THE CALCULUS 7

Louis Leithold

HarperCollmsCollegePublisbers
CONTENTS

Preface xiii

FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY 1

1.1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS 2
1.2 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS AND
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS 12
1.3 FUNCTIONS AS MATHEMATICAL MODELS 21
1.4 GRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION TO LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS 30
1.5 DEFINITION OF THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
AND LIMIT THEOREMS 41
1.6 ONE-SIDED LIMITS 53
1.7 INFINITE LIMITS 59
1.8 CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A NUMBER 72
1.9 CONTINUITY OF A COMPOSITE FUNCTION AND
CONTINUITY ON AN INTERVAL 82
1.10 CONTINUITY OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
AND THE SQUEEZE THEOREM 92
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW 102

THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 109

2.1 THE TANGENT LINE AND THE DERIVATIVE 110
2.2 DIFFERENTIABILITY AND CONTINUITY 118
2.3 THE NUMERICAL DERIVATIVE 128
2.4 THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBRAIC
FUNCTIONS AND HIGHER-ORDER DERIVATIVES 132
2.5 RECTILINEAR MOTION 142
2.6 THE DERIVATIVE AS A RATE OF CHANGE 155
CONTENTS

2.7 DERIVATIVES OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 162

2.8 THE DERIVATIVE OF A COMPOSITE FUNCTION AND
THE CHAIN RULE 172
2.9 THE DERIVATIVE OF THE POWER FUNCTION FOR RATIONAL
EXPONENTS AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION 183
2.10 RELATED RATES 192
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW 201

BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR

GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES,
AND APPROXIMATIONS 209
3.1 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM FUNCTION VALUES 210
3.2 APPLICATIONS INVOLVING AN ABSOLUTE EXTREMUM
ON A CLOSED INTERVAL 219
3.3 ROLLE'S THEOREM AND THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM 228
3.4 INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS AND
THE FIRST-DERIVATIVE TEST 235
3.5 CONCAVITY, POINTS OF INFLECTION, AND THE
SECOND-DERIVATIVE TEST 244
3.6 SKETCHING GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR DERIVATIVES 256
3.7 LIMITS AT INFINITY 264
3.8 SUMMARY OF SKETCHING GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS 276
3.9 ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS OF ABSOLUTE EXTREMA 283
3.10 APPROXIMATIONS BY NEWTON'S METHOD, THE
TANGENT LINE, AND DIFFERENTIALS 292
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW 304

THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL AND INTEGRATION 313

4.1 ANTIDIFFERENTIATION 314
4.2 SOME TECHNIQUES OF ANTIDIFFERENTIATION 327
4.3 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND RECTILINEAR MOTION 336
4.4 AREA 346
4.5 THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 356
4.6 THE MEAN-VALUE THEOREM FOR INTEGRALS 369
4.7 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS OF THE CALCULUS 377
4.8 AREA OF A PLANE REGION 389
 CONTENTS vii

4.9 VOLUMES OF SOLIDS BY SLICING, DISKS, AND WASHERS 398

4.10 VOLUMES OF SOLIDS BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS 409
CHAPTER 4 REVIEW 415

LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL, INVERSE

TRIGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS 423
5.1 THE INVERSE OF A FUNCTION 424
5.2 THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION 439
5.3 LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRALS
YIELDING THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION 451
5.4 THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION 458
5.5 OTHER EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 469
5.6 APPLICATIONS OF THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION 477
5.7 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 491
5.8 INTEGRALS YIELDING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS 507
5.9 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 512
CHAPTER 5 REVIEW 526

ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS OF THE

DEFINITE INTEGRAL 533
6.1 LENGTH OF ARC OF THE GRAPH OF A FUNCTION 534
6.2 CENTER OF MASS OF A ROD 541
6.3 CENTER OF MASS OF A LAMINA AND CENTROID
OF A PLANE REGION 548
6.4 WORK 557
6.5 FORCE DUE TO FLUID PRESSURE 564
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW 569

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION, INDETERMINATE

FORMS, AND IMPROPER INTEGRALS 573
7.1 INTEGRATION BY PARTS 574
7.2 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 583
7.3 INTEGRATION OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION 594
7.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
AND LOGISTIC GROWTH 601
viii CONTENTS

7.5 INTEGRATION BY OTHER SUBSTITUTION

TECHNIQUES AND TABLES 614
7.6 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION 621
7.7 THE INDETERMINATE FORM 0 / 0 AND CAUCHY'S
MEAN-VALUE THEOREM 634
7.8 OTHER INDETERMINATE FORMS 644
7.9 IMPROPER INTEGRALS WITH INFINITE
LIMITS OF INTEGRATION 650
7.10 OTHER IMPROPER INTEGRALS 659
CHAPTER 7 REVIEW 664

POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATIONS, SEQUENCES,

AND INFINITE SERIES 671
8.1 POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATIONS BY TAYLOR'S FORMULA 672
8.2 SEQUENCES 681
8.3 INFINITE SERIES OF CONSTANT TERMS 693
8.4 INFINITE SERIES OF POSITIVE TERMS 707
8.5 INFINITE SERIES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE TERMS 720
8.6 A SUMMARY OF TESTS FOR CONVERGENCE OR
DIVERGENCE OF AN INFINITE SERIES 732
8.7 POWER SERIES 735
8.8 DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION OF POWER SERIES 744
8.9 TAYLOR SERIES 755
8.10 POWER SERIES FOR NATURAL LOGARITHMS AND
THE BINOMIAL SERIES 765
CHAPTER 8 REVIEW 773

PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS, PLANE CURVES,

AND POLAR GRAPHS 777
9.1 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND PLANE CURVES 778
9.2 LENGTH OF ARC OF A PLANE CURVE 785
9.3 POLAR COORDINATES AND POLAR GRAPHS 790
9.4 LENGTH OF ARC AND AREA OF A REGION
FOR POLAR GRAPHS 804
9.5 A UNIFIED TREATMENT OF CONIC SECTIONS AND
POLAR EQUATIONS OF CONICS 813
CHAPTER 9 REVIEW 822
 CONTENTS ix

VECTORS AND PLANES, LINES, AND SURFACES

IN SPACE 825
10.1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE 826
10.2 VECTORS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE 838
10.3 DOT PRODUCT 850
10.4 PLANES AND LINES IN R3 861
10.5 CROSS PRODUCT 873
10.6 SURFACES 886
CHAPTER 10 REVIEW 903

VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS 907

11.1 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS AND CURVES IN R3 908
11.2 CALCULUS OF VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS 916
11.3 THE UNIT TANGENT AND UNIT NORMAL VECTORS
AND ARC LENGTH AS PARAMETER 925
11.4 CURVATURE 932
11.5 CURVILINEAR MOTION 941
CHAPTER 11 REVIEW 953

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS

OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 957
12.1 FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 958
12.2 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE
THAN ONE VARIABLE 970
12.3 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 986
12.4 DIFFERENTIABILITY AND THE TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL 999
12.5 THE CHAIN RULE FOR FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN
ONE VARIABLE 1011
12.6 DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES AND GRADIENTS 1021
12.7 TANGENT PLANES AND NORMALS TO SURFACES 1031
12.8 EXTREMA OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES 1036
12.9 LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS 1051
CHAPTER 12 REVIEW 1061
MULTIPLE INTEGRATION 1069
13.1 CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL COORDINATES 1070
13.2 DOUBLE INTEGRALS 1076
CONTENTS

13.3 APPLICATIONS OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS 1090

13.4 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES 1102
13.5 TRIPLE INTEGRALS 1111
13.6 TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL
COORDINATES 1117
CHAPTER 13 REVIEW 1124

INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULUS

OF VECTOR FIELDS 1129

14.1 VECTOR FIELDS 1130

14.2 LINE INTEGRALS 1141
14.3 LINE INTEGRALS INDEPENDENT OF THE PATH 1150
14.4 GREEN'S THEOREM 1161
14.5 SURFACE INTEGRALS 1174
14.6 GAUSS'S DIVERGENCE THEOREM AND STOKES'S
THEOREM 1182
CHAPTER 14 REVIEW 1189

APPENDIX PRECALCULUS TOPICS A-l

A.1 REAL NUMBERS AND INEQUALITIES A-l
A.2 COORDINATES AND GRAPHS OF EQUATIONS A-l 3
A.3 LINES A-22
A.4 PARABOLAS A-32,
A.5 CIRCLES A-37
A.6 TRANSLATION OF AXES A-42
A.7 ELLIPSES A-48
A.8 HYPERBOLAS A-58
A.9 THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS A-67
A . 10 THE GENERAL EQUATION OF THE SECOND DEGREE
IN TWO VARIABLES AND ROTATION OF AXES
A . 1 1 PARTIAL FRACTIONS

SUPPLEMENTARY SECTIONS
1.5 SUPPLEMENT
1.7 SUPPLEMENT
1.10 SUPPLEMENT
2.8 SUPPLEMENT
4.5 SUPPLEMENT
 CONTENTS xi

5.1 SUPPLEMENT A-104

8.2 SUPPLEMENT A-l08
8.5 SUPPLEMENT A-l09
8.8 SUPPLEMENT A-l 10
12.3 SUPPLEMENT A-l 14
12.4 SUPPLEMENT A-l 16
12.8 SUPPLEMENT A-l 18

FORMULAS FROM TRIGONOMETRY A-120

FORMULAS FROM GEOMETRY A-l 21
THE GREEK ALPHABET A-l 21
ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES A-l 23
INDEX 1-1