Best Approach

Straight Lines
Workbook 1 - Pattern 2
 WorkBook_Straight Lines

Straight Lines Note

G (centroid) & I (Incentre) always lies in
Triangle A interior of triangle whereas H (Orthocenter)
B > C & O (Circumcentre) lies inside, outside or
b>c periphery depending upon triangle being
c b
A + B + C =  acute, obtuse or right angle.
a+b>c H G O
|a – b| < c B a C 2 : 1
Quadrilaterals
Angle bisector A Note
Sum of all interior angles of n sided figure is
2bc AA = (n – 2) 
AD = cos(A / 2) 2 2
bc c b
Parallelogram
I is called Incentre
I (i) Opposite sides are parallel & equal
(Point of concurrency of
(ii) adjacent angles are supplementary
internal angle bisector) B a D C
(iii) Diagonals are bisected.
Incircle A D a C
Circle that touches sides
b
of triangle is called incircle, b b
c 
r
 
r= C A
S B a a B

Altitude 1
Perpendicular from vertex to opposite side Area parallelogram = d d sin 
2 1 2
(Orthocenter)
DE = b sin 
Median Area of parallelogram = ab sin 
Line joining vertex to mid point of opposite sides
(Centroid) Rhombus
Perpendicular bisector Parallelogram will be Rhombus
Any point on perpendicular If D a C
bisector is at equal distance (i) Diagonal are perpendicular
A B
from A & B (ii) Sides equal d2
a a
(iii) Diagonal bisects angle of d1
Circumcircle A
parallelogram
O is circumcentre R A a B
R is circumradius 1
(iv) Area of Rhombus = d 1d2
R O
R 2
Note B C
Rectangle
In Right angle triangle

A D a C
R
b b
c O b
R R A a B
B(H) a C

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Parallelogram will be Rectangle, If PTolmey’s Theorem

(1) Angle 90°
(2) Diagonals are equal
(3) a 2 + b2 = c 2 Rectangle is cyclic quadrilateral
D C
Square
A Rectangle will be square, If a
D C
(1) Sides equal
(2) Diagonal are perpendicular A B
a a
(3) Diagonal are angle bisector
A a B
Sum of product of opposite side
A Rhombus will be square, If = Product of diagonals
(1) Diagonal are equal
(2) Angle 90°
(Point)
Geometry
Trapezium
b Co-ordinate
(1) One pair of opposite D C Geometry
sides are parallel
h (x)
1 Algebra
area = × (a + b) h
2 A E a B
Distance Formulae
Kite A
(1) One diagonal divide figure A(x1, y1) B(x2, y2)
into two congruent part
d1
(2) Diagonal are
B D AB = (x1 – x2)2 + (y1 – y2)2
perpendicular
d2 Example
1 Find distance between following points :
(3) Area = d 1 d 2
2 Q. (1, 3), (4, –1)
C Q. (0, 0), (–5, –12)
Cyclic Quadrilateral Q. (1,1), (16, 9)
i. Vertices lie on circle Q. (0, 0), (40, 9)
ii. A + C =  = B + D D C Q. (0, 0) (2cos, 2sin )
E
iii. AE × EC = BE × DE
Section Formulae
A B (Internal Division)
Note
m n
T A(x1, y1) P B(x2, y2)
D
C  mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1 
P , 
Q P E  mn mn 

B Coordinate of mid point of

A ( x 1 , y 1 ), B (x2 , y 2 )
A
(EB) (EA) = (EC) (ED) = (ET) 2 = (EP) (EQ)  x  x 2 y1  y 2 
P 1 , 
 2 2 
Example
Q. Find points of trisection of (1, 1) &
(10, 13)

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Co-ordinate of G External & Internal common tangents divides

line segment joining centre of two circles
A(x1, y1) externally & internally at O 1 and O 2 in the
ratio of their radii. O 1 and O 2 are called
2 harmonic conjugate of each other w.r.t. C1
C2.
G
1
B(x2, y2) C(x3, y3) r1
r2
C1 O2 C2 O1
 x  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y3 
G  1 , 
 3 3 
Example
Q. Find mid points of sides of  if vertices are Co-ordinates of Incentre (I)
given (0, 0), (2, 3), (4, 0). Also find
coordinate of G.  ax  bx 2  cx 3 ay1  ay 2  ay3 
Q. Find the ratio in which point on x axis divides I 1 , 
 abc abc 
the two points. (1,1), (3, -1) internally.
A(x1,y1)
Section Formulae
(External Division)
m n c b

A B P
 mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1  B(x2,y2) a C(x3,y3)
P , 
 mn mn 
Coordinates of I 1 , I 2 & I 3
Example
Q. Find t he point dividing (2, 3), (7, 9)
externally in the ratio 2 : 3
Harmonic Conjugate A
If a point P divides AB internally in the ratio I3 I2
a : b and point Q divides AB externally in b c
the ratio a : b, then P & Q are said to be
harmonic conjugate of each other w.r.t. AB B a C

A P B Q I1
AP  AQ
  Coordinates of I 1 , I 2 & I 3
BP 1 BQ
Harmonic Mean
 ax1  bx 2  cx 3 ay1  ay 2  ay3 
I1   , 
 a  b  c a  b  c 
2AP AQ
AB =  ax  bx 2  cx 3 ay1  ay 2  ay3 
AP  AQ I2   1 , 
 a bc abc 
Example
 ax  bx 2  cx 3 ay1  ay 2  ay3 
Q. If coordinate of A & B is (0, 0) & (9, 0) I3   1 , 
find point which divide AB externally in the  a  bc a bc 
ratio 1 : 2 find its harmonic conjugate.

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Examples Q. Find relation between x & y if x, y lies on

Q. Mid point of sides of triangle are (1, 2), (0, –1) line joining the points (2, –3) and (1, 4)
and (2, –1). Find coordinate of vertices Q. Show that (b, c + a) (c, a + b) and
Q. Co-ordinate A, B, C are (4, 1), (5, –2) and (a, b + c) are collinear.
(3, 7). Find D so that A, B, C, D is ||gm Q. If the area of  formed by points (1, 2),
Q. Line 3x + 4y = 12, x = 0, y = 0 form a . (2, 3) and (x, 4) is 40 sq. unit. Find x.
Find the centre and radius of circles touching Q. Find area of quadrilateral A (1, 1) ;
the line & the co-ordinate axis. B (3, 4); C (5, –2) and D (4, –7) in order
Q. Orthocenter and circumcenter of a ABC are the vertices of a quadrilateral.
are (a, b), (c, d). If the co-ordinate of the Q. Find co-ordinate of point P if PA = PB and
vertex A are (x1, y1) then find co-ordinate area of PAB = 10 if coordinates of A and
of middle point of BC. B are (3, 0) and (7,0) respectively.
Q. Vertices of a triangle are (2, –2), (–2, 1), Q. Find the area of the  if the coordinate of
(5, 2). Find distance between circumcentre vertices of triangle are
& centroid. (at 12, 2at 1)(at 22, 2at 2), (at 23, 2at 3)
Area of equilateral triangle LOCUS
To Find Locus
3
= (side) 2 (1) Write geometrical condition & convert them
4
in algebraic
Area of Triangle (2) Eliminate variable
1 1 1 (3) Get relation between h and k.
1 (4) To get equation of locus replace h by x & k
 = x1 x 2 x3 by y
2
y1 y 2 y3 Examples
Wher e ( x 1 , y 1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 ) , ( x 3 , y 3 ) a r e Q. Find locus of curve / point which is
coordinates of vertices of triangle equidistant from point (0, 0) and (2, 0)
Condition of collinearity of Q. If A (0, 0), B (2, 0) find locus of point P
A (x1 , y 1 ), B (x2 , y 2 ), C(x3 , y 3) such thatAPB = 90°
Q. If A (0, 0), B (2, 0) find locus of point P
1 1 1
such that area ( APB) = 4
x1 x2 x3 = 0
Q. If A & B are variable point on x and y axis
y1 y2 y3 such that length (AB) = 4. Find :
(i) Locus of mid point of AB
Area of n sided figure (ii) Locus of circumcentre of AOB
1 x1 x 2 x 2 x3 x3 x4 xn y1 (iii) Locus of G of AOB
   ....... (iv) Find locus of point which divides segment
2 y1 y 2 y 2 y3 y3 y4 yn y1
AB internally in the ratio 1 : 2, 1 from x axis
Note : All coordinates of the vertices of an
Q. A(1, 2) is a fixed point. A variable point B
equilateral  can’t be integer.
lies on a curve whose equation is x2 + y2 =
Example 4. Find the locus of the mid point of AB.
Q. Find k for which points (k + 1, 2 – k), Parametric point
(1 – k, –k) (2 + K, 3 – K) are collinear. Examples
Q. If points (a, 0), (0, b) and (1, 1) are collinear Q. Find eq uat io n o f c ur ve r epr es ent ed
1 1 parametrically by x = cos, y = sin
then prove that  1
a b Q. Find equation of curve if x = 2cos, y = sin
Q.
Find equation of curve if x = sec, y = 2tan
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Q. Find equation of curve if x = at 2, y = 2at Examples

Q. Find locus of point P such that ; Q. Find equation of line having slope 2 and
PF 1 + PF2 = 2a & F1  (c, 0) passing through point (1, 3)
& F2  (–c, 0) Q. Find equation line having slope 3 and
Q. Find locus of point P such that passing through point (1, 7)
|PA – PB| = 2a & coordinates of A, B are
Q. Line passing through (1, 0) and (2, 1) is
(c, 0) & (–c, 0)
rotated about point (1,0) by an angle 15° in
Straight Line clockwise direction. Find equation of line in
Locus of point such that if any two point of new position.
this locus are joined they define a unique
Two Point Form
direction.
Inclination of Line

Example
y
Q. Find equation of line joining (1, 1), (3, 4)
Determinant Form
 x 1 1 1
x x1 x 2  0
y y1 y2

Slope / Gradient (m) Intercept Slop Form

y = mx + c
m = tan  ;   2
y = mx [if line passes through origin]
Slope of line joining two points
Examples
Q. Find slope, x intercept, y intercept of lines
B(x2, y2) (i) 2y = 3x + 7
y 1) (ii) 2x + 7y – 3 = 0
x 1,
A( (iii) line joining point (1,1), (9, 3)
Double Intercept Form

y2  y1 Examples
m  tan  
x 2  x1 Q. Find equation of straight line through (1, 2)
Examples & if its x intercept is twice the y intercept.
Q. Find slope of joining points Q. Find equation of line passing through (2, 3)
(i) (1, 1) & (100, 100) and having intercept of y axis twice its
(ii) (1, 0) & (2, 0) intercept on x axis
(iii) (1, 9) & (7, 0) Normal Form
Equation of Line in Various Form x cos  + ysin  = p ; [0, 2)
General Form Example
ax + by + c = 0 Q. If equation of line is 3x – 4y + 5 = 0 convert
Point Slope Form line in
(y – y1) = m (x – x1) (i) Intercept form (ii) Double intercept form
(iii) Normal form
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Note Equation of External Angle Bisector

(1) Line having equal intercept  m = –1
(2) Line equally inclined with coordinate axis x y 1 x y 1
 m=±1 b x1 y1 1  c x1 y1 1  0
Example x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1
Q. Find equation medians of ABC where
coordinate of vertices are (0, 0), (6, 0), (3, 8) Equation of the Altitude
Q. If p is perpendicular distance from origin x y 1 x y 1
upon line whose intercept on coordinate axis
b cos C x1 y1 1  c cos B x1 y1 1  0
1 1 1 x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1
are a & b prove that 2
 2  2
a b p
Q. Find locus of middle point of AB where A is Angle Between Two Lines
x intercept and B is Y intercept of a variable m1  m2
line always passing through point (2, 3) tan =
1  m1m2
Q. Find number of lines passing through (2, 4)
& forming a triangle of area 16 units with Condition of lines being ||
the coordinate axis. m1 = m2
Q. Find equation of line Condition of lines being Perpendicular
(i) Cuts off intercept 4 on x axis and passing m1 m 2 = –1
through (2, –3) Equation of line parallel to
(ii) Cuts off equal intercept on coordinate axis ax + by + c = 0
and passes through (2, 5) ax + by +  = 0
(iii) Makes an angle 135° with positive x axis
Angle of line Perpendicular to
and cuts y axis at a distance 8 from the origin ax + by + c = 0
(iv) Passing through (4,1) and making with the
bx – ay +  = 0
axes in the first quadrant a triangle whose Inclination of lines are complementary
area is 8
m1 m2 = 1
Q. Find equation of the two lines which join
Examples
origin and points of trisection of the portion
of line x + 3y – 12 = 0 intercepted between Q. Find e qu at io n o f line pa r a llel a nd
co-ordinate axis. perpendicular to y = 3 and passing through
(2, 7)
Line in Determinant Form Q. Find the equat ion of line parallel and
Equation of Median Through A (x1, y 1)  to x = 1 and passing through (–9, –3)
in  ABC
Q. Find e qu at io n o f line pa r a llel a nd
x y 1 x y 1 perpendicular to 2x + 3y = 7 and passing
through (2, –3)
x1 y1 1  x1 y1 1  0
Q. Line 2x + 3y = 7 intersects coordinate axis
x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1
in A & B. Find perpendicular bisector of AB
Q. A(0, 8), B(2, 4) & C(6,8) find equation of
Equation of Internal Angle Bisector
altitudes,  bisectors and Coordinates of
x y 1 x y 1 Orthocenter and Circumcenter
b x1 y1 1  c x1 y1 1  0 To Find Tangent of Interior Angles of
Triangle
x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1
m1  m 2
Tan A =
1  m1m 2
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m 2  m3 m3  m1 Distance Between Two Parallel Lines

Tan B = ; Tan C =
1  m 2 m3 1  m1m3

ax+by+c2=0

ax+by+c1=0
Examples
Q. If a  ABC is formed by the lines
2x + y – 3 = 0, x – y + 5 = 0 and 3x – y + 1 = 0 c1  c 2
p p=
then obtain tangents of the interior angles of a 2  b2
the triangle
Q. Equation of line passing through (1, 2) making an
angle of 450 with the line 2x + 3y = 10 Example
Reflection of a Point about a line Q. Find distance between point (1, 2) and line
A 3x – 4y + 1 = 0
i. AB = BC
Q. Find distance between point (0, 0) and line
ii Angle 90° B
12x – 5y + 7 = 0
C
Examples Q. Find distance between line
3x + 4y + 7 = 0 & 6x + 8y – 17 = 0
Q. Find equation of line passing through (–2, –7)
making an angle of tan–1 3/4 with the line Area of Parallelogram
4x + 3y = 3 y=m1x+c2
Q. Find reflection of point (1, –2) about the line

2
x+d

2 x+
d1
x–y+5=0
2
y=m

y=m
Q. Equation of perpendicular bisector of the
sides AB and AC of a triangle ABC are x – y=m1x+c1
y + 5 = 0 and x + 2y = 0, if the vertex is
A(1, –2). Find the equation of BC. (c1  c2 )(d1  d 2
area =
(m1  m 2 )
A(1, –2)
Q. Find area of quadrilateral formed by the lines
3x – 4y + 10 = 0, 3x – 4y + 20 = 0
4x + 3y + 10 = 0, 4x + 3y + 20 =0
c.c.
(x1, y1)B C(x2, y2)
Q. Find reflection of point (1, –2) about the line
x + 2y = 0

Length of  from (x1 , y 1 ) on

ax + by + c = 0

0
c=
+
by p
+
ax (x1,y1)

ax1  by1  c
p=
a 2  b2

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