Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Handout of The Superpave Workshop 2004 - 5th Edition PDF
Handout of The Superpave Workshop 2004 - 5th Edition PDF
SUPERPAVE™
Mix Design Workshop
‡aT))aJatJ
SRp„J)a†[J)ÉR))‡‰JcSJ cT‚a„J
Prepared and Presented by
Dr. Ibrahim Al-Dubabe
SUPERPAVE™
Superior Performing
Asphalt Pavements
Table of Content
Session 2 Introduction 12
Session No 1
Getting Started
Quiz No (1)
1. What is your?
Name:
________________________________________________
Company:
_____________________________________________
Degree:
_____________________________________________
Years in materials:
My Specialty
Total Quality
Management (TQM)
relays heavily in many
concepts one of which
is participation and
Interaction and continues evaluation. teamwork. That is,
also, so important in the
Participation is root of Success. learning process. As
If you teach me then you know it … ??!! others usually leave
evaluation at the end of
Continues Process Improvement (CPI). the process, we will
incorporate it within the
Quizzes during process not after the fact ! process to have the
chance to improve as
All are TQM Fundamentals. we proceed not after the
fact.
ePAVE, AdEC
Time Management
Time is live …..
Assistance
AdEC
AdEC isis always
always ready
ready toto work
work with
with you
you to
to
handle
handle all
all issues
issues and
and matters
matters related
related to
to
highway
highway engineering
engineering especially
especially materials
materials
(PMA,
(PMA, NA,
NA, HMA,
HMA, PCC,
PCC, Soil, …).
Soil,…).
P.O
P.O Box
Box 8658
8658
Riyadh
Riyadh 11492,
11492, Saudi
Saudi Arabia
Arabia
Tel:
Tel: 4567377
4567377 ,, Fax:
Fax: 4548166
4548166
Mobile:
Mobile: 0505814198
0505814198
Email:
Email: nasik@zajil.net
nasik@zajil.net
Workshop Program
Day 8:10 -9:00 9:00 – 9:50 9:50 – 10:00 10:00 – 11:00 11:00-12:00
Session 5: Session 6:
Sun. Session 7:
Selection of Selection of
Design Aggregate Structure
Binder Aggregate
Session 8: Session 9: Lab. Work:
Mon. Design Asphalt Moisture
Brake RV, Gyratory Comp. and ITS
Content Sensitivity Demo.
Session 10:
Tues Design Example:
. Solving Some SUPERPAVE Mix
ePAVE Solution
Design Problems.
Session No. 2
Session
Introduction
This workshop is
Background... Importance of the Subject important because
MOT wants to use
SUPERPAVE in the
design of asphalt mixes
and stop using other
Internationally methods.
SUPERPAVE method
SHRP (1987 to 1993) is not simple and needs
Background a good understanding to
Locally
correctly use it and
benefit from its power.
MOT instructions “circular No. 2253”
MOT second “circular No. 30789”
Saudi Arabia Roads Accidents 1425
A
B
C
25
Temperature ,C
SUPERPAVE is
More Into it … What is defined as a "Hot
SUPERPAVE? Asphalt Mix design
system that
includes both the
design method and
The final product of the SHRP Asphalt Research
Program is the SUPERPAVE® mix design system for new the mixture
construction and overlays. This system employs a series specifications".
of new performance based specifications, test methods
and practices for material selection, accelerated
performance testing, and mix design (1994).
SUPERPAVE
What is New in SUPERPAVE researchers have
introduced new:
1. Binder grading
system
2. Aggregate
Performance based (PG) selection
3. Design method
Integrated approach A unique feature of the
SUPERPAVE is that it
Specification is performance-based
Mix design method specification. The tests
and analysis is directly
Based on project’s climate & traffic related to field
Compaction simulate actual conditions performance
Session No. 3
SUPERPAVE
Overview
2 Monday, November 22, 2004
Note: Preparation of
specimens in DAS and
Select Nmax DAC are gyratory
Compact Analyze compacted to Ndes only not
DAC verification
Nmax.
http://training.ce.washington.edu/WSDOT/Modules/03_materials/03-3_body.htm
http//:training.ce.washington.edu/WSDOT/Modules/03_materials/03-3_body.htm
Session No. 4
Design Parameters &
Mixture Criteria
2. Project location.
Location Traffic
(ESALs)
2. SUPERPAVE
implementation
guidelines issued by
5 Session 4 – First Day - Design Parameters & Mixture Criteria MRDTM.
For the local conditions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Dr. Hammad AL-Abdullwahb,
Dr. Ibrahim Al-Dubabe and other coworkers have developed temperature zoning map of
the Kingdom in KACST project "Adaptation of SHRP Performance Based Binder
Specifications to the Gulf Countries"1996
Bottom 100 mm
Aggregate Base Coarse
Note: if less than 25% of the layer is within the surface then consider in the bottom.
Design Parameters
The compacted
Quiz No (2)
4. Define:
NMS: ______________________________________________
Location: ____________________________________________
Traffic:
Session No. 5
Selection of Binder
SUPERPAVE binder
Asphalt Binder . . . Basics grading system is
performance based.
PG x-y
Asphalt Binder . . . Basics Where:
x is the average
seven-day
maximum
pavement
temperature
SUPERPAVE binder
Asphalt Binder . . . Basics grading system is
unique. Rheological
values are fixed but
temperatures to meet
these values vary. This
made the specifications
very sensitive to
temperature because
behavior asphalt is
really highly dependent
on temperature.
Use of engineering
The laboratory
Sample
Spindle
Sample
Chamber
13 Session 5 – Second Day – Step 1: Selection of Binder
Example
B) Materials Properties:
1) Asphalt from Riyadh refinery having the following data
Property Value
Flash point 325 C
Specific Gravity 1.02
Rotational viscosity at 135 C 0.494 Pa.s
Rotational viscosity at 165 C 0.075 Pa.s
16 Tuesday, November 23, 2004
Example
Example
Session No. 6
Selection of Aggregates
The aggregate
Aggregate . . . Physical Properties requirements in
SUPERPAVE are in
two groups:
1. The consensus
☺ Aggregate: properties
Consensus (SUPERPAVE) Requirements: 2. The Source
Gradation properties
Coarse agg. Angularity, (CAA) ASTM D5821
Fine agg. Angularity, (FAA) AASHTO T304 The proposed aggregate
Flat and elongated particles (F&E) ASTM D4791 for the project must
Clay content, (SE) AASHTO T176 meet the consensus
requirements according
to SUPERPAVE
criteria.
4 Session 6 – Second Day – Step 1: Selection of Materials
However, the source
properties are agency
specific (i.e. MOT); no
Aggregate . . . Physical Properties requirements in
SUPERPAVE were
specified for them.
☺ Aggregate:
Source (MOT) Requirements:
Toughness AASHTO T96
Soundness AASHTO T104
Clay lumps & friable particles AASHTO T112
Others
SUPERPAVE specifies
Aggregate . . . Gradation Basis gradation using the 0.45-power
gradation chart. The x-axis is an
arithmetic scale of sieve size in
mm raised to the power 0.45 as
shown in the upper figure on
the left.
100
60
plots as a straight line from the
origin to the maximum
40
aggregate size. As shown in the
middle figure in the left.
20
40
20 Maximum Size
19.0 mm
Sieve Size Raised to the 0.45 Power
In most cases, a humped gradation indicates an over-sanded mixture and/or a mixture that
possesses too much fine sand in relation to total sand. This gradation often results in
tender mix behavior, which is manifested by compaction problems during construction.
These mixtures may also offer reduced resistance to permanent deformation (rutting)
during their performance life. The restricted zone prevents a gradation from following the
maximum density line in the fine aggregate sieves. Gradations that follow the maximum
density line often have inadequate VMA to allow room for sufficient asphalt for
durability. These gradations are typically very sensitive to asphalt content and can easily
become plastic with even minor variations in asphalt content.
Quiz No (3)
1. In SUPERPAVE, What are the bases for selecting?
GCE
Density
VMA%
VFA%
D/P ratio
MS
NMS
Session No.
Session No. 77
Selection of Design
Aggregate Structure
SUPERPAVE requires
A) Establish Trial Blends developing a minimum
of three blends from the
available hot bins
samples in the project
site.
2) Compute combined aggregate properties The blending percentages
Estimate mathematically the combined are selected using
aggregate properties based on the blending ePAVE so that the
resulted gradation line:
percentages and the aggregate properties.
1 is away from the
For the selected blend verify the combined maximum density line.
properties by testing. 2. is within the control
points.
3. is outside the restricted
zone (strong
recommendation).
7 Session 7 – Third Day - Step 2: Selection of DAS
Blending Percentage of B1 B2 B3 B4
aggregate from hot bin
To compact specimens
B) Compact trial blends from the three blends, we
need to estimate asphalt
content. The design can
select and use any one of
Select % Trial Asphalt Binder (Pbi) using one the shown methods.
of the following methods:
By computation which
will be shown in details
Computation (AASHTO PP-28) in the next slides.
Or by utilizing
B) Compact trial blends SUPEPRAVE suggested
values shown below:
NMS Suggested %
1) Estimate Trial Blend (% AB) By Computation: 37.5 3.5
25.0 4.0
a. Estimate the effective specific gravity of the 19.0 4.5
blends (Gse) using: 12.5 5.0
9.5 5.5
Gse = Gsb+ C x (Gsa – Gsb)
The Computation
Gsb = Aggregate bulk specific gravity method to estimate
C = Aggregate absorption factor is assumed 0.8 asphalt content for the
but for absorptive aggregate use 0.6 or 0.5 three trial blends based
on AASHTO PP28 is
Gsa = Aggregate apparent specific gravity
shwon.
Computation method to
B) Compact trial blends estimate asphalt content
for the three trial blends
Computation method to
B) Compact trial blends estimate asphalt content
for the three trial blends
Computation method to
B) Compact trial blends estimate asphalt content
for the three trial blends
d. Finally estimate the initial AB% (Pbi) for each
trial blend using: Design project example
data.
Ps x (1-Va)
Ws = Hand computation is
(Pb/ Gb + Ps / Gse) not recommended; use
of ePAVE simplifies
the process and
Gb x (Vbe + Vba) guarantees the accuracy
Pbi = of the results.
(Gb x (Vbe + Vba) + Ws
Ws = weight of aggregate
Pbi = percent binder by weight of mix
13 Session 7 – Third Day - Step 2: Selection of DAS
To determine the
B) Compact trial blends % Gmm at any N
(gyratory compactor
rotation) use the shown
formula.
HNdes
%Gmm @ any Nx = %Gmm @ Ndes x Note that the
HNx gyratory compactor
will give you only the
Where: height of the sample
at each gyration (N).
HNdes = Height of specimen at Ndes
Design project
Selection of DAS … Example example.
IMPORTANT
C) Evaluate Trial Blends SUPERPAVE system
design the mixes by
2. Estimate @ 4% air voids (96% Gmm @ Ndes): determining the
aggregate gradation
Asphalt content % using: (DAS) and asphalt
Pb,estimated = Pbi – (0.4(4-Va) content percentage
Note: (DAC) for the HMA at
VMA using: C = 0.1 if Va < 4.0 a level of Air Voids of
% VMAestimated = %VMA initial + C(4-Va) C = 0.2 if Va > 4.0 4.0%
VFA using:
% VFAestimated = 100 x (%VMAestimated - 4.0)/% VMAestimated
3. Calculate DP ratio
Compute Pbe using:
Pbe = - (Ps x Gb ) x (Gse – Gsb)/GsexGsb) + Pb,estimated
DP using:
DP = P0.075 / Pbe
4. Summarize results and Compare with
SUPERPAVE criteria and select the most
confirming blend.
Quiz No (4)
1. What are the bases for the selection of the NMS?
2. Define:
Control points:
Restricted zone:
3. Why we have to do the short term oven aging? For how long?
Session No.
Session No. 88
Selection of
Selection of
Design Asphalt
Design Asphalt Content
Content
Select Nmax
Compact Analyze
DAC verification
Quiz No (5)
1. What is SUPERPAVE suggested asphalt binder content
percentages to start the selection of DAC process?.
3. Define :
Nmax:
Ndes:
Session 9
Moisture Sensitivity
Evaluation
A) Select Nx
procedure to conduct the
moisture evaluation and
MOT SUPERPAVE
Implantation Guidelines.
Where:
N at which the
specimen has air voids
of 7% using the shown
HNmax = Height of specimen at Nmax formula.
B) Compact Samples
C) Evaluate
Three specimens are control (no conditioning)
o
The other three is conditioned for 24 h at 60 C
Test all specimens to determine maximum
indirect tensile load at failure
Load Load
C) Evaluation
Compute ITS
Maximum allowable ITS loss is 20%
Compare with SUPERPAVE criteria and adjust
your design as needed.
Session No 10
Typical Problems in
SUPERPAVE Mix Design
Asphalt Binder:
Binder PG selection in case the project crosses two zones
PG adjustments for speed and ESAL
PMA lab testing results are different from the manufacturer recommendations.
Aggregate:
Inaccurate measurements of Specific Gravities. (Gsb, Gsa, Gmb, Gmm …)
FAA method selection in AASHTO T304.
Hot Mix:
Low VMA.
The designed mix fail in the moisture sensitivity testing (TSR is less than 80%).
1.0 Problem:
What binder PG must be selected in case the project crosses two zones?
Solution:
Select the highest PG
Split the project in to two PG or more.
Use engineering judgment to select the PG based on the historical performance
of the project or similar in the area.
2.0 Problem:
How can we adjust PG for speed and ESAL in a project where these factors are
different in some of the project locations?
Solution:
Select the highest ESAL and the lowest speed (check cost ?)
Use more than one PG.
Use engineering judgment to select the PG based on the historical performance
of the project or similar in the area..
3.0 Problem:
What shall we do if the PMA lab testing results are different from the
manufacturer recommendations?
Solution:
Check PMA production instructions as given by the manufacturer for mixing
mechanism, time and temperature.
Check the polymer content.
If everything is OK, use your results, since the PMA physical and rheological
properties are asphalt source dependent.
1.0 Problem:
Inaccurate measurements of Specific Gravities. (Gsb, Gsa, Gmb, Gmm …)
Solution
The volumetric properties are the heart of the SUPERPAVE mixture design
system , which depends on the specific gravities of the materials; hence,
high caution must be practiced in the measurements of the needed
specific gravities.
Read the standard procedures carefully and make sure they are applicable to
your case.
Check all of your laboratory equipment for calibration, damage and errors.
Do some self training and education.
Follow the standard procedure carefully.
2.0 Problem:
Which method we should use to measure the FAA in AASHTO T304
Solution
Use method A
1.0 Problem:
What can I do to increase the VMA in my design?
Solution
The VMA is an aggregate property which depends on the packing
characteristics of the aggregate.
Gradation:
1. Move gradation away from the maximum density line.
2. Gap-grade the gradation (reduce the amount between two sieves)
3. Reduce the amount passing 0.075 mm sieve (No 200)
Surface texture:
1. Use particles with high angularity
2. Use particles with rough surface texture.
Introduction
The heart of the SUPERPAVE mixture design system is aggregate properties and volumetric
properties. If all the requirements are met, the resulting mix design should have:
• A strong aggregate skeleton for permanent deformation resistance.
• Sufficient asphalt binder for fatigue and asphalt binder aging resistance.
• Sufficient air voids space to hold plastic properties at bay and prevent permanent
deformation.
Problem
An issue which has been experienced is the difficulty of obtaining adequate voids in the
mineral aggregate (VMA). Although the number of mixtures which have experienced
difficulty is in the minority, the mix designers have become frustrated. Problem mixes
typically will have low VMA and will be non-responsive to changes in gradation.
For example, a 19.0 mm nominal maximum size mixture calls for 13.0% VMA. Say a mix
designer who is trying to design below the restricted zone finds the estimated VMA in trial
blends to be in the low 12's. Further, he finds that if the gradation is varied within the range
available below the restricted zone that the VMA varies from the low 12's to the high 12's,
13.0% seems unachievable. The designer knows that adding additional sand will open up the
mixture. But what about the restricted zone? What to do?
First, the designer should realize that the packing characteristics of aggregate particles and
hence VMA is dependent on three factors:
1. gradation
2. surface texture
3. shape
In the example, the designer has investigated the effect of gradation within the limits below
the restricted zone but has not yet considered surface texture or shape. The mix designer is
correct that additional fine aggregate will increase VMA but the specifications prevent adding
sand because of the weakening effect which will occur in the aggregate skeleton. If the
contract allows mixtures above the restricted zone the designer can investigate such mixes,
although other problems will be faced, in particular, meeting density requirements at N
initial.
Two competing demands are occurring during the mix design. Sufficient inter-particle space
must be available for a minimum amount of asphalt binder and the aggregate must have a
sufficiently strong skeleton to carry the traffic loads. SUPERPAVE specifications demand
that adequate VMA be obtained without weakening the aggregate skeleton.
Gradation Effect
Changing the gradation (particle size distribution) of a mixture will influence the amount of
space in the aggregate skeleton. The effect of gradation is separated from shape and surface
texture effects if all sized particles have the same shape and texture. Research published by
Nijboer in the 1940's, Goode and Lufsey in the 1960's and the Asphalt Institute in the 1980's
provide a basis for the 0.45 power chart.
Nijboer investigated aggregate gradations plotted as the log percent passing versus log
particle size. He showed a maximum packing density for both gravel and crushed aggregates
when the slope was 0.45. Goode and Lufsey reconfirmed Nijboer's results on gravel
aggregates. Hence, the basis of the 0.45 power chart. Work by the Asphalt Institute evaluated
the drawing of maximum density lines on a 0.45 power chart for both gravel and crushed
limestone mixtures.
Under Marshall compaction the particles are not so free to rotate. In fact, flat particles tend to
bridge in a Marshall mold and give high VMA. Therefore, be aware of the influence of
particle shape when comparing Marshall specimens to SUPERPAVE specimens.
Conclusion
Obtaining adequate VMA in a SUPERPAVE mixture is an important part of the mix design
which must be met. VMA is only one parameter, aggregate skeleton strength is another. The
challenge to SUPERPAVE mix designers is to select aggregates which will give the proper
amount of VMA without weakening the skeleton. Many mixtures meet the SUPERPAVE
requirements without difficulty, others require more design work. This guidelines are
intended to help mix designers with the decision of which materials to use.
(1) Source: "How to Increase Voids in Mineral aggregate – Guidelines to increase VMA of SUPERPAVE Mixture" prepared
by Ad Hoc Mix Design Task Group, Presented to the FHWA SUPEPEVE Mixtures Expert Task Group., 1996
Hot Mix ……
2.0 Problem:
What can be done if the designed mix fail in the moisture sensitivity testing (TSR
is less than 80%).
Solution
1. Compact another six (6) specimens replacing part of the filler with an approved
mineral fillers according to item 4.05.2.3 of MOT General Specifications. Mineral
fillers shall be either Portland cement, blended hydraulic cement or lime
conforming to the following requirements:
Material Requirement
Portland Cement, Type I or II ASTM C-150 (AASHTO M204)
Blended Hydraulic Cement, Type IP ASTM C-595
Lime, Type N or S ASTM C-207 (AASHTO M303)
or chemical anti-stripping agents according to item 4.05.2.4 of MOT General
Specifications
If this procedure fails, redesign the mix.
No effort must be done to increase the DAC
12