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CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW, OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Investigations carried by various researchers in the areas of dynamic analysis, buckling
analysis and optimal layer orientation related to composite axi-symmetrc shells as well as
various modem optimization tools are briefly narrated below. The objective and scope of this
research work are also listed at end of this chapter.

2.2 DYNAMIC, BUCKLING AND DYNAMIC BUCKLING

John F. Abel et al (1982) studied the basis forjudging the buckling safety of wind-loaded
cantilever hyperboloid shells. New predictions for cooling tower buckling are presented and
compared with newly available experimental information. Various anal; sis techniques are
evaluated, and the equivalent axi-symmetric approach (including suction* is identified as a
useful compromise between the accuracy and economy of calculation.

John P. Wolf et al (1982) studied the dynamic response of a tall »einforced-concrete

hyperbolic cooling tower, which has been designed for vertically incidrnt seismic waves,
based on a linear analysis, and it is examined for horizontally propagating waves of the same
amplitude. The non-linear response is also calculated, taking the rmto-ial law of the
reinforcing steel and of the concrete in the columns as well as lift-off end slipping of the
separate foundations into account.

Izhak et al (1984) formulated an analytical and numerical procedure, based on fourier

expansion and finite elements, for free and forced vibration of thin walled shells of revolution
made of arbitrary laminated orthotropic elastic material and formulated a set of equations of
motion with the aid of Hamilton’s variational principle. The usefulness of the numerical
procedure was explained with several examples by choosing variois geometrical
configurations, boundary conditions and the effects of fiber orientation.

Chao et al (1988) formulated a mathematical model for free vibration erf moderately thick
orthotropic complete spherical shells by the improved linear elastic shell theory. They have
studied the free vibration of spherical shells by varying the orientation of principal material
direction with respect to meridian direction and including the effects of transverse shear strain
and rotary inertia.
Dai G. L. (1988) developed a mathematical model using energy method (Rayleigh-Ritz) to
calculate the natural frequency of thin orthotropic composite shells by considering the effect
of transverse shear. In this study only the fundamental natural frequencie* of shell with
simply supported boundaries have been calculated. Kirchhoff-Love hypothesi* has been used
in the displacement equation and Donnell’s approximation used in calculating the strains of a
composite shell. They have concluded that the bending frequencies of the laminated
composite shell calculated in this approach are always lower than those caicubted by the
simple beam theory. But in the case of radial frequency, it is higher than simple beam theory
value.

Lou et al (1991) studied the buckling behaviour of circular cylindrical composite shells under
axial compression, bending and combined compression-bending. Parametric study had been
used for a wide range of radius to thickness and Length to thickness ratios. It «as been shown
that the interaction between the axial compression and bending loads in the esse of combined
case is very significant.

Schokker et al (1996) investigated the dynamic instability of interior ring stiffened composite
shells under hydrostatic pressure. The effect of buckling pressure of the shell under dynamic
loading as well as the response at various increasing load was discussed. They have reported
that the dynamic limit load of an imperfect composite cylindrical shell is lower than the static
limit load and at loads below the dynamic limit load of the shell the displacements oscillate
with increased amplitudes for increased pressure. It has been concluded that when the
dynamic limit load is reached, the displacements immediately become unbomded for single
mode analysis.

Takashi Hara et al (1997) presented the ultimate strength of the R.C. cooliag towers, with
initial geometric imperfections arising from the unavoidable inaccuracies under the
construction and pre-cracked element to model cracks produced by the temperature stress
gradients or cyclic loading under wind pressure and/or earthquake load.

Wang et al (1997) demonstrated the manner in which the Rilz method could te conveniently
automated for the vibration analysis of cylindrical shells with varying ring stiffener
distribution and general boundary conditions. The vibration results presented by kirn indicate
 12

that for cylindrical shells with identical and evenly spaced ring stiffeners, eccentric stiffeners
are more effective than concentric ones.

Romil Tanov et al (1998) presented the results from numerical investigate* of the behavior
of cylindrical laminated shells subjected to suddenly applied loading. A numaical approach is
used combining the finite element method with two different stability criteria namely the
Budiansky-Roth and the phase-plane buckling criteria. The response of the composite shells
has been investigated at the presence and absence of static preloading. Results are presented
for different values of the shell length, imperfection factors, stacking sequence, and lamina
orientation, and for different static preloading magnitudes.

Rodney et al (1999) examined eigenvalue buckling of cylindrical shells with various

boundary conditions under hydrostatic load using Energy method. From this, for shells of
intermediate length, buckling loads for different end conditions can be determined by
applying a simple, scalar multiplier to the pin-ended case.

Ha-Wong Song et al (2002) have carried out path dependent nonlinear failure analysis of
reinforced concrete shell structures. Through layered formulation, the RC Aell is divided into
several layers where two dimensional constitutive models are applied to ta_« into account the
material property. Each layer is classified as either steel layer where the raaforcing bars are
smeared in the layer or plain concrete layer. The total failure behavior including the post-peak
softening failure of RC shell structures is verified with experimental data. They have
simulated the brittle sudden failure of under reinforced dome with different reinforcement
ratio under uniform external loading.

Karagiozova et al (2002) discussed the influence of dynamic effects in the elastic-plastic

buckling phenomenon from the viewpoint of transient process in cylindrical shells subjected
to an axial impact. It has been shown that the initiation of buckling for a high velocity impact
is sensitive to the material properties particularly in hardening modulus and leads to dynamic
progressive buckling. The study concludes that the local inelastic instability of a shell
depends not only on the magnitude of the applied load but also on the proportion of the initial
kinetic energy which can be absorbed by axial compression of shell duri*g ihe initial stable
response.
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Singh et al (2002) modeled a symmetric cross-ply cylindrical panel by incorf orating higher-
order shear deformation and rotary inertia effects in the dynamic equation The effect of
curvature of the panel to side length ratio and side length to thickness ratfo for cross ply
symmetric square panel with all edges simply supported have been examined fbrits response.
Werner et al (2002) developed analytical model for structural dynamic analysis of fiber
reinforced cylindrical shells using the shear elastic theory following Ae well-known
Timosenko theory. The various parametric studies such as length to radiie and radius to
thickness ratio were performed and found that the frequency and damping values for length to
radius rations were constant for a wide range. However, for very short c«nposite shells,
significant changes were observed.

Ganapathi M., et al (2003) have investigated on the nonlinear ax-symnetric dynamic

buckling behaviour of clamped laminated angle ply composite spherical cans subjected to
externally applied pressure. The formulation is based on first order shear deformation theory
and it includes the inplane and rotary inertia effects. In this study, they have afcserved that the
lowest dynamic critical buckling pressure of a spherical cap significantly dqxnds on its
geometrical parameter, ply angle and lay-ups.

2.3 COMPOSITE SHELL

Hsuan Teh Hu et al (1992) have used a sequential linear programming methad to investigate
the optimal buckling resistance of fiber orientated composite shells with and without cutouts.
They heve concluded that for given structural geometry, loading condition and material
system, the buckling resistance of a cylindrical composite shell is strongly influenced by fiber
orientations, end conditions, the presence of cutouts and the geometry of cutaute i.e. circular
or elliptic.

Raouf A.R. (1994) has made a study on the effects of various lamination ; cherries on the
linear and nonlinear natural frequencies of symmetrically laminated composite panels.
Numericals simulations show that the linear natural frequency can be increase* upto 200% by
orienting the fibers in the outer cover plies longitudinally which results the weakest
nonlinearities and it can be reduced to 75% by orienting the fibers in tte second plies
circumferentially which causes the strongest nonlinearities. It is stated that tin: effect of third
plies orientation on the nonlinearities are minimal.
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Mota et al (1994) proposed a discrete model for the sensitivity analysis and structural
optimization of thin multi-layered angle ply composite structures such as plate and shell by
considering static, dynamic and buckling behaviors. The orientation angles of the fibers of
each layer and the vectorial distances were considered as design variables. The finite element
model had been formulated with the triangular plate-shell element. Cylindrical panel, Conical
panel and cantilever plate were analyzed for optimal layer design and the results tabulated.
The design sensitivities were evaluated analytically. The efficiency and accuracy of the model
developed were discussed with reference to several applications.

Kim C.W. et al (1997) have investigated optimum fiber orientations of laminated composite
plates for the maximum strength under multiple inplane loading conditions. The optimal
stacking sequences design is found easily by Tsai-Wu quadratic failure criterion as an
objective function and it provides more precise design sensitivity than F.D.M.

Hu et al (1999) investigated the fiber reinforced laminated cylindrical shells for fundamental
frequency. In this, the fundamental frequencies were maximized using Golden section method
with respect to fiber orientations. The frequencies of layered cylindrical shell were calculated
by using the ABAQUS finite element program with eight node iso-parametric shell element
and the constitutive model for layered composite shell. The parametric studies have been done
based on different shell thickness, shell length, cutouts and end conditions to maximize the
fundamental frequency.

Adali, et al (2001) investigated the problem of stacking sequence for maximum fundamental
frequency for hybrid composite laminated plates consisting of high stiffness surface and low
stiffness core layers with discrete set of ply orientations. The effects of hybridization and
aspect ratio on the optimal layer orientation and maximum frequencies have been studied. It
has been concluded that the discrete design gives superior results than continuous design for
most aspect ratios and hybrid construction can be used effectively to reduce the material
costs.

Haseganuy E. M. et al (2001) have studied large axisymmetric deflections of thin elastic

multi-layered shells of revolution. By using a variational principle for the three-dimensional
non-linearly elastic body, the constitutive relations for a two-dimensional shell theory are
derived. By using asymptotic expansions, the problem of the shell deformations under axial
force is solved.
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Grant et al (2002) presented the methodology for designing any two-dimensional array of
laminated composite panels with varying loads maintaining continuity of some or all the plies
across the adjacent panels. The study used an automated 2-step commercial geaetic algorithm
software code called DARWIN. Results for each design problem were generated using
ADOPTECH’s Java based composite laminate design software called OLGA. The
comparison of individual optimized panel design and the blended design fer each design
problem was also shown. They have concluded that the blended panels ac beneficial in
helping to minimize the manufacturing effort and cost while meeting the structural
requirement at minimum weight.

Juan et al (2002) have introduced a new approach to solve stacking sequence problem that
replaces the complexity of the problem with a simpler and easier sizing optimration problem.
The original stacking sequence problem is solved using an equivalent sizing optimisation
problem with continuous design variables. He has presented an approach, viiich is simple
and numerically very efficient. The major reason for efficiency is that this approach inherits
sizing optimization efficiencies.

Tae-Hoon Kim et al (2002) have presented a nonlinear finite element procedure for the
analysis of reinforced concrete shells using the four-node quadrilateral flat-shell element with
drilling rotational stiffness. The analysis takes into account material nonlinearity by
incorporating tensile, compressive, and shear models of cracked concrete, in addition to a
model for the reinforced steel.

Hutchinson. J.W. et al (2000) have studied buckling of cylindrical sandwich shells subject to
axial compression for shells having foamed metal cores. They have concluded that sandwich
shells designed on the basis of the perfect geometry should not require larger buckling
knockdown factors than elastic shells, even when an optimal design leads to simultaneous
buckling and yielding.

Rajasekaran et al (2003) used an optimization technique called Cellular Automata (CA)

which had been combined with Genetic Algorithm (GA) to develop a different search and
optimization algorithm, known as Cellular Genetic Algorithm (CGA). It considered the
laminate thickness, angle of fiber orientation and the fiber material as disciete variables for
 16

multi layered composite hybrid beams, plates and shells subjected to static buckling and
dynamic constraints.

Rajasekaran et al (2003) applied genetic algorithm to obtain the optimal fiber orientation
and optimal number of layers for multi-layered composite square plates with central hole,
with or without stiffeners subjected to dynamic analysis. It is concluded lhat by varying the
orientation of fibers, there is notable change in frequency and the frequency is increased with
increase in number of layers and increase in number of stiffeners. It is also found that the
frequency is higher for symmetric orientation of fibers than the anti-symmetric orientation of
fibers.

Ching-Chein et al (2004) suggested a local improvement to the standard GA. The local
improvement had been performed by precise regression model. The sandwich plate and
composite propeller problems have been considered for result verification on the efficiency
and accuracy of the local improvement. It is concluded that the procedure of replacing real
calculations with a regression model works well for local search and improves searching
efficiency. The study shows that this GA converges much faster than standard GA and
reduces the calculation time greatly.

2.4 OPTIMIZATION TOOLS

Elperin (1988) described the basic idea of Monte Corlo annealing algorithms for structural
optimization with discrete design parameters. The algorithm generates randomly a set of
design parameters with probability depending on the objective function and given by the
Boltzmann-Gibbs distribution. The rate of the convergence of the method aid its dependence
upon the annealing probability are discussed. Numerical implementation of the method for the
weight optimization of the ten bar planar cantilever truss is presented. The results of
numerical simulation are compared with those obtained by the dual method.

Glover F. (1989) showed the need for stronger local optimization as well as better genetic
framework. More problem specific information should have been incorporated with the local
optimizations. It is also worth solving the problem using other stochastic search methods such
as tabu search.

Sankaran Mahadevan et al (1989) proposed a stochastic structural optimization procedure.

It used element level reliabilities as constraints which were estimated i»ng the stochastic
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finite element method and Mote Carlo simulation with variance reduction technique. A
constrained optimization algorithm is used.

Glover F. (1990) also used a Random Repair Generation with Tabu List (RRGTL).This
algorithm used no problem solving knowledge when generating repairs but «ed the idea of
tabu search. A tabu list of repairs was used to help the algorithm avoid local optima.

Schaerf et al (1991) have made a study on Local Search Techniques ftar Educational
Timetabling Problems. Several applications have been developed and employed with a good
success. The application of local search to educational timetabling problems is quite recent.

Berke et al (1993) presented a structural optimization code with multiple non linear
programming algorithms using an artificial neural network code NETS. A set of optimum
designs for a ring and two aircraft wings for static and dynamic constraints were generated
using the optimization codes. The optimum design data were processed to obtain input and
output pairs, which were used to develop a trained ANN using the code NETS. Neural net
prediction of optimum designs have been found to be satisfactory for the Majority of the
output design parameters provided design variables are within selected error bawds.

Shah et at (1994) proposed two weighting strategies in the multi-objective optimization of

fuzzy structural systems. The results of the objective weighting strategy show that its
distribution line along the pareto solution has better degree of closeness towards the ideal
solution than that of the membership weighting technique. A set of paret* fuzzy optimal
solutions is obtained by a min-max variant fuzzy weighting method. The computational
approach is illustrated with several structural examples.

Hojjat Adeli et al (1995) presented a neural dynamics model for optimal design of structures.
Lyapunav function is used to develop the neural dynamics structural optimization model and
prove its stability. An exterior penalty function method is adopted to formulate an objective
function for the general constrained structural optimization problem in the form of Lyapunav
function. A learning rule is developed by integrating the Khun Tucker necessary condition for
a local minimum with the formulated Lyapunav function. The topology of the neural dynamic
model consists of two distinct layers i.e. variable layer and constraint layer. Both excitatory
and inhibitory connections are used for adjusting the states of the nodes. In addition to
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commonly used inter-layer connections, recurrent connections are used to represent the
gradient information of the objective function.

Thanedar et al (1995) reviewed available methods for discrete variable structural

optimization. Methods are classified according to categories i.e. bench and bound,
approximations using branch and bound and ad-hoc methods. The branch and bound method
is theoretically correct for convex design task but is costly to use. Approximation methods
provide efficiency but do not guarantee an optimal discrete solution. la a majority of the
discrete optimization problems, approximation method provides useful solutions and has been
found to be the most practical. Adhoc method such as simulated annealing and genetic
algorithm provide reasonable solution at an acceptable computational cost. A stepped
cantilever beam example is solved using branch and bound and approximation methods.

Chee Kiong soh et al (1996) investigated fuzzy controlled genetic based search technique for
structural shape optimization. An automated optimal procedure based on the proposed
approach is used in the least weight design of truss structures. To increase the performance of
GA, the design constraints related to member stress, joint displacement and member buckling
are described by using fuzzy set theory. A fuzzy rule based system ^presenting expert
knowledge and experience is incorporated in this approach to control its optimal search
process. Four examples for shape designs are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and
efficiency of the proposed hybrid approach in comparison with the use of pure GA and other
numerical methods.

Hojjat Adeli et al (1996) presented a hybrid counter propagation neutral dynamics model and
a new neural network topology for discrete optimization of large structures. The constrained
structural optimization problem is formulated in terms of neural dynamics model with
constraint and variable layers. The counter propagation part of the model consists of the
competition and interpolation layers. The CPN network is trained to learn the relationship
between the cross sectional area and radius of the available section. Thr lobustness of the
hybrid computational model is demonstrated by application to three examples representing
the exterior envelop of high-rise steel buildings.

Glover, F. et al (1997) explored the meta-heuristic approach called Tab* Search, which has
important links to evolutionary and genetic methods to solve the problems in applied
sciences, business and engineering with scatter search and path relinking. The adaptive
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memory design of Tabu Search discussed provides useful alternatives and allows
enhancements of neutral network processes in practical settings.

Rajeev et al (1997) presented two improved methods for size, configuration and topology
optimization of trusses. The first one is a two-phase method, which can hande both discrete
as well as continuous design variables and. Configuration optimization problems can be
solved. It results in addition to arriving at better solutions compared to simple GA also
improves computational efficiency. The second one is based on variable string, length genetic
algorithm, which can take into account variations in topology in addition to size and
configuration. It shows that results obtained using GA based methodologies are better
solutions than those obtained from other classical optimization methods based on
mathematical programming techniques. Microwave antenna tower is solved using the
proposed methods.

Bland J.A. (1998) implemented Tabu Search in the structural design context Id optimize the
space truss in terms of weight minimization including reliability constraint. The discrete
cross sectional areas of members were taken as design variables. The features of X -depth
neighborhood and a search back facility were included. They have concluded that the tabu
search approach is sufficiently general to be applicable for discrete variable optimal structural
design.

Kargupta et al (1998) have witnessed a growing interest in designing scalable evolutionary

algorithms. Messy genetic algorithms and Dependency trees distribution estimation are some
examples used by them. For problems that can be decomposed into smaller sub problems in
the chosen representation, these algorithms are likely to work effectively by reducing the
global search problem into a problem of computing.

Patrick Reed Barbara et al (1998) have emphasized on Elitism Drift Analysis. Domino
convergence occurs when different subsections of the binary strings composing a population
converge at variable rates as a function of their relevance to the final solution. The common
occurrence of domino convergence in real world applications requires further analysis of the
role of selection in the performance and design of the GA.

Van K. (1998) have emphasized that if the population is quite small, a reliable GA is required
during the exploration phase to perform well on a mixing task. Tkeaefore Elitist
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recombination was chosen, using a local competition between parents and offspring.
Schematic representation of Elitist recombination selects parents by creating random pairs of
individuals.
Royset et al (2001) developed a robust approach for approximately solving reliability based
optimal design problems for series structural systems. The approach reformulates the problem
by replacing reliability terms with deterministic functions. The reformulated problem can be
solved by existing semi infinite optimization algorithms, producing solutions that are identical
to those of the original problems when the first order are used. An important advantage of the
approach is that the required reliability and optimization calculations are completely
developed; allowing flexibility in the choice of the optimization algoriAm and reliability
method.

Arostegui M. A. (1997) carried out empirical comparison of three heuristic algorithms such
as Tabu Search, Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithms for facilities location problems
to explore the behaviour of the heuristics under different circumstances and constraints.

Smail et al (2002) proposed a new parallel meta-heuristic algorithm based on the Tabu Search
for Multidimensional Knapsack problem. It is found that the parallel cooperative TS allows
better search orientation by doing either intensification in a promising zone or diversification
in neglected zone and that it reduces the total execution time of problem.

Theerayod et al (2002) used Tabu Search method with intensified search for hardware-
software partitioning and scheduling. The results of Genetic Algorithm and Simulated
Annealing were compared and found that Tabu search provided higher quality results in a
shorter time than the other two methods. The penalty-reward scheme was implemented in an
intensification strategy for TS to improve the quality of solutions.

Hageman, J.A. et al (2003) have proposed a new approach for designing multiplayer optical
coatings (MOC) using Genetic algorithm and Tabu Search. Since the MOCs are having large
search space, they have introduced several improvements in GA for Optimization. The paper
has shown that design optimized with GA is refined based on TS and it leads to improvement
in the range of 10 - 50 %.

Jaroslav Pozivil et al. (2003), proposed a combination Tabu Search / Genetic Algorithms
approach to construction of optimization algorithms for serial multi-product batch plant
 21

sequencing problem. It is shown that both TS and GA are suitable tools for solving such
problems and each has some drawbacks. This algorithm combines the principle of TS and GA
with their positive quality and tested against pure TS and pure GA which indicates that
combined algorithm is better one.

2.5 GENETIC ALGORITHM

Jenkins (1991) investigated application of genetic algorithm in the optimization of structural
design. Stochastic processes generate an initial population of design and then apply principles
of natural selection i.e. survival of the fittest to improve the design. Analysis and design
interfaces, the basic operation of selection, crossover, mutation and parameter scaling are
presented.

Jenkins (1992) described a computational environment suitable for optimum design of

structures in the case of plane frames. Design optimization is based on the use of genetic
algorithm in which population of individual design is changed generation by generation
applying the principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest. The fitnes of a design
is assessed by using an objective function in which violations of design constraints are
penalized. Facilities are provided for automatic data editing and reanalysis af the structure.
The use of the environment is illustrated in the study of a cable stayed bridge.

Rajeev et al (1992) presented a simple genetic algorithm for structural systems with discrete
design variables. As GAs are best suited for unconstrained optimization problems, it is
necessary to transform the constrained problem into an unconstrained one. A penalty-based
transformation method is used and it is found to be well suited for a parallel search using GA.
The concept of optimization using GA is presented in detail using a three bar truss and a
larger problem is illustrated using 160 bar transmission line tower.

Vlasis Koumousis et al (1994) presented the mixed layout and sizing optimiz&ion problem
of a typical steel roof. In this the roof truss is solved using a genetic algorithm for a layout
part and a logic program is used for the sizing optimization. The method is appEed to large
design space problems and near optimum solutions are found in reasonable computing time.
The genetic algorithm is based on a roulette standard mutation scheme. An elitist strategy is
also used that passes the best designs of a generation to next generation. Numerical results are
presented that show the efficiency of the method.
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Lu Jingui et al (1996) presented an improved strategy for genetic algarithm in structural

optimization. In this the terms of the feasible as well as infeasible strings and the related space
for the individual strings are given. In initializing the population and generating the individual
string of the next generations, the feasible strings are chosen. The approach of structural
approximate analysis by artificial neural network is adopted in order to redire the expensive
computing arising form the constraint evaluations. The effectiveness of the improved strategy
for genetic algorithm is shown by numerical examples of optimum weighl of five and ten bar
truss structures.

Franklin Y. Cheng et al (1997) presented a constrained multi-objective optimization

methodology by integrating a Genetic Algorithm and a Fuzzy Penalty function method. A GA
generates an optimal subset from which a robust and compromise design can be selected. A
fuzzy logic penalty function method is developed with a combination of deterministic
probability and vague environments that are consistent with GA operation theory based on
randomness and probability. Using this method a constrained multi obpclive optimization
problem is transformed into an unconstrained one. Numerical results demonstrate that the
proposed method is highly efficient and robust.

Jiaping Yang et al (1997) proposed a new approach to optimization design concerning the
configuration of structures using GA with a tournament selection strategy to improve the
fitness of succeeding generations more efficiently. Also it is verified that the tournament
selection performs well over the fitness proportional selection and other hybrid technique in
enhancing GA search efficiency. Numerical results for three examples reveal that a significant
computational cost has been achieved in the newly proposed GA with tournament selection as
compared to GA and hybrid GA approach.

Kallassy et al (1997) dealt with optimization of stiffeners on plates by varying their positions
while having well defined dimensions. Considering the nonlinearity, non-convexity and
discontinuity of this problem, GA is used in this work. Some improvements in the GA have
been used and their influences on the convergence of the GA, while varying a number of
parameters are made obvious by application on numerical examples.

Lee et al (1997) described an application of GA in decompositioa based design of

multidisciplinary systems. The coupled muti-disciplinary design problem is adaptively
decomposed into a number of smaller sub-problems each with fewer design variables, and the
 23

design in each sub-problem allowed proceeding in parallel. The design variables allow for
shorter string lengths to be used in the GA based optimization in each sub-problera and hence
reducing the number of design alternatives explored. It also reduces the required number of
function evaluation to convergence. This approach also uses the GA to update the design
changes of all other sub problems. The decomposition based solution of a dual structural
control design problem is used as test problem for the proposed approach.

Boyang et al (1998) have used Permutation genetic algorithms for optimizing the stacking
sequence of a composite laminate for maximum buckling load. They developed a new
permutation GA named Gene-Rank GA and compared with existing Partially Mapped
Permutation GA. The two permutation GAs were also compared with a standard non­
permutation GA. It was demonstrated through examples that the permutation GA is more
efficient for stacking sequence optimization than standard GA.

Charles Camp et al (1998) adopted a procedure incorporating simple GA for discrete

optimization of two-dimensional structures. The objective function considered is the total
weight of the structure, which is to be minimized under serviceability and strength
requirements. The GA based design procedure FEAPGEN is developed as module in FE
analysis program. A group selection scheme for reproduction that does not require fitness
scaling is applied. A comparison is presented between this procedure aid a classical
continuous optimization method based on the optimal criterion.

Thierens (1999) has presented Scalability Problems of Simple Genetic Algoithms. Some
effort was made to design more efficient linkage learning, but it was not always clear how
well the proposed methods scaled with increasing problem complexity. He tried to get the
linkage right adaptively during the normal runtime of the GA. The messy GA and its
successors, which first identify the building blocks and subsequently tightly cade them, take a
different approach to linkage learning.

Kalyanmoy deb et al (2001) carried out optimization of truss structures for finding optimal
cross sectional size, topology and configuration of 2D and 3D trusses to achieve minimum
weight using real coded genetic algorithms. All the three optimization technique have been
made possible by using a novel representation scheme. Although the proposed GA uses fixed
length vector of design variables representing member areas and change in nodal coordinates,
 24

a simple exclusion principle is introduced to obtain different topologies. Stiess, deflection and
kinematic stability consideration are also handled using constraints.
Sehitoglu (2002) has worked on Gene Reordering and Concurrency in Genetic Algorithms.
He has emphasized the importance of GAs design choices, including initialization of the
population, parameters like population size, crossover and mutation probabilities, selection
strategy etc.

Vladimir B. et al (2002) have proposed the augmented genetic algoritim to include the
memory i.e. preserving data from the previously analyzed design for ccmtinuous variables
which is used to construct the spline approximation. They applied this approach to find the
stacking sequences of laminated sandwich composite panel that involves both discrete
variables and a continuous design variable for weight minimization subjected to strength and
buckling constraints. They have demonstrated that this method reduces the computational
cost and increases performance of GA.

Charles Camp et al (2003) developed GA procedure for discrete optimization of reinforced

concrete frames. The design procedure conforms to the ACI building code. The objective is to
minimize material and construction cost of reinforced concrete structural elements subjected
to serviceability and strength requirements described by ACI code.

Dimou et al. (2003) introduced competition among the populations in genetic algorithms
(GAs) to solve the optimization problems. The aim was to adapt the parameters of the GAs,
by altering the resources of the system, so as to achieve better solutions. The evolution of the
different populations, having different sets of parameters, was controlled at the level of meta­
population, (i.e., the union of populations), on the basis of statistics and trends of the
evolution of every population. An overall fitness measure was introduced that incorporates a
diversity measure and the required resources to rank the populations. The fuzzy outcome of
the conflict among the populations guides the evolution of the different GAs towards better
solutions in the statistical sense. The proposed scheme was applied to two different problems
- a multimodal function with six global and several near global-optima, aad reliability based
optimal design of a simple truss. Numerical results were presented and the robustness and
computational efficiency of the proposed scheme were discussed.
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2.6 NEED FOR THE PRESENT STUDY

Most of the literatures referred above indicate that the assessment of dynamic and buckling
behaviours of composite shells is an essential area of research in the field of the aerospace,
automobile and marine engineering. In many studies, the natural frequencies srt calculated
without considering the static load and the buckling capacity is determined without
considering the dynamic effect. However, the presence of static load considerably affects the
stiffness and hence natural frequency. Hence, the natural frequency has to be evaluated with
due consideration to static in-plane edge loading, for realistically carrying out dynamic
response analyses using mode superposition method. Also the buckling strength has to be
evaluated with due consideration to the particular frequency of excitation that degrades the
stiffness. Hence, there is a need to investigate instability due to dynamic excitation of axi-
symmetric composite shells. To improve the effectiveness and efficiency of such structures it
is also necessary to study the effect of various parameters such as boundary conditions, radius
to thickness ratio, length to radius ratio and fiber orientation angle and the interaction between
these parameters soas to impart the knowledge to the designers for tailor making the structural
variables based on the practical requirements.

In the case of advanced fiber reinforced composite axi-symmetric shells, it is necessary to

find the optimal lay-up for maximum dynamic buckling capacity. Recently, many non-
traditional optimization techniques such as Simulated Annealing, Ant Colony Optimization,
Swarm Intelligence, Genetic Algorithm etc. have found application in engineering
optimization problems. Among these, Genetic algorithm has gained substantial attention due
to its robustness and ability to search complex and noisy search spaces, frequently
encountered in structural optimization problems. However it is an expenave tool (high
computational cost) for fitness evaluation, since it involves many iterations of fiaite element
analysis to achieve convergence. GA is able to locate promising regions for global optima in a
search space, but sometimes has difficulty in finding the exact minimum of these optima.
However, extensive research is in progress towards improving the existing GA for its
effectiveness and economics in structural optimization. If the search space b very complex
and consists of many local optima, GA would get stuck. The local search is basically a
deterministic search where, at the end of iteration, the best solution in the vicinity of the
current solution is selected as the new current solution. In the case of convex problem, local
optimum found is the global one. But this is not the case in non-convex problems due to the
occurrence of many local optima. TS is based on concepts from artificial intelligence and
operates on a single solution at a time. The combination of memory and gradient descent
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allows TS for diversification and intensification of the search. So the l«cai optima in the
search space are avoided while good areas are well explored and hopefully to reach the global
optimum. However the pure TS algorithm does not guarantee optimum soluion. Hence it is
proposed in this investigation to improve the methodology of GA by hybridizing with TS so
that the advantages of TS are built into GA to remove its shortcomings and estend this hybrid
model for optimizing the layer orientation of composite axi-symmetric shdl for maximum
dynamic buckling capacity.

2.7 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

This investigation deals with the following tasks and applications
1. Formulation of finite element model for dynamic instability of Layo^ed axi-symmetric
composite shell and development of platform independent software in Java for this model
with Graphical User Interface (GUI) component are the main objectives ef this work. The
developed software is validated against some benchmark problems for itsxlependability.
2. To investigate and study the variation in fundamental frequency and bidding capacity of
layered composite shells due to various parametric effect, such as
a. Layer orientation angle in single and double-layered orthotropic shell.
b. End conditions of the shell.
c. Radius to thickness (R/t) ratio of shell.
d. Length to radius (L/R) ratio of shell.
3. To investigate dynamic instability of composite shell with different parametric settings
and to propose a practical design equation.
4. To investigate the dynamic buckling strength of reinforced concrete shell.
5. To formulate the theoretical framework for Improved Genetic Algorithm (GA) model
using Elitism technique, Memory List and Modified Termination criteria and to develop
computer program with GUI component for optimal layer orientation of cemposite shells.
6. To develop a Hybrid model GATS by incorporating Tabu Search (TS) in the above
improved GA to overcome the local optimality.
7. To obtain the symmetric and anti-symmetric optimal fiber orientations of composite
cylindrical and spherical shells to maximize the dynamic-buckling strength using the
above Hybrid Model.
8. To study the effect on the optimal ply orientations by the different parameters i.e. R/t
ratio, L/R ratio, end conditions and different composite material.
9. To develop mode simulation software for the axi-symmetric shells to visualize the
behavior of shell due to dynamic and buckling effect.
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10. The present work is limited to layered composite axi-symmetric shells subjected to axi-
symmetric loads and the dynamic study is limited to un-damped free vibration only.
11. The layer thickness is assumed to be constant for all layers and the opemigs along the
height of the shell have not been considered. The optimization is limited to layer
orientations only.

2.8 SUMMARY
Review of the literature, need of the present investigation, objective and scope of the research
are explained in this chapter. The FE formulation for static analysis of layered acd-symmetric
shell and the validation of the model are presented in the next chapter.