Lecture 1:

COMPLEX NUMBERS
Complex Numbers
 Complex Analysis - deals with the study of
complex numbers – its properties, operations
and analytical functions.

 A complex number is of the form z = x + jy,

where x and y are real numbers. The number x is
called the real part and y the imaginary part. We
write Re z = x and Im z = y. The conjugate of z is
the complex number . Note that which is a
positive real number.
Complex Numbers
The imaginary unit, denoted by j, is a
number satisfying the equation j2 = -1; that is
j = . Successive integral powers of j are:

j =j j5 = j j9 = j …
j2 = -1 j6 = -1 j10 = -1 …
j3 = -j j7 = -j j11 = -j …
j4 = 1 j8 = 1 j12 = 1
…
Complex Numbers: Exercises
Simplify the following.

1. j2099 5. (-j)1303
2. j439 6. 3/j
3. J566 7. 3j47 + 21j54 – 8j60 + 11j73
4. j372 8. 5j12 – 7j17 + 13j23 – 8j30
Theorems on Complex Numbers

Example: Find x and y in each of the following.

1. 3x-2yj= 6+ 8j
2. 2x-3j = 3- 9yj
3. 4x-8j= 7-4yj
 Operations on Complex Numbers
1. Addition:
(x1 + jy1) + (x2 + jy2) = (x1 + x2) + j(y1 + y2)

2. Subtraction:
(x1 + jy1) - (x2 + jy2) = (x1 – x2,) + j(y1 - y2)

3. Multiplication:
(x1 + jy1)(x2 +jy2) = x1x2 +jx1y2 + jx2y1 + j2y1y2
= (x1x2 – y1y2) + j(x1y2 + x2y1)

4. Division:
Algebraic Properties
Various properties of addition and
multiplication of complex numbers are the
same as for real numbers.

1. The commutative laws

z1 + z2 = z2 + z1 z1z2 = z2z1
2. The associative laws
(z1 + z2) + z3 = z1 + (z2 + z3) (z1z2)
z3 = z1(z2z3)
3. Distributive law
z(z1 + z2) = zz1 + zz2
Algebraic Properties
4. Existence of identity elements for addition and
multiplication
There exist complex numbers 0 and 1 such that z + 0 =
0 + z = z and z 1 = 1 z = z. The complex number 0 is
called the identity element for addition and 1 is the identity
element for multiplication.

5. Existence of additive and multiplicative inverses

For every complex number z = x + jy, there exists a
complex number –z = -x – jy, called the additive inverse of
z, such that z + (-z) = (-z) + z = 0.
For every nonzero complex number z = x + jy, there
exists a complex number z-1, called the multiplicative
inverse of z, such that zz-1 = 1.
Algebraic Properties: Examples
A. Perform the indicated operations and
express the result in the form x + jy.

1. ( 2 + 5i) + (-4 + 6i) – (7 - 2i)

2. 2(-3 + 4i) – 3(-5 + i) + (2 – 7i)
3. j
4. (2 + 3i) (-4 + i)
5. J
6. (1 – j)2 + (2 + j)2
Algebraic Properties: Examples

A. Perform the indicated operations and express

the result in the form x + jy.

7. (1 – j2)(3 + j2)2

7. j

8. J

9. \J
Algebraic Properties: Examples
B.Verify that

1.

2.

3.

4.
Graphical Representation of a
Complex Number (The
Complex Plane)
Imaginary Axis

-Also called Argand’s

Diagram, named after
Jean Robert Argand.
Real Axis

A complex number z = x
+ jy may be
represented by a point
on the complex plane.
Moduli and Conjugates
The conjugate of z = x + jy is the complex
number . Note that

which is a positive real number.

The modulus, or absolute value, of a
complex number z = x + jy is defined as the
nonnegative number and is denoted
by z ; that is,
Geometrically, the number |z| is the
distance between the point (x, y) and the
origin.
Properties of Moduli and
Conjugates
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
Properties of Moduli and
Conjugates
6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
Algebraic Properties:
B.Verify that : Exercises

5.

6.

7. the two numbers satisfies the equation

z2 - 2z + 2 = 0
8. Show that (a) Im (jz) = Re z; (b) Re (jz) = - Im z;
(c) (d) (-1) z= -z
Exercises:
1. Use properties of moduli and conjugates
to show that
a.
b.
c.
d.

2. Prove that
Extraction of Square Roots of a
Complex Number
To find the square roots of a complex number (a +jb)

let x + jy =(a + jb).

Then (x + jy)2 = a + jb

(x2 - y2) + j(2xy) = a + jb.

The real numbers x and y can then be found by

solving the system of equations
x2 – y2 = a
2xy = b.
Examples
Find the square roots of

1. –3 – j4 Ans. (1 – j2) and (–1 + j2)

2. –11 - j60 Ans. (5 -j6) and (-5 + j6)
3. 3 + j4 Ans. (2 + j) and (-2 – j)
Polar Form of a Complex Number
Let the complex number z Y

be represented by the
point P(x, y) on the
Cartesian plane. Let r = P(x,y)

OP and XOP = . r
y

Then x = r cos  and y = r x

X

sin .
O

z = x + jy
= r cos  +j(r sin )
= r(cos  + j sin )
Polar Form of a Complex Number
This is usually abbreviated by rcjs or r Y

.
The distance r is called the modulus
or absolute value
and  the amplitude or argument of P(x,y)
the complex number.
The real number  represents the angle r
y
that z makes with the positive real
axis when z is interpreted as a radius X
vector. O x

If k is any integer, then since sin ( +

k360) = sin  and cos ( + k360) =
cos , we have the general polar
form z = r  ( +k360), k = 0, 1,
2, . . .
Polar Form of a Complex Number
 Each value of  is called an argument of z, and the
set of all such values is denoted by arg z. The
principal value of arg z, denoted by Arg z, is that
unique value  such that -180 <   180.

Examples.
Convert the following to polar form.
a. 3 + j4 b. j7 c. -2 + j6

Convert the following to Cartesian form.

a. 9 30 b. 5  270 c. 15  -75
Exponential Form of a Complex
Number
From the infinite series
Exponential Form of a Complex
Number
 z = x + jy = r  = r(cos  + j sin )

Hence the exponential form of a complex number z = x

+ jy is , where  is in radians. The general exponential
form is
Examples:
 Convert the following to Cartesian form.
◦ 6ej2
◦ 8ej
◦ 10ej(-2.6)
 Convert the following to exponential
form
◦ 5 30
◦ –2 + j4
◦ 5 – j7
Operations on Complex Numbers
(in Polar and Exponential forms)
1. Addition and Subtraction
- To add or subtract two or more complex numbers
polar or exponential form, convert these complex
numbers to rectangular form and perform
addition/subtraction.

2. Multiplication
Polar form: (r11)(r22) = r1r2  (1+
Exponential form:
Operations on Complex Numbers
(in Polar and Exponential forms)
3. Division

 Polar form:

 Exponential form:
Powers of a Complex Number
 Let z = re j = r.

We have the successive powers

z2 = r2ej(2) = r2 (2)
z3 = r3ej(3) = r3 (3)
z4 = r4ej(4) = r4 (4)
zn = rn ej(n) = rn(n)
Exercise
1. Find the principal argument Arg z when
a. Ans. 2/3

b. Ans. -3/4

c. Ans. 
Exercise
2. By writing the individual factors on the left in
exponential form, performing the needed
operations, and finally changing back to
rectangular coordinates, show that
a.

b.

c.

d.
De Moivre’s Theorem
(cos  +j sin )n = cos n + j sin n

Proof:
Let z = rej = r (cos  +j sin )

Then zn = (rej)n = [r(cos  +j sin )]n

rn ejn = rn (cos  +j sin )n

rn(cos n +j sin n) = rn (cos  +j sin )n

cos n +j sin n = (cos  +j sin )n. 

Roots of a Complex Number
Let z = re j(+2k) = r(+k360).

Then

By putting successively k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , (n-1),

we get the n nth roots of z.
 Example
 Evaluate and express the result in the form (x+jy)

1.

2.

3. Find the 5 fifth roots of 32

Trigonometric Functions of a
Complex Number

rej = r(cos  + j sin )

ej = cos  + j sin . (1)

e(-j) = cos (-) + j sin (-)

e(-j) = cos  - j sin  (2)

Equations (1) and (2) are called Euler’s

equations, named after Leonhard Euler.
 Trigonometric Functions of a
Complex Number

Eqn. (1) + Eqn. (2):

ej + e-j = 2cos

(3)

Eqn. (1) – Eqn. (2):

ej - e-j = j(2sin )

(4)
 Trigonometric Functions of a
Complex Number

Sin (A + B) = Sin A Cos B + Cos A Sin B

Sin (x + jy) = Sin x Cos (jy) + Cos x Sin (jy)
 Trigonometric Functions of a
Complex Number

Cos (A + B) = Cos A Cos B – Sin A Sin B

Cos (x + jy) = Cos A Cos (jy) – Sin X Sin (jy)
Trigonometric Functions of a
Complex Number
Trigonometric Functions of a
Complex Number
Trigonometric Functions of a
Complex Number
Hence the ff. formulas:

Sin(x+jy) = Sinx Coshy + jCosx Sinhy

Sin (jy) = jSinh y

Cos(x+jy)=Cosx Coshy–jSinx Sinhy

Cos (jy) = Coshy
Trigonometric Functions of a
Complex Number
Examples
 Reduce the following in the form x + jy
◦ (1 – j)2 + (2 + j)2
◦ (1 – j2)(3 + j2)2
◦ j(2 + j3)4

◦ j(2 + j3)4

◦ j(2 + j3)4
Examples
Solve for the angles  and  of the
following equations:

1. (cos2 - sin2) + jcos2 = 0

2. (1 – tan2) –j =0
3. (cos42 - sin4 2) + j(csc2 - 1) = 0
Examples
Solve for x and y of the following equations:

1. (x + jy)2 = 2 + j4
2. (2x + j3y)2 – 6 – j12 = 0
3. cos2 x + j siny cosy – sin2 x = 0.866 + j0.5
4. 2x + j4y – 3 = j3x – y – j10
5. (x2y – 2) + j(x + 2xy – 5) = 0
Examples
1. Convert (6-j3) to polar form,
exponential form and trigonometric
form.
2. Convert 6-30 to rectangular form,
exponential form and trigonometric
form.
3. Convert 5ej0.725 to rectangular form,
polar form and trigonometric form.
4. Convert cjs 30 to rectangular form,
polar form and exponential form.
Examples
1. Let Z1 = 3+j6, Z2 = 4 + j4, Z3 = 8 – j7
find: a. Z1+Z2+Z3
b. Z1-Z2-Z3
c. Z1+Z2-Z3

2. Perform the indicated operations.

a. 330 - (6 – j2) + 5-20
b. (6 + j7) – 10 cjs 30 + 10 ej0.752 + 5-25
Examples
3. Find the product of the following and express the
result in polar form.

a. (5 + j3)(630)
b. (6 + j7)(535+7ej0.765)
c. (6 + j7)(8 – j4)(730 - 5 + j8)

4.Divide
a. 7535  6225
b. 8-75  4-20
c. (5 + j4)  (3 + j4)
d. (6 + j3)  (4 – j2)
Square Root of Complex Numbers
 To evaluate the square root of a given
complex number in polar form, simply
take the square root of magnitude and
multiply the direction by one-half. Or if
the given complex number is in
rectangular form, let that as (x + jy) = ,
square both sides and simplify.
Examples
1. Evaluate the following by two methods and express
the results in polar form.

a. Square root of (1 + j)

b. Square root of (1 – j)

c. Square root of 2j

d. Square root of (3 + j4)

e. Square root of the product of (3+j4) and (2 + j8)

Examples
II. Evaluate the following by two methods and
express the results in polar form.

a. Square root of the sum of 2cjs 30, (6 – j3) and

325

b.

c.

d.
Nth ROOT OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS
From the general exponential form and
trigonometric form.

cjs ( + Z = r ej(+2k) = r 360 k)

Take the nth root of both sides;

Nth ROOT OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS

where:
k = 0, 1, 2, …,(n-1)
W0 = the principal value root, and “” must be
a positive angle.

W1, W2, …, Wn-1 are auxilary values or roots

Examples
1. Find the three roots of 125.

2. Find the four roots of 16-20

3. Find the six roots of (7.17.925 + j126.586)

4. Find the five root of 32 e j1.047.

Examples
5. Determine the principal value of the
following and express the result in polar
form.
a. (3 + j2) (3 + j2) b. (3 + j4) j
c. (-j) j3 d. (3 + j4) (1 + j2)
e. g.
f.