powai, Mumbai
438 CAREERS AFTER 10TH & 12TH

71. Air Force Golden Jubilee Institute, Delhi 72. Modern High School, Kolkata
73. St. Ann’s High School, Hyderabad 74. Lotus Valley International, Noida
75. Loreto Convent, Parade Road, New Delhi 76. P.S. Senior Secondary, Chennai
77. Kendriya Vidyalaya – IIT-Madras 78. NASR School, Hyderabad
79. Ryan International School, Whitefield, Bangalore 80. Don Bosco, Egmore, Chennai
81. St. Thomas School, New Delhi 82. St. Columba’s School, New Delhi
83. Amity School, Saket, New Delhi 84. The Ashram, Chennai
85. Apeejay School, Noida 86. Laxman Public School, New Delhi
87. Loreto Convent School, Lucknow 88. Don Bosco School, Park Circus, Kolkata
89. Sacred Heart Convent School, Jamshedpur 90. HPS, Begumpet, Hyderabad
91. St Joseph’s, Pune 92. Air Force School, Hebbal, Bangalore
93. Kothari International School, Noida 94. Mater Dei Convent School, Tilak Lane, New Delhi
95. All Saints High School, Hyderabad 96. St. Xavier’s Boys Academy, Marine Lines, Mumbai
97. Gopi Birla Public School, Mumbai 98. National Academy for Learning (NAFL), Bangalore
99. Air Force Bal Bharati School, Lodhi Road, New Delhi
100. Ashok Hall Girls Higher Secondary School, Kolkata
101. Utpal Shanghvi School, Mumbai
102. DPS, Dwarka, New Delhi 103. Birla Vidya Niketan, New Delhi
104. DPS Vashi, Navi Mumbai 105. Rachna High School, Ahmedabad
106. Villa Theresa High School, Mumbai 107. DPS, Ahmedabad
108. DPS, Gurgaon 109. DPS, Indirapuram, Ghaziabad
110. Vidya Mandir Senior Secondary School, Chennai 111. Loyola High School, Pune
112. Gyan Bharti, New Delhi 113. Ahlcon International School, New Delhi
114. St. Anne’s, Pune 115. St. George’s Girls Grammar School, Abids, Hyderabad
116. Our Lady of Perpetual Succour, Chembur, Mumbai 117. St Michael, Patna
118. DPS Rohini, New Delhi 119. Fr. Agnel, Navi Mumbai
120. Montfort School, New Delhi 121. Apeejay School, Faridabad
122. Jubilee Hills Public School, Hyderabad 123. Ryan International School, Khargar, Navi Mumbai
124. Apeejay, Shekh Sarai, New Delhi 125. Loreto Convent, Darjeeling
126. Maneckji Cooper School, Mumbai 127. Loyola School, Jamshedpur
128. Navrachana School, Vadodara 129. Symbiosis International School, Pune
130. Manav Sthali, Rajender Nagar, Delhi 131. St. Vincent’s School, Pune
132. Ryan International School, Kandivili, Mumbai 133. Vidyaranya High School, Hyderabad
134. DPS, Ruby Park, Kolkata 135. Sacred Heart Public School, Chandigarh
136. St. Stephen’s School, Chandigarh 137. DPS, Vadodara
138. Loreto, Shillong 139. St. Kabir Public School, Chandigarh
140. Apeejay School, Nerul, Navi Mumbai 141. Ramjas Sr Secondary School, Delhi
142. G.D. Somani Memorial School, Mumbai 143. La Martinere High School, Lucknow
144. St. Joseph’s Academy, Dehradun 145. St. Kabir School, Ahmedabad
146. Brightlands School, Dehradun 147. St. Germain High School, Bangalore
148. Abhinav Vidyalaya School, Pune 149. Don Bosco, Bandel, Kolkata
150. Salwan Public School, Gurgaon 151. Shaheed Rajpal DAV Public School, New Delhi
152. DPS, Faridabad 153. St. Paul’s, Agartala
154. DAV Public School, Shrestha Vihar, New Delhi 155. Ahlcon Public School, New Delhi
APPENDIX 439

IV
APPENDIX

World’s Top
University Ranking
World’s top University ranking: The Times Higher Education (THE) magazine has today published its 2014/15 world
university rankings, placing the California Institute of Technology in top place for the fourth consecutive year.
Data taken from timeshighereducation.co.uk
1. California Institute of Technology, United States 2. Harvard University, United States
3. University of Oxford, United Kingdom 4. Stanford University, United States
5. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom 6. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States
7. Princeton University, United States 8. University of California, Berkeley, United States
9. Imperial College London, United Kingdom 10. Yale University, United States
11. University of Chicago, United States 12. University of California, Los Angeles United States
13. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Switzerland 14. Columbia University, United States
15. Johns Hopkins University, United States 16. University of Pennsylvania, United States
17. University of Michigan, United States 18. Duke University, United States
19. Cornell University, United States 20. University of Toronto, Canada
21. Northwestern University, United States 22. University College London, United Kingdom
23. University of Tokyo, Japan 24. Carnegie Mellon University, United States
25. National University of Singapore, Singapore 26. University of Washington, United States
27. Georgia Institute of Technology, United States 28. University of Texas at Austin, United States
29. University of Illinois - Urbana, United States 30. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
31. University of Wisconsin Madison, United States 32. University of British Columbia, Canada
33. University of Melbourne, Australia 34. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
35. London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom
36. University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
37. University of California, Santa Barbara, United States 38. New York University, United States
39. McGill University, Canada 40. King’s College London, United Kingdom
41. University of California, San Diego, United States 42. Washington University Saint Louis, United States
43. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 44. Karolinska Institute, Sweden
45. Australian National University, Australia 46. University of Minnesota, United States
47. University of North Carolina, United States 48. Peking University, China
49. Tsinghua University, China 50. Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
51. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
52. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
53. University of Manchester, United Kingdom 54. Brown University, United States
55. University of California Davis, United States 56. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
57. Boston University, United States 58. Pennsylvania State University, United States
59. Kyoto University, Japan 60. University of Sydney, Australia