The information industry or information industries are industries that

are informationintensive in one way or the other. It is considered one of the most
important economic sectors for a variety of reasons.
There are many different kinds of information industries, and many different ways to
classify them. Although there is no standard or distinctively better way of organizing
those different views, the following section offers a review of what the term "information
industry" might entail, and why. Alternative conceptualizations are that
of knowledgeindustry and information-related occupation. The term "information
industry" is mostly identified with computer programming, system design,
telecommunications, and others.

Second, there are information processingservices. Some services, such

as legalservices, banking, insurance, computer programming, data processing, testing, and
market research, require intensive and intellectual processing of information. Although those
services do not necessarily provide information, they often offer expertise in making decisions
on behalf of clients. These kinds of service industries can be regarded as an information-
intensive part of various industries that is externalized and specialized.

A technological fix, technical fix, technological shortcut or solutionism refers to the

attempt of using engineering or technology to solve a problem (often created by earlier
technological interventions).[1]
Some references define technological fix as an "attempt to repair the harm of a technology
by modification of the system", that might involve modification of the machine and/or
modification of the procedures for operating and maintaining it.

Technological fixes are inevitable in modern technology. It has been observed that many
technologies, although invented and developed to solve certain perceived problems,
often create other problems in the process, known as externalities. In other words, there
would be modification of the basic hardware, modification of techniques and procedures,
or both.[2]
Technological fix is the idea that all problems can find solutions in better and new
technologies. It now is used as a dismissive phrase to describe cheap, quick fixes by using
inappropriate technologies; these fixes often create more problems than they solve, or give
people a sense that they have solved the problem.[3]

Big data is a field that treats ways to analyze, systematically extract information from, or
otherwise deal with data sets that are too large or complex to be dealt with by
traditional data-processing application software. Data with many cases (rows) offer
greater statistical power, while data with higher complexity (more attributes or columns)
may lead to a higher false discovery rate.[2] Big data challenges include capturing
data, data storage, data analysis,
search, sharing, transfer, visualization, querying, updating, information privacy and data
source. Big data was originally associated with three key concepts: volume, variety,
and velocity. When we handle big data, we may not sample but simply observe and
track what happens. Therefore, big data often includes data with sizes that exceed the
capacity of traditional software to process within an acceptable time and value.
Current usage of the term big data tends to refer to the use of predictive analytics, user
behavior analytics, or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value
from data, and seldom to a particular size of data set. "There is little doubt that the
quantities of data now available are indeed large, but that's not the most relevant
characteristic of this new data ecosystem."[3]Analysis of data sets can find new
correlations to "spot business trends, prevent diseases, combat crime and so
on."[4]Scientists, business executives, practitioners of medicine, advertising
and governmentsalike regularly meet difficulties with large data-sets in areas
including Internet searches, fintech, urban informatics, and business informatics.
Scientists encounter limitations in e-Science work,
including meteorology, genomics,[5] connectomics, complex physics simulations, biology
and environmental research.[6]

Development communication refers to the use of communication to facilitate social

development.[1] Development communication engages stakeholders and policy makers,
establishes conducive environments, assesses risks and opportunities and promotes
information exchanges to create positive social change via sustainable
development.[2] Development communication techniques include information
dissemination and education, behavior change, social marketing, social mobilization,
media advocacy, communication for social change, and community participation.
Development communication has not been labeled as the "Fifth Theory of the Press",
with "social transformation and development", and "the fulfillment of basic needs" as its
primary purposes.[3] Jamias articulated the philosophy of development communication
which is anchored on three main ideas. Their three main ideas are: purposive, value-
laden, and pragmatic.[4] Nora C. Quebral expanded the definition, calling it "the art and
science of human communication applied to the speedy transformation of a country and
the mass of its people from poverty to a dynamic state of economic growth that makes
possible greater social equality and the larger fulfillment of the human
potential".[5] Melcote and Steeves saw it as "emancipation communication", aimed at
combating injustice and oppression.[6] The term "development communication" is
sometimes used to refer to a type of marketing and public opinion research, but that is
not the topic of this article.[citation ne

A public key infrastructure (PKI) is a set of roles, policies, hardware, software and
procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store and revoke digital
certificates and manage public-key encryption. The purpose of a PKI is to facilitate the
secure electronic transfer of information for a range of network activities such as e-
commerce, internet banking and confidential email. It is required for activities where
simple passwords are an inadequate authentication method and more rigorous proof is
required to confirm the identity of the parties involved in the communication and to
validate the information being transferred.
In cryptography, a PKI is an arrangement that binds public keys with respective identities
of entities (like people and organizations). The binding is established through a process
of registration and issuance of certificates at and by a certificate authority (CA).
Depending on the assurance level of the binding, this may be carried out by an
automated process or under human supervision.
The PKI role that assures valid and correct registration is called a registration
authority(RA). An RA is responsible for accepting requests for digital certificates and
authenticating the entity making the request.[1] In a Microsoft PKI, a registration
authority is usually called a subordinate CA.[2]
An entity must be uniquely identifiable within each CA domain on the basis of
information about that entity. A third-party validation authority (VA) can provide this
entity information on behalf of the CA.