Eng Quen PDF

Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.
no/People/hnohf/
z1R qE' 6E t#
z5 R 5 #Ì #"
English – Quenya
(last updated July 5th, 2008)
by Helge K. Fauskanger
http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/
Wordlist last updated July 5th, 2008 1 Presented by http://www.ambar-eldaron.com

Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/
Quettaparma Quenyanna
† = poetic or archaic word (e.g. †él "star", elen being the ordinary word) or a poetic or archaic meaning of an
ordinary word (e.g. russë "corruscation, †swordblade"),
* = unattested form,
** = wrong form,
# = word that is only attested in a compound or in an inflected form (e.g. #apa, #Apanóna; see AFTER below),
TLT = Tolkien's lifetime (by some called "Real Time", as opposed to:)
MET = Middle-Earth Time (or rather Arda Time, since Quenya originated in the Blessed Realm),
LotR = The Lord of the Rings (HarperCollinsPublishers, one-volume edition of 1991),
Silm = The Silmarillion (HarperCollinsPublishers 1994),
MC = The Monsters and the Critics and other Essays,
MR = Morgoth's Ring, LR = The Lost Road,
Etym = The Etymologies (in LR:347-400),
FS = Fíriel's Song (in LR:72),
RGEO = The Road Goes Ever On (Second Edition),
WJ = The War of the Jewels,
PM = The Peoples of Middle-earth, Letters = The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien,
LT1 = The Book of Lost Tales 1,
LT2 = The Book of Lost Tales 2,
Nam = Namárië (in LotR:398),
Arct = "Arctic" sentence (in The Father Christmas Letters),
GL = Gnomish Lexicon (in Parma Eldalamberon [PE] #11 - references are selective),
QL = Qenya Lexicon (in Parma Eldalamberon #12 - references are again selective),
VT = Vinyar Tengwar (PE and VT being journals publishing Tolkien material edited by C. Gilson, C.F.
Hostetter, A.R. Smith, W. Welden and P. Wynne; please refer to the individual journals here referenced to
determine which editors are involved in any given case),
vb = verb,
adj = adjective,
interj = interjection,
pa.t. = past tense,
fut = future tense,
perf = perfect tense,
freq = frequentative form,
inf = infinitive, gen = genitive,
pl = plural form,
sg = singular form.
The spelling used in this wordlist is regularized (c for k except in a few names, x for ks, long vowels marked
with accents rather than macrons or circumflexes; the diaeresis is used as in LotR). When s in a word represents
earlier Þ (th as in "thing") and it should be spelt with the letter súlë instead of silmë in Tengwar writing (though
Tolkien himself sometimes ignored or forgot this), this is indicated by (Þ) immediately following the word in
question (e.g. sanda, sanya-; see ABIDE, ABIDING below).

Wordlist last updated July 5th, 2008
A
A, AN (indefinite article) – no Quenya ACCOUNT (noun) quentalë (history),
equivalent. Elen "star" may thus also be lúmequenta (chronological account, history);
translated "a star" (LotR:94), Elda “Elf” is also HISTORICAL ACCOUNT quentasta (any
the equivalent of “an Elf” (Letters:281). The word particular arrangement, by some author, of a
laurë Tolkien translated as “(a) golden light”, series of reconds or evidences into a given
indicating that “a” has no equivalent in Quenya historical account – not History as such, which is
(VT49:47). The absence of the definite article i quentalë) –KWET, LU, VT39:16
"the" usually indicates that the noun is indefinite ACCURSED húna (cursed). –PE17:149
(though there are exceptions – see THE). ACRE resta (sown field) –VT46:11 cf.
ABANDON hehta- (pa.t. hehtanë is given) RED
(put aside, leave out, exclude, forsake) –WJ:365 ACROSS arta (athwart) (Note: arta also
ABHOR feuya-, yelta- (loathe); THE means "fort, fortress") –LT2:335
ABHORRED Sauron (Þ) –PHEW/VT46:9, ACT OF WILL nirmë –VT39:30
Silm:418, VT45:11 ACTOR tyaro (agent, doer) –KYAR
ABIDE mar- (be settled of fixed) (fut. ACTUAL anwa (real, true), nanwa
#maruva is attested: maruvan "I will abide"); (existing, true) –ANA, VT49:30
ABIDE BY himya- (cleave to, stick to, adhere); ACUTE tereva (fine, piercing); ACUTE,
ABIDING sanda (Þ) (firm, true); LAW-ABIDING ACUTENESS laicë (In the printed Etymologies,
sanya (Þ) (regular, normal) (variant vorosanya a similar word is also the adjective "keen, sharp,
with a prefixed element meaning "ever"). – acute", but according to VT45:25, this is a
UT:317/LotR:1003, KHIM/VT45:22, misreading; the final vowel of the adjective
STAN/VT46:16 should be -a, not -ë. However, the conceptual
ABLE, BE; see BE ABLE validity of the adjective laica, and therefore also
ABOVE: According to VT44:26, Tolkien in the corresponding noun laicë, is questionable;
one text glosses apa as "above but touching", see PIERCING.) –TER, LAIK
but apa is normally taken as the preposition ADAPT camta- (sic; the cluster mt seems
"after" instead. For "above", the preposition or unusual for Quenya; while the source does not
"over" may be used. explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is
ABUNDANCE úvë; ABUNDANT úvëa (in difficult to understand what other language could
a very great number), úmëa (swarming, teaming be intended) (to [make] fit, suit, accomodate) –
– but elsewhere a similar word is defined as VT44:14
"evil", so úvëa may be preferred), alya (rich, ADD napan-, yantya- (augment) –
blessed, prosperous) –UB, VT48:32, GALA PE17:146, 15:68 %
ABUSE (vb, evidently meaning to abuse ADHERE himya- (abide by, cleave to,
verbally) naitya- (put to shame) –QL:65 stick to) –VT45:22, cf. KHIM
ABYSS undumë –MC:222 cf. 215 ADHERING himba (sticking) –KHIM
ACCOMODATE camta- (sic; the cluster ADMIRAL ciryatur (only attested as the
mt seems unusual for Quenya, and while the personal name Ciryatur of an admiral, but the
source does not explicitly say that this word is word means *"ship-ruler") –UT:239
Quenya, it is difficult to understand what other ADORN netya- (trim). (Note: netya is also
language could be intended) (to [make] fit, suit, an adj. "pretty, dainty".) SMALL THING OF
adapt) –VT44:14 PERSONAL ADORNMENT netil –VT47:33

ADULT (adj) vëa (manly, vigorous); AGONY qualmë (death), unqualë (death;
ADULT MAN vëaner; ADULT MALE nér (ner-, according to VT45:24, Tolkien changed this word
as in. pl neri) (man) –WEG, DER to anqualë) –KWAL, VT45:5, 24, 36
ADÛNAKHOR Herunúmen –UT:222, AH (interj.) ai (alas) Ai! laurië lantar lassi
Silm:322 Ah! golden fall the leaves (Nam)
AEGNOR Aicanáro (so in Silm:435 and AIR vista (= air as substance); vilya older
PM:345; MR:323 has Aicanár) (Sharp Flame, [MET] wilya (sky); vilma (lower air) (perhaps
Fell Fire) changed to vista, but vilma was not struck out in
AFFECT #ap- (given as aorist stem apë) Etym); lindë (tune, song, singing); PUFF OF AIR
(to concern, to touch one) –VT44:26 hwesta (breeze, breath); UPPER AIRS AND
AFFECTIONATE méla (loving) –VT39:10 CLOUDS fanyarë (skies), AIRY vilin (breezy) –
AFFLICTED – be afflicted: moia- (labour). WIS, WIL/LT1:273, LIN, SWES/LotR:1157,
The participle *moiala may then be used to MC:223, LT1:273
translate "afflicted" as an adjective, describing ALAS (interj.) ai (ah) (Etym also gives a
one who is "labouring" or toiling as a thrall. – word nai, but this clashes with nai "be it that" in
VT43:31 Namárië.); also orro or horro as an
AFTER apa (also attested in compounds "exclamation of horror, pain, disgust: ugh, alas!
like Apanónar, see below), #ep- (used in ow!" –Nam/RGEO:66, NAY, VT45:17
compounds when the second part of the ALIKE véla –VT49:10
compound begins with a vowel, only attested in ALIVE cuina; BEING ALIVE (noun not adj)
epessë "after-name" – see NICKNAME.) This cuilë (life) (LT1:257 gives coina, coirëa; see
ep- is a shorter form of epë, which means LIVING) –KUY
“before” of spatial relationships but “after” of time ALL illi (as independent noun), also ilya
(since the Eldar imagined time coming after their (all of a particular group of things, the whole,
present as being before them, VT49:12); apa each, every) (Note: ilya normally appears as ilyë
and epë may be seen as variants of the same before a plural noun: ilyë tier "abll paths");
word. Other variant forms of apa "after" include ALLNESS, THE ALL ilúvë (the whole).
opo and pó/po (VT44:36, VT49:12). According According to early material, ALL THE... (followed
to VT44:26, the preposition apa may also appear by some noun) is rendered by i quanda, e.g. *i
as pa, pá (cf. yéni pa yéni "years after years" in quanda cemen "all the earth; the whole earth".
VT44:35), but pa/pá is in other manuscripts ALL THAT IS WANTED fárë, farmë (plenitude,
defined as "touching, as regards, concerning". sufficiency) –VT47:30, VT39:20, VT44:9, IL,
THE AFTER-BORN Apanónar (sg #Apanóna) Nam cf. RGEO:67, Silm:433/WJ:402, QL:70,
(i.e., an Elvish name of Men, according to PHAR/VT46:9
WJ:387 "a word of lore, not used in daily ALLOW lav- (yield, grant); NOT ALLOW
speech") –Silm:122/WJ:387, UT:266 TO CONTINUE nuhta- (stunt, prevent from
AGAIN ata; AGAIN (prefix) en-, (prefix) at- coming to completion, stop short) –DAB, WJ:413
, ata- (back-, re-) (AT[AT]) ALONE (see also LONELY, SOLE) er
AGAINST: According to VT44:26, Tolkien (one, alone, only, but, still), eressë (singly, only,
in some documents glosses apa or pá as also as noun: solitude) –ERE, LT1:269
"touching, against", but apa is normally the ALPHABET tengwanda –TEK
preposition "after" instead (see AFTER). The ALSO yando –QL:104
allative case in -nna is normally sufficient to ALTHOUGH (or "nothwithstanding") –
express motion towards or against something. Christopher Gilson argues that the word ómu
Possibly this ending can also take on the occurring in an untranslated "Qenya" text could
meaning of “against” with connotations of enmity have this meaning (PE15:32, 37). If this
and confrontation, as when the pl. allative interpretation is regarded as too uncertain, the
valannar is used in the phrase *“made war idea expressed by phrases involving "(al)though"
on/against the Valar” (LR:47). % may be rephrased using ananta "and yet" (e.g.
AGE randa (cycle) (as in “the Third Age”; "although the house is small, we love it" > *i coa
not the age of a person); AGES OF AGES pitya ná, ananta melilmes = "the house is
yénion yéni –RAD, VT44:36 small, and yet we love it").%
AGENT tyaro (actor, doer) –KAR ALWAYS illumë (earlier variants of the
AGILE tyelca (swift) –KYELEK relevant text also have vora and vorë, forms
AGO yá; LONG AGO andanéya, anda né Tolkien may or may not have abandoned) –
(once upon a time) –YA, VT49:31 VT44:9

ALTOGETHER aqua (fully, completely, or in deleted material Angavanda). –MR:350,

wholly) –WJ:392 Silm:428, MBAD, VT45:6
*AMANIAN (only translated "of Aman" by ANGELIC POWER Vala (pl. Valar or Vali,
Tolkien) amanya (which can also mean gen. pl. Valion is attested in Fíriel's Song);
“blessed”, VT49:41). Cf. also Úmanyar, ANGELIC SPIRIT Ainu, f. Aini (holy one, god) –
Úamanyar, Alamanyar "those not of Aman" (the LotR:1157/BAL/FS, AYAN, LT1:248
Elves who started on the march from Cuiviénen ANGELN (island in the Danish peninsula)
but did not reach Aman; contrast the Eriollo –LT1:252
Avamanyar, another name of the Avari.) – ANGER, ANGRY, see WRATH,
WJ:411, 373, 370, MR:163 WRATHFUL
AMBIDEXTROUS ataformaitë (pl. ANGROD Angaráto –Silm:428
ataformaiti is attested) –VT49:10 ANIMAL #celva (only pl. celvar is
AMEN (Hebrew: "truly, certainly, may it be attested, translated "animals, living things that
so") násië (another form, násan, was apparently move" in Silm appendix and WJ:341); laman (pl.
abandoned by Tolkien) –VT43:24, 35 lamni or lamani) ("usually only applied to four-
AMLOTH *Ambalotsë (Tolkien asterisked footed beasts, and never to reptiles and birds");
the word because it was not "attested", only a MALE ANIMAL hanu (male) –
possible Quenya form of Amloth. See Silm:52/53,/405:3AN, WJ:416
"UPRISING-FLOWER".) –WJ:318 ANNOUNCEMENT canwa (order) –
AMONG imíca, mici; see also BETWEEN. PM:362
–VT43:30 ANOTHER enta (one more). (Note: a
AMRAS Telufinwë (meaning "Last Finwë", homophone means "that yonder"). See also
not the equivalent in sense to his Sindarin name. OTHER. –VT47:15
The short form of his name was Telvo *"Last ANYBODY – if anybody: aiquen
One". His mother-name [q.v.] was Ambarussa, (whoever); ANYONE mo (but this is also used as
but this name was not used in narrative.) – an impersonal pronoun “one”) –WJ.372, VT49:32
PM:353 APPLE orva –PE13:116
AMROD Pityafinwë (meaning "Little APPROPRIATE (to a special purpose or
Finwë", not the equivalent in sense to his owner) #sat- (set aside). The verb #sat- is cited
Sindarin name. The short form of his name was in the form "sati-", evidently including the
Pityo *"Little One". His mother-name [q.v.] was connecting vowel of the aorist, as in *satin "I
Ambarto, or Umbarto, but these names were appropriate". –VT42:20
not used in narrative.) –PM:353 APRIL Víressë –LotR:1144/1146
AN see A AR-ADÛNAKHOR Tar-Herunúmen –
ANCIENT yára (old, belonging to or UT:222, Silm:322
descending from former times) –YA AR-BELZAGAR Tar-Calmacil –UT:222
AND ar. In the phrase eldain a fírimoin AR-GIMILZÔR Tar-Telemnar –UT:223
“to Elves and Men” (FS), ar is seemingly AR-INZILADÛN Tar-Palantir –UT:223,
reduced to a before f, but contrast ar formenna Silm:324
*“and northwards” in VT49:26. (In Sauron AR-PHARAZÔN Tar-Calion (and, as an
Defeated p. ii, the word o is translated "and", experimental form, Tar-culu?) –UT:224,
but LotR, Silm and Etym all agree that the Silm:324, VT45:24
Quenya word for "and" is ar. A longer variant arë AR-SAKALTHÔR Tar-Falassion –UT:223
is mentioned in VT43:31.) A suffix meaning AR-ZIMRAPHEL Tar-Míriel –UT:224,
"and", -yë, occurs in the phrase Menel Silm:324
Cemenyë "heaven and earth" (VT47:11); this AR-ZIMRATHÔN Tar-Hostamir –UT:222
suffix is "normally used of pairs usually ARCTURUS (a star) Morwinyon (said to
associated as Sun, Moon [*Anar Isilyë]; mean "the glint at dusk" or "glint in the dark") –
Heaven, Earth [Menel Cemenyë], Land, Sea LT1:260
[*Nór Eäryë], fire, water [*úr nenyë]" (VT47:31). ARE see BE
AND YET a-nanta/ananta (but yet) – ARGON Aracáno –PM:345
AR/Nam/FS, VT43:31, NDAN; the etymology of ARM ranco (stem *rancu-, pl. ranqui)
ar is discussed in VT47:31 (LT2:335 gives rá [there spelt râ], but this is
ANGBAND Angamando (Iron-gaol) (so in apparently rendered obsolete by a later word in
MR:350 and Silm:428; Etym has Angamanda, Tolkien’s conception: In Etym, rá is glossed

"lion".) TRUNCATED ARM, see STUB, STUMP. *ASK #maquet- (only pa.t. maquentë is
–RAK attested. The word is not translated, but
ARMY hossë (band, troop) –LT2:340 undoubtedly means "asked": 'Mana i·coimas
ARNOR Arnanor, Arnanórë ("royal land") in·Eldaron?' maquentë Elendil [PM:403]. The
–Letters:428 question itself is translated "What is the coimas
ARRANGEMENT pano (plan). Note: the of the Eldar?", so the rest must be "Elendil
word also means “piece of shaped wood”. – asked". Furthermore, maquentë is transparently
QL.72 quentë "said" with the interrogative element ma
ARRIVE: The verb ten- is used for this [PM:357] prefixed.) ASK FOR – see DEMAND.
meaning in one source (present tense téna “is ASLEEP lorna –LOS
on point of arrival, is just coming to the end”). ASSEMBLE hosta- (gather, collect) –
Other attested forms are tenë (aorist; 1st person MC:223
tenin), pa.t. tennë “arrived, reached” (“usually ASSOCIATE otorno (sworn brother)
used with locative not allative”: tennen sís “I osellë (Þ) (sworn sister) –TOR, THEL
arrive[d] here”), perfect eténië, future tenuva ASTRONOMER meneldil –Letters:386
“will arrive”. Tolkien subsequently changed ten- AT sé, se (the form with a long vowel may
to men-, but the latter is elsewhere ascribed the be preferred since se is apparently also a 3rd
meaning “go”. –VT49:23-24 person pronoun) (in). The locative case may also
ARROW pilin (pilind-, as in the pl. pilindi) express “at”, e.g. lúmissen “at the times”. –
–PÍLIM VT43:30, 34, VT49:47
ART Carmë (making, production); BLACK ATHELAS (a healing plant) asëa; see
ARTS núlë (sorcery). (The word is spelt “ñúle” in KINGSFOIL. –PE148
the source, reflecting the older pronunciation; in ATHWART arta (across) (Note: arta also
Tengwar spelling the initial nasal should means "fort, fortress"); GO ATHWART tara-
therefore be represented by the letter Noldo). – (cross) –LT2:335, 347
UT:396, PE17:125 AUGER teret (gimlet) –LT1:255
ARTIFICIAL CAVE hróta (dwelling AUGMENT (vb.) yantya- (add) –PE15:68 %
underground, rockhewn hall) –PM:365 AUGUST Urimë (so in LotR; UT has

AS (prep) ve (like). The longer variant sívë Úrimë) –LotR:1144, UT:302/470
appears to introduce a comparison with AUTHORITY Máhan (pl Máhani is given,
something that is near to the point or thought of but seems perfectly regular). Tolkien once stated
the speaker, whereas tambë introduces a that Valar should strictly be translated "the
comparison with something remote, as in Authorities" (MR:350), but Vala obviously cannot
Tolkien's translation of one line from the Lord's be used to translate "authority" in general; it was
Prayer: cemendë tambë Erumandë "on earth used only of the Valar themselves (WJ:404). Cf.
as in heaven" ("heaven" being remote – we may also adj. valya "having (divine) authority or
theorize that "in heaven as [here] on earth" power". Máhani was adopted from Valarin and
would translate as *Erumandë sívë cemendë, originally probably referred to the Valar
since "earth" would represent the position of the themselves. We are not told whether Máhan
speaker). NOTE: a homophone sívë means could or should be applied to a non-divine
"peace". The word yan, related to the relative ya authority (at least it should not be capitalized if
“which”, is also defined “as” in one text so used). Note: Máhan means *"Supreme One"
(VT49:18). AS REGARDS pa, pá (concerning, rather than "authority" as an abstract. –MR:350,
touching). AS USUAL ve senwa (also ve senya, BAL, WJ:399/402
but see USUAL). –Nam/RGEO:66, 67, VT43:12, AUTUMN yávië (harvest – in the Calendar
38, VT44:26, VT49:22 of Imladris, yávië was a precisely defined period
ASCENT rosta, ASCENSION orosta – of 54 days, but the word was also used without
LT1:267, 256 any exact definition), lasselanta ("leaf-fall", used
ASGARD Valinor, Valinórë (Tolkien of the beginning of winter or as a synonym of
actually uses this gloss of Valinor, as Asgard is quellë; see FADING. Also spelt lasse-lanta with
the City of the Gods in Norse mythology) – a hyphen), narquelion ("fire-fading" – this word
LT1:272 from Fíriel's Song and Etym seems to
ASIDE – stand aside! heca! – also with correspond to narquelië in LotR, but the latter is
pronominal affixes: sg hecat, pl hecal "you stay the name of the month corresponding to our
aside!" (be gone!) LEAVING ASIDE hequa (not October.) LT1:273 has yávan "autumn, harvest",
counting, excluding, except) –WJ:364, 365 but this word may be obsoleted by yávië. –

LotR:1142, 1144, 1145/Silm:439/LT1:254, DAT, AWKWARD hranga (hard; stiff, difficult).

FS, NAR/KWAL, Letters:382 Note: hranga- is also a verb “thwart”. –
AVENGE ahtar- or accar- (do back, react; PE17:154, 185
requite) –PE17:166 AWAY oa, oar (viewed from the point of
AVENUE OF TREES aldëon –LT1:249 view of the thing, person, or place left). Oar is
AWAKE coiva- (so in LT1:257; read used of movement only, as in "I went away". See
*cuiva- in Tolkien's later Quenya? Cf. the also GO AWAY. –WJ:366 cf. 361, VT39:6.
following:) AWAKENING (noun) cuivië AWNING teltassë –GL:70
(obsoleting coivië in LT1:257), cuivë; AXE pelecco –LT2:346
AWAKENING (adj) cuivëa –KUY/Silm:429
BABE lapsë; BABY winë (stem *wini-;

B while LT1:250 gives Malcaraucë) –
Exilic Quenya *vinë, *vini-), in another source Silm:35/425/439, RUK
defined as "child not yet fully grown". Also BAND nossë (army, troop) –LT2:340
winimo (Exilic *vinimo) or winicë, wincë (Exilic BANK (esp. of river) ráva –RAMBÁ
*vinicë, *vincë). These terms were also used in BARK (noun) – Tolkien originally thought
children's play for "little finger" or "little toe". – that parma "book" really meant "skin, bark;
LAP, VT47:10, 26, VT48:7 parchment", with "book, writings" as the
BACK (noun) pontë (ponti-) (rear) (QL:75) secondary meaning. But in Etym parma is
LT2:338 mentions a Gnomish word alm, said to derived from a stem meaning "compose, put
mean "the broad of the back from shoulder to together", obsoleting the old etymology. –
shoulder, back, shoulders". It is stated that the LT2:346, contrast PAR
"Qenya" cognate of this Gnomish word occurs in BARN FOWL porocë (hen) –PE16:132
the name Aikaldamor – i.e., #aldamo or BASE sundo (Þ) (root, root-word) (pl.
#aldamor? (Aldama appears as a word for #sundar, isolated from Tarmasundar in
"shoulder" in PE13:109, cf. 137.) But this is UT:166), talan (talam-) (floor, ground), talma
hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. (foundation, root); BASE-STRUCTURE
BACK- (prefix) at-, ata- (re-, again-), also sundocarmë (Þ) –SUD (but VT46:16 indicates
see BACKWARDS. Cf. also DO BACK ahtar- or that Tolkien changed the root to STUD, hence
accar- (react, requite, avenge); these forms implying that sundo was originally Þundo),
represent older at-kar-. THOSE WHO GO BACK WJ:319, TALAM, TAL, LT:343
Nandor (Elves that left the March from BATHING (noun) sovallë (washing,
Cuiviénen) AT BACK OF PLACE, see BEHIND. purification) –QL:86
–AT(AT), PE17:166, WJ:384 BATTER palpa- (beat) –PALAP
BACKWARDS nan- (prefix), as in BAY (small and landlocked) hópa (haven,
*nanquerna “turned back” –NDAN, VT49:20 harbour) –KHOP
BAD olca (wicked) (VT43:24). Compare BE: Quenya uses forms of ná as the
ulca "evil". The Gnomish fêg is glossed "bad" in copula used to join adjectives, nouns or
GL:34, and this is equated with Q faica, glossed pronouns “in statements (or wishes) asserting (or
"contemptible, mean" under SPAY in the desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be
Etymologies. the same as another” (VT49:28). It may also
BAKE masta- –MBAS denote a position, as in tanomë nauvan “I will
BALE OUT calpa- (draw water, scoop out) be there” (VT49:19). PE17:68 mentions návë
–KALPA “being” as a “general infinitive” form; the gloss
BALL coron (stem #corn-, as in dat.sg. would suggest that návë may also be regarded
cornen) (globe) –KOR as a gerund. Present tense ná “is” (Nam), pl. nar
BALROG Valarauco (pl. Valaraucar, or nár ”are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 30), dual nát
possibly reflecting an alternative form (VT49:30). Also attested with various pronominal
*Valarauca) (so in the Silmarillion – in Etym the endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë
Quenya form of Sindarin balrog is malarauco, “you (sg.) are” (polite and familiar, respectively),

nás “it is”, násë “(s)he is”, nalmë “we are” not” are cited in a document dating from about
(VT49:27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49:27 are 1968, though some of this was struck out. The
perhaps intended as aorist forms (nain “I am”, monosyllable ú is used for “was not” in one text.
naityë/nailyë “you are”); VT49:30 however lists The negation lá can be inflected for time “when
aorist forms with no intruding i (nanyë *“I am”, verb is not expressed”. Tense-forms given:
nalyë *”thou art”, ná “is”, nassë *”(s)he is”, (aorist) lanyë “I do not, am not”; the other forms
nalmë *“we are”, nar “are”). Pa.t. nánë or né are cited without pronominal suffixes: present
“was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva,
(VT49:6, 10, 27, 30). According to VT49:31, né imperative ala, alá. MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN. %
“was” cannot receive pronominal endings –VT49:27-34, Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:34/An

(though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, Introduction to Elvish:5, VT42:34,Silm:21/391,
VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added FS, UGU/UMU, VT49:13
to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you BE ABLE (and the English present tense
were”, anes “(s)he/it was” (VT49:28). Future can) is expressed by various verbs: pol- (to be
tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19; physically able), lerta- (be free to do, there being
alternative form uva only in VT49:30) Perfect no restraint, physical or other), ista- (know how
anaië “has been” (VT49:27, first written as to; pa.t. sintë), hence e.g. polin quetë “I can
anáyë). The form na may be used as imperative speak” (because mouth and tongue are free),
(na airë "be holy", VT43:14, alcar...na Erun lertan quetë "I can/may speak” (because I am
"glory...be to God", VT44:34); this imperative na free to do so, there being no obstacle of promise,
is apparently incorporated in the word nai "be it secrecy, or duty), istan quetë “I can/know how
that" (misleading translation "maybe" in LotR). to speak” (I have learnt language). Where the
This nai can be combined with a verb to express absence of a physical restraint is considered, the
a hope that something will happen (Nam: nai verb lerta- can be used in much the same sense
hiruvalyë Valimar, “may you find Valimar”) or if as pol- (VT41:6). Another way of expressing
the verb is in the present rather than the future “can” involves the verb ec-, and what would be
tense, that it is already happening (VT49:39: nai the subject in English appears in the dative case
Eru lye mánata “God bless you” or *”may God instead: Ecë nin carë sa, “I can do it” (it is
be blessing you”). According to PE17:58, possible for me to do it), ecuva nin carë sa “I
imperative na is short for á na with the may do that” (in the future). –VT49:20, 34
imperative particle included. – Ná "is" appears BE GONE! heca! – also with pronominal
with a short vowel (na) in some sources, but affixes: sg hecat, pl hecal "you be gone!" (stand
writers should probably maintain the long vowel aside!) –WJ:364
to avoid confusion with the imperative na (and BEACH falas (falass-), falassë (shore,
with the wholly distinct preposition na "to"). The line of surf), falas, hresta (ablative hrestallo is
short form na- may however be usual before attested), fára (shore). –LT1:253, Silm:431,
pronominal suffixes. By one interpretation, na PHAL/LT2:339, MC:221/222/223, VT46:15
with a short vowel represents the aorist BEAR (vb) #col- (verb stem isolated from
(VT49:27). – The word ëa is variously translated #colindo "bearer". Cf. mel- "to love", melindo
"is", "exists", "it is", "let it be". It has a more "lover"). #Col- can also be translated *"wear" [of
absolute meaning than ná, with reference to clothes], cf. the past participle colla "borne,
existence rather than being a mere copula. It worn". BEAR FRUIT yavin (which must mean *"I
may also be used (with prepositional phrases) to bear fruit", stem #yav-. Tolkien often employs
denote a position: i ëa han ëa “[our Father] who the 1st person aorist when mentioning a verb in
is beyond [the universe of] Eä” (VT43:12-14), i his wordlists.) –LotR:989, cf. Letters:308 and
Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa “the One who is MEL, MR:385, LT1:273
above all thrones” (UT:305). The pa.t. of this BEAR (noun) morco –MORÓK
verb is engë, VT43:38, perfect engië or rarely BEARD fanga (obsoleting vanga in
éyë, future euva, VT49:29. – Fíriel's Song GL:21; GL:34 has fangë "long beard", whereas
contains a word ye "is" (compare VT46:22), but GL:63 gives poa. Neo-Quenya writers should
its status in LotR-style Quenya is uncertain. – use fanga.) –SPÁNAG
NOT BE, NOT DO: Also attested is the negative BEARER #colindo (only attested in the pl
copula uin and umin "I do not, am not" (1st pers. compound cormacolindor "Ring-bearers") –
aorist), pa.t. úmë. According to VT49:29, forms LotR:989, cf. Letters:308
like ui “it is not”, uin(yë) “I am not”, uil(yë) *“you BEAST (wild beast) hravan –PE17:78
are not”, *uis *”(s)he is not” and uilmë *”we are BEAT palpa- (batter) –PALAP

BEAUTIFUL vanya (Note: a homophone BEGOTTEN – see FIRST-BEGOTTEN.

verb means "disappear"), linda (beautiful/fair of BEHALF – on behalf of: rá, followed by
sound, VT45:27), calwa, vanima (fair, proper, dative, as in the example rá men "on behalf of
right) (nominal pl vanimar "beautiful ones" and us, for us". Dative pronouns may be directly
partitive plural genitive vanimálion are attested). suffixed to rá: "for us" or "on behalf of us" is also
According to MR:49, Maiar means "the attested in the one-word form rámen. (Note: rá
Beautiful", but in Quenya this is the name of an is also a noun "lion".) –VT43:27, 28, 33
order of spirits and cannot be used as a general BEHIND ca, cata, cana (also glossed "at
adjective. BEAUTY vanessë, WITHOUT back of place") –VT43:20
BEAUTY úvanë, adj. úvanëa –BAN, SLIN, BEHOLD cen- (see) (future tense cenuva
LT1:254, LotR:1017 cf. Letters:308, LT1:272, is attested) –MC:222
MR:49, VT39:14 BEING ëala (spirit).Pl. ëalar is attested.
BECAUSE, see SINCE Eälar are spirits whose natural state it is to exist
BED caima; BEDCHAMBER caimasan without a physical body, e.g. Balrogs. –MR:165
(Þ) (#caimasamb-, as in pl. caimasambi); BEING ALIVE (noun) cuilë –KUY
BEDRIDDEN caila (lying in bed, ?sickness), BELEGOST Túrosto (Mickleburg) –
caimassëa (sick); LYING IN BED (noun) caila WJ:389
(bedridden, ?sickness) –KAY/VT45:19, STAB BELERIAND Hecelmar, Heceldamar (lit.
BEE nier (honey-bee), nion –GL:60 *"home of the Eglath", q.v.) This is said to be the
BEECH feren, fernë (pl. ferni in both name for Beleriand used "in the language of the
cases) (LT2:343 gives neldor "beech", but this loremasters of Aman". The cognate of Sindarin
early word may be obsolete in LotR-style "Beleriand" is #Valariandë; only the form
Quenya.) –PHER Valarianden is attested (a genitive formation
BEECHEN ferinya –PHÉREN from an earlier "Qenya" variant; in LotR-style
BEFORE (prep.) epë (VT44:38, VT49:12), Quenya it would be a dative). The latter may be
used of spatial relationships. Of time the word the name used in Exilic Quenya. Beleriand was
means “after” (cf. the gloss in VT42:32), since also called Ingolondë "Land of the Gnomes
the Eldar imagined future time (time that comes [Noldor]". –WJ:365, LR:202, ÑGOLOD
after the present) as being “before” them (see BELIEVE sav-. This verb is used =
AFTER). BEFORE of time may instead be “believe (that statements, reports, traditions, etc.
expressed by nó (VT49:32), e.g. *cennelmet nó are) true, accept as fact” (VT49:27; the first
té cenner mé “we saw them before they saw person aorist savin is given). Not used with a
us”. For “before” as an independent adverb (= person as object (in the sense of believing that
“formerly”), it may be best to use yá “formerly” or this person tells the truth); with a noun, name or
derive an adverb *noavë from the adj. noa (see pronoun as object, sav- implies “I believe that
FORMER). BEFORE, IN FRONT OF (of spatial he/she/it really exists/existed”. To “believe in”
relationships) opo, pó (VT49:12) someone meaning “believe that (s)he tells the
BEGET nosta- (glossed "give birth" in truth” can be paraphrased as (for instance)
earlier sources), onta- (pa.t. ónë or ontanë) savin Elesarno quetië “I believe in Elessar’s
(create); BEGETTER #nostar (see note below), words” (lit. speaking). –VT49:27-28
also ontar with gender-specific forms ontaro BELL nyellë –NYEL
(m.), ontarë or ontari (f.) (parent). (In LotR, the BELLIED #cumba (isolated from
form nostari "begetters, parents" occurs; sg sauricumba "foulbellied"). This adjective may
#nostar. Nostari was changed from ontari in point to *cumbo or something similar as the
Tolkien's first draft [see SD:73], so he may have likely word for "belly". –SD:68, 72
scrapped ontaro, ontarë in favour of #nostar [or BELOVED melda (dear, sweet). Cf.
m. *nostaro, f. *nostarë???] Did he also reject nessamelda, *"beloved of Nessa", a fragrant
the verb onta- in favour of nosta-?) –SD:73, evergreen tree brought to Númenor by the Eldar.
VT44:7, ONO, LotR:1017 cf. Letters:308 –MEL, UT:456
BEGINNING yesta (In the Etymologies BELT quilta (girdle) –QL:78
there also appeared the word esse, derived from BELZAGAR Calmacil –UT:222
a stem ESE, ESET that was marked with a query BEND #cúna- (derived from the adj. cúna
by Tolkien because esse also means “name”. "bent"; see MC:223. In menel acúna "the
The later word yesta would suggest that he heavens bending" the word is used
changed the stem in question to *YES, *YESET.) intransitively.) –MC:222/223 cf. 215
–PE17:120, ESE/ESET BENEATH undu (down, under) –UNU

BENEFICIAL asëa (Þ) (helpful, kindly) (so BIER tulma –LT1:270

according to a late note where the word is BIG hoa (large) (PE17:115). See GREAT,
derived from *ATHAYA). Also (as noun) used as HUGE. Other combinations: BIG BOY see BOY;
the name of the healing plant called in Sindarin BIG TOE see TOE; BIG DIPPER see SICKLE
athelas. OF THE VALAR
BENT cúna (curved; cúna is also used as BIND (see TIE); in more abstract sense:
a verbal stem, see BEND), raica (crooked, avalerya- (make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty)
wrong), cauca (crooked, humped), sara (Þ) (stiff –VT41:5, 6
dry grass) –MC:223, RAYAK, LT1:257, STAR BIPED #attalya (Only pl Attalyar is
BERRY piucca –GL:64 (glossed attested. The word was used of the Petty-
"blackberry" in LT2:347) dwarves, q.v.) –WJ:389
BERYL, possibly elessar, *elessarn- (see BIRD aiwë, filit (pl filici) (Note: both aiwë
ELF-STONE) % and filit are stated to mean "small bird", not
BESIDE ara, also ar- as prefix. With "bird" in general), ambalë, ammalë (= yellow
different prononimal suffixes in VT49:25: (anni bird), lindo (= "singer", singing bird). LT1:273
>) arni *”beside me”, astyë *”beside you” also has wilin; this may or may not be a valid
(intimate sg.), allë *“beside you” (intimate sg.), word in LotR-style Quenya. –AIWĒ, PHILIK,
arsë *”beside him/her”, (anwë >) armë *“beside SMAL, LIN
us” (exclusive), arwë *“beside us” (inclusive), BIRTH, BIRTHDAY nosta; GIVE BIRTH
(astë) > ardë *””beside you” (pl.), (astë >) artë nosta- (but in later sources, nosta- is glossed
*”beside them”, (anwet >) armet *“beside us” "beget", q.v.) –LT1:272
(dual exclusive). –AR, VT49:25 BITE (vb) nac- (but in late material, the
BETWEEN 1) imbi (dual imbë). This is same verb is said to mean “hew, cut”), BITE
"between" referring to a gap, space, barrier, or (noun) nahta (note: a homophone means
anything intervening between two other things, "eighteen", though it is not the regular word in
like or unlike one another. The pluralized form decimal counting: neither word must be confused
imbi implies "among" of several things with the verb nahta- “slay”.) –NAK, VT49:24
(ancalima imbi eleni "brightest among stars"); BITTER sára –SAG
"in the sense 'among' before plurals [imbë] is BLACK morë (stem mori-, as in
usually pluralized > imbi even when a plural compounds like Moriquendi), morna, morqua;
noun follows". As pointed out by Patrick Wynne, BLACKNESS mórë (darkness, night);
imbi may also be used in the sense of "between" BLACKHANDED morimaitë, BLACKBERRY
before two singular nouns connected by "and" piucca (only glossed "berry" in GL:64); BLACK
(as in the example imbi Menel Cemenyë FOE Moringotto (the oldest [MET] form was
"between heaven and earth"), whereas imbë is Moriñgotho) (Morgoth). BLACK ARTS núlë
used before dual forms, as in the examples imbë (sorcery). (The word is spelt “ñúle” in the source,
siryat "between two rivers", imbë met "between reflecting the older pronunciation; in Tengwar
us". Elided imb' is attested in the phrase imb' illi spelling the initial nasal should therefore be
"among all". The form imbit is said to be a represented by the letter Noldo). –MOR,
"dualized form" expressing "between two things" LT1:260, LotR:1015/SD:68, 72, LT2:347,
when "these are not named" (VT47:30), MR:194, PE17:125
apparently implying that imbit by itself means BLADE hyanda (share), (sword blade:)
*"between the two", with no noun following. 2) †russë (corruscation) –LT2:342, RUS
enel (used for "between" = "at the central BLAZE urya- (The stem this word is
position in a row, list, series, etc. but also applied derived from was struck out in Etym. However,
to the case of three persons" [VT47:11]. This several words that must be derived from the
preposition refers to the position of a thing same stem occur in LotR, indicating that Tolkien
between others of the same kind). 3) mitta- restored it.) BLAZING HOT úrin (Úrin also being
(does the final hyphen suggest that the latter a name of the Sun) –UR, LT1:271
form is used as prefix, somewhat like *"inter-"?) BLEND (noun) ostimë (pl. ostimi is
–Nam/RGEO:67, VT47:11, 30; VT43:30 attested). This term refers to a kind of
BEYOND pella (a postposition in Quenya: "strengthened" elements within a stem, where a
Andúnë pella "beyond the West", elenillor pella single sound has been expanded into two
"from beyond the stars"). Genuine prepositions different elements while maintaining a unitary
meaning “beyond” are han, ava (outside) –Nam, effect and significance; souch as s- being turned
MC:222, VT43:14, VT45:6 ito st-, or m being strengthened to mb. However,

this may be the meaning of the word in linguistic Tolkien's translation of the Hail Mary, where this
terminology only; it may be permissible to use it word refers to the Virgin (VT43:27-28, 30).
for "blend" in more general senses as well. – Aistana is apparently not an independent
VT39:9 adjective (like alya, mána etc.), but rather the
BLESS manya- (“sc. either to afford grace passive participle of a verb #aista- "bless"; see
or help or to wish it”, VT49:41), laita- (praise) above concerning its precise application.
(Imperative a laita and future #laituva are BLESSEDNESS vald- (so in LT1:272; nom. sg.
attested, the latter with pronominal endings: must be either *val or *valdë) (happiness; but
laituvalmet, "we shall praise [or bless] them".) since this word comes from early material where
The continuative form mánata (*”is blessing”) it was intended to be related to Valar
does according to Carl F. Hostetter imply an "Happy/Blessed Ones", its conceptual validity
aorist stem *manta (VT49:52). The passive may be doubted because Tolkien later
participle aistana "blessed" (see below) argues reinterpreted Valar as "the Powers" and dropped
the existence of a verbal stem #aista- "to bless", the earlier etymology). BLESSING (a boon, a
but this verb seems etymologically connected to good or fortunate thing), see BOON.
airë "holy" and should probably only be used "BLESSINGS", BLESSEDNESS, BLISS almië,
with reference to more or less "divine" persons almarë; FINAL BLISS manar, mandë (doom,
(aistana refers to the Virgin Mary in the source), final end, fate, fortune) –LotR:989 cf Letters:308;
who are "blessed" in the sense of having their GAL, KHER, Letters:283, LT1:272,
holiness recognized and respected. MAN/MANAD, VT43:19, 27-28, 30
BLESSED alya, almárëa (prosperous, BLIGHT yaru (gloom) –GL:37
rich, abundant), herenya (wealthy, fortunate, BLINK tihta- (peer) –MC:223
rich), manaquenta or manquenta, also aman BLOCK #tap- (stop). (Cited in the form
("blessed, free from evil" – Aman was "chiefly tapë, 3 pers sg aorist; misreading "tápe" with a
used as the name of the land where the Valar long vowel in the Etymologies as printed in LR:
dwelt" [WJ:399], and as an adjective “blessed” see VT46:17). The pa.t. tampë is given. –
the word may add an adjectival ending: amanya, TAP/VT46:17
VT49:41). Aman is the apparent Quenya BLOOD sercë (so according to Silm
equivalent of “the Blessed Realm” (allative appendix; Etym has yár [yar-]) –Silm:437, YAR
Amanna is attested, VT49:26). The word BLOSSOM (white) lossë, ("of flowers in
calambar, apparently literally *“light-fated”, also bunches or clusters":) *lohtë (emended from the
seems to mean “blessed” (VT49:41). Cf. also actual reading loktë because Tolkien later
BLESSED BEING Manwë (name of the King of decided that kt became ht in Quenya.) –LOT,
the Valar). Alya, almárëa, and herenya are LT1:258
adjectives that may also have worldly BLOT motto –MBOTH
connontations, apparently often used with BLUE luinë (pl. luini in Nam; for "blue"
reference to one who is "blessed" with material Etym and LT1:262 have lúnë; both luinë and
possessions or simply has good luck; on the lúnë would be expected to have stem-forms in –
other hand, the forms derived from the root man- i- given the primitive form luini, lugni), ninwa,
primarily describe something free from evil: Cf. ulban (adopted from Valarin; only used in
mána "blessed" in Fíriel's Song (referring to the Vanyarin Quenya), PALE BLUE helwa, BLUISH
Valar) and the alternative form manna in *luinincë (given in archaic form luininki, so the
VT43:19 [cf. VT45:32] (in VT45 referring to the Quenya word would have the stem-form
Virgin Mary; the form mána may be preferred for luininci-) –VT48:24, Nam/LT2:340, LT1:262,
clarity, since manna is apparently also the LUG, WJ:399, 3EL, VT48:18, 23
question-word "whither?", "where to?") The BOAT luntë; SMALL BOAT venë (vessel,
forms manaquenta or manquenta also include dish) –LUT, LT1:254
the man- root, but it is combined with a BODY hroa (pl. hroar is attested. In
derivative (passive participle?) of the verbal stem MR:330, Tolkien notes that hroa is "roughly but
quet- "say, speak", these forms seemingly not exactly equivalent to 'body'" [as opposed to
referring to someone who is "blessed" in the "soul"]. Hroa is also used = "physical matter"),
sense that people speak well of this person (a DEAD BODY loico (corpse); BODILY sarcuva
third form from the same source, manque, is (corporeal – this is "Qenya"); BODY-IMPULSE
possibly incomplete: read manquenta?) hroafelmë (impulses provided by the body, e.g.
(VT44:10-11) The most purely "spiritual" term is physical fear, hunger, thirst, sexual desire) –
possibly the word aistana, used for "blessed" in

MR:216, 219; VT39:30/VT47:35, MC:223, *quingatelca for "bow-legged"? Cf. one of the
LT2:347, VT41:19 cf. 13 other words from the same source, sincahonda,
BOLD verya, canya; BOLDNESS verië – changed from sincahondo in an earlier draft –
BER, KAN but at that time Tolkien had already omitted
BOLSTER nirwa (cushion) –NID quingatelco and hence did not change its
BOND nútë (knot), vérë (troth, compact, ending: See SD:72.) –VT47:35, LT1:257, SD 68,
oath). –NUT, WED 72, KWIG, KU3, LT1:256, LotR:1154, LT1:271
BONE axo (pl axor is attested) –MC:222, BOWELS, see ENTRAILS
223 BOWL tolpo, salpa, #salpë (isolated from
BOOK parma (writings), also attested with tanyasalpë "Bowl of Fire"), fion (goblet – but
suffixes: parmastanna “upon [-nna] your [-sta, this word reappears with the unrelated meaning
dual] book”. BOOK LANGUAGE (=Quenya) “hawk” in later material) –PE16:142, LT1:292,
parmalambë; *BOOK-FAIR #parma-resta 253
(attested with suffixes: parma-restalyanna BOX colca –QL:37
*”upon your book-fair”; see FAIR #2 for further BOY: the word seldo, though not clearly
discussion). –PAR/UT:219, 460, LT2:346, glossed by Tolkien, appears to be the masculine
VT49:39, 47 form of a word for "child". BIG BOY yonyo (son;
BOON: The wod mána is said to mean this term is also used for "middle finger" or
“any good or fortunate thing, a boon or ‘blessing’, "middle toe" in children's play). –SEL-D-,
a grace, being esp. used of some VT46:13, VT47:10, 15
thing/person/event that helps or amends an evil BRANCH *olva (PM:340 actually gives
or difficulty”). Hence the exclamation yé mána olba, a form that can only occur in the variant of
(ma) = “what a blessing, what a good thing!” Quenya that uses lb for lv). Etym has olwa, but
(VT49:41) probably this should also be *olva according to
BORDER réna (edge, margin); ríma the phonology Tolkien used later (notice that the
(edge, hem) –REG, RĪ w of the Etym form is to be derived from older b,
BORN #nóna (isolated from Apanónar, since the root is GÓLOB; later Tolkien
the "Afterborn") –Silm:122/381 apparently presupposed that older lb becomes
BORNE colla (pa.p. of col- "bear") (worn). either lv or is preserved as lb in Quenya).
Also used as a noun = "vestment, cloak". – TRUNCATED BRANCH, see STUB, STUMP. –
MR:385 PM:340, GÓLOB
BOSOM palúrë (surface, bosom of earth), BRAND yulma (Note: a homophone
súma (hollow cavity) –PAL, MC:223 means "cup".) –YUL cf. Nam
BOSS OF SHIELD tolmen (isolated round BREAD massa ( masta; LIFE-BREAD (=
hill) –LT1:269 lembas) coimas (either *coimass- or coimast-,
BOTH yúyo (also prefix yú- "twi-"). Yúyo cf. massa, masta "bread"), BREAD-GIVER
is followed by a “singular” or uninflected noun, as (fem.) massánië (title of the "Lady" or the
in yúyo má “both hand(s)” –YŪ, VT46:23, highest among the elven-women of any people,
VT49:10 she having the right to keep or give away lembas
BOUND nauta (obliged) –NUT bread). –VT43:18, MBAS, Silm:406/429, PM:404
BOTTLE olpë –QL:69 BREAK (vb) rac- (past participle rácina
BOW (vb) luhta- (Note: a homophone "broken" is attested); BREAK APART terhat-
means "enchant"), #caw- (cited in source as (pa.t. terhantë); BREAK ASUNDER hat- (pa.t.
cawin "I bow", 1st pers. aorist; in Tolkien's later hantë) – but in earlier material, hat- meant
conception it would be difficult to account for w in “fling”, and Tolkien may have restored that
this position, and we should perhaps read *cav- meaning (see FLING). Since the status of hat-
with pa.t. *canwë); BOW (noun) quinga, cú “break asunder” is uncertain, the alternative form
(also = crescent Moon), lúva, cúnë (crescent); #ascat- (pa.t. ascantë) apparently from the
RAINBOW helyanwë ("sky-bridge"), Ilweran, same root may be preferred. –MC:223, SKAT,
Ilweranta (LT2:348 has iluquinga "sky-bow", SD:310 %
but this word was obsoleted when Tolkien BREAST (chest) ambos (ambost-). –
changed the meaning of ilu from "sky" to PE16:82
"universe".) BOWLEGGED quingatelco (So it is BREASTPLATE ambassë (hauberk) –
translated, but this must really be a noun: "bow- QL:30
leg" [quinga + telco]. No Quenya adjectives end BREATH (noun) hwesta (breeze, puff of
in –o, unless this is the only one. Read air), foa (puff of breath), súlë (Þ) (spirit) (earlier

[MET] form thúlë = Þúlë). BREATHE (vb) súya- "red". The passive participle #carna *"built,
(Þ); BREATHER Súlimo (Þ) (a title of Manwë; made" is attested in Vincarna *"newly-made" in
this is the literal meaning according to Silm:420); MR:305.) BUILDING car (card-) (house),
BREATH FORTH see EXPIRE. –SWES, ampano (= especially building of wood, wooden
VT47:35, 36, THŪ/LotR:1157 hall; umpano in VT45:36 sems to be a variant
BREEZE hwesta (breath, puff of air), form), ataquë (construction). BUILDER samno
GENTLE BREEZE vílë; BREEZY vilin (airy) – (Þ) (carpenter, wright) –KAR, PAN, VT45:36,
SWES, LotR:1157, LT1:273 TAK, STAB
BRICK telar –PM13:153 BULL tarucco, tarunco (see OX) –
BRIDE indis (wife) (This word may LT2:347
obsolete akairis in LT1:252.) The stem-form of BUNCH loxë (cluster). Note: a
indis "bride" is somewhat obscure; according to homophone means "hair". (QL:55). BUNCHES%
VT45:37 the stem could be indiss- (pl. indissi (of flowers), see BLOSSOM.
given), but the alternative form pl. form inderi BURDEN cólo (VT39:10)
shows a curious shift from i to e as well as the BURDENSOME lumna (lying heavy,
more regular change from s (via z) to r between oppressive, ominous). Combined with the
vowels. Indiss- may be preferred by writers. – superlative prefix an-, this word should appear
NDIS/UT:8, VT45:37 as *andumna because d was the initial sound of
BRIDEGROOM ender –NDER (cf. the original root. –DUB
VT45:11 for etymology) BURLY polda (strong) –POL
BRIDGE yanwë (joining, isthmus), yanta BURN usta- (transitive, e.g. *Fëanáro
(yoke) –YAT, LotR:1157 usta i ciryar "Fëanor burns the ships"), urya-
BRILLIANCE alcar, alcarë (splendour, (intransitive, e.g. *i ciryar uryar "the ships
radiance), calassë (clarity), ?rillë (reading of burn/are burning"). The form usta- reflects the
manuscript uncertain, see VT46:11), BRILLIANT stem USU occurring in early material (QL:98),
alcarinqua (glorious) –AKLA-R- but since Tolkien changed the relevant stem to
/RGEO:73/UT:317/WJ:369/Silm:427, GL:39 UR later, we should perhaps read *urta- for
BROAD – LT2:338 gives a word aica usta-. –LT1:271, QL:98, cf. the original entry UR
"broad, vast", but this is probably obsoleted by "be hot" in Etym
aica "sharp, fell, terrible, dire" in later writings. BUSH tussa –TUS
BROAD SWORD lango (also = prow of BUT: A sting of different words for the
ship), BROAD-BLADED SWORD ecet (short conjunction "but" are attested. In the
stabbing sword) –LAG, UT:284/432 Etymologies, the word for "but" is ná or nán. In
BROKEN rácina –MC:223 Fíriel's Song, the short variant nan appears. One
BROOCH tancil (pin) –TAK text (VT49:15) uses apa for “but”, but elsewhere,
BROOD luvu- (lower) –LT1:259 this is a preposition “after”. In Tolkien's drafts for
BROOK nellë (GL:46 has wentë) –NEN a Quenya version of the Lord's Prayer, he was
BROTHER háno, colloquial hanno (in experimenting with many words for "but": anat,
children's play, hanno is also used = middle onë, ono (VT43:23; ono occurs also in another
finger). A different word for "brother" occurs in text in VT44:5/9, and shorter nó is attested in
the Etymologies: toron (pl. torni) (= natural VT41:13), but in the final version of the Lord's
brother); cf. otorno "sworn brother, associate". Prayer, he used mal. We cannot know how
BROTHERHOOD onóro (of bloodkinship), many of these alternatives Tolkien would have
otornassë (the latter is evidently the considered conceptually valid and which were
"brotherhood" of otornor, sworn brothers) – just experimental. For the purpose of writing in
VT47:12, 14, TOR, NŌ Quenya, the variant ná is probably best avoided
BROWN varnë (stem varni-) (swart, dark since it can be confused with the copula "is";
brown) –BARÁN likewise, nán (and nan?) may also mean *"I am"
BUD tuima (sprout); BUDDING see (ná, na- + the pronominal ending -n "I"). The
SPRING-TIME. –TUY, LT1:269 Lord's Prayer variants are less ambiguous, and
BUFFET taran, tarambo –LT2:337 mal (the word used in the final version) is
BUILD #car- (cited as carin "I make, perhaps the best alternative so far published.
build", 1st pers. aorist – according to FS and BUT meaning "only" (as in "I am but a boy") may
SD:246 the past tense is cárë, but Etym has be rendered by er (only, one, alone, still). BUT
carnë; writers should probably use the latter YET a-nanta, ananta (and yet) –NDAN,
form, not to be confused with the adjective carnë LT1:269, FS, VT41:13, VT43:23

BUTTERFLY wilwarin (wilwarind-) – “by doom mastered”, UT:138). BY meaning

WIL/MC:222, 223/LT1:273 “near; next to” may be rendered by ara “beside”
BUTTOCKS hacca (hams) –GL:47 (*coa ara ëar, “a house by the sea”). BY THIS
BY as a prep. introducing the agent in a MEANS, see SO.
passive construction may be rendered by ló –BY-mas (final element in place-names,
(nahtana ló Turin *“slain by Túrin”, VT42:24) or see –TON) –LT1:250
by the instrumental case (turún’ ambartanen
CALACIRIAN Calaciryan (prob.

C word for "sun", which would require an initial
*Calaciryand-), full form Calaciryandë (i.e., "the vowel-carrier in the Tengwar mode used for
region of Eldamar...in and near the entrance to Quenya) –VT45:6
the ravine [of Calacirya], where the Light was CARRY – GL:38 has yulu-, but in WJ:416
brighter and the land more beautiful") –RGEO:70 the same stem (there spelt JULU) is said to
cf. LotR:252 mean "drink", indicating that yulu- "carry" had
CALL (noun) yello (shouth, cry of triumph) probably been abandoned in Tolkien's later
–GYEL, VT45:16 Quenya. Use rather #col-; see BEAR.
CAMEL ulumpë –QL:97 CART norollë –GL:31
CAN (vb.), see BE ABLE ?CASSIOPEIA Wilwarin (the identification
CANDLE lícuma (taper) –MC:223 of this constellation is not certain. Wilwarin
CANOPY (vb) telta- (overshadow, means "butterfly".) –Silm:426
screen), CANOPY (noun) telimbo (sky) –TEL, CASTLE OF CUSTODY – this is
LT1:268 mentioned as the approximate meaning of
CANNIBAL-OGRES Sarquindi (sg Mandos (stem Mandost-) –MR:350
#Sarquindë?) –LT2:347 CAT yaulë; an earlier source also lists the
CAPE mundo (nose, snout), stem word mëoi, but this word looks strange within the
*mundu- given the primitive form mbundu. context of LotR-style Quenya (it would be sole
(Note: mundo also means "ox", and as such the singular form in –oi) –PE16:132, LT2:348
word may not have a distinct stem-form.) CAPE CATCH (noun) atsa (hook, claw) –GAT
(OF LAND) nortil (stem *nortill-), said to be CAUSE (vb) tyar-; CAUSE (noun
"only used of the ends of promontories or other "reason") casta –KYAR, QL:43
seaward projections that were relatively sharp CAVE felya, rondo, rotelë, rotto (small
and spike-like". –MBUD, VT47:28 grot, tunnel), ARTIFICIAL CAVE hróta (dwelling
CAPTAIN hesto –VT45:22 underground, rockhewn hall) –PHÉLEG, ROD,
CARANTHIR Morifinwë, short form LT2:347, PM:365, VT46:12
Moryo (not equivalent in sense to his Sindarin CAVITY (hollow) súma (bosom) –MC:223
name, which is the cognate of his "mother-name" CEASE hauta- (take a rest, stop), pusta-
[q.v.] Carnistir.) –PM:353 (stop, put a stop to), tyel- (end) –KHAW, PUS,
CARCANET firinga (necklace) – KYEL
LT2:346/GL:36 CELEBORN Telporno (Letters:425) or
CAROUSAL yulmë (drinking) (Note: a Teleporno (UT:266). (The latter is stated to be
homophone means "smouldering heat") – the Telerin form, while Telporno must be the
WJ:416 form used in Noldorin Quenya. Cf. Altáriel vs.
CARPENTER samno (Þ) (wright, builder) Alatáriel; see GALADRIEL.)
–STAB CELEBRIMBOR (= "Silver-fist")
?CARPET farma (reading of gloss Telperinquar (possibly *Telperinquár-. Cf.
uncertain; another, even more difficult gloss quárë "fist"). –Silm:429
begins in "st-" and may possibly read "string" or CELEBRINDAL ("Silver-foot", Idril's
"stray") –VT46:15 epithet) Taltyelemna ("Taltelemna" in the printed
CARRIER (the sign used to "carry" short Etymologies is a misreading, see VT45:25)
vowel-symbols in the Tengwar system) anar (the

Tolkien apparently abandoned the form CHILD hína, also vocative hina with a
Taltelepsa. –KYELEP short vowel, used when addressing a (young)
CELEGORM Turcafinwë, short form child. Pl. híni rather than ?hínar; see
Turco (not equivalent in sense to his Sindarin CHILDREN OF ILÚVATAR below. CHILD NOT
name, which is a cognate of his mother-name YET FULLY GROWN, see BABY. "Child" as the
[q.v.] Tyelcormo "hasty-riser"; the latter name last element in compounds: -hin (-hín-, pl. -híni),
was "never used in narrative".) –PM:352, 353 e.g. CHILDREN OF ERU Eruhíni from sg.
CELOS Celussë (see UT:426) #Eruhin; CHILDREN OF ILÚVATAR Híni
CENTRE endë (core, middle). (The form Ilúvataro; MY CHILD hinya (short for hinanya,
endë is probably to be preferred to entë in one used as a vocative only). (For "child", Etym also
late source.) Early material also has tólë. –NÉD, has seldë; Tolkien changed the meaning from
ÉNED, VT41:16, LT1:269 "daughter". Possibly, seldë is meant to have the
CENTURY haranyë (or perhaps it means meaning "female child", hence "girl". Selda was
the last day of a century – Tolkien's wording is apparently introduced as a gender-neutral word
not clear. The latter interpretation may be more for "child".) The word onna, elsewhere defined
likely.) –LotR:1142 as “creature” and etymologically meaning
CHAIN Angainor (= "The Great Chain" *”something” begotten, is used for “child” in one
with which Morgoth was twice bound; LT1:249 late text (onnalya/onnalda “your [sg. and pl.]
has the form Angaino) –Silm:59 child”, VT49:41). –WJ:403, Silm:387/432,
CHAIR hamma –VT45:20 VT44:35, SEL-D-/VT46:13, VT49:41
CHAMBER sambë (Þ) (-san, –samb- in CHILDISH winima (read *vinima in Exilic
compounds; cf. BEDCHAMBER) (room) –STAB Quenya) –VT47:26
CHAMPION aráto (eminent man) – CHILL ninquë (stem *ninqui-) (pallid,
Silm:428 white); BE CHILL (of weather) nicu- (be cold) –
CHANCE (vb.) marta- (more or less = "to WJ:417 cf. NIK-W-
happen"; see HAPPEN) –QL:63 CHILLY ringa (damp, cold) –LT1:265
CHANGE (vb) (transitive:) vista-, CHIN venta –QL:101
(intransitive:) #ahya- (only pa.t. ahyanë is CHOKE quoro- (suffocate), CHOKED
attested) –PE17:191, PM:395 quorin (drowned). Verbs in –o seem not to
CHANNEL celma –KEL occur in later Quenya; read *quor-? It has also
CHANT #lir- (cited in source as lirin "I been questioned whether the combination quo-
1
chant", 1st pers. aorist) (sing) –LIR is still possible in Tolkien's later Quenya. –
CHARACTER (settled character) indómë LT1:264
("also used of the 'will' of Eru [God]", VT43:16). CHOOSING #cilmë (isolated from
For "character" = letter, see LETTER. Essecilmë "name-choosing", q.v.) –MR:214
CHASTISEMENT paimesta –QL:72 CHRIST Hristo (variant Hrísto with a long
CHEESE tyur (tyurd-) (QL:50; tyuru- in vowel, though long vowels in front of consonant
GL:28 is actually a verb "to 'turn' milk"; cf. clusters do not normally occur in Quenya).
QL:50.) Another form, apparently an attempt at
CHERRY pio (this word was also applied translating this title rather than merely adapting
to plums). CHERRY TREE aipio (also used = to Quenya phonology the word "Christ", was
"plum tree"???) –LT2:347, GL:18 Elpino of uncertain etymology. However, Tolkien
CHIEF (adj) héra (principal); CHIEF may have abandoned this form. –VT44:15-16, 18
(noun) #turco (isolated from Turcomund "chief CHRONOLOGICAL ACCOUNT
of bulls, *chief bull"; this may not be pure lúmequenta (history). The unglossed term
Quenya, but Turco appears as a the short name lumenyárë appears to mean *"chronological
of Turcafinwë, Celegorm's Quenya name – story". –LU, NAR2
though that is translated "strong, powerful (in CIRCLE rindë; CIRCULAR rinda;
body)" rather than referring to more "political" CIRCULAR ENCLOSURE ("especially on a hill-
power) –KHER, Letters:423, PM:352 top") corin –RIN, KOR/LT1:257
CHIEFTAIN (or CHIEF, VT45:17) haran CITY osto (town with wall round) –OS
(stem harn-, as in pl harni) (in Etym also = king, CLAD vaina –LT1:272
but in LotR and other texts the Quenya word for CLAMOUR yalmë –ÑGYAL (see ÑGAL)
"king" is aran pl. arani – see KING), cáno, cánu CLAN nossë (family, "house") –NŌ
(see COMMANDER) (ruler, governor, CLARITY calassë (brilliance) –GL:39
commander) –3AR, UT:400 CLASP tangwa (hasp) –TAK

CLAW atsa (hook, catch), nappa, namma CLUSTER loxë (bunch). Note: a
(talon), #racca (isolated from raccalepta, see homophone means "hair". (QL:55). CLUSTERS
%
below); CLAW-FINGERED raccalepta –GAT, (of flowers) see BLOSSOM.

VT47:20, SD:68, 72 COAT vacco (jacket) –GL:21
CLEAN poica –POY COBWEB línë –SLIG
CLEARED (of land) latin, latina (free, COCK tocot –PE14:132
open) –LAT CODE OF SIGNS tengwesta (system of
CLEAVE #hyar- (cited in source as hyarin signs, grammar); GESTURE-CODE hwermë –
"I cleave", 1st pers. aorist), pa.t. probably WJ:394 cf. TEK, WJ:395
*hyandë given the form of the root. CLEAVER COITUS puhta (specified to be "one act";
#hyando in Sangahyando (Þ) "Throng-cleaver, a more general word for "sex" could perhaps be
Cleaver of throngs" –SYAD, LT2:342, LotR:1085 derived by adding an abstract or generalizing
cf. Letters:425 ending like -lë) –PE13:163
CLEAVE TO himya- (abide by, stick to, COLD (adj) ringa (so in MC:222 and
adhere) –KHIM, VT45:22 LT1:265; Etym has ringë, stem *ringi-), (damp,
CLEFT yáwë (ravine, gulf/gully); sanca chilly), yelwa (but this is glossed "loathsome"
(Þ) (split), hyatsë (gash), ciris (probably ciriss-) elsewhere). IT IS COLD Ringa ná (VT49:23).
(crack), falqua (mountain pass, ravine), cilya COLD (noun?) niquë, also vb niquë- "it is cold,
(gorge, pass between hills) (so in Etym, but it freezes"; COLD POOL OR LAKE (in
cirya in the name Calacirya "Pass of Light" mountains) ringwë (in the Etymologies as
[gen. Calaciryo in Namárië] – though this printed in LR, this word is cited as "ringe", but
clashes with cirya "ship". An early version of according to VT46:11, ringwë is the proper
Namárië actually had Calacilyo, not Calaciryo; reading), BE COLD, CHILL (of weather) nicu- –
see An Introduction to Elvish p. 5.) – MC:222, RINGI/VT46:11, LT1:260, WJ:417
YAG/VT46:22, STAK, SYAD, RGEO:70/WJ:403, COLLAPSE (vb) talta- (slip, slide down),
LT2:337, 341, KIL COLLAPSE (noun) atalantë (downfall) –MC:223
CLIFF ollo (seaward precipice) (The COLLECT hosta- (gather, assemble);
alternative form oldó may be archaic Quenya.) – COLLECTION OF LEAVES olassië (foliage).
LT1:252 GREAT COLLECTION OR CROWD OF
CLOAK colla (vestment, actually a past THINGS OF THE SAME SORT úmë (not to be
participle "borne, worn" used as a noun). GREY- confused with the pa.t. of the negative verb "not
CLOAK Sindacollo, Singollo (so in Silm:421; be, not do"). –KHOTH/MC:223, Letters:282,
MR:217 has Sindicollo. Note that colla has VT48:32
become #collo because –o is a masculine COLOUR quilë (hue) –QL:77 %
ending.) (Thingol). Verb "to cloak": fanta- (to veil, COME #tul- (cited in source as tulin "I
mantle) –MR:385, VT43:22 come", 1st pers. aorist); perfect #utúlië and
CLOSE holta- (shut); CLOSED pahta future #tuluva are attested (the latter with the
(NOT CLOSED – see OPEN) –PE17:98, prefix entuluva "shall come again". Tulin may
VT39:23 obsolete tulu- in LT1:270). COME AWAY hótuli-
CLOTH lannë (tissue) –LAN ("so as to leave a place or group and join
CLOUD fanya (white cloud; pl. fanyar is another in the thought or place of the speaker") –
attested), lumbo (pl lumbor is attested. In TUL, LotR:1003, Silm:229, WJ:368
LT1:259, it is stated that this word applies to a COMFORT (verb) tiuta- (console),
"dark lowering cloud"), ungo (dark shadow). (In COMFORT (noun) tiutalë (comfort, consolation,
ancient times the Elves probably also used the easement) –QL:93
word fana [in Etym fána] for "cloud" or "veil", but COMMAND (verb) *can- (so when used of
in Quenya it came to denote the visible bodies in persons; when used with things as object, this
which the Valar manifested themselves to verb means demand) –PM:361-362 (where the
incarnates. When fana no longer meant "cloud", stem KAN is mentioned; the Quenya verb is not
this meaning was evidently transferred to the directly cited as such, but seems implied by
derivative fanya, originally probably meaning Tolkien's discussion of how this stem was used
"white" or as noun "white thing".) UPPER AIRS in Quenya.) For “command” as a noun, see
AND CLOUDS fanyarë (skies) –SPAN/VT46:15, ORDER.
MC:222, UÑG, Nam, RGEO:67, SYAD, COMMANDER cáno ("usually as the title
RGEO:74, MC:223 of a lesser chief, especially one acting as the

deputy of one higher in rank", PM:345) term for "consonant" was #tapta tengwë
(governor, chieftain) –PM:345, VT45:19 "impeded element". (Only pl. tapta tengwi is
COMMANDMENT axan (law, rule, as attested; we would rather expect *taptë tengwi
primarily proceeding from Eru). Pl. axani is with the pl. form of the adjective. The nominal pl.
attested. –WJ:399, VT39:30, 23 of the adjective, taptar, was used in the same
COMMERSE mancalë –MBAKH sense as tapta tengwi.) Tolkien also notes:
COMMUNICATION centa (as in Ósanwë- "Since...in the mode of spelling commonly used
centa, Communication of Thought. In other the full signs were consonantal, in ordinary non-
contexts, centa must be translated "enquiry" or technical use tengwar [sg tengwa, see LETTER]
*"essay") –MR:415, VT39:23 became equivalent to 'consonants'." Cf. also
COMPACT (noun) vérë (troth, oath, bond) surya "spirant consonant" and punta "stopped
–WED consonant", i.e. a consonant sign with an
COMPARE sesta- (liken) –QL:82 underposed dot to indiate that it is not followed
COMPEL mauya-; BE COMPELLED TO by a vowel. –VT39:8, VT39:16, 17, WJ:396,
DO SOMETHING horya- (have an impulse, set SUS, PUT (see PUS), VT46:10, 33
vigorously out to do); COMPULSION mausta – CONSPICOUS minda (prominent) –MIN
MBAW, VT45:22 CONSTRUCTION tanwë (craft, thing
COMPLAINT nur (growl) –LT1:263 made, construction, devise), ataquë (building) –
COMPLETELY aqua (fully, altogether, TAN, TAK
wholly) –WJ:392 CONTEMPTIBLE faica (mean) –SPAY
CONCEAL halya- (veil, screen from light). CONTINUAL vórima (changed from
In early "Qenya" there is also the word fur- (read vorima) (enduring, repeated); CONTINUALLY
perhaps *hur-), also translated "to lie". –SKAL, voro (also voro- in compounds) –BOR
LT2:340 CONTINUOUS vórëa (enduring,
CONCEALED furin or hurin (hidden). repeated), also vórima; CONTINUOUS
According to Tolkien’s post-LotR ideas, the form REPETITION vorongandelë ("vorogandele" in
in hu- would be preferred in late Quenya. – the published Etymologies is a misreading; see
1
LT2:340 VT45:7) (harping on one tune) –VT45:7, LIN
CONCEPTION (= idea, cf. VT46:6) noa CONTINUANT – the term #mussë
(pl. nówi), nó (nów-). Not to be confused with tengwë "soft element" (only attested in the pl.:
noa = “former” or “yesterday”. –NOWO mussë tengwi) covers vowels, semi-vowels (y,
CONCERN #ap- (given as aorist stem w) and continuants (l, r, m, n). –VT39:17
apë) (to affect, to touch one). CONCERNING pa, CONTRARY, ON THE úsië (VT49:8, 17),
pá (as regards, touching) –VT44:26 variant úsir, possibly abandoned by Tolkien
CONCH hyalma (shell, horn of Ulmo) – (VT49:18); see also NO
SYAL CONTROL (verb) #tur- (cited in source as
CONCLUDE telya- (transitive) (wind up, turin, "I...control", 1st pers. aorist) (pa.t. turnë)
finish); CONCLUSION telma (further defined as (wield, govern); IN CONTROL OF (possessing)
"anything used to finish off a work or an affair") – arwa (followed by gen, e.g. *i heru arwa i
WJ:411 nerion "the lord in control of the men") –TUR,
CONFUSED rúcina (shattered, 3AR
disordered) –MC:223 COOKED FOOD apsa (meat) –AP
CONSEQUENTLY epetai –VT49:11, 12 COPING-STONE see FINISH.
CONSIDERING A MATTER (with a view to COPPER urus (urust-), cf. POLISHED
decision) úvië –VT48:32 COPPER calarus (calarust-). In the
CONSOLATION (noun) tiutalë (comfort, Etymologies, the word rauta was originally
easement) –QL:93 defined "copper", but Tolkien changed the
CONSOLE tiuta- (comfort) –QL:93 definition to "metal" in general. The earliers
CONSONANT #pataca (only pl. patacar is material has COPPER = tambë; OF COPPER
attested), #lambetengwë (literally "tongue-sign"; tambina. Etym has COPPER-COLOURED aira
only pl. lambetengwi is attested; this refers to (ruddy, red) –VT41:10, RAUTĀ, LT1:250, 256,
consonants as tengwi or phonemes), also náva- 268, GAY
tengwë ("ñava-") (literally "mouth-sign"; only pl. CORE endë (centre, middle). –NÉD,
náva-tengwi is attested; the shorter form ÉNED
#návëa pl. návëar was also used, but Fëanor CORNER winca (nook) (QL:104, there
replaced these terms with #pataca). Yet another written ‘winka). Read *vinca if this early “Qenya”

form is to be adapted to LotR-style Third Age (monster); VERY TERRIBLE CREATURE rauco
Quenya. % –ONO, ÚLUG, VT39:10
CORNFLOWER menelluin (lit. *"sky- CRESCENT cúnë (bow) –LT1:271
blue") –Pictures of J. R. R. Tolkien CREST (of wave) wingë (wingi-) (foam,
CORPOREAL sarcuva (bodily) –LT2:347; spindrift). LT1:256 gives ormë "crest, summit",
this is "Qenya" but in Tolkien's later Quenya ormë means
CORPSE quelet (pl. queletsi), loico "wrath, haste, violence, rushing". CRESTED
(dead body); CORPSE-CANDLE loicolícuma – WAVE, WAVE-CREST falma –WIG/LT1:273,
KWEL, MC:223 PHAL, VT42:15
CORRUSCATION russë (†swordblade) – CROOKED hwarin; raica (bent, wrong),
RUS rempa (hooked), cauca (bent, humped) –
COTTAGE – LT2:336 has os(t) "house SKWAR, RÁYAK/VT39:7, REP, LT1:260
and cottage", but this word is probably obsolete CROSS (noun) tarwë (crucifix); CROSS
– osto means "city" or "fortress" in Tolkien's later (vb.) lahta- (pass over, surpass, excel) –QL:89,
Quenya. PE17:92
COUNT – the stem not- can be isolated CROSSBAR hwarma –SKWAR
from the word for "countable", see below. It CROSSING tarna (passage, #ford) –
actually occurs in Etym, but is glossed "reckon" LT2:347
instead. COUNT UP onot- (cf. not- "reckon" – CROW quáco (so in WJ:395; Etym has
the perfect of both these verbs would corco) –WJ:395/VT47:36, KORKA (see KARKA)
presumably be *onótië), COUNTABLE #nótima CROWD sanga (throng, press); rimbë
(isolated from únótimë "countless, not- (host). GREAT COLLECTION OR CROWD OF
countable, numberless", sg. únótima). NOT THINGS OF THE SAME SORT úmë (not to be
COUNTING hequa (leaving aside, excluding, confused with the pa.t. of the negative verb "not
except) –NOT, Nam, RGEO:67, VT39:14, be, not do"). –STAG/Silm:438, RIM, VT48:32
WJ:364, 365 CROWN ríë; CROWNED rína; STAR-
COUNTLESS únótima (pl. únótimë is CROWNED, CROWNED WITH STARS (a name
attested) (numberless, not-countable, of Taniquetil) Elerrína (so in Silm; Etym has
uncountable) –VT39:14, Nam, RGEO:67 Elerína) –RIG/VT46:11 (VT confirming that the
COUNTRY nórë (land, race, nation, native proper reading is ríë with a long vowel, not "rie"
land, family), #nórië (only attested in a as in the Etymologies as printed in LR), EL,
compound, in the ablative case: sindanóriello, Silm:42
"grey-country-from", "out of a grey country". – CRUEL nwalca (Though spelt this way
NŌ, Nam/RGEO:67 also in Etym, nwalca must be from older
COURAGE huorë (only attested as a *ngwalca, for the stem is ÑGWAL. In Tengwar
proper name: Huorë, lit. "heart-vigour") –KHŌ-N spelling, the letter nwalmë (< older ngwalmë)
COURSE tië (line, direction, way, path, should be used to transcribe the initial nw of
road) –TE3, RGEO:67 nwalca.) –ÑGWAL
COURT paca (paved floor) –GL:63 CRUCIFIX tarwë (cross); CRUCIFY
COVER top- (cited as aorist sg. topë) tarwesta- –QL:89
(pa.t. tompë), also untúpa- (lit. "down-roof") – CRUMB mië –PE13:150
TOP, Nam/RGEO:67 CRUMBLE #ruxa- (only part. ruxala is
COVERING telmë (hood) –TEL attested) –MC:222 cf 215
COW (milch cow) yaxë. (An alternative CRY OF TRIUMPH (noun) yello (call,
form yaxi, simply glossed "cow", looks like a shout) –GYEL, VT45:16
plural in LotR-style Quenya, unless it is a CRYSTAL maril (glass – perhaps with
feminine form like tári "queen" and heri "lady") – stem marill-), CRYSTAL SUBSTANCE silima (a
GL:36 substance Fëanor alone knew how to make; the
CRACK ciris (probably ciriss-) (cleft) – Silmarils were made of it. Etymologically, the
LT2:335 word apparently means simply *"white-shining
CRAFT tanwë (thing made, device, thing", or perhaps *"[substance] apt to shine
construction); curwë. CRAFTSMAN tano (smith) white".) –VT46:13, RGEO:73, Silm:437
–KUR CUNNING – LT1:253 has findë, finië, but
CREATE onta (pa.t. ónë, ontanë) –ONO these words may not be valid in Tolkien's later
CREATURE onna; Quenya (in Etym, findë means "tress, lock of
DEFORMED/HIDEOUS CREATURE ulundo hair").

CUP yulma (pl. yulmar is attested, CURVED cúna (bent; cúna is also used
VT21:6, 10; VT48:11). –Nam, RGEO:67 as a verbal stem, see BEND) –MC:223
CUPOLA coromindo (dome), telluma CUSHION nirwa –NID
(altered from earlier telumë under influence of a CUSTODY mando (safe keeping);
Valarin word; pl. tellumar is attested) (dome), CASTLE OF CUSTODY Mandos (Mandost-) –
coromindo (dome) –Nam/WJ:399/411, KOR, MR:350
KOP CUT (vb) rista-; venië (infinitive? stem
CURSE (vb.) húta-, pa.t. huntë or #ven-?) (shape), CUT (noun) rista, venwë
huntanë. CURSED húna (accursed). – (shape). The verb nac- is defined as “hew, cut”
PE17:149 in late material (nacin, VT49:24), though in
CURUFIN Curufinwë, short form Curvo. Etym, it was assigned the meaning “bite” instead
(His "mother-name", never used in narrative, (NAK). CUT OFF (and get rid of or lose a
was Atarincë.) –PM:352, 353 portion:) auciri-, (so as to have or or use a
CURUNÍR Curumo (Saruman) –UT:393, required portion:) hóciri- –RIS, LT1:254,
401 WJ:365-366, 368
CYCLE randa (age) –RAD
DAERON see DAIRON

D night); DARK, DARKNESS mornië, mórë
DADDY (affectionate form of "father"): (blackness, night) mor, lúmë (Note: lúmë also
atto, atya (these words are also used in means "hour, time"), lómë (stem lómi-) (night,
children's play for "thumb" or "big toe"). The form twilight, gloom), huinë (shadow, gloom). (See
tatanya in UT:191 seems to mean *"my daddy". SLAYER for DARKNESS-SLAYER.) DARK
–ATA, VT47:10, 26, VT48:4; atya is a reduced ELVES Moriquendi, Morimor (Lómëarni in
form of atanya "my father". LT1:259 is hardly a valid word in LotR-style
DAGGER sicil (knife), naica –SIK, GL:37 Quenya); DARK ONE (=Morgoth) morion;
DAILY ilaurëa (another form, ilyarëa [read DARK WEATHER lúrë; DARK LOWERING
*ilyárëa?] and its archaic variant ilyázëa, was CLOUD lumbo (pl. lumbor is attested); DARK
apparently abandoned by Tolkien) –VT43:18 VALE tumbo (stem *tumbu-) (deep valley) –
DAINTY netya (pretty). (Note: netya- is Letters:382, NDUL, DO3, LT1:259, LT1:271,
also a verb "trim, adorn".) –VT47:33 LT1:253, MOR, LotR:488 cf. Letters:308,
DAIRON Sairon –GL:29 (called Daeron in Silm:431, MC:222 cf. 215, WJ:361/Silm:388,
the published Silmarillion) Nam/RGEO:67, FS, LT1:259, 269
DALE nal, nallë (dell); DALE-SPRITES DAUGHTER selyë; also yendë, yen, –iel
tavar (pl. tavarni). In Tolkien's later Quenya, (suffix, e.g. Uinéniel "daughter of Uinen"
tavar means "wood" (as material). See, [UT:182]; this suffix may obsolete the earlier
however, DRYAD. –LT1:261, LT1:267 [TLT] ending -wen, mentioned in LT1:271). The
DAMP ringa (chilly, cold) –LT1:265 stem YEL, from which –iel must be derived, was
DANCE (verb) lilta- –LILT removed from Etym. However, the UT example
DANGER #raxë (pl. ablative raxellor just mentioned is from a later text, indicating that
attested). In another version of the text in Tolkien restored –iel. Perhaps yeldë was
question, Tolkien used #raxalë (pl. abl. restored as the independent word for "daughter"
raxalellor) instead. –VT44:9 at the same time and is to be preferred to yendë,
DANGLE linga- (hang) –LING yen. Distinguish -riel in Altáriel (Galadriel),
DARE verya- (cf. BOLD) (see MARRY which does not mean "daughter" and becomes -
regarding a homophone) –BER riell- before an ending. –VT47:10, YŌ, YEL,
DARK (adj.) morna (gloomy, sombre, 182/469
black), nulla (dusky, obscure), lóna (Note: a DAWN ára (obsoleting órë in LT1:264; this
homophone means "island"), lúrëa (overcast), word means "rising" or "heart" in LotR-style
DARK OR HIDDEN tumna (low-lying, low, Quenya), †amaurëa (early day). See also
1
profound, deep). DARK (noun) hui (fog, murk, TWILIGHT. –AR , MC:223

DAY aurë (sunlight; Etym gives arë, ari- #lucië, #luhta (all are attested with the ending -
instead). The word aurë is defined as “a day (of mmar to express "our debts/trespasses"). –
light), a day of special meaning or festival”; VT43:19
allative aurenna “upon the day” (VT49:45). Cf. DEBTOR #rocindo, #rucindo (isolated
also: arya (= 12 hours), ré (= 24 hours, counted from rocindollomman, rucindollomman "from
from sunset to sunset, allative rénna in our debtors"). Used in one of the draft versions
VT49:45), sana (= also 24 hours, but this is of Tolkien's Quenya version of the Lord's Prayer,
"Qenya"), DAYTIME arië, EARLY DAY the "debtors" denoted by this word may be
†amaurëa (dawn), DAYLIGHT – LT1:254 gives sinners rather than simply people owing others
calma, but this word is defined "lamp" in LotR. money. Another version of the Prayer has
LAST DAY OF YEAR quantien, FIRST DAY #lucando or #lucindo as the word for "debtor"
(meaning obscure, possibly first day of year) or "one who trespasses" (attested in the plural:
minyen. (In the entry YEN of the Etymologies as lucandor, lucindor). –VT43:20
printed in LR, minyen is seemingly glossed both DECISION, see CONSIDERING A
"first day" and "first year", but according to MATTER (with a view to decision)
VT46:23, only "first day" is correct.) DECIMAL SYSTEM (in counting)
1
DAYSPRING tuilë –AR /VT45:6, maquanotië. Another source gives a word for
Silm:229/234/439, LotR:1141, LT1:250, MC:223, "decimal system" as caistanótië, incorporating
YEN caista "10th", but since Tolkien later decided
DEAD firin (= dead by natural cause), that the initial sound of words having to do with
qualin (related to qualmë "agony, death" and "10" should be qu- rather than c-, we must
probably has darker connotations than firin), apparently read *quaistanótië. But maquanótië
vanwa (departed, lost, past, gone, vanished, no (a form requiring no changes) may be preferred.
longer to be had), hessa (withered). DEAD –VT47:10, VT48:11
BODY loico (corpse) –KWAL, PHIR, MC:223, DEED carda –PE17:51
LT1:255, WJ:366 DECLIVITY pendë (downslape, slope) –
DEAL WITH mahta- (fight, handle, PEN
manage, wield, wield a weapon); pa.t. mahtanë DEEP núra, tumna (low-lying, low,
is attested. –MAK/VT39:11, VT47:6, 18, 19, profound, dark or hidden). DEEP POOL lón,
VT49:10 lónë (pl. lóni given) (river-[?feeding] well), DEEP
DEAR melda (beloved), melin, moina VALLEY tumbo (dark vale); DEEP VALE imbë
(familiar), #melya (isolated from Melyanna "dear (dell) (Note: imbë is also one form of the
gift", Melian's Quenya name), valda (worth, preposition "between"); DEEP SHADOW huinë
worthy). Cf. also the "suffix of endearment" -ya (gloom). –NŪ, TUB, VT48:28, VT45:18, VT41:8
mentioned in UT:418: Anardilya *"dear Anardil" DEFORMED CREATURE ulundo
(UT:174). DEAR KINSMAN (form of address) (hideous creature, monster) –ÚLUG
tyenya (literally “my thou”, with tye as an DELIVER (= *save) etelehta- (the
intimate 2nd person pronoun reserved for alternative verb etrúna-, eterúna- was possibly
relatives and close friends). –MEL, MOY, abandoned by Tolkien; see FREE [verb]). –
Silm:434, GL:23, VT49:51 VT43:23, VT44:9
DEATH qualmë, unqualë (agony; DELL imbë (deep vale) (Note: imbë is
according to VT45:24, Tolkien changed this word also the preposition "between"), nal, nallë (dale)
to anqualë), #fírië, #effírië (basically –VT45:18, LT1:261
"expiration", attested with the ending -mmo in DEMAND can- (so when used with things
fíriemmo, effíriemmo "of our death"), nuru, as object, in effect = ask for; otherwise
older ñuru (personalized Nuru = Mandos), fairë command, order) –PM:361-362 (where only a
(natural death [as act]) (Note: fairë also means stem KAN is mentioned)
"radiance" and "phantom", and even [in LT1:250] DEMON rauco (pl. #raucar, isolated from
"free"), urdu –KWAL/LT1:264, VT43:34, Valaraukar (Valaraucar) "Balrogs". LT1:250
ÑGUR/VT46:4, PHIR, LT2:342 gives araukë; WJ:415 has rauco and arauco,
DEBT #rohta (attested in pl. form rohtar). defined as "a powerful, hostile, and terrible
Used in draft version of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's creature".) See also ORC. –RUK, Silm:436,
prayer, this word may refer to moral rather than WJ:415
financial "debt"; it may also cover "trespass". DENTAL SERIES tincotéma (t-series) –
This is probably also true of variant words for LotR:1154
"debt" occurring in other versions: #lucassë,

DENY lala- –LA (Note: a homophone DESTITUTE úna (deprived of, forlorn);
means "laugh", but the past tense forms may DESTITUTE OF ú (usually followed by genitive:
differ. See LAUGH.) ú calo *"destitute of light [cala]") (without). –
DEPART #av- (cited in the form avin "he VT39:14
departs", read "I depart" in LotR-style Quenya), DETERMINANT VOWEL sundóma (lit.
pa.t. ambë. Also vanya- (pa.t. vannë). (The *"base-vowel, root-vowel". Christopher Tolkien
latter verb Tolkien may have been abandoned in notes: "Very briefly indeed, the Quendian
favour of auta-; see PASS.) Lendë pa.t. of consonantal base or sundo was characterized by
lelya/lenna "go" is also glossed as "departed". a 'determinant vowel' or sundóma: thus the
DEPARTED (adj) vanwa (gone, vanished, lost, sundo KAT has a medial sundóma 'A', and
past, no longer to be had, dead) –QL:33, WAN, TALAT has the sundóma repeated. In derivative
LED cf. VT45:27, WJ:366, Nam forms the sundóma might be placed before the
DEPRIVE OF LIBERTY avalerya- (bind, first consonant, e.g. ATALAT.") –WJ:319
make fast, restrain) –VT41:5, 6 DEVICE tanwë (craft, thing made,
DEPRIVED #racina (only pl. racinë is construction); SKILLFUL [?DEVICE – Tolkien's
attested) (stripped); DEPRIVED OF úna handwriting was illegible] curo (curu-) –TAN,
(destitute, forlorn); DEPRIVED SIGN #racina VT41:10
tengwë (only pl. racinë tengwi is attested). Also DEVISE auta- (originate, invent) –GAWA
translated "stripped sign", this was in early Elvish DEW rossë (fine rain, spray), rin. DEWY
analysis of Quenya the term for a consonant with nítë (stem *níti-) (moist) –ROS/Letters:282,
no following vowel; the vowel was held to have LT1:265, NEI
disappeared or been omitted. –VT39:16, 14 DEXTER forya (right), DEXTEROUS
DESCENDANT indyo (grandchild) (Indyo formaitë (right-handed) –VT46:10, PHOR
looks like Vanyarin Quenya; the combination DIACRITIC tehta (mark [in writing], sign)
ndy became ny in Noldorin Quenya. The Noldor (In LotR:1155, the word is applied to the
likely used the form *inyo.) MALE supralinear vowel-marks of Fëanorian writing,
DESCENDANT yondo (son) (In LT2:344, it is and pl. tehtar is attested.) –TEK, LotR:1155
said that yondo usually meant "(great) DIALECT – Tolkien notes that the word
grandson", but in LotR-style Quenya it simply lambë "tongue" was originally "nearer to our
means "son".) –ÑGYO(N) 'dialect' than to 'language', but later when the
DESERT erumë (cf. Eruman a desert Eldar became aware of other tongues, not
north-east of Valinor, though Eruman is used in intelligible without study, lambe naturally became
an entirely different way elsewhere; see applied to the separate languages of any people
HEAVENS.) –ERE or region" (WJ:394). Thus, lambë can hardly be
DESERTED erda (solitary) –LT1:269 used for "dialect" in Exilic Quenya. Cf. also
DESIRE (vb) #mer- (cited in the form VT39:15, where lambë is said to mean "the
merë, evidently the 3rd person aorist; pa.t. given language or dialect of a particular or people".
as mernë) (want, wish). The stem YES yields a DICTUM eques (pl. equessi) (proverbial
word yesta- "desire" (which may however be dictum, quotation, saying) –WJ:392
confused with yesta “beginning”). DESIRE DIE fir- (fade) –MC:223, VT43:34
(noun) írë, náma (= "a desire" or "a judgement"), DIFFICULT hranga (hard; stiff, awkward).
námië (= "a (single) desire" or "a (single) Note: hranga- is also a verb “thwart”. –
judgement"), milmë (greed). (Note: írë also PE17:154, 185
means "when".) See SEXUAL DESIRE for a DIG sapa- or sap-, pa.t. sampë –
term that possibly has this meaning. PE16:145 %
DESIREABLE írima (loveable), DESIRER Irmo DIGIT: For a common term for "finger" and
(name of a Vala). DESIRING TO START mína "toe", see TIP.
(eager to go), also verb DESIRE TO GO IN DIPHTHONG ocamna; in the source
SOME DIRECTION mína- (to wish to go to a providing this word Tolkien rejected his earlier
place, make for it, have some end in view). – form osamnar (pl.); compare the Etymologies
MER, ID, VT41:13, MIL-IK, YES/VT46:23, form #samna (only pl samnar is attested.
WJ:403, VT39:11 Distinct in Tengwar spelling from samna
DESPISE #nattir- –VT44:8 "wooden post", that is spelt with initial súlë
DESTINE martya-; DESTINY maranwë – instead of silmë). Another word for "dipthong" is
MBARAT given as ohlon (pl. ohloni is attested); the latter
term was used of vocalic diphthongs and

"consonantal diphthongs" (like mb) alike. – BE concerning this and other verbs for “not do,
VT44:13, 14, SAM, VT39:9, VT48:29 not be”. DO NOT! (imperative) vá! (also = I will
DIM TO SEE néca (vague, faint) (Pl nécë not); DON'T áva, avá, alalyë (the last form
is attested) –MC:223, 222 incorporates the ending -lyë "thou", hence "do
DIMNESS mordo (shadow, obscurity, not thou [do something]"). DON'T DO IT! áva
stain, smear) –VT45:35, MOR carë! SET VIGOROUSLY OUT TO DO horya-
DIRECT TOWARD (or “be directed (be compelled to do something, have an
toward”) tenta, pa.t. tentanë (perhaps in the impulse) DO BACK ahtar- or accar- (react;
sense “directed toward”, transitive, attested in requite, avenge) –KAR, UGU/UMU, WJ:371,
the phrase tentanë numenna “pointed VT44:8, VT45:22, PE17:166
westward”), also tenantë (perhaps in the sense DOER tyaro (actor, agent) –KYAR
“was directed toward”, intransitive). Used DOG huo, roa –KHUG, VT47:35
transitively, the verb can also mean “go forth DOME telluma (pl. tellumar is attested)
towards” (with the thing approached as direct (cupola), coromindo (cupola) –Nam/WJ:399,
object). –VT49:23 KOR
DIRE aica (fell, terrible, sharp) –PM:347 DON'T áva, avá; DON'T DO IT! áva carë!
DIRECTION tië (course, line, pathway, –WJ:371
road); DESIRE TO GO IN SOME DIRECTION DOOM manar, mandë (final end, fate,
mína- (to wish to go to a place, make for it, have fortune, final bliss); umbar- (umbart-) (fate). See
some end in view). – TE3/RGEO:67, VT39:11 below concerning *anan in Rithil-Anamo. In the
DIRTY vára (soiled) –WA3 story of Túrin Turambar, it seems that ambar
DISAPPEAR vanya- (pa.t. vannë. Note: a means "doom": Turambar is said to mean
homophone of vanya means "beautiful") (go, "Master of Doom", and Nienor even uses the
depart) –WAN word in the instrumental case: ambartanen "by
DISCOLOURED púrëa (smeared) – doom". Similarly, LT2:348 gives ambar "Fate".
MC:223 But in Etym, ambar means "earth", and LotR
DISEMBODIED SPIRIT see SPIRIT Appendix E confirms that "fate" is umbar.
DISGUST – feel disgust at feuya- (abhor). DOOM RING Máhanaxar (a foreign word in
–PHEW/VT46:9 Quenya, adopted and adapted from Valarin, also
DISH venë (small boat, vessel) –LT1:254 translated as:) Rithil-Anamo "Ring of Doom",
DISORDERED rúcina (confused, name of the place where judgement was passed
shattered) –MC:223 in Valinor (hence Anamo as genitive "of Doom",
DISPLAY (verb) apanta- (pa.t. apantanë, nominative probably *anan with stem anam-,
apantë) (reveal), (noun) apantië –QL:34 otherwise but less likely *anama – this seems to
DISTRIBUTE IN EVEN PORTIONS etsat-, be "doom" in the sense of judgement or juridical
estat- (cited without a final hyphen in the source, justice, since the root is NAM as in nam- "to
but this would seem to be a verb, and judge"). –MAN/MANAD, MBARAT/VT45:5,
presumably Quenya). –VT48:11 Silm:261, 269, LotR:1157, WJ:399, WJ:401
DIVIDE IN MIDDLE perya- (halve) (After DOOR, see GATE; *DOOR OF NIGHT:
perya-, a word perina is mentioned; it is the translation Ando Lómen is given in VT45:28
undefined but must be the corresponding past (citing a deleted entry in the Etymologies). Since
participle: *"divided in middle, halved".) –PER Tolkien later decided that the genitive ending
DIVINE valaina (= "of or belonging to the should be -o rather than -n, and moreover
Valar", probably not to be used with reference to equipped lómë "night" with the stem-form lómi-,
the One who is above them), Eruva (adj. we should perhaps read *Ando Lómio.
referring to the divinity of Eru himself), DIVINITY DORIATH #Lestanórë (only gen.
valassë –BAL, VT44:18 Lestanórëo is attested) –WJ:369
DIVISION asta (part, especially one of DORLÓMIN Lóminórë –WJ:145
other equal parts; asta is often used = "month" DOT pica (small spot), tixë (tiny mark,
as a division of the year). –VT48:11 point), amatixë (point over the line of writing;
DO #car- (make, build; see MAKE for variant amatexë in VT46:19), unutixë (point
various attested forms of this verb); NOT DO under the line of writing; the initial element unu-
#um- (cited in the form umin "I do not", 1st pers. was misread as "nun-" in the Etymologies as
aorist; also short uin) (pa.t. úmë, not to be printed in LR, see VT46:19) –PIK, TIK/VT46:19
confused with a noun meaning "collection,
crowd"). This verb is also used = "not be", see

DOUBLE (prob. adj) atwa, tanta; DRINKING-VESSEL yulma (cup), sungwa. –

DOUBLE (vb) tatya- (repeat). (Note: tatya also SUK, WJ:416/Nam
means "second".) –AT(AT), TATA DRIP lipte- –LT1:258
DOUGH maxë –MASAG DROP (noun) limba; LITTLE DROP liptë
DOVE cucua –KŪ (in the Etymologies as –LIB, LT1:258
printed in LR, this noun is erroneously split into DROWNED quorin (choked) –LT1:264
two words, "ku" and "kua" instead of "kukua"; DROWSY lorda (slumbrous) –LT1:259
see VT45:24) DRÛ rú (wose), DRÚADAN Rúatan (pl.
DOWN undu (under, beneath); DOWN- Rúatani is given but seems perfectly regular) –
FALL atalantë, atalantië (collapse); DOWN- UT:385
FALLEN atalantëa (pl atalantië is attested) DRY (prob. adj not vb) parca; VERY DRY
(ruinous); DOWN BELOW (adv.) nún amparca –PÁRAK, VT45:5
(underneath); "DOWN-LICK" (i.e., cover DRYAD tavaro, tavaron (m.), tavaril (f.)
completely) #undulav- (only pa.t. undulávë is (compare the tavarni or "dale-sprites" in
attested) –UNU, NŪ, MC:222, 223/Letters:347, Tolkien's earlier material), nandin (further
RGEO:67/Nam defined as "fay of the country") –TÁWAR,
DOWNSLOPE pendë (slope, declivity) – LT1:261
PEN/PÉNED DUILIN Tulindo; HOUSE OF DUILIN
DRAGON lócë (serpent, snake; "so do the Nossë Tuilinda (Tuilinda must be an adjectival
Eldar name the worms of Melko[r]", LT2:85), form of Tuilindo) –LT2:338
angulócë, fenumë; WINGED DRAGON DÚNEDAIN Núnatani –WJ:386
rámalócë; FIRE-DRAGON urulócë (pl. Urulóci DUSK histë (also hísë, but this clashes
is attested in Silm:138, there capitalized; with a word meaning "fog, mist"), lómë (stem
surprisingly, Urulóci is used as a singular form lómi-) (night, gloom, darkness, twilight) –
in Silm:255); SPARK-DRAGON fëalócë; FISH- LT1:255
DRAGON lingwilócë (sea-serpent) –LOK; cf. DUSKY nulla (dark, obscure) –NDUL
ANGWA, LT2:341, RAM, UR, PHAY, LIW DUST asto –ÁS-AT
DRAKE (LT2:340) see DRAGON DWARF Nauco (pl. Naucor is attested;
DRAUGHT #yulda (only pl. yuldar is LT1:261 gives nauca instead of nauco), Norno
attested), suhto –Nam, SUK (Naucalië, Nornalië = the whole people of the
DRAW #tuc- (cited as tucin "I draw", 1st Dwarves) Casar (pl. Casari or Casári; partitive
pers. aorist), saca- (pull – but a homophone plural Casalli; the whole people of the Dwarves
means "search"), DRAW WATER calpa- (bale being called Casallië. According to WJ, Casar –
out, scoop out); DRAWING #halmë (isolated Quenyaized form of Dwarvish Khazâd – "was
from Turuhalmë "Log-drawing", q.v.); DRAW the word most commonly used in Quenya for the
NEAR: see IMPEND concerning Tolkien’s Dwarves". Nauco "stunted one" and norno
translation of “winter has drawn near”. –TUK, "thrawn one" are less polite words for "dwarf";
KALPA, VT43:23, LotR:270 yet norno is stated to be "the more friendly
DREAD (verb) aista- –GAYAS term". But the Dwarves themselves would
DREAM (noun) olor, olórë, lor; DREAM definitely prefer Casar.) PETTY-DWARVES
or VISION olos (olor- for older oloz-, as in the Picinaucor, Pitya-naucor (lit. *"small dwarves"),
archaic pl. olozi, later olori). DREAMY olosta, Attalyar (lit. "Bipeds"). DWARROWVAULT
olórëa –LOS, LT1:259, LotR:488 cf. Letters:308, Casarrondo (Khazad-dûm) –NAUK, WJ:388,
UT:396 389
DREAM (verb) óla- (said to be DWELLER mardo –LT1:251
"impersonal", probably meaning that the dreamer DWELLING (noun) mar (mard-) (home),
is mentioned in the dative rather than the also már; DWELLING (adj) #farnë (a pl form?
nominative: *Óla i Eldan, "the Elf dreams") – Sg farna? Only attested in the compound
UT:396 orofarnë "mountain-dwelling". Note: farnë is
DRESSED LEATHER alu –QL:30 also the pa.t. of farya- "suffice", as well as a
DRINK (vb) #suc- (cited in source as noun "foliage"); DWELLING-PLACE nórë (land,
sucin "I drink", 1st pers. aorist); DRINK OF THE region where certain people live, nation, native
VALAR limpë (so glossed under LIP; "drink of land, family); DWELLING UNDERGROUND
the fairies" in LT1:258) or míruvórë (LT1:261); hróta (artificial cave, rockhewn hall). The word
DRINKING yulmë (carousal) (Note: a ambar, usually translated "world", is also
homophone means "smouldering heat"); associated with "home, dwelling" in one source.

–VT45:33, 46:13, cf. LT1:251, LotR:505 cf.

Letters:224, VT47:6, NDOR, PM:365, VT46:13
DWINDLE píca- (part. pícala is attested)
(lessen) –MC:223, 222
EACH ilya (every, all of a particular group

E "men", but this is hardly a valid word in LotR-
of things), in early material also máca (a very style Quenya. –KEM/Silm:433/LT1:257/VT44:34,
early "Qenya" word of doubtful authority in MBAR cf. Letters:283 or SD:409
Tolkien’s later conception) –VT39:20, GL:41 EASEMENT (noun) tiutalë (comfort,
EAGER TO GO mína- (desiring to start) – consolation) –QL:93
VT39:11 EAST rómen (allative Rómenna as a
EAGLE soron, sornë (Þ) (pl. sorni) (So in region of Númenor and ablative Rómello in
Etym; Letters:427 has sorno, thorno, LT1:266 Namárië are capitalized), róna; EASTERN
also has sor. Soron/sorno obsoletes ea, earen rómenya (Entar, Entardar "Outer Lands,
in LT1:251 and LT2:338 – besides, ëa means Middle-earth" is also glossed as "East" once, as
"is, exists" in Tolkien's later Quenya.) KING OF opposed to the Blessed Realm of the West.) The
EAGLES Sorontur, "EAGLE-HORN" (a great words órë "dawn, Sunrise, East" and its
height in Númenor) Sorontil –THOR, corresponding adjective órëa (LT1:264) are
Letters:427, UT:465 probably not valid words in LotR-style Quenya;
2
EAR: The form lár in the entry LAS in the see DAWN. Neither can Ostar "East" be a valid
Etymologies appears to mean "ear", though the word; see GATE. EAST-VICTOR Rómendacil
wording is not quite clear. (one of the Kings of Gondor) EAST-LANDS
EARLY arinya; EARLY DAY †amaurëa Orrostar (a region in Númenor). EAST-HELPER
(dawn); EARLY MORN tuilë (dayspring, spring- (masc. name) Rómestámo, Róme(n)star (so in
1
time) –AR , MC:223, TUY PM:384, 391; probably ?Rómenstar must
EARTH cemen (soil). (Note: at the time always become Rómestar, but Tolkien cited the
Tolkien wrote Etym, he thought of cemen as the form as Róme(n)star to indicate the connection
genitive of cén, but later cemen evidently with rómen "east") –RŌ/LotR:1157, UT:463,
became the nominative form, as it had been in Nam, EN, LotR:1075, 1081, UT:165, 459,
earlier writings [LT1:257]. In Silm:433, it is said PM:384, 391)
that cemen [kemen] refers to "the Earth as a flat EAT mat-, mata- (pa.t. mantë is given),
floor beneath menel, the heavens". LT1:257, future-past matumnë "was going to eat" –MAT,
reproducing early material, also has cemi "earth, VT39:7, VT48:32
soil, land" and Kémi "Mother Earth".) Locative EBB (noun) nanwë (lowtide), EBB-TIDE
cemendë "on earth" in VT43:17. HEAVEN AND lanwë (stem *lanwi- given primitive form danmi)
EARTH Menel Cemenyë (VT47:11). EARTH- –VT48:26, 32
QUEEN Kementári (Yavanna's title); ECHO láma (ringing sound – so in Etym,
EARTHEN, OF EARTH cemna. (LR:363 gves but see SOUND), nalláma (In Etym, the second
"kemina", but according to VT45:19, this is a a of the latter word has an undefined diacritic
misreading for "kemna" in Tolkien's manuscript.) here represented by ´.) ECHOING lámina –LAM
EARTH (= world) Ambar (world) (Tolkien EDDY hwinya- (swirl, gyrate); hwindë
equated Ambar with Oikoumene, a Greek word (whirlpool) –SWIN
denoting "world" considered as "the inhabited EDGE réna, ríma –REG, RĪ
world of Men". But ambar also seems to mean EGLATH (or EGLAIN, EGLADHRIM)
"doom", q.v. MR:337 (cf. WJ:419) has Imbar Heceldi (the "Forsaken" Elves, especially the
instead of Ambar; the literal meaning of both Eldar left in Beleriand; sg Hecel is given.
words is said to be "habitation") EARTH- MR:170 has Ecelli.) –WJ:365 cf. Silm:68
DWELLERS –LT2:343 gives indi, rendered EIGHT tolto (alternative form toldo). For
"earthdwellers" and said to be another word for the syntax of numerals, see THREE. EIGHTH

toltëa, toldëa. Fraction ONE EIGHTH tolosta, Tree Kindreds only, not to all the Quendi.)
1 Quenderin ("Elvish" referring to all the Quendi,
tosta, tolsat. –TOL -OTH/OT, VT42:25, 31,
VT48:6, 11 "Quendian"; this remained a learned word) –
EIGHTEEN toloquë; in duodecimal WJ:361/KWEN(ED), MR:229 ELED, Silm:424,
counting, the word nahta occurs (Note: a AB/WJ:371/Silm:65/MR:163, WJ:363,
homophone means "bite", as noun.) For the Silm:23/392, MR:415, WJ:407
syntax of numerals, see THREE. –VT48:21, ELF-FRIEND Elendil (actually meaning
PE14:17/VT47:42 *"star-friend". Tolkien notes: "It is not surprising
EITHER…OR: Christopher Gilson that the Edain...found it difficult to discern
interprets a phrase involving a double var…var whether words and names containing the
as having this meaning in one early element el referred to the stars or to the Elves.
(untranslated) text; notice that var was a This is seen in the name Elendil, which was
conjunction “or” in Tolkien’s early “Qenya”. – meant to bear the sense "Elf-friend". Properly in
PE15:32, 39, cf. QL:100 Quenya it meant 'a lover or student of the
ELBOW ólemë –LT1:258 stars'... 'Elf-friend' would have been more
ELEPHANT andamunda –MBUD correctly represented by Quen(den)dil or
ELEVEN minquë. For the syntax of Eldandil.") –WJ:410
numerals, see THREE. Fraction ONE ELF-LOVER (or, “Elf-friend”) #Eldameldo
ELEVENTH minquesta. –MINIK-W-, LT1:260, (pl. Eldameldor in WJ:417). Compare FRIEND.
VT48:6; unorthodox spelling "minkwe" in VT48:7, ELF-STONE Elessar (Aragorn's royal
11 name), stem *Elessarn-, as in the genitive
ELF quendë (a technical, generic term, Elesarno (VT49:28, read *Elessarno?) The
seldom used in the sg; pl Quendi is the usual literal meaning may seem to be Star-stone rather
form; there are gender-specific forms quendu m. than Elf-stone – but the Edain sometimes
and quendi f., but they seem to be rare; pl. confused elen "star" and elda "elf". Cf. Elendil;
forms quendur, quendir are attested), Elda see ELF-FRIEND. – As a common noun,
(originally generic, but later [MET] used of Elves elessar or “elf-stone” may signify “beryl” (in the
of the Three Kindreds [Noldor, Vanyar, Teleri] chapter Flight to the Ford in the LotR, Aragorn
only. That was at least the proper usage: Elda finds “a single pale-green jewel” and declares: “It
was the normal word for "elf" in Valinor, since all is a beryl, an elf-stone”). –LotR:395, 897
%
Elves there were Eldar, and quendë became a ELM-TREE alalmë, lalmë; LAND OF
word of lore. An archaic variant of Elda was ELMS Alalminórë (Warwickshire) –
Eldo.) With generic reference, the pl. Eldar has ÁLAM/LT1:249, LÁLAM
no article and is used to eman “Elves, The Elves, ELONGATED taina (stretched, elongated,
All Elves”; i Eldar with the article means “the extended) –VT39:7
Elves” with reference to some particular EMBER yúla (smouldering wood) –YUL
individuals previously mentioned. The partitive EMINENT minya (prominent; minya is
plural Eldali “Elves, some Elves” is also attested basically the ordinal "1st"); EMINENT MAN aráto
(VT49:8). ELVES OF AMAN Amanyar (sg (champion) –VT42:24, 25; Silm:428
#Amanya), ELVES WHO REFUSED TO JOIN EMIT LIGHT faina- –PHAY
IN THE WESTWARD MARCH (from Cuiviénen) EMOTION felmë (impulse) –VT41:19
Avari (sg Avar in WJ:371, VT47:13, 24; Avar or EMPTY lusta (void), cumna –LUS, KUM
Avaro in Etym), also called Avamanyar "those ENCHANT luhta- (Note: a homophone
who did not go to Aman, because they would means "bow"); ENCHANTMENT lúcë –LUK
not" (distinguish Úmanyar, Úamanyar, ENCIRCLE: Early “Qenya” material has a
Alamanyar "those who did not in the event verb qilti- “gird, encircle” (QL:78); read perhaps
reach Aman", though they did join in the march *quilta- if the verb is to be adapted to Tolkien’s
from Cuiviénen; these are also called Heceldi or later Quenya (cf. the noun quilta “belt”). See
Ecelli, see EGLATH). See also DARK ELVES, also GO ROUND (under entry for GO)
GREEN-ELVES, GREY-ELVES, HIGH-ELVES, concerning the verb pel- %
LIGHT-ELVES, SEA-ELVES, LITTLE ELF. Cf. ENCLOSURE panda, tarwa (garden);

also ELVENHOME Eldamar, Elendë. ELF- CIRCULAR ENCLOSURE corin –PAD, QL.87 , %
PEOPLE Eldalië, ELVISH Eldarinwa (adj only, KOR

pl. Eldarinwë attested in VT47:14; but "Elvish" END (noun) metta, mentë, tyel (stem
meaning Elvish language is simply Eldarin. tyeld- as in the pl. tyeldi, misread as "tyelde" in
Properly, these words for "Elvish" apply to the the printed Etymologies; see VT45:25), tyelma,

telu; THE ENDING OF THE WORLD Ambar- [?AGE] (Tolkien's handwriting was illegible) oirë,
metta, ambarmetta; END (vb) tele- (intransitive) oialë; FOR EVER, EVERLASTINGLY oialë
(finish – so in WJ:411 – LT1:267 gives telu-), (evidently the noun just mentioned used as an
tyel- (cease), PUT AN END TO metya-, HAVE adverb), tennoio, oia (the latter is both adj.
SOME END IN VIEW mína- (desire to go in "everlasting" and the adv. *"everlastingly",
some direction, wish to go to a place, make for it) according to VT46:8). –OY, UT:458, BOR,
–LotR:1003/VT44:36, MET, LT1:267, WJ:411, LT1:250/273, Nam/RGEO:67, Silm:429, UT:317
KYEL/VT45:25, VT39:11 EVERY ilya (each, all of a particular group
ENDLESS PERIOD oio –UT:317 of things), máca (a very early "Qenya" word of
ENDURANCE voronwië (lasting quality); doubtful authority) –VT39:20, GL:41
ENDURING voronwa (long-lasting), vórëa EVERYBODY ilquen; EVERYTHING
(continuous, lasting), vórima (continuous, ilqua. For "everything" there is also ilu as a word
repeated) –BORÓN, VT45:7 for the universe: all, the whole; of the universe
ENEMY cotumo –KOT also including God and all souls and spirits,
ENFOLD vaita- (wrap) –VT46:21, LT1:271 which are not properly included in the term Eä. –
ENGLAND – see FAËRY. WJ:372, IL/VT45:24, VT39:20
ENOUGH farëa (sufficient). "Enough" as EVIL (adj.) ulca (see also WICKED),
an adverb is apparently faren. –PHAR, VT46:9 úmëa (but in a later source, the latter is said to
ENQUIRY centa (as in Essecenta mean "abundant, swarming, teaming"), úra
Eldarinwa, probably meaning *"Enquiry into (nasty), EVILEYED henulca; EVIL-SMELLING
Eldarin Names", as Tolkien described the work saura (Þ) (foul, putrid) – in one attested
as an "Enquiry into the origins of Elvish names compound also #sauri-; see FOUL. EVIL as
for Elves"; cf. also Osanwe-centa, translated noun: ulco (stem ulcu- as in the ablative
"enquiry into the communication of thought". ulcullo; pl. "evils" presumably *ulqui; another
Another possible translation of centa may be version of the relevant text uses úro as the noun
*"essay".) –MR:415, VT39:23 "evil"; the adj. ulca is also seemingly used as
ENTRAILS (bowels) hirdi, sg. hir (hird-) – noun in a sentence apparently meaning “if one
PE13:161 speaks evil”, VT49:19). FREE FROM EVIL aman
ENTRANCE TO HARBOUR londë (road (see BLESSED). –VT49:14, VT43:23-24, SD:68,
[in sea], also translated "haven" or "fairway") – 72, UGU, THUS, VT43:23-24, WJ:399
LOD/VT45:28 EXALTED arta (lofty). Note: homophones
ENVELOPE (noun) vaiya, vaia (both with mean "athwart" and also "fort". EXALTED ONES
alternative, possibly older [MET] forms in w-). – Aratar (pl; sg #Arata). The Aratar are the
WAY mightiest of the Valar: Manwë, Varda, Ulmo,
EXACT PENALTY, see PUNISH % Yavanna, Aulë, Mandos, Nienna, and Oromë.
EXPIRE fírë- (perf. fírië ["has breathed Aratar is also rendered "High Ones, The
forth"] is attested; *ifírië may be the more usual Supreme" –PM:354, Silm 32/381, WJ:402
form) –MR:250 EXCEL lahta- (pass over, cross, surpass)
ERRANT ránen –RAN –PE17:92
ESCAPE (vb) usin (glossed "he escapes" EXCEPT hequa (leaving aside, not
in LT:251, but in LotR-style Quenya it would counting, excluding) –WJ:364, 365
have to mean, if anything, *"I escape" – 1st pers. EXCLUDE hehta- (pa.t. hehtanë is given
aorist); ESCAPE (noun) uswë (issue) –LT1:251 but seems perfectly regular) (put aside, leave
*ESSAY see *ENQUIRY. out, abandon, forsake); EXCLUDING hequa
ESTABLISH tulca- (fix, set up). Note: (leaving aside, not counting, except) –WJ:364,
there is a homophone meaning "firm, steadfast, 365
strong, immoveable". –LT1:270 cf. TULUK EXIST ëa (translated “is” in CO; see BE),
ETERNAL oira –OY pa.t. engë, perfect engië or rarely éyë, future
EVENING sinyë, also andúnë (sunset, euva. EXISTING nanwa (actual, true) –VT39:6,
west) –MC:222, THIN, MC:222 7, VT43:38, VT49:29, 30
EVER oi, voro, vor (continually) (pref. EXCHANGE quapta- –QL:76
#oio-, vor-, voro-), EVERWHITE, EVER- EXPAND palu-, palya- (spread, extend,
SNOW-WHITE Oiolossë (a name for Taniquetil; open wide); EXPANSIVE palla (wide) –PAL
gen Oiolossëo is attested in Nam, where it has EXPIRE fírë- (originally used of "one
an ablatival meaning); EVERSUMMER Oiolairë, sighing or releasing a deep breath", but also
EVERLASTING oia; vorima; EVERLASTING used of the Elf Míriel when she "breathed forth"

and died; later used of the death of mortals. Perf. used of a natural pair of eyes). SHARP-EYE
fírië is attested; *ifírië with prefix sundóma is hendumaica, EYES OF HEARTSEASE (a name
probably also a possible form.) –MR:250 of the pansy) Helinyetillë –KHEN-D-E, WJ:337,
EXTEND palu-, palya- (spread, expand, LT1:262
open wide); EXTENDED taina (lengthened, EYRIE sornion (Þ) (lit. gen.pl "of
stretched, elongated); EXTENSION tailë eagles"?). –LT1:266. (LT1:251 gives ëaren, but
(lengthening) –PAL, TAY this is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya
EXTREMELY langë (surpassingly, [see EAGLE])
superlatively) –PE17:92
EYE hen (hend-) (normal pl. hendi as well
as the dual form #hendu are attested [isolated
from hendumaica, WJ:337]; #hendu would be
FACE cendelë, anta; SWEET-FACED

F FALL (vb) lanta- (pres. pl. lantar, pl. past
raina (smiling, gracious). NOTE: A homophone lantaner, future lantuva and part. #lantala are
means "nettled, enlaced". –VT49:21, ANA, attested); FALL (noun) lanta or #lantë. (The first
VT44:35 of these words occurs in the compound
FADE sinta- (Þ) (pa.t. sintanë is given, lasselanta "leaf-fall, Autumn", while #lantë is
though it seems perfectly regular), fir- (die), isolated from Noldolantë "the Fall of the Noldor".
fifíru- ("slowly fade away", frequentative form of From these examples it appears that a lanta is a
fir-; the participal form fifírula is attested); physical fall, while a lantë is a moral fall.
FADING quellë (In the Calendar of Imladris, Perhaps the latter word can also be applied to a
quellë was a precisely defined period of 54 days military defeat, as in "the fall of Gondolin".) THE
in late autumn. Also called lasselanta; see FALLEN (= Númenor) Atalantë –
AUTUMN.) –THIN, MC:222/223, LotR:1141 DAT/DANT/MC:222, Nam, SD:246, VT49:47,
FAËRY Inwilis, Inwinórë (another gloss, LT1:254, Silm:102/414, TALÁT
"England", was struck out) –LT1:256 FALLOW marya (fawn, pale), malwa
FAINT néca (vague, dim to see) – (pale) –MAD, SMAL
MC:222/223 FAMILIAR moina (dear) –MOY
FAIR (1) (adjective) vanima (beautiful, FAMILY nossë (clan, "house"), nórë, –nor
proper, right), vanë, melima, linda (the last word (land, country, dwelling-place, nation, native
= fair/beautiful of sound, VT45:27); FAIR FOLK land) –NŌ, LT1:272
Vanimo (pl. Vanimor is given but seems FANE yána (holy place, sanctuary) –YAN
perfectly regular; the word is said to apply to the FANG carca (tooth, tusk) –Silm:429,
"children of the Valar"). FAIR-MINDED faila LT2:344
(generous, just), NOT FAIR úvanima (ugly) FAR haira, eccaira, avahaira; FAR
FAIRWAY (= navigable channel for ships) londë AWAY (adj) vahaia (or (a)vaháya, VT45:21),
(road in sea). –BAN/VT39:14, LT1:272, MEL, FAR AWAY, FAR OFF (adv.) háya; FAR AND
SLIN, PM:352, VT39:14, VT45:28 WIDE palan (or "wide, over a wide space, to a
FAIR (2) (noun): Carl F. Hostetter distance", VT45:21), FAR-SEER palantir, "FAR-
suggests that the untranslated word parma- WANDERER" (the name of a ship) Palarran –
restalyanna means *”upon your book-fair”, KHAYA, SD:247, Silm:435, TIR, UT:460
pointing to #resta as a word for “fair” in this FAREWELL namárië –Nam
sense. The word is elsewhere defined as “field” FARMER nandor (perhaps obsolete in
(q.v.), and the word may refer to a “fair” held in a LotR-style Quenya, clashing with the name of
field, though Hostetter also suggests a possible the Nandor, a tribe of Elves) –LT1:261
connection with ré “day” (VT49:39-40). FASTEN #tac- (listed as tacë, 3rd pers.
FAITHFUL voronda, vórima (steadfast) – sg. aorist), pa.t. tancë. –TAK
UT:317, LT1:250 FAT (adj.) tiuca (thick), lárëa (rich);
GROW FAT tiuya- (swell). FAT (noun) lar (also

used = riches), larma (the latter possibly "pig- FEEL FEAR OR HORROR #ruc- (cited in
fat"; the first part of the gloss is not certainly source as rucin, 1st pers. aorist), constructed
legible in Tolkien's manuscript. Another gloss of with "from" of the object feared. –WJ:415
larma is "flesh"; in a later source a similar word FEEL WITH FINGERTIPS lepta- ([to]
is used for “raiment”.) –TIW, VT45:26 finger; to pick up/out with the fingers) –VT44:16,
FATE umbar (umbart-) (doom; the form VT47:10, 25
amarto in LT2:348 could be obsolete, but ambar FEEL WITH THE HAND, see STROKE
from the same source may be a valid word also FEELING, see EMOTION
in LotR-style Quenya – see DOOM), marto FELL (adj) aica (sharp, terrible, dire). –
(fortune, lot); manar, mandë (doom, final end, PM:347
fortune [usually = final bliss]); FATED marta FELL (noun) helma (skin) –SKEL
(which adjective also seems to be the noun FEMALE (noun) ní, FEMALE (adj.) inya,
"fate" in later sources; see VT45:33, VT46:13). inimeitë (pl. probably *inimeisi; cf. HANDED,
*LIGHT-FATED calambar – LEAPING, WINDY) –INI
MBARAT/LotR:1157, MANAD, FENCE IN – see GO ROUND (under entry
VT45:33/VT46:12, VT49:41, 42 for GO) regarding the verb pel-
FATHER atar (pl. atari in Etym, though FENCED FIELD peler, FENCING OR
the pl. form #atári occurs as part of the DEFENSIVE HEIGHTS Pelóri (the mountain-
compound Atanatári). Dative ataren is attested range at the western coast of the Blessed
(VT43:36-37). Forms like atar, atarinya ("my Realm). –PEL(ES), WJ:403
father") as well as atya "daddy" are said to be FESTIVAL asar (Vanyarin athar) (fixed
forms a child would use in addressing his or her time), meren (merend-), merendë (feast). The
father (VT47:26; see DADDY). In VT48:19, atya word aurë is in one source defined as “a day (of
is explained as a contraction of at-nya "my light), a day of special meaning or festival”.
father". The final version of the Lord's Prayer FESTIVE merya. –WJ:399, VT49:45, MBER
(VT43:12, 13) has #Átar with a long initial vowel FETCH tulta- (send for, summon) –TUL
(Átaremma "our father"); this #Átar may FEY marta (fated) –MBARAT
incorporate the vocative particle a (*a Atar "o FIELD (sown field) resta (acre); compare
Father" > #Átar). FATHER OF ALL Ilúvatar FAIR #2. FENCED FIELD peler. FIELD-SPIRIT
(God). –Silm:428, 229/ATA/LT1:255, VT44:16, Nermi (pl. Nermir is attested) (fay of the meads)
Silm:404/UT:446, VT43:37 – VT46:11 cf. RED, PEL(ES), LT1:262
FATHOM (noun) rangwë –RAK FIERY uruitë, úruva (The stem from
FAWN marya (fallow, pale) –MAD which these words are derived was struck out in
FAY OF THE COUNTRY nandin (dryad), Etym. However, several words that must be
FAY OF THE MEADS Nermi (pl. Nermir is derived from this stem occur in LotR, indicating
attested) (field-spirit) –LT1:261, 262 that Tolkien restored it. LT1:248 also gives sára
FËANOR Fëanáro (Spirit of Fire) – "fiery", but this word is probably obsoleted by
Silm:397/435, MR:217 sára "bitter" in Etym.) –UR
FEAR (noun) caurë; FEAR (vb) #ruc- (the FIFTEEN lepenquë –VT48:21 (the form
1st person aorist rucin is glossed "I feel fear or quailepen seems to be another, possibly
horror", constructed with "from" of the object experimental, word for "15" in Quenya). For the
feared, e.g. *rucin Orcollon "I fear Orcs") – syntax of numerals, see THREE.
LT1:257, WJ:415 FIFTH lempëa, replacing older (MET)
FEAST meren (merend-), merendë lemenya. Fraction ONE FIFTH lepesta, lepsat –
(festival); FESTIVE merya –MBER VT42:25, VT48:11
FEATHER quessë –KWES, LotR:1157 FIGHT (WITH SWORD) mahta- (wield a
FEBRUARY Nénimë (Amillion in LT1:249 weapon, manage, deal with, handle); pa.t.
is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya.) – mahtanë is attested. –MAK/MA3, VT39:11,
LotR:1144 VT45:30-32, VT47:6, 18, 19, VT49:10
FEEL: The noun felmë "emotion" (q.v.) or FILL quat- (fut #quantuva is attested in
*"feeling" may suggest a verbal stem #fel- enquantuva, "will refill") –WJ:392, Nam; cf.
(compare melmë vs. mel-, "love" as noun and KWAT
verb). This #fel- could then mean "to feel" in the FINAL tyelima, métima (ultimate, last);
general sense of "have an emotion". Other FINAL END mande, manar (fortune, bliss, fate),
senses, see below. telda (last) –MC:222 cf. 215, MANAD, WJ:411
FINARFIN Arafinwë –MR:230

FIND #hir- (only fut hiruva is attested), "fire", poetic form sai, also sairin "fiery"; cf. also
#tuv- (only perf #utúvië is attested [with Sáya "the fire-fay" in GL:66. LT:271 has the
pronominal endings: utúvienyes "I have found following "fire"-words: FIRE uru, FIERY
it"]). It is difficult to say what distintion in meaning uruvoitë, ON FIRE urwa, LIKE FIRE urúva. Cf.
there may be between these words (if any at all); also FIREWOOD turu (but the word was also
the verb #tuv- is evidently the same as tuvu- in used of wood in general). BOWL OF FIRE
GL:71, there glossed "receive". –Nam/RGEO:67, tanyasalpë (evindently #tanya "fire" + #salpë
LotR:1008 "bowl") –UR/VT46:20, Silm:397, MR:217,
FINE tereva (acute, piercing); FINE LT1:265, 270, 271, 292
PIERCED HOLE terra –TER, VT46:18 FIRM tulca (strong, immovable, steadfast;
FINE FLOUR mulma –QL:63 % Note: there is a homophone verb meaning "fix,
FINE RAIN rossë (dew, spray) –ROS cf. set up, establish"), tulunca (steady), sanda
Letters:282 (true, abiding), tanca (fixed, sure) –TULUK,
FINGER (noun) leper (pl. leperi given). In LT1:270, STAN, TAK
an earlier source, the Etymologies, Tolkien gave FIRST minya (cf. Minyar "Firsts", the first
the Quenya word for "finger" as lepsë (possibly clan among the Elves), inga (this is also a noun
with stem lepsi-, as indicated by the deleted "top"), *yesta (but this is a noun “beginning”
ancestral form lepti, see VT45:27). The term ortil according to a later source, PE17:120),
(ortill-, pl. ortilli given), "up-point", is also used FIRSTBORN (= the Elves) Minnónar, sg.
for "finger". Special words for the various fingers, #Minnóna. (*Yesta is emended from the actual
see THUMB, INDEX FINGER/FIRST FINGER, reading esta; see BEGINNING. For
MIDDLE FINGER, FOURTH FINGER, LITTLE FIRSTBORN, Etym has Estanessi, which would
FINGER. Adj. FINGERED #lepta (isolated from similarly become *Yestanessi, but this word is
raccalepta "clawfingered") PICK (UP, OUT) propably obsoleted by the later [TLT] form
WITH THE FINGERS or FEEL WITH Minnónar. Writers should use the latter word.)
FINGERTIPS lepta- –VT44:16/VT45:27/VT47:10 FIRST-BEGOTTEN Minyon (a personal name.
14, 24, LEP, SD:68, 72 The element yon, translated "begotten", may be
FINGER (vb) lepta- (feel with fingertips; to a reduced form of yondo "son". Alternatively,
pick up/out with the fingers) –VT44:16, VT47:10, and perhaps more likely, Minyon may be the
25 adjective minya "first" turned into a masculine
FINGOLFIN Nolofinwë –PM:344 (In the name by adding the masculine ending -on. In
source,, Nolofinwë is spelt with initial ñ, that is, that case, the literal meaning is simply *"First
ng. Initial ng had become n in Third Age One". But it is possible that on is actually derived
Quenya, and I follow the spelling of LotR and from the stem ONO "beget", and that "First-
transcribe it accordingly. But if this word is begotten" really is the literal meaning.) FIRST
written in Tengwar, the initial n should be FINGER lepetas (evidently lepetass-) (index
transcribed with the letter noldo, not númen.) finger), also tassa –MIN/Silm:434/WJ:420, ING,
FINGON Findecáno –PM:345 ESE, WJ:403, VT47:10, VT48:5
FINISH (vb) tele- (intransitive) (end) (so in FISH lingwë (stem *lingwi-) (perhaps the
WJ:411 – LT1:267 gives telu-) telya- (transitive) general word, as opposed to hala), SMALL FISH
(wind up, conclude). Cf. also telma "conclusion, hala, "FISH-WATCHER" (i.e., kingsfisher, a bird)
2
anything used to finish off a work or affair", "often halatir (halatirn-) or halatirno –LIW, SKAL ,
applied to the last item in a structure, such as a TIR
coping-stone, or a topmost pinnacle." FINISH FIST quár, quárë (often used to mean
(noun) telu –WJ:411, LT1:267 "hand"). "Its chief use was in reference to the
FINROD Findaráto –Silm:428/PM:346 tightly closed hand as in using an implement or a
FIRE úr (the stem from which this word is craft-tool rather than the 'fist' as used in
derived was struck out in Etym. However, punching" (VT47:8). In compounds –quar:
several words that must be derived from this Telperinquar = Sindarin Celebrimbor, "Silver-
stem occur in LotR, indicating that Tolkien Fist, Hand of Silver". The first version of the stem
restored it. But a more usual word for "fire" is KWAR yielded quár pl. quari. –KWAR,
apparently nár, nárë, which appear [with the Silm:429/387
masculine ending -o] in the following names:) FIT (adj.) mára (useful, good); TO (MAKE)
SPIRIT OF FIRE Fëanáro (Fëanor), FELL FIRE FIT camta- (sic; the cluster mt seems unusual
Aicanáro (Sharp Flame, Aegnor) (so in for Quenya, but while the source does not
Silm:435; MR:323 has Aicanár). LT1:265 has sá explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is

difficult to understand what other language could ulundë, lúto; FLOODING (adj) úlëa (flowing,
be intended) (suit, accomodate, adapt) –MAG, pouring) –VT48:23, 24, VT42:10, ULU,
VT44:14 KEL/MC:223, LT1:249
FIVE lempë (alternative form lemen in FLOOR talan (#talam-, as in pl. talami)
VT48:6). For the syntax of numerals, see (ground); PAVED FLOOR paca (court) –TAL,
THREE. GROUP OF FIVE (5 similar things) GL:63
maqua (basically "hand", with 5 fingers), PAIR FLOUR porë (stem *pori-) (meal); FINE
OF FIVES maquat (see GROUP OF TEN). For FLOUR mulma –POR, QL:63 %
ordinals and fractions, see FIFTH. –LEP/GL:53, FLOURISH (noun) rincë (stem *rinci-)
VT47:7, 10, 24 (quick stroke) –RIK, VT46:11 (the latter source
FIX panya- (set), tulca- (establish, set up. indicating that the proper reading is "quick
Note: there is a homophone adjective meaning stroke", not "quick shake" as in the Etymologies
"firm, steadfast, strong, immoveable"); FIXED as printed in LR)
tanca (sure, firm); BE FIXED mar- (abide, be FLOW (vb) sir-, lutta-, lutu-; FLOW,
settled). FIXED TIME asar (-th-, Vanyarin athar) FLOWING (noun) celumë (stream, flood);
(festival), FIXED IDEA see IDEA –PAN, LT1:270 FLOWING (adj) úlëa (flooding, pouring), sírima
cf. TULUK, TAK, UT:317, WJ:399 (liquid). –SIR, LT1:249, KEL/MC:223, LT1:265
FLAG ambal (shaped stone) –MBAL FLOWER (large and single) lótë (often -lot
FLAME nár, nárë (also translated "fire"), in compounds). (The word lótë is usually applied
velca; SHARP-FLAME Aicanáro (so in to a large, single flower. From *ambalotsë
Silm:435; MR:323 has Aicanár), (Aegnor, Fell "uprising-flower" [q.v.] #lotsë can be isolated;
Fire), RED FLAME rúnya; HEART OF FLAME this may be the more general word for "flower".)
Naira (a name of the Sun), FLAME-COLOURED FLOWER OF THE WEST (a floral design)
1
culina, culda (golden-red) –NAR , LT1:260, Númellóte. Cf. also indil, "lily, or other large
Silm:437, MR:198, KUL single flower". PUT FORTH LEAVES OR
FLAT lára; FLAT OF THE HAND, see FLOWERS *lohta- (emended from the actual
PALM. –DAL reading lokta because Tolkien later decided that
FLEECE uë –LT1:249 kt became ht in Quenya) (sprout) –LOT(H),
FLASHING OR [?STARRY] LIGHT élë – LT1:259, WJ:318, UT:227, 458, WJ:399, LT:258
VT45:12 FLUTE simpa, simpina (pipe); FLUTER
FLESH hrávë, larma (the latter also = timpinen –LT1:266, 268
"[?pig-]fat"; the first part of the gloss is not FLUTTERING TO AND FRO wilwa –
certainly legible; note that #larma is used = MC:223
“raiment” in a later source), sarco; FLESHY FLY (verb) #wil- (cited in source as wilin "I
sarqua –MR:349, VT45:26, LT2:347 fly", 1st pers. aorist), pa.t. willë (cf. wili- "sail,
FLING hat- (cited as hatin “I fling”, first float, fly" in LT1:273). In exilic Quenya, read v-
person sg. aorist), pa.t. hantë (QL:39; compare for w- in these words. FLY TO (i.e. "escape to")
the root KHAT “hurl”, LR:363). The apparently #ruc- (+ allative, e.g. *rucin i orontinnar "I fly to
related noun hatal “spear” occurring in late the mountains"; the verb ruc- otherwise means
material (VT49:14) suggests that Tolkien "fear", constructed with "from" of the object
eventually decided to maintain this word, though feared); FLY OR STREAM IN THE WIND hlapu-
in the meantime, a distinct verb hat- “break (part. hlápula is attested), FLYING rimpa
asunder” had occurred in his writings. (rushing); SEND FLYING horta- –WIL, VT44:7,
FLINTHEARTED sincahonda –LotR:1015 MC:223, RIP, KHOR
cf. SD:68, 72 FLY (noun) pí (small insect) –VT47:35
?FLINTSTONE #sinca (isolated from FOAM (vb) falasta- (part. falastala is
sincahonda "flinthearted") –LotR:1015 cf. attested); FOAM (noun) fallë, winga (spray),
SD:68, 72 wingë (wingi-) (crest [of wave], spindrift). –
FLOAT lutu- (LT1:273 has wili- "sail, float, MC:222/223, PHAL, WIG, LT1:273
fly", but see FLY.) –LT1:249 FOG hísë (Þ) (hísi-) (mist. Note: a
FLOCK lámárë –QL:50 homophone means "dusk"), hiswë, hui (murk,
FLOOD (verb) luita-, also oloiya- dark, night) –KHIS, LT1:253
(inundate). –VT48:23, VT42:10 FOIL (plant) is translated by asëa (Þ) in
FLOOD (noun) luimë (high tide), GREAT the name of the plant asëa aranion “kingsfoil”.
FLOOD oloirë. For FLOOD in the sense of “tide” According to PE17:148, asëa is the Quenya
cf. rather celumë (stream, flow, flowing), name of the athelas plant, a term related to

words for “ease” or “comfort” (because of the The noun "foresight" is almost certainly *apacen;
healing properties of the plant). –LotR:899 cf. tercen "insight".) –MR:216
FOLIAGE olassië (collection of leaves), FOREST taurë ([great] wood) (pl. tauri is
farnë (archaic faznë). Note that farnë is also the attested), tauno, málos (the two latter may not
pa.t. of farya- as well as a word for "dwelling", so be valid words in Tolkien's later Quenya) –
olassië is the less ambiguous term. – TAWAR/Silm:438/MC:222 cf 215/VT39:7,
Letters:282, VT46:9 LT2:342, LT1:267
FOLK hos –LT2:340 FORGE – LT1:250 gives tamin, but this
FOLLOW hilya- FOLLOWER neuro; verb is probably obsoleted by tamin "I tap" in
FOLLOWERS (an Elvish name of Men) Hildor, Etym.
Hildi (unattested sg #Hildo; dative pl hildin is FORGIVE #avatyar- (imperative avatyara
attested; cf also Hildinyar "my heirs" in Elendil's and the pl. aorist avatyarir are attested). The
Oath). FOLLOWING THAT epeta, epta matter that is forgiven is the direct object,
(thereupon, thence, whereupon) – whereas the person that is forgiven appears in
KHIL/Silm:116/122/403, FS/WJ:387, LotR:1003, the ablative case: avatyara mello
1004, VT49:12 lucassemmar, "forgive us [lit. from us] our
FOOD matso, in an earlier source also debts". This verb #avatyar- occurs in certain
matl (read *matil since Tolkien decided that final versions of Tolkien's Quenya rendering of the
syllabic -l became -il in Quenya); COOKED Lord's Prayer; in the latest version he introduced
FOOD apsa –PE16:141, QL:59, AP the verb apsene- "remit, release, forgive"
FOOT tál (tal-) (These forms probably instead, with a slightly different syntax: the
obsolete tala pl talwi in LT2:347.) FOOTPRINT matter forgiven is still the direct object, but the
runya (slot) –TAL, RUN person forgiven now appears in the dative case.
FOR an (Nam: an The exact etymology of apsene- is somewhat
sí...Varda...máryat...ortanë, "for obscure; the prefix ap- is apparently derived
now...Varda...has uplifted her hands". Note: an from a root AB- in a meaning which Tolkien
is also glossed "to, till".) English "for" meaning according to other sources abandoned (see
"for the benefit of" will often be rendered by the VT43:18-19); also, it is unclear whether the final
dative ending -n (pl -in); e.g. nin "for me". As for –e of apsene- is just the connecting vowel of the
"for" meaning "on behalf of", see BEHALF. – aorist (before endings we would rather expect
Nam, VT49:18 *apseni-) or an integral part of the verbal stem,
FORBID #váquet- (refuse, say no) (1st which would make this an "E-stem" verb
pers. sg aorist and past váquetin, váquenten otherwise hardly attested. The verb apsene- is
are given in source), avaquet- (refuse) (pa.t. is once attested with the object ending -t "them"
no doubt *avaquentë; cf. quet- under SAY) – attached: apsenet "[as we] forgive them". The
WJ:370, KWET alternative verb #avatyar- is for many reasons
FORCE (= pressure to do something less problematic and may be preferred by
against one's will or conscience) sahtië (Þ) writers. –VT43:8, 9, 18-20
(pressure) –VT43:22 FORLORN úna (deprived of, destitute) –
#FORD tarna (This gloss is isolated from VT39:14
Taruktarna "Oxford", q.v. Tolkien glossed tarna FORM car- (make, q.v.) –WJ:391
as "crossing, passage") –LT1:347 FORMER noa (also used = “yesterday”,
FOREHEAD timbarë –PE14:117 shortened from the phrase noa ré “former day”),
FOREIGN ettelëa ("ettelen" in the printed THE FORMER yara (that); FORMER DAYS
Etymologies is probably a misreading; see yárë; FORMER TIMES yalúmë; FORMERLY yá
VT45:12); this word may also be a noun (ago), BELONGING TO OR DESCENDING
"stranger", q.v. FOREIGN PARTS ettelë (outer FROM FORMER TIMES yára (ancient, old) –
lands) (but the Quenya word is singular) –ET, VT49:34, YA
VT45:12 FORSAKE hehta- (pa.t. hehtanë is given
FORESIGHT *apacen (lit. *"after-sight", a but seems perfectly regular) (put aside, leave
vision of something that will come after the out, exclude, abandon); FORSAKEN ELVES see
present. In MR:216, apacenyë is translated EGLATH. ONE LOST OR FORSAKEN BY
"foresight"; yet the context and the form of the FRIENDS hecil (gender-spesific forms are
word itself clearly indicates that it is actually the hecilo m. and hecilë f.) (waif, outcast, outlaw) –
pl. form of an adjective #apacenya "of foresight". WJ:365

FORT arta (fortress) (Note: arta also FOX rusco (stem ruscu-, pl. rusqui);
means "across, athwart" as well as "exalted, FOXY ruscuitë –PM:353, VT41:10
lofty".) –GARAT (see 3AR) FREE (adj.) léra, aranya (not to be
FORTH et- (prefix) (out). Also attested confused with aranya *"my king"; the shorter
with various pronominal suffixes, e.g. etel or form ranya also cited must not be confused with
etelyë *”out of you”. GO FORTH TOWARDS the verb "stray, wander"), mirima (of a person,
tenta-, pa.t. tentanë (with the thing approached as opposed to:) latin, latina (open, cleared [of
as direct object). –ET, VT49:12, 23 land]), lerina ("free" of things in the sense of "not
FORTRESS arta (fort) (Note: arta also guarded, reserved, made fast, or 'owned'",
means "across, athwart") –GARAT (see 3AR) VT41:5), Cf. also lehta "free, released". FREE
FORTUNE (good fortune) alma (weal, ELEMENT (a term for "vowel") #lehta tengwë
wealth); mandë, manar (final end, doom, fate); (only pl. lehta tengwi is attested; we would
heren (governance, what is in store for one or rather expect *lehtë tengwi). (A word fairë "free"
what one has in store); marto (fate, lot); is mentioned in LT1:250, but may be obsolete:
FORTUNATE herenya (wealthy, blessed, rich), several other meanings are attributed to this
GOOD OR FORTUNATE THING mána (see word in later writings [see DEATH, PHANTOM,
BOON). –GALA, MAN/MANAD, KHER, LT2:348, RADIANCE]. However, fairië "freedom" does not
VT49:41 clash with later words.) FREE FROM EVIL aman
FORWARD póna, ompa –VT49:12 (see BLESSED) –VT41:5, VT46:10, MIS, LAT,
FOUL saura (Þ) (evil-smelling, putrid); in VT39:17, WJ:399
compounds sauri- as in FOULBELLIED FREE (verb) rúna- (see DELIVER); SET
sauricumba. The latter form may indicate that FREE lerya- (release, let go), sen- (let go, let
this adjective also appears in an alternative form loose) –VT43:23, VT41:5, 6, VT43:18
*saurë, sauri-. –THUS, SD:68, 72 FREEZE niquë- ("it is cold, it freezes").
FOUNDATION talma (base, root) –TAL LT1:254 gives hilcin "it freezes", but in LotR-
FOUNTAIN ehtelë (issue of water, style Quenya this will have to mean, if anything,
spring).The actual reading in LT1 and LT2 is "I freeze" (1st pers. aorist). –WJ:417, LT1:254
ektelë, but Tolkien later decided that kt became FREQUENT rimba –RIM
ht in Quenya. The new form of the word is FRESH venya, archaic wenya (yellow-
attested in Silm. LT also gives the form kektelë, green, green), virya, céva (new). FRESHNESS
that would likewise become *cehtelë.) –LT1:257, vén, wén (youth, greenness) –GWEN, VT46:22,
LT2:338 VT48:7,8
FOUR canta, (prefix:) can- For the syntax FRESHET celussë (water falling out
of numerals, see THREE. –KANÁT, VT45:18, swiftly from a rocky spring) –UT:42 6
VT48:6 FRIEND meldo (pl meldor is attested).
FOURTEEN ?canaquë –VT48:21 (the MY FRIEND meldonya (VT49:40). Apparently
form listed, "kanakwe", seems to be Common meldo is a masculine form, corresponding to
Eldarin; the Quenya form could be either feminine #meldë (cf. meldenya *"my friend" in
*canaquë or *canquë). The form quaican the Elaine inscription, Tolkien here referring to
seems to be another, possibly experimental, Elaine Griffiths). Other words for "friend": nildo
word for "14" in Quenya. For the syntax of (m.), nildë (f.), sermo, seron (m.), sermë (f.),
numerals, see THREE. málo (m.?), -ser (final element in compounds), –
FOURTH cantëa; FOURTH FINGER (the (n)dil (final element in compounds, e.g. Elendil,
digit between the long finger and the little finger) Anardil, Valandil – sometimes translated "lover"
lepecan, lepentë, in children's play also called rather than "friend". When the first part of the
nettë (prob. netti-), "sister", a word also used for compound ends in l, n, or r, the n of -ndil is left
the fourth toe, or in two-hand play for the ninth out).The final element -ndil also appears in the
digit. The word selyë "daughter" was also variant form -nil and with the longer forms -
introduced as a name for the fourth finger/toe in nildo, -dildo (VT46:4). FRIENDLY nilda (lovely),
childrens play (VT47:10), but Tolkien apparently FRIENDSHIP nilmë –WJ:412 cf. VT45:34, NIL,
abandoned it (VT47:15). Fraction ONE FOURTH SER, MEL, Letters:386
canasta, casta, cansat. –VT42:25, VT47:10-12, FROG quácë –VT47:36
15, VT48:5 FROM: Independent Quenya prepositons
FOWL (barn fowl) porocë (hen) – for "from" include ho and va, var. However,
PE16:132 English "from" will often be rendered using the
ablative case, endings -llo, pl -llon or -llor, dual

-lto, e.g. Eärello *"from the Sea". The (completely, altogether, wholly); FULL WRITING
preposition et "forth, out" may also express "out" (= writing with separate symbols for vowels)
and is combined with a following noun in the quanta sarmë, FULL STOP (in Tengwar
ablative case to express "out from", "out of". – punctuation a dot placed under a consonant to
3O, VT43:20, 24, LotR:1003, VT44:35 indicate that it is not followed by a vowel,
FRONT – BEFORE, IN FRONT OF (of VT46:10, 33) pusta (stop), FULL SIGN #quanta
spatial relationships) opo, pó (VT49:12, also tengwë (only pl. quantë tengwi is attested). In
pono, poto-, VT49:32) early Elvish analysis of Quenya, this was the
FROST nixë, ringwë (rime), FROST- term for a consonant + a vowel (this was
PATTERNS niquis, niquessë (the latter by analyzed as a kind of unitary phoneme rather
association with quessë "feather") –WJ:417, than two phonemes; hence a stem like mata-
LT1:265 "eat" was analyzed as two quantë tengwi: ma +
FROZEN halcin –LT1:254 ta). –KWAT/VT43:28, VT39:11, WJ:392, VT39:8,
FRUIT yávë (so in Etym, Silm:439, and PUS
VT43:31; LT1:273 has yáva, whereas yava FUNGUS hwan (hwand-, as in pl.
appears in VT43:31). BEAR FRUIT yavin (which hwandi) (sponge) –SWAD
must mean *"I bear fruit", stem #yav-. Tolkien FURTHER, FURTHERMORE (adv.) entë
often employs the 1st person aorist when (moreover, what is more). The word an may also
mentioning a verb in his wordlists.) –YAB, be used = ”moreover, furthermore, and so – for,
LT1:273 to proceed”, but an would often imply “for”,
FULL quanta (+ genitive to express "full introducing the reason for what has already been
of", as in quanta Eruanno "full of grace", said. –VT47:15, VT49:19
VT43:28); FULL TO THE BRIM, WITH MOUTH
FULL penquanta ("peñ-). Adverb FULLY aqua
GALADRIEL Altariel (Altariell-; gen.

G GATE ando; GREAT GATE andon (pl
Altariello is attested. Altariel is the form used in andondi). (LT1:264 has osto "the gates of the
Noldorin Quenya, Galadriel's own mother- Sun" and Ostor "East", but in Tolkien's later
tongue; the Telerin form is Alatáriel [UT:266]. Quenya osto means "town" or "fortress".) –AD,
According to PM:347, the true Quenya LotR:1157, LT1:264
equivalent of the Telerin form would have been GATHER hosta- (collect, assemble);
Ñaltariel, but this form was apparently not used.) GATHERING (of three or more coming from
–Silm:433, RGEO:66 different directions) yomenië (meeting) –
GAME tyalië (sport, play) –TYAL/LT1:260 MC:223, WJ:407
GANDALF Olórin (his name in Valinor, GENEROUS faila (fair-minded, just) –
derived from a stem meaning "dream" – not an PM:352
actual translation of "Gandalf", meaning "Elf of GENTLE milya (soft, weak) (Note: milya-
the Wand", a name he was given by people who is also a verb "long for"), moica (soft), GENTLE
did not know that he was actually a Maia.) – BREEZE vílë –VT45:34, GL:58, LT1:273
LotR:391, UT:396 cf. 391 GET net- (pa.t. nentë given) – QL:66
GAOL #mando (isolated from GET LOW (of the Sun) númeta-,
Angamando "Iron-Gaol"; mando is also defined númenda- –LT1:263
as "safe keeping"). –MR:350 GERM erdë (seed. Note: a homophone
GAP fásë (gulf) –GL:36 means "person".) –ERÉD
GARDEN tarwa (enclosure) –QL:87 % GESTURE-CODE hwermë –WJ:395,
GARLAND ría (wreathe); MAIDEN VT39:5
CROWNED WITH A FESTIVAL GARLAND GIANT (noun) norsa (Þ) (see also
riellë –PM:347 MONSTER). Another word for "giant" (hanaco)
GASH cirissë (slash), hyatsë (cleft) – was struck out by Tolkien. –NOROTH, VT45:21
KIRIS, SYAD

GIFT anna; LAND OF GIFT (a name of GLAURUNG see GLORUND

Númenor) Andor (haplology of *Annandor), GLEAM (WHITE) ilca- (part. ilcala is
DEAR GIFT (the meaning of Melian's name) attested) –MC:223
Melyanna, GIFT OF GOD, see GRACE. –ANA, GLINT (vb) tinë (pres 3rd pers sg); GLINT
Silm:313, 434 (noun) tindë, wintil; GLINTING tinda (silver) –
GIMILZÔR Telemnar –UT:223 TIN, LT1:261
GIMLET teret (auger) –LT1:255 GLITTER (vb) mirilya-; GLITTERING rilya
GIRD: Early “Qenya” material has a verb (in the Etymologies as printed in LR, this word
qilti- “gird, encircle” (QL:78); read perhaps also seemed to be glossed "brilliance", but
*quilta- if the verb is to be adapted to Tolkien’s according to VT46:11, this gloss properly refers
later Quenya (cf. the noun quilta “belt, girdle”).
% to another word), GLITTERING LIGHT rilma;
GIRDLE #lesta (isolated from GLITTERING REFLECTION (from jewels, glass,
#Lestanórë; see DORIATH. #Lesta is the polished metals, or water) nalta (radiance –
cognate of Sindarin lest as in Lest [or List] alata in Silm:433 is the Telerin form. In PM:347,
Melian "the Girdle of Melian" [WJ:228]. Note: nalta is spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng. Initial ng
#lesta also means "measure".) GIRDLE, BELT had become n in Third Age Quenya, and I follow
quilta. –WJ:369, Silm:390, QL:78 the system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly.
GIRL wen (stem wend-, as in the pl. But if this word is written in Tengwar, the initial n
wendi) (maid). The word seldë was not clearly should be transcribed with the letter noldo, not
glossed by Tolkien, but appears to mean "female númen.) –MBIRIL, RIL/VT46:11, PM:347
child", hence "girl". The form wendi "young or GLOBE coron (#corn-, as in dat.sg.
small woman, girl" in VT48:18 is perhaps cornen) (ball); GLOBED corna (round) –KOR
intended as the older form of wendë ("maiden") GLOOM ungwë, lumbë (shadow), huinë
rather than a "contemporary" Quenya word. The (darkness, shadow), lómë (stem lómi-) (night,
form "wenki" from the same source may have a twilight, darkness, dusk), yaru; GLOOMY morna
similar meaning, and again it is possible that this (black, dark, sombre); CHILD OF GLOOM
is actually Common Eldarin for Quenya *wencë, lómëar (probably not a valid word in LotR-style
wenci-. –LT1:271, VT46:13, VT48:18 Quenya) –UÑG, LUM, VT41:8, GL:37, LT1:255,
GIVE anta- (pa.t. #antanë is attested in Silm:431
VT49:14 [antanen “I gave”], though the pa.t. GLORIOUS alcarinqua (radiant) (The
“gave” was ánë in early "Qenya", QL:31; shorter form alcarin is attested in VT44:10 and
possibly both forms are valid in later Quenya as also as a title of king Atanatar II. Cf. also
well). In one text, Tolkien apparently used ana Alcarinquë, a name of Jupiter.) The form alcarë
as the imperative "give!", but the text was appears as an adjective "glorious" in VT44:10,
rewritten and this may have been an ephemeral but this was apparently an ephemeral form, and
form (VT44:13). GIVER antë (f), anto (m) (the the Etymologies, alcarë is rather a longer form of
latter word from Etym is probably obsoleted by the noun alcar "glory". –AKLA-R-, WJ:412,
anto "mouth" in LotR:1157 – an alternative word RGEO:73/LotR:1075/VT44:10, Silm:55
for "[male] giver" might be *antando). Another GLORUND, GLORUNN Laurundo,
fem. word for "giver" is #ánië, isolated from Undolaurë (Tolkien later changed Glorund to
massánië (see BREAD-GIVER). –ANA, Glaurung. Read *Laurungo, *Ungolaurë in
VT44:13, PM:404 Quenya?) –LT2:341
GIVE BIRTH nosta- (but in later sources, GLORY alcar, alcarë (splendour,
nosta- is glossed "beget", q.v.) –LT1:272 brilliance) In VT44:10, alcarë is an adjective
GIVEN (OR ADDED) NAME anessë (pl "glorious" rather than a noun "glory", but this was
anessi is attested. This word encompasses both apparently an ephemeral form. –AKLA-R-
"after-names" and "mother-names".) –MR:217 /RGEO:73/UT:317/WJ:369/Silm:427, VT43:37,
GLAMHOTH Sancossi (see GOBLIN) – VT44:34, VT47:13
LT2:341 GLOWING lúsina adj. “glowing” (of
GLASS calca, hyellë, hyelma (the latter things). Note: used of people, the word means
perhaps = "a glass", whereas hyellë could be “hearty” (QL:57). If this early Qenya term is to be
glass as a substance), maril (crystal – perhaps used in LotR-style Quenya, one would have to
with stem marill-). LITTLE GLASS lipil. Cf. also assyme that it represents earlier lúÞina (root
vírin, "a magic glassy substance of great *LUTH) and spell it accordingly in Tengwar.
lucency used in fashioning the Moon" –VT47:35, GNOME (only = wise one, Noldo) Noldo
KHYEL/VT45:23, VT46:13, LT1:258, LT2:339 (spelt Ngoldo [Ñoldo] in Tengwar writing,

reflecting the earlier pronounciation); pl. Noldor VT43:32; dative Erun, VT44:32). Other
is attested. GNOMISH (general adjective:) names/titles: Ilúvatar "Father of All", Ainatar
Noldorinwa, (Gnomish language:) Noldorin, *"Holy-Father". GOD (in general, "a god") aino
GNOME-LAND Noldomar –LT1:262, Silm:61, (this word from PE15:72 is the equivalent of ainu
LotR:1157, VT39:16 within Tolkien's mythos, but since aino could be
GO lelya- or lenna- (pa.t. lendë in both interpreted as simply a personalized form of aina
cases; the printed Etymologies gives "linna" "holy", it can perhaps be adapted as a general
instad of lenna-, but according to VT45:27 this is word for "god" or "holy one"). PAGAN GOD
a misreading) (proceed, travel); #men- (attested ainu, PAGAN GODDESS aini (angelic spirit,
in the aorist: menë "goes"), vanya- (pa.t. vannë) holy one). (As Christopher Tolkien notes, the
(depart, disappear – it may be that Tolkien Ainur are of course not "pagan" to the people of
abandoned the verb vanya-, if it is regarded as Middle-earth. In Etym and Silm, Ainu/Aini is
the conceptual predecessor of auta-, see GO capitalized.) SON OF GOD (Jesus) Eruion,
AWAY below), GO ROUND pel- (revolve, return; MOTHER OF GOD (Mary, in Tolkien's Quenya
the Silmarillion Appendix also mentions renderings of Catholic prayers) Eruamillë (also
“encircle” as a meaning of the root PEL, cf. also Eruontari, Eruontarië *"God-begetter") –
“Qenya” pele- “surround, fence in, pen in”; pa.t. Silm:15/396/431, Letters:387, VT44:16-17, 34,
pellë given, QL:73). GO ATHWART tara- LT1:248 cf. AYAN and Silm:426, VT43:32,
(cross); GO AWAY auta- (leave, pass); pa.t. VT44:7, 16-17, 18 34
oantë, perf. oantië (in the physical sense "went GODWINE (name, "God-friend") Valandil
away [to another place]", vánë ("the most (sc. *"Vala-friend") –VT46:4
frequently used past [tense]" – less "physical" GOLD (the metal) malta (so in LotR –
than oantë, rather meaning to be lost or to Etym has malda [stem SMAL], but cf. the
disappear), also anwë (this pa.t. was "only found archaic form smalta mentioned under LAWAR);
in archaic language"), perf. avánië (pl. avánier GOLD laurë (= "not the metal but the colour,
is attested); perf. vánië with no augment may what we should call golden light", Letters:308, "of
occur in verse. GO FORTH TOWARDS (with the light and colour, not of the metal", Silm:433, "not
thing approached as direct object) tenta-, pa.t. a metallic word. It was applied to those things
tentanë (the verb can also mean “direct toward” which we often call 'golden' though they do not
or “be directed toward”, in the intransitive tense much resemble metallic gold: golden light,
apparently with the pa.t. tenantë). CAUSE TO especially sunlight", RGEO:70, “golden light”,
GO (in a desired direction) menta- (send), VT49:47, "a word for golden light or colour,
GONE vanwa (departed, vanished, dead, lost, never used for the metal", PM:353, "light of the
past and over, no longer to be had) BE GONE! golden Tree Laurelin", LR:368; a "mystic name"
heca! – also with pronominal affixes: sg hecat, of gold, LT1:255 [possibly a notion Tolkien later
pl hecal "you be gone!" (stand aside!) LET GO abandoned]; in LT1:258 and LT2:341 the gloss is
lerya- (release, set free), sen- (let loose, free) – simply "gold".) RED GOLD †cullo (obsoleting
WJ:363, LED/VT45:27, VT47:11, 30, PEL, culu in LT2:341? In LT1:255 culu is said to be a
LT2:347, WAN, Nam, WJ:364, VT41:5, VT49:23, poetic word for "gold", but also used mythically
WJ:366, VT41:5, VT43:18 as a name of all red and yellow metals),
GOAT – she-goat: nyéni –LT1:262 GOLDEN laurëa (pl laurië is attested; LT1:258
GOBLET súlo (stem *súlu-), fion (but in has laurina), GOLDEN-RED culda, culina
later material, a word of similar shape is (flame-coloured); (cf. Silm. Appendix: "cul-
assigned the meaning “hawk” instead) –SUG 'golden-red' in Culúrien") –LotR:1157/SMAL,
(see SUK), LT1:253 Letters:308/RGEO:70/LAWAR, KUL,
GOBLIN (Orc) urco (stem *urcu-, pl RGEO:70/Nam, Silm:429
urqui) or orco (stem *orcu-, pl. orqui, or stem GONDOLIN Ondolindë ("Stone Song", so
*orco-, pl. orcor); THE GOBLINS Sancossi in Silm:149, 415; LT1:254 gives Ondolinda,
(sancë "hateful" + hossi "armies", said to be the changed from Ondolin) –LT1:254
Quenya equivalent of Sindarin Glamhoth) GONDOR #Ondórë (genitive Ondórëo is
-ÓROK, LT2:202/MR:74/WJ:390, LT2:341 attested, VT49:27), also attested in longer form
GOD Eru ("The One, He that is Alone", Ondonórë (VT42:17)
"the One God", a proper name that can hardly be GONE vanwa (departed, lost, past) –
used as a common noun meaning "god" in WAN, Nam
general. The form Eru corresponds to Enu in GONG tombo –LT1:269
early “Qenya” material, LT2:343. Genitive Eruo,

GOOD (of things) mára (fit, useful), GOOD MIDDLE]. The Noldor likely said inyo, which
(morally good) manë; GOOD OR FORTUNATE form occurred in a deleted marginal note in the
THING, see BOON. GOODBYE mára mesta – Etymologies). –ÑGYO(N), VT46:19
MAG (see MA3), LT1:260, Arct GRANT lav- (yield, allow) –DAB
GOODS armar (sg #arma if there is a sg) GRASP mapa- (seize). This word was
–3AR struck out in one of Tolkien's earlier word-lists,
GOOSE ván, wán (pl. váni is given, but but in Etym it was restored. In early material
seems perfectly regular) –WA-N- occurs map- "seize, take" with pa.t. nampë. –
GORE nasta (spear-point, spear-head, MAP, LT2:339, QL:59
triangle), nehtë (spearhead, narrow promontory, GRASS salquë, (stiff and dry:) sara (Þ)
wedge. Note: a homophone means (bent) –SALAK, STAR
"honeycomb"), mear (from a root possibly GREAT (in size) alta (large) (The form
meaning "ooze") –SNAS/VT46:14, UT:282, alat- is used in compounds when the next word
LT1:260 has an initial vowel, as in Alatairë. Tolkien's
GORGE cilya (pass between hills, cleft) gloss of alta, alat- was actually illegible, and I
(so in Etym, but cf. #cirya in the name Calacirya give the root meaning of the stem ÁLAT. The
"Pass of Light" [gen. Calaciryo in Namárië] – meaning of the Quenya word cannot differ too
though this clashes with cirya "ship". An early widely from it, for Alatairë is said to correspond
version of Namárië actually had Calacilyo, not to "Noldorin" Belegoer [in LotR-style Sindarin
Calaciryo; see An Introduction to Elvish p. 5) – Belegaer], The Great Sea.) – An early [TLT]
KIL word for "great", velicë, is possibly obsolete in
GORTHAUR Sauron (Þ) –Silm:418 cf. LotR-style Quenya: In LT1:254 velicë is said to
THUS correspond to Gnomish beleg, but according to
GOSPEL evandilyon –QL:36 LR:352 the stem from which beleg is derived is
GOTHMOG Cosomot (prob. *Cosomoc-, "not found in Q[uenya]").-ÁLAT, cf. BEL, cf.
cf the alternative form Cosomoco) –LT1:258 Silm:428, LT1:254
GOVERN #tur- (attested as turin GREAT BEAR see SICKLE OF THE
"I...govern", 1st pers. aorist), pa.t. turnë (wield, VALAR.
control). LT1:273 has vard- "rule, govern", but GREAT LONGING mavoinë –LT2:345
this is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. GREAT NUMBER – in a very great
–TUR number: úvëa (abundant) –UB
GOVERNANCE heren (fortune) –KHER GREAT QUANTITY úvë (abundance) –UB
GOVERNOR cáno (chieftain, commander; GREAT WOOD taurë (forest) –TAWAR
see COMMANDER for details) –PM:345, 361- GREED milmë; GREEDY milca –MIL-IK
362 GREEN laica (so in Letters:282; earlier
GRACE #Eruanna (literally *"God-gift, gift sources have laiqua, whereas laica meant
of God"), attested in the genitive form Eruanno. something wholly different ["keen, piercing"] in
Also #erulissë, literally "God-sweetness" earlier material: LT2:337), wenya (yellow-green,
(attested in the instrumental case: erulissenen), fresh), ezel, ezella (adopted from Valarin; only
or simply lissë, literally "sweetness". The word used in Vanyarin Quenya)."Green" is expressed
mána is also used for a grace or boon; see as a mere prefix lai- (representing the root
BOON. Adjective HAVING GRACE, perhaps underlying the adjective laica) in: GREEN-
manaitë (the form is not fully explained by ELVES Laiquendi; cf. also VERDIGRIS =
Tolkien). –VT43:28, 29, VT44:18, VT49:41, 42 lairus. GREENNESS wén, laiquassë
GRACIOUS raina (smiling, sweet-faced). (freshness, youth). –LÁYAK/LT1:267, WJ:399,
NOTE: A homophone means "nettled, enlaced". GWEN, WJ:385, LT1:267
–VT44:35 GREY #mista (isolated from lassemista
GRADE #tyellë (only pl tyeller is attested "leaf-grey"), also hiswa, but the most usual word
– note irregular plural instead of the expected for "grey" may be sindë (stem *sindi-) (Þ) or
form **tyelli) –LotR:1153 sinda (Þ). (WJ has sindë "pale or silvery grey",
GRAIN orë (ori-) –QL:50 wheras sinda is given in Silm:438; cf. also
GRAMMAR tengwesta (system or code of sindanoriello "from a grey land", Sindacollo
signs) –TEK cf. WJ:394 "Grey-cloak" and Sindar "Grey-Elves, *Grey
GRANDCHILD indyo (descendant) (Indyo Ones".)GREY-ELVES Sindar (Þ) (sg. Sinda),
looks like Vanyarin Quenya; the combination less commonly Sindeldi (sg Sindel); GREY-
ndy became ny in Noldorin Quenya [see CLOAK Sindacollo, Singollo (Þ) (so in

Silm:421; MR:217 has Sindicollo, presupposing GRUMBLE (vb) nurru- (murmur), núru-
sindë, sindi- as the word for "grey"); GREY- (growl [of dogs]). (These may simply be two
ELVEN sindarinwa (adj), Sindarin (= Grey- forms of the same word. Nurru- is by far the later
Elven language) (Þ) –LotR:505 cf. Letters:224, [TLT] form.) GRUMBLING (adj) nurrua –
KHIS, LotR:1171, Silm:438, THIN/WJ:384, Nam, MC:223, LT1:263
Silm:419, WJ:384, LotR:1157, 1161 GUARD – use the word glossed "watch,
GRIEF nyérë (sorrow). Pl. probably heed", q.v. Cf. LT1:258. For "guard" as a noun,
*nyérer not *nyéri; cf. the similar formation #tirno "watcher" may be isolated from halatirno
tyávë "taste" pl. tyáver. The noun nyérë points (see FISHWATCHER)
to a verbal stem *nyer- "grieve". –GL:60/LT1:261 GUESS (vb) intya-; GUESS (noun) intya
GROT (small) rotto (cave, tunnel) – (supposition, idea) –INK
PM:365, VT46:12 GUILT cáma (responsibility) –QL:43
GROUND talan (#talam-, as in pl. talami) GULF yáwë (cleft, ravine). According to
(floor) –TALAM VT46:22, it is possible that the gloss "gulf"
GROUP OF FIVE (5 similar things) maqua actually reads "gully" in Tolkien's manuscript. Cf.
(basically "hand", with 5 fingers); GROUP OF also fásë = gulf, gap. –YAG, GL:36
TEN (10 similar things) maquat (dual of maqua, GULL maiwë –MIW
here referring to a "pair of fives") –VT47:7, 10 GULLY, see GULF
GROW ol- (not clearly identified as a GYRATE hwinya- (eddy, swirl) –SWIN
Quenya word in the source; it may be a primitive
root); GROW FAT tiuya- –VT45:13, TIW
GROWL (vb) yarra- (snarl), (of dogs:)
núru- (grumble); GROWL (noun) nur (complaint)
-MC:223, LT1:263
HABIT haimë –KHIM

H HALL #mardë (isolated from oromardi
HABITATION imbar (Imbar was an Elvish "lofty halls, high-halls"; the singular may also be
name of the Earth as the prinicipal part of Arda; reconstructed as #mar with stem mard-, which
the form Ambar may be more usual and is found would make this the same word as the word for
in LotR.) –MR:337, WJ:419, 402, LotR:1003 "home" or "dwelling", q.v.); ROCKHEWN HALL
HAIL (greeting) aiya (so in LotR; LT1:248 hróta (artificial cave, rockhewn hall), VAULTED
has áyë); variant spelling aia. –LotR:747, 950 cf. HALL rondo –Nam/RGEO:66, PM:365, VT39:9
Letters:385, VT43:28 HALLOW (verb) #airita- (only pa.t.
HAIR (a single hair) finë (*fini-) airitánë is attested) –VT32:7
(larch).TANGLED HAIR fassë; LOCK OF HAIR HALVE perya- (devide in middle) (After
findë (defined as "a tress or plait of hair" in perya, a word perina is mentioned – it is
PM:345; LT2:341 has findl, an impossible form undefined but seems to be a corresponding
in LotR-style Quenya), HEAD OF HAIR, A adjective or past participle *"halved, divided in
PERSON'S HAIR AS A WHOLE findessë. The middle".) –PER
conceptual status of the noun loxë "hair" listed in HAMMER (vb) namba-; HAMMER (noun)
the Etymologies is uncertain; this word is namba –NDAM
assigned the meaning "bunch, cluster" HAMS hacca (buttocks) –GL:47
elsewhere. –PM:362, PHAS, SPIN, PM:345, HAND má (pl. allative mannar
LOKH % "into...hands" is attested in FS; the long á
HALF-ELVEN (noun, pl) Pereldar evidently becomes short a before a consonant
(Sindarin Peredhil, LotR:1071). Singular cluster).The plural of má is máli, the dual is mát
#Perelda. –Letters:386 (VT47:6). For maqua as a colloquial term for
HALF: fraction ONE HALF peresta, perta "hand", and its secondary meanings, see
–VT48:11 separate entry HAND-FULL. The term palta is
used of "the flat of the hand, the hand held

upwards or forwards, flat and tensed (with interpreted Valar as meaning the "Powers". For
fingers and thumb closed or spread" (VT47:9). "happiness" it may be better to use the noun
Individual hand-names: forma "right hand", alassë "joy", and for "happy" or "joyful, joyous"
hyarma "left hand" (VT47:6, VT49:12). Other many writers have used the neologism *alassëa.
terms for "hand": nonda (said to mean "hand, HARBOUR hópa (haven, bay – obsoleting
especially in [?clutching]"; Tolkien's gloss was cópa, cópas in LT1:257); HARBOURAGE
not certainly legible, VT47:23), quárë (this is hopassë –KHOP
properly "fist", but was often used for "hand" – HARD sarda, nauca (the latter also
see FIST); HOLLOW OF HAND cambë (also meaning ill-shapen, twisted, *small – see
used simply = “hand”, as in cambeya “his hand”, SMALL.); hranga (hard; awkward, stiff, difficult).
VT49:17). A variant of this, camba, is in VT47:7 Note: hranga- is also a verb “thwart”. ––
defined as "the whole hand, but as flexed, with VT39:17, WJ:413, PE17:154, 185
fingers more or less closed, cupped, in the HARE lapattë –GL:52
attitude of receiving or holding". HAND-LINK, HARP (vb) nanda-; HARP (noun) nandë;
see WRIST. Adj. HAVING HANDS mavoitë; LITTLE HARP nandellë; HARPING (noun, not
HANDY, HANDED maitë (stem *maiti-) (skilled) adjectival participle) nandelë; HARPER
(pl. maisi. When maitë is the final element of nandaro, HARP-PLAYER tyalangan. (In Etym,
names, it is translated "handed" instead of all but the last of these words are spelt with initial
"handy", e.g. Angamaitë "Iron-handed", ñ, that is, ng. Initial ng had become n in Third
morimaitë "blackhanded") For other "handed"- Age Quenya, and I follow the system of LotR and
related terms, see HEAVYHAND(ED). transcribe it accordingly. But if these words are
Compound LANGUAGE OF THE HANDS written in Tengwar, the initial n should be
mátengwië –MA3/LT2:339/VT39:10, FS, transcribed with the letter noldo, not númen.)
VT47:6, 9, 23, KWAR/Silm:429, KAB, LotR:1085 HARP-PLAYING salmë. HARPING ON ONE
cf. Letters:425, LotR:1015/SD:68, 72, UT:460, TUNE vorongandelë ("vorogandele" in the
VT47:9 published Etymologies is a misreading; see
HAND-FULL maqua (dual maquat is VT45:7) (continuous repetition) –NGAN, TYAL;
1
attested). Colloquially, the word maqua is also cf. LotR:1157, LT1:265, LIN
used for the "hand" itself (called má in formal HARSH naraca (rending, violent) (possibly
language); maqua may refer to the "complete "of sounds", but Tolkien's extra comment is
hand with all five fingers", and the word is partially illegible) –NÁRAK, VT45:37
therefore also used for a group of 5 similar things HARVEST yávië (autumn) – evidently
(just like the dual maquat may refer to a group of obsoleting yávan in LT1:273. In the Calendar of
10 similar things; see FIVE, TEN). –VT47:7 Imladris, yávië was a precisely defined period of
HANDLE (vb) mahta- (deal with, fight, 52 days, but the word was also used without any
manage, wield, wield a weapon); pa.t. mahtanë exact definition. Note: here yávië refers to
is attested. –MAK/MA3, VT39:11, MA3, VT47:6, harvest time, and it is unclear whether it can also
18, 19, VT49:10 mean "harvest" in the sense "harvested
HANDLE (noun) tolma (defined as products", though it is derived from a stem
"protuberance contrieved to serve a purpose, meaning "fruit". –LotR:1142, 1145
%
knob, short rounded handle", etc.) –VT47:28 HAS BEEN, see BE

HANG linga- (dangle) –LING HASP tangwa (clasp) –TAK
HAPPEN – LT2:348 gives mart- "it HASTE ormë (wrath, violence, rushing);
happens" (impersonal). Perhaps read *marta- in HASTY orna, tyelca (agile) –GOR, KHOR,
LotR-style Quenya; compare marta- "[to] PM:353
chance" in QL:63 HAT táta –GL:71
HAPPY valin (LT1:272 also gives valimo, HATE (vb) #tev- (aorist tevë), LT1:258
but adjectives ending in -o do not occur in LotR- has mokir "I hate", read *mocin in LotR-style
style Quenya), HAPPINESS vald- (so in Quenya? Instead of using these early "Qenya"
LT1:272; nom. sg. must be either *val or *valdë) terms, writers may prefer the later verb yelta-,
(blessedness) It is highly questionable whether glossed "loathe, abhor" by Tolkien. HATEFUL
these words from early material quoted in sancë; HATRED tévië –LT1:268 (according to
LT1:272 are conceptually "valid" in LotR-style QL:90, tévië rather than tevië is the correct
Quenya: Originally, they were meant to be reading), LT2:341
related to the noun Valar, the Gods being HAUBERK ambassë (breastplate) –QL:30
termed the "Happy Ones", but Tolkien later re-

HAVE – see POSSESS. Cf also NO (round head, knoll); HEAD OF HAIR findessë
LONGER TO BE HAD vanwa (gone, dead, (see HAIR). SPEAR-HEAD nasta (spear-point,
departed, lost, past, vanished) HAVE AN gore, triangle) –KAS, NDOL, PM:345,
IMPULSE horya- (be compelled to do SNAS/VT46:14
something, set vigorously out to do) –WJ:366, HEAL #envinyata- (isolated from the past
VT45:22 participle envinyanta "healed". The literal
HAVEN hópa (harbour, bay) londë (as in meanings are *"renew" and "renewed", cf.
Alqualondë "Haven of the Swans", UT:417 – but Aragorn's title Envinyatar "Renewer" [q.v.]) –
elsewhere londë is glossed "entrance to MR:405
harbour, road in sea") –KHOP HEAP cumbë (mound) –KUB
?HAWK fion (pl fioni, fiondi) (Tolkien's HEAR #hlar- (only fut hlaruva is attested)
gloss was "not certainly legible; the likeliest –MC:222
2
interpretation would be 'haste', but 'hawk' is a HEARING (adj) lasta (listening) –LAS
possibility." The translation "haste" is out of the HEART hón (physical heart), órë (inner
question, as this word would have no plural form. mind – concerning this word, see SPIRIT) (Note:
Besides, a quite different word for "haste" [ormë] a homophone means "rising"), indo (mind,
is known.) –PHI mood), enda (lit. "centre", not referring to the
HE, HIM (personal 3rd sg. pronoun): As a physical organ, but the fëa [soul] or sáma [mind]
pronominal suffix, the entire 3rd person singular itself; enda may be the best word to use for the
“he, she, it” is expressed by the ending -s , e.g. metaphorical “heart” in general), Tolkien’s early
caris *“(s)he/it does” (VT49:16, 48). A distinct “Qenya” also has the word elwen. -HEARTED
masculine ending -ro does occur in early #honda (isolated from sincahonda
material (antaváro “he will give”, LR:63), but was "flinthearted"). EYES OF HEARTSEASE (a
apparently abandoned by Tolkien. The ending -s name of the pansy) Helinyetillë HEART OF
may also appear in the “rare” longer form -së FLAME Naira (a name of the Sun), –KHŌ-N-,
(VT49:51, descended from older -sse, VT49:20), LotR:1157, ID, VT39:32, LT1:255, LotR:1015 cf.
perhaps distinctly personal (cf. násë “he [or she] SD:68, 72, LT1:262, MR:198
is” vs. nás “it is”, VT49:27, 30). The ending -s is HEARTY lúsina (of people – used of
also attested in object position, e.g. melinyes “I things, this adjective means “glowing”). If this
love him” (VT49:21; this could also mean *”I love early Qenya term is to be used in LotR-style
her” or *”I love it”). “He/she” (or even “it”, when Quenya, one would have to assyme that it
some living thing is concerned) does have a represents earlier lúÞina (root *LUTH) and spell
distinct form when it appears as an independent it accordingly in Tengwar. –QL:57
pronoun: se (VT49:37), also with a long vowel HEAT úrë (The stem from which this word
(sé, VT49:51) when stressed. (Contrast the use must be derived was struck out in Etym, but the
of sa for “it” with reference to non-living things.) word occurs in LotR itself, indicating that Tolkien
The independent form may also appear in object restored the stem in question.) SMOULDERING
position: melin sé, “I love him [/her]” (VT49:21). HEAT, RED [?HEAT] (Tolkies handwriting was
Case endings may be added, e.g. allative sena illegible) yulmë (Note:
or senna “at him [/her]”, “to him/her” (VT49:14, a homophone means "drinking, carousal") –
45-46); se also appears suffixed to a preposition LotR:1157 cf. UR; YUL
in the word ósë *”with him/her” (VT43:29). A HEAVE #amorta- (only part. amortala is
distinct pronoun hé can be used for “he/she” = attested), HEAVE (of large and heavy things:)
“the other”, as in a sentence like “I love him (sé) rúma- (shift, move) (part. rúmala is attested) –
but not him (hé).” Genitive HIS/HER (or ITS, of a MC:222 cf. 215, MC:223, 222
living thing) would normally appear as the ending HEAVENS, THE menel (a sg word,
-rya, e.g. coarya “his house” (WJ:369), máryat "heaven", as opposed to its English translation),
“her hands” (Nam), the latter with a dual ending ilwë (sky). The form #Eruman that turns up in
following -rya. “His/her” as an independent word one version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer (in the
could be *senya (compare ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, locative: Erumandë) appears to include the
nin “for me”). – Reflexive pronoun, see divine name Eru and must refer to "heaven" as
HIMSELF. –VT49:16, 51, VT43:29, VT49:15, God's abode (but Tolkien simply used menel for
LotR:1008 "heaven" in earlier versions of the Lord's Prayer).
HEAD cár (cas-) (sic in the Etymologies, IN HEAVEN (adj., more or less = *HEAVENLY)
but read apparently cás with stem car-; see meneldëa. HEAVEN AND EARTH Menel
Quenya-English list for a fuller discussion) ; nóla
%

Cemenyë –Silm:434/MC:222 cf. 215, LT1:255, person sg. and may also translate as "his" and
VT43:12, 16 vs. 10, VT43:10, VT44:16, VT47:11 “its”; see HIS for further discussion. –WJ:369,
HEAVY lunga; HEAVY-HANDED VT49:16
lungumaitë; HEAVY-HAND (as masc. name) HERB laiquë –PE17:159
Lungumá, Lungumaqua. –LUG, VT47:19 HERE sís, sissë; also sinomë “here, in
HEDGE (jagged hedge of spikes) caraxë this place”. The form si listed in VT49:33 is
–KARAK defined “here”, but this may be a basic root
HEED cim-, in the sense of "watch" also rather than a Quenya word. Símen is used for
tir- (tirin "I watch", *"I heed", 1st pers. aorist), “here” in Fíriel’s Song (LR:72), but in VT49:33,
pa.t. tirnë; fut. tiruva "shall heed" is attested. – simen is translated “hither”. –VT49:18,
GL:39, MC:222 cf. 214, TIR LotR:1003, 1004
HEIGHT #tárië (only allative tárienna "to HERSELF (reflexive pronoun) immo (a
the height" is attested) –LotR:989 cf. Letters:308 general sg. reflexive pronoun, covering English
HEIR aryon (also haryon is glossed as "myself, him/herself, yourself"). A specific 3rd
"heir", but this gloss is paranthetic and "prince" is person reflexive pronoun "him/herself" is insë
given as the primary meaning. Hildinyar is (for older imse; it is unclear whether the latter
translated "my heirs" in Aragorn's oath; it form was in use in later Quenya). See HIMSELF.
appears that this is actually a form of hildo –VT47:37
"follower".) –GAR (see 3AR), LotR:1003, 1004 HERO callo (noble man). LT1:268 also
HELL Angamando ("Iron-prison", has mordo "warrior, hero", but in Tolkien's later
Morgoth's dungeon-fortress in the First Age. This Quenya, mordo means "obscurity, shadow,
is the form given in MR; Etym has Angamanda, stain, smear, dimness". –KAL
LT1:249/252 has Angamandu/Angamandi or HEW *pelehta- (emended from the actual
Eremandu "Hells of Iron". In LT1:259, Mandos reading pelekta-, since Tolkien later decided that
is glossed "hell", but Mandos was simply the kt became ht in Quenya). The verb nac- is
halls of the dead and not a place of torture. defined as “hew, cut” in late material, though in
GL:51 also has fatanyu.) –MR:350, MBAD Etym, it was assigned the meaning “bite”
HELMET cassa, harna, harpa; the word instead. –LT2:346, VT49:24
carma is also used for “helm”, but elsewhere HIDE #nurta- (verbal stem isolated from
Tolkien indicated that he rather wanted carma to the verbal noun nurtalë "hiding" in Silm:120),
mean “weapon” or “tool”. –KAS, VT45:21, #lom- (LT1:255 gives lomir "I hide"; this would
PM:260/PE17:114 become *lomin in LotR-style Quenya); moru- –
HELP, see BLESS LT1:261
HELPER: A word for "helper" is apparently HIDING nurtalë –Silm:120
embedded in the compound "East-helper", HIDDEN muina (secret), halda (veiled,
Rómestámo, Róme(n)star (so in PM:384, 391; shadowed, shady), foina, furin/hurin
probably ?Rómenstar must always become (concealed); DARK OR HIDDEN tumna (low-
Rómestar, but Tolkien cited the form as lying, low, profound, deep) –MUY, SKAL,
Róme(n)star to indicate the connection with LT2:340, LT1:271
rómen "east"). It may be that as an independent HIDEOUS CREATURE ulundo (deformed
word, the -stámo "helper" element would creature, monster) –ÚLUG
manifest as *sámo (Þ). HIGH tára (lofty, tall), oro- (in compounds:
HELPFUL asëa (Þ) (beneficial, kindly) (so oromardi "high-halls"). The element #Ar- in
according to a late note where the word is Arfanyarassë (a name of Taniquetil) is said to
derived from *ATHAYA). Also (as noun) used as mean "high (i.e., noble, revered)". VERY HIGH
the name of the healing plant called in Sindarin antara (with Antaro as a corresponding proper
athelas. name, denoting a mountain in Valinor, VT46:17)
HEM lanë (lani-), ríma (edge, border), (lofty). HIGH HEAVEN tarmenel (locative
HEM OF ROBE lappa –VT42:8, RĪ, GL:52 tarmeneldë also attested), HIGH PLACE
HEN porocë (barn fowl) –PE16:132 #tarmen (pl. locative tarmenissen attested),
HENCE (from here) silo, sio –VT49:18 HIGH
HER 1. (object form of she) – see HIM (the TIDE luimë (flood). –WJ:417,
same forms are used for both genders). 2. HER Nam/RGEO:66, WJ:416, VT45:5/VT46:17,
(genitive, “of her”) -rya (possessive suffix, e.g. VT44:34, VT48:23, 24
aratarya "her sublimity" [WJ:369], máryat "her HIGH ELVES Tarquendi; HIGH-ELVES
hands" [Nam].) This ending covers the entire 3rd Tareldar –TA, MC:349

HIGH ONES Aratar (sg #Arata, cf. reference; hence "the history of the Noldor" can
PM:363). The Aratar are the mightiest of the be quentalë Noldoron or quentalë
Valar: Manwë, Varda, Ulmo, Yavanna, Aulë, Noldorinwa, but this refers to the real events
Mandos, Nienna, and Oromë. Aratar is also rather than an account of them: that part of
rendered "The Supreme, Exalted Ones". –Silm universal History which concerned the Noldor.)
32/381, WJ:402 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT quentasta (any
HIGH SPEECH (= Quenya) Tarquesta – particular arrangement, by some author, of a
TĀ series of reconds or evidences into a given
HILL ambo (allative pl. ambonnar is historical account – not History as such, which is
attested); tundo (stem *tundu-) (mound), oro; quentalë). THE HISTORY OF THE ELVES
2
ISOLATED ROUND HILL tolmen (boss of I·Eldanyárë –NAR , KWET/VT39:16, LU,
shield) HILL-SIDE amban (upward slope) LR:199
(probably obsoleting amun(d) in LT2:335) – HITHER sir, sira, simen (but in LR:72,
VT45:5, MC:222, LT1:269, TUN, LT1:256, AM símen is used for “here”) –VT49:18, 33
HIM (and HER) as object may be HIVE nierwes –LT1:262
expressed by se, sé or (where it follows another HOARD foa (treasure) –LT2:340
pronominal ending) -s, e.g. melin sé or HOBBIT: The genitive plural periandion is
melinyes for “I love him” (/her). These forms are attested in the Elaine inscription, suggesting that
not specifically masculine, but are used of any the Quenya word for "hobbit" is #perian (as in
living person or thing. See HE. Sindarin) with stem #periand-.
HIMSELF (reflexive pronoun) immo (a HOLE latta (pit – Note: a homophone
general sg. reflexive pronoun, covering English means "strap"), assa (perforation, opening,
"myself, him/herself, yourself"). A specific 3rd mouth), terra (fine pierced hole), unquë
person reflexive pronoun "him/herself" is insë (hollow). –DAT, GAS, VT46:18, VT46:20
(for older imse; it is unclear whether the latter HOLIDAY meryalë –MBER
form was in use in later Quenya). A reflexive HOLLOW (noun) unquë (hole), HOLLOW
ending “he…himself” (and *”she…herself”) in - (adj) unqua, ronta, rotwa; HOLLOW OUT
ssë existed at one conceptual stage (melissë, unca- –UNUK, LotR:1157, LT2:347
“he loves himself”), but it is uncertain how lasting HOLLOWBOLD Návarot (Nogrod,
this idea was, and the ending seems prone to Novrod) –WJ:389
confusion with other, similar endings. Another HOLLY ercassë (probably obsoleting
reflective ending is -xë (spelt “-kse” in the piosenna in LT2:347) –ERÉK
source), plural -xer, dual -xet. –VT47:37, HOLY airë. The word aina also occurs in a
VT49:21, 48 number of sources (e.g. VT44:7, 17-18);
HINDMOST tella (last); THE HINDMOST according to VT43:32 this word is "obsolete
Teleri (the Last-comers) –TELES, Silm:421 except in Ainur", but it may occur in sources
HINT (verb) hiuta- –VT46:6 s.v. ÑIW post-dating this statement. Yet another word for
HIP oswë –QL:71 "holy", aista, is seemingly only attested in a
HIS -rya (possessive suffix, e.g. coarya translation of "holy spirit" which Tolkien later
his house. This ending covers the entire 3rd pers replaced with a form including airë instead (see
sg and also means "her" and *"its".) Nouns below). HOLY ONE ainu (m.), aini (f.) (angelic
ending in a consonant take the shorter form -ya, spirit, god); HOLY PLACE yána (fane,
e.g. talya “his foot”, macilya “his sword” (cf. tál, sanctuary); HOLY SPIRIT airefëa (other version:
tal- “foot”, macil “sword”). In colloquial Quenya fairë aista; both versions are attested with the
(which used -rya = “their” rather than “his, her, dative ending -n attached) –Nam,
its”), the ending -ya could be added even to AYAN/WJ:399,, YAN, VT43:36, 37
nouns ending in a vowel: cambeya (“k”) “his HOME már (also used of the "home" or
hand”, yulmaya “his cup”. –WJ:369, PE17:130, native land of peoples). The stem mar- occurs in
VT49:17, 48 the phrase hon-maren, q.v. in the Quenya-
HISTORY nyárë (tale, saga), quenta English wordlist. VT45:33 and VT46:13 give mar
(narrative, story), quentalë (account, narration), "home, dwelling" with stem mard-, but in Fíriel's
lúmequentalë, lúmequenta (chronological Song, this is used = "earth" instead (i-mar "the
account), HISTORICAL lúmequentalëa. (In earth", ablative mardello). Short form mar as
VT39:16, quentalë is defined as "narration" or the final element of compounds: Eldamar
"History", used as an abstract referring to "Elvenhome"; the vowel is also short in Mar-nu-
universal History, but also used with particular falmar, "the Land [lit. Home] under the Waves".

– The word ambar, usually translated "world", is (rider, knight) –ROK/Letters:282, 382, VT45:28,
also associated with "home, dwelling" in one PE16:132, GL:56, WJ:372/UT:282
source. –Silm:408, 428, VT46:13 HOST rimbë (crowd), horma (horde),
HOMESTEAD osta –LT2:336 liyúmë –RIM/Letters:178, 382, LT2:341,
HONEY lis (liss-). In a far earlier source, VT48:32
reproduced in LT1:262, the word for "honey" was HOSTILE cotya –KOT
nektë. This would however become nehtë in HOT saiwa; BLAZING HOT úrin (Úrin is
LotR-style Quenya, since Tolkien later decided also a name of the Sun) –LT1:248/265, LT1:271
that kt becomes ht in Quenya, and in its new HOUND huan (hún-); HOUND OF CHASE
form nehtë the word turns up in the Etymologies ronyo –KHUG (see KHUGAN), ROY
with the slightly modified meaning "honeycomb". HOUR lúmë (so translated in LotR and in
(Note: a homophone means "spear-head, gore, VT43:34; in Etym the gloss is simply "time".
wedge, narrow promontory".) HONEY-BEE nier, Allative lúmenna is attested. Note: lúmë also
nion –LIS, LT1:262, VT45:38, GL:60 means "darkness".) THIS HOUR #sillumë
HOOD telmë (covering) –TEL (isolated from the ablative sillumello “from this
HOOK ampa, atsa (claw, catch); hour”) –LU, LotR:94, WJ:367, VT44:35
HOOKED rempa (crooked) – HOUSE coa (prob. the most neutral word),
LotR:1157/VT47:20, GAT, REP opelë (walled house), car (card-) (building),
HOPE (noun) estel –WJ:318 (where it is nossë (clan, family, kin, people) (LT2:336 gives
stated that this word was used in Quenya as well indo "house" and os(t) "house and cottage";
as in Sindarin. Here the word is defined as these words are probably obsolete – in Tolkien's
"'hope', sc. a temper of mind, steady, fixed in later Quenya indo means "heart", while osto
purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to means "city". The term indor "master of house"
fall into despair or abandon its purpose". In can hardly be valid either.) LIGHT OF THE
MR:320, estel is translated "trust".) HOUSE coacalina (a metaphor for the soul [fëa]
HORDE horma (host) –LT2:341 dwelling inside the body [hroa]) –
HORN rassë, rasco ("especially on living WJ:369/MR:250/VT47:35, PEL(ES), KAR,
animal, but also applied to mountains". Cf. NŌ/LT1:250, 343, MR:250
Rasmund "horned bull" in Letters:423 [this HOW manen –PM:395
seems like Sindarin rather than Quenya] and HUE quilë (colour) –QL:77 %
Arfanyaras, Arfanyarassë "high white-shining HUGE haura –PE17:115

peak [*horn]", alternative name of Taniquetil), HUMAN firya (lit. *"mortal"; nominal pl.
romba (so in Etym and one place in WJ [p. 400: Firyar is attested) –PHIR, WJ:219
romba = "horn, trumpet"] but on p. 368 róma is HUMBLED nucumna –SD:246
used for "horn", though this is glossed "trumpet- HUMP tumpo (stem *tumpu-),
sound" in Etym), HORN OF ULMO hyalma HUMPBACK cauco, HUMPED cauca (bent,
(shell, conch), tildë (point), (horn of animal:) crooked) –TUMPU, LT1:257
tarca (probably obsoleting taru in LT2); HUNGRY maita –VT39:11
HORNED tarucca (perhaps obsoleted together HUNT (noun), HUNTING roimë (the
with taru), THE HORNED Tilion (a name of the misreading "raime" occurs in the Etymologies as
Moon) –RAS/VT46:10, WJ:403/416, printed in LR; see VT46:12 for this correction).
ROM/WJ:401 contrast 368, SYAL, TIL, TARÁK, No verb "to hunt" is given in Etym, but roita-
LT2:337,347, Silm:438 "pursue" is derived from the same stem and can
HORRIBLE norta –VT46:4 probably be translated *"hunt" as well. LT1:260
1
HORROR norto (glossed "a horror").The has rauta- "hunt". –ROY
verb rucin is glossed "I feel fear or horror" (1st HURL, see FLING %
pers. aorist), constructed with "from" of the HURT (vb) mala- (pain) –QL:63
object feared (e.g. *rucin Orcollon "I fear Orcs") HUSBAND venno (the published
–VT46:4, WJ:415 Etymologies gives "verno", but according to
HORSE rocco (defined as "swift horse for VT45:7, this is a misreading of Tolkien's original
riding" in Letters:382, "swift horse" in VT46:12), manuscript); HUSBAND AND WIFE veru
olombo (but since Tolkien subsequently (married pair – but in a late source, veru is also
changed the relevant stem from LOB to LOP, we used for “husband” alone, the counterpart of veri
should perhaps read *olompo, compare lopo in “wife”) –BES, VT49:45
an earlier source), mairo; HORSEMAN roquen HUSH quildë (rest, quiet) –GL:23

HYACINTH (plant) linquë (Note:

Homophones mean “wet” and also *“grass,
reed”). –PE17:62
I (1st pers. sg): This pronoun normally

I ILL laiwa (sick, sickly). Since this is
appears as the ending -n or -nyë (VT49:51) derived from a root in sl-, the spelling *hlaiwa
added to verbs, e.g. carin and carinyë “I do”, may fit Tolkien's later system better: he derived
maruvan "I will abide". The long form -nye must Quenya forms in hl- from roots with this initial
be used if another pronominal ending is to be combination. (For noun “illness”, see SICKNESS
added after it: utúvienyes, "I [-nye-] have found under SICK.) BE ILL quama- (vomit) –SLIW,
it [-s]". Independent pronouns: ni (in the "Arctic" QL:76
sentence, ni is translated "I"), stressed ní with ILL-SHAPEN nauca (hard, twisted, *small
long vowel (VT49:51), as in ní nauva tanomë “I – see SMALL.) –WJ:413
will be there” (VT49:19; ní nauva puts more ILLUMINATE calya- –KAL
emphasis on “I” than nauvan, with the pronoun IMAGINATION síma (mind), alternative
expressed as an ending). The dative pronoun form (?) isima; also nausë (Þ) –VT49:16,
nin "for me" is transparently ni + the dative NOWO
ending -n; other case endings may also be IMMINENT – BE IMMINENT: úva-
added to ni. It may be that ni, ní can also (impend), nearly always in a bad sense: threaten
function as object (“me”), though a distinct form to come. Hrívë úva vena “winter is drawing near
nye has also been proposed. The longer to us”. –VT49:14
pronoun inyë may also be used where “I” is IMMORTAL ilfirin –PHIR
emphatic, and presumably can also take case IMMOVEABLE tulca (firm, strong,
endings. –VT49:48, 50, LotR:1008/1003, Arct, steadfast; Note: there is a homophone meaning
LR:61 "fix, set up, establish") –TULUK cf. LT1:270
ICE helcë; ICE-COLD helca (the final –a IMPLEMENT (prob. noun) yaima –GL:37
is missing in the printed Etymologies, entry IMPEDED tapta; nominal pl. taptar was
KHEL, but VT45:21 confirms that this is a typo; used = tapta tengwi "impeded elements", a term
the full form also occurs in LT1:254 and Silm) – for consonants (sg. #tapta tengwë; in the pl. we
LT1:254/Silm:433/KHEL would rather expect *taptë tengwi with the pl.
IDEA intya (guess, supposition), inca form of the adjective). –VT39:17
(cited with a final hyphen in the source, but it IMPEND úva- (be imminent), nearly
does not seem to be a verbal stem); *selma (Þ) always in a bad sense: threaten to come. Hrívë
("a fixed idea, will". In WJ:319, the word is given úva véna “winter is drawing near to us”. –
as Þelma, but Þ (th) would become s in the VT49:14
Noldorin Quenya. Cf. Þindë, sindë in WJ:384; IMPORTANT valdëa (of moment) –
see GREY) –INK, VT45:18, WJ:319 QL:102
IDENTICAL imya (same, selfsame) – IMPOSSIBLE TO RECOUNT únyárima
VT47:37 ("sc. because all the facts are not known, or the
IDOL cordon –LT1:257 tale is too long"), IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY/PUT
IDRIL Itaril, Itarillë, Itarildë (obsoleting INTO WORDS úquétima (unpronounceable,
Irildë in LT2) –PM:346/Silm:436, LT2:343 unspeakable), A THING IMPOSSIBLE TO BE
IF qui (in some texts cé or ce, but the OR TO BE DONE únat –WJ:370, VT39:26
latter form Tolkien defined as “may be” IMPULSE felmë (emotion), hórë; BODY-
elsewhere); IF ANYBODY aiquen (whoever). IF IMPULSE hroafelmë (impulses provided by the
IT BE SO cenasit, cenasit (may be, perhaps), body, e.g. physical fear, hunger, thirst, sexual
IF IT BE THAT cenai (but this word probably desire), SPIRIT-IMPULSE fëafelmë (impulses
presupposes cé, ce rather than qui, as the word originating with the spirit, e.g. love, pity, anger,
for “if”). –VT49:19, PE14:59, WJ:372 hate); IMPULSIVE hórëa (the gloss "impulsion"

in the printed Etymologies is a misreading, INDUCE sahta- (Þ) (referring primarily to

VT45:22); HAVE AN IMPULSE horya- (be inducing someone to do something against their
compelled to do something, set vigorously out to will or conscience). –VT43:22
do) –KHOR, VT41:19 cf. 13, VT45:22 INDUCEMENT TO DO WRONG #úsahtië
IN mi (within), imi; IN THE mí (for *mi i?) (temptation). Attested in the allative case
(The version of Nam in LotR has mi where the (úsahtienna). –VT43:23
version in RGEO has the more correct form mí.) INFLICT PENALTY, see PUNISH
IN or AT: sé, se (the form with a long vowel may INJURE hyan- –PE16:145
be preferred since se is apparently also a 3rd INK móro –PE16:133
person pronoun) This preposition sé is INLANDS Mittalmar (the central region of
apparently related to the locative ending -ssë Númenor) –UT:165, 454
(plural –ssen, dual –tsë) that would be the most INNER MIND órë (heart) (Note: a
typical way of expressing "in, on, at" in Quenya. homophone means "rising") –LotR:1157
IN, INWARDS, see separate entry INWARDS. – INSECT (small insect) pí (fly) –VT47:35
MI, VT43:30/VT44:18, 34, Nam, RGEO:66, INSERT mitta- –VT43:30
VT43:30, 34 INSIDE, TO THE mir, minna (into) –MI
IN- (prefix denying presence or possession INSIGHT tercen; OF INSIGHT, lit
of thing or quality) ú- (not-, un-) –VT39:14; *INSIGHTFUL #tercenya (only pl tercenyë is
according to LR:396 s.v. UGU, this prefix usually attested) –MR:230
has a "bad sense", cf. vanimor "fair folk" vs. INTELLECT handelë; INTELLIGENCE
úvanimor "monsters". handassë; INTELLIGENT handa
INADEQUATE penya (pl. penyë is (understanding) –KHAN
attested) (lacking). INADEQUATE SIGN #penya INTERCHANGE OF THOUGHT (=
tengwe (only pl. penyë tengwi is attested). This telepathy) ósanwë (communication of thought).
term, also translated "lacking signs", was used in –VT39:26
early Elvish analysis of Quenya as the term for INTERIOR (adj) mitya –MI
vowels with no preceding consonant, held (in INTO mir, minna (to the inside), variant
many cases incorrectly) to have lost such a mina. –MI, VT43:30
consonant. –VT39:6, 8 INUNDATE oloiya- (flood) –VT42:10
IN A VERY GREAT NUMBER úvëa INVENT auta- (devise, originate) (Note: a
(abundant) –UB homophone means "pass"); INVENTION aulë
IN FRONT OF (of spatial relationships) -GAWA
opo, pó (before) –VT49:12 INWARDS – a word imbë said to be the
INCARNATE (noun) #mirroanwë (only pl. adverb "in(wards)" appears in VT45:18 (not
mirroanwi "incarnates" is attested) –MR:350 clearly identified as a Quenya word), but in LotR,
INCITEMENT siulë –SIW imbë (imbi) is the preposition "between".
INCLINE (noun) talta –TALÁT INZILADÛN Palantir –UT:223, Silm:324
INCLINED penda (sloping down) –PEN IRELAND Íverind- (As indicated by the
INDEED (interjection) é. Can be prefixed hyphen, some ending is needed – a Quenya
to sentences, as in e man antaváro? "What will word cannot end in nd. The normal form must be
he give indeed?" (LR:63); this e would seem to *Íverin, becoming Íverind(e)- before an ending,
be a short variant of é. –VT45:11, LR:63 e.g. genitive *Íverindo, locative *Íverindessë [cf.
INDEX FINGER (first finger) lepetas Lórien, locative Lóriendessë]. The name is also
(evidently lepetass-), also tassa. This finger is given as Íwerin or Iverindor, "an island off the
also called emmë, emya (terms used in west coast of Tol Eressëa" – Eressëa later
children's play, basically "mother, mummy"; also becoming England in this early version of
used = "index toe"). –VT47:10, 26, VT48:5 Tolkien's mythology.) –LT2:344, cf 285
INDEX TOE, see INDEX FINGER IRON anga, IRON or STEEL erë, eren;
INDICATE tana- (show) (Note: tana also OF IRON angaina; IRON-HANDED Angamaitë;
means "that"), tëa- (note: not to be confused with IRON-GAOL Angamando (Angband) –
the noun tëa "straight line, road"), pa.t. tengë ANGĀ/LotR:1157, LT1:252, LT1:249, 268,
(VT43:38). INDICATION tengwë (sign, token, Letters:425 cf. LotR:1085, MR:350
writing – pl tengwi is attested) INDICATED (adj) ÍRITH Irissë –PM:345
tengë. –MR:385, VT39:6, WJ:394, 395 cf. TEK, IS see BE
VT39:6 ISLAND, ISLE lóna, tol (stem toll- as in
INDIVIDUAL nassë (person) –VT49:30 the pl tolli; the plural was misread as "tolle" in

the Etymologies as printed in LR, see VT46:19). form when appearing as an independent
According to Silm:438, tol is used of islands pronoun: sa (VT49:37), with long vowel (sá,
"rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a VT49:51) when stressed. It is attested in object
river". LT1:269 defines a tol as "any rise position: carë sa, “to do it” (VT49:34). Another
standing alone in water, plain of green, etc.") word for “it” or “that” is ta (though in some
STEEP ISLE tollë (apparently simply the fuller sources, Tolkien used ta for plural impersonal
form of tol). THE LONELY ISLE Tol Eressëa “they, them” instead). Case endings may
(tol "isle" often being omitted) –LONO, probably be added to sa, e.g. dative *san “for it”
TOL/VT46:19/VT47:13, 26, RGEO:70 (cf. nin “for me”); sa also appears suffixed to a
ISOLATED ROUND HILL tolmen (boss of preposition in the word ósa *”with it” (VT43:29).
shield) –LT1:269 Genitive ITS would normally appear as the
ISOLATED TOWER mindo –MINI ending -rya (only attested with personal
ISOLATED TREE ornë –ÓR-NI- (see meanings “his, her” – see HIS). “Its” as an
ORO) independent word may be *sanya, formed from
ISSUE uswë (escape) –LT1:251 *san as the dative form of sa “it” (compare ninya
ISSUE OF WATER ehtelë (fountain, “my” vs. ni “I”, dative nin “for me”). –VT49:16,
spring) –KEL 51, VT43:29, LotR:1008, TA
ISTHMUS yanwë (bridge, joining) –YAT ITSELF (reflexive pronoun used on non-
IT (impersonal 3rd sg. pronoun – notice living things) imma (also used as noun "same
that “personal” forms are used of all living things thing"); also in the form insa. –VT47:37
including plants; see HE): As a pronominal suffix,
the entire 3rd person singular “he, she it” is
expressed by the ending -s , e.g. caris *“(s)he/it
does” (VT49:16). The ending -s is also attested
in object position, e.g. utúvienyes, "I have found
[utúvienye-] it [-s]"). “It”, with reference to non-
living or abstract things, does have a distinct
JACKET vacco (cloak) –GL:21

J fragrant evergreen tree with scarlet fruit, brought
JAIL see GAOL to Númenor by the Eldar) –MIR/Silm:434, Nam,
JANUARY Narvinyë (In LT1:252, the ÑGOL/VT46:3, LotR:505 cf. Letters:224, UT:472
word for January is avestalis, and the latter part JOIN: The intransitive verb verya- +
of the month is called Erintion, but these words allative is suggested to mean “be joined to”; this
are hardly conceptually valid in LotR-style is also the idiom for “get married to” (see
Quenya.) –LotR:1144 MARRY). JOINING (noun) yanwë (isthmus,
JAW anca (translated "jaws" in the bridge) –YAT, also VT45:45 (where the stem is
appendices to LotR and Silm, but anca is sg and given as YAN rather than YAT), VT45:46
is glossed "jaw" in Etym. GL:37 has cá [spelt JOURNEY (noun) lenda –PE17:60
"kâ"]) –LotR:1157, Silm:427, ÁNAK JOY alassë (merriment) –GALÁS
JERK (vb) rihta- (give quick twist or JUDGE (vb) #nam- (1st person aorist
move), (noun:) rinca (twitch, trick, sudden move) namin "I judge" in VT41:13). An alternative form
–RIK(H), VT46:11 cf. RIK(H) #nav- occurs in navilwë "we judge" –VT42:34,
JESUS Yésus –VT43:31 VT48:11
JEWEL mírë (pl. míri is attested); JUDGE (noun) Námo (Ordainer – the
SHINING JEWEL miril (treasure, precious name of a Vala. In MR:150, though, Námo is
thing). *NOLDO-JEWEL (= Silmaril) Noldomírë, glossed JUDGEMENT [of what is]). Note: a
Noldomír; WITH ADORNMENT OF RED homophone námo means "person". –Silm:411
JEWELS carnimírië (a pl form? Sg JUDGEMENT námië – defined as "a
*carnimírëa? Letters:224 has carne- instead of (single) judgement" or "a (single) desire". A
carni-.) JEWEL OF YAVANNA yavannamírë (a JUDGEMENT náma (desire). JUDGEMENT (of

what is) Námo (but this is elsewhere glossed (there translated "daughter of the dark") is a
"Ordainer", and the ending -o normally does name of Jupiter, but this may not be a valid word
indicate something animate/masculine rather in Tolkien's later Quenya. LT1:265 also mentions
than something abstract). –VT41:13, MR:150 Silindo as a name of this planet.
JUICE sáva, pirya (syrup) –SAB, PIS JUST faila (fair-minded, generous) –
JULY Cermië –LotR:1144 PM:352
JUNE Nárië –LotR:1144
JUMP cap- (pa.t. campë) (leap) –QL:45
cf. PE16:134
JUPITER Alcarinquë (Basic Quenya:24,
cf. Silm:55. According to LT1:260, Morwen
KEEN laica (the printed Etymologies has

K KINGDOM #aranië (attested with the
a final –e instead of –a, but this is a misreading; suffix –lya "thy" added). Earlier versions of the
see VT45:25) (sharp, acute, *piercing); text in question had other forms: #turinasta,
KEENNESS (of perception) laicë (acuteness). #turindië (both also occurring with a long ú). –
The conceptual validity of these words is VT43:12, 15
questionable; see PIERCING. –LAIK KINGSFISHER halatirno, halatir
2
KEEPING (safe keeping) mando (custody) (halatirn-) (lit. "fishwatcher") –SKAL , TIR
–MR:350 KINGSFOIL (athelas, a healing plant)
KHAZAD-DÛM Casarrondo asëa aranion –LotR:899
(Dwarrowvault) –WJ:389 KISS (vb.) miqu- "to kiss", pa.t. minquë
KILL, see SLAY (not to be confused with the cardinal minquë
KIN nossë (house, people). DEAR "eleven"). (QL:61). Noun A KISS miquë (QL:61).
KINSMAN, see DEAR. –LT1:250, 272/LT2:338 KNEE occa –QL:70
KIND nostalë (species) –LT1:272 KNIGHT roquen (rider, horseman) –
KINDLE tinta- (cause to sparkle), narta-; UT:282 cf. WJ:372
in older [TLT] materiel also turu-, tunda- (Note: KNOB tolma (defined as "protuberance
there is a homophone meaning "tall") –Silm:438, contrieved to serve a purpose, knob, short
VT45:37, LT1:270 rounded handle", etc.), tolos (lump) –VT47:28,
KINDLY asëa (Þ) (beneficial, helpful) (so LT1:269
according to a late note where the word is KNOCK #pet- (strike), pa.t. pentë given.
derived from *ATHAYA). Also (as noun) used as The verb is cited as "pete", perhaps with a
the name of the healing plant called in Sindarin suffixed stem-vowel. KNOCK (keep on knocking)
athelas. tamba- –QL:73, TAM
KING aran (pl arani is attested) In Etym, KNOLL nóla –NDOL
the Quenya word for "king, chieftain" is haran pl. KNOT narda, nútë (bond). Pl. perhaps
harni, but evidence from LotR, WJ and UT *núter not *núti; cf. the similar formation tyávë
shows that Tolkien changed it to aran pl arani. "taste", pl tyáver. –SNAR, NU
Cf. asëa aranion "kingsfoil", i arani Eldaron KNOW ista (pa.t. sintë, also isintë;
"the Kings of the Eldar", Arandor "kingsland", according to VT48:25 the pa.t. is "certainly
aranya *"my king", arandil "king's friend, irreg."), KNOW ABOUT hanya- (understand, be
royalist", and arandur "king's servant, minister".) skilled in dealing with), KNOWLEDGE handë
LT1:273 has vardar "king", but this is hardly a (understanding), ista, istya, issë (lore), nólë
valid word in LotR-style Quenya. KINGLY BULL (long study, lore, wisdom). (In Etym this word is
Aramund (this may not be pure Quenya, spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng. Initial ng had
because of the final consonant cluster) –3AR, become n in Third Age Quenya, and I follow the
LotR:899, WJ:369, UT:165, 193, 313, system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly.
Letters:386, 423 Nólë is so spelt also in Silm:432. But if this word

is written in Tengwar, the initial n should be K-SERIES calmatéma –LotR:1154

transcribed with the letter noldo, not númen.)
HAVING KNOWLEDGE istima (wise, learned) –
IS, VT48:25, LT2:339; KHAN, ÑGOL, Silm:432
LABIALS parmatéma (p-series);

L ending occurring in the names of lands is -sta
LABIALIZED SERIES quessetéma –LotR:1154 (see VT43:15). Cf. also lóna (remote land
LABERNUM Lindeloktë (singing cluster). difficult to reach, island. Note: a homophone
(So in LT1:258, but Tolkien later decided that kt means "dark"); WESTLAND Númenor,
became ht in Quenya. Read *Lindelohtë?) – Númenórë (Westernesse); LAND OF GIFT (a
LT1:258 name of Númenor) Andor (< *Annandor, see
LABOUR (vb) móta- (toil), moia- (be GIFT), LAND OF THE WEST Númendor, LAND
afflicted) –MŌ, VT43:31 OF THE VALAR Valinor, Valinórë. –
LACKING (adj.) penya (pl. penyë is NDOR/NŌ/Silm:430/ WJ:413, LONO, Silm:414,
attested) (inadequate). LACKING SIGN #penya 313, 430, VT49:26
tengwe (only pl. penyë tengwi is attested). This LANGUAGE quetil (tongue, talk), lambë
term, also translated "indadequate signs", was (tongue). The latter was "the usual word, in non-
used in early Elvish analysis of Quenya as the technical use, for 'language'." (WJ:394) Only the
term for vowels with no preceding consonant, Loremasters used the technical term tengwesta
held (in many cases incorrectly) to have lost "system or code of signs" instead; this word is
such a consonant. –VT39:6, 8 also glossed "grammar". Notice that lambë is
LADY heri –KHER, LT1:272 (GL:45 has also used for "dialect" (VT39:15). LANGUAGE
quimellë). A quite different word which Tolkien (as an abstract, the ability to speak or the "art" of
also translated "Lady" is massánië, literally making speech) tengwestië. LANGUAGE with
"breadgiver", the title of the "Lady" or the highest especial reference to phonology: Lambelë.
among the elven-women of any people, she LANGUAGE OF THE VALAR Lambë Valarinwa
having the right to keep or give away lembas (lit. *"Valarin language"), LANGUAGE OF THE
bread. See PM:404. ELDAR Eldarissa (the latter may not be a valid
LAKE ailin (pool) (LT2:339 also has ailo), word in LotR-style Quenya), LANGUAGE OF
ringwë (cold lake, pool [in mountains]). In the THE HANDS mátengwië –KWET/VT45:25,
Etymologies as printed in LR, this word is cited WJ:394, 397, VT39:15, LT2:339, VT47:9
as "ringe", but according to VT46:11, ringwë is LARCH finë (stem *fini-) –SPIN (the word
the proper reading. –AY/LT2:339, is also glossed "a single hair", PM:362)
RINGI/VT46:11 LARGE hoa (big), also alta, alat- (great in
LAMENT (vb) naina- (also longer size) (Tolkien's definition of alta word was
nainaina-), nyéna-; LAMENT (noun) nainië, actually illegible, but see GREAT), úvëa (very
nairë –NAY/VT45:37, LT1:262, RGEO:66 large, abundant, in a very great number), úra
LAMP calma (light), calar – (note: a homophone means "nasty, evil"; some
KAL/LotR:1157, VT47:13 would say these later glosses render the word
LAND nórë (dwelling-place, race, country, úra = "large" obsolete.) –PE17:115, ÁLAT, UB,
region where certain people live, nation, native UR
land, family), nór (meaning '"'land' as opposed to LARK lirulin (prob. *lirulind-, cf. lindo
2
water or sea", WJ:413). In compounds #-ndor "singing bird") –MR:238/252, LIN
(when the first part of the compound end in a LAST (adj.) tella (hindmost), telda (final),
vowel, e.g. Valandor "Vala-land", alternative métima (final, ultimate), telwa (late), LAST
form of Valinor), or –nor, –dor (the latter can YEAR yenya; LAST DAY OF YEAR quantien,
only occur when the first part of the compound THE LAST-COMERS Teleri (the Hindmost) –
ends in –l, –r, or –n; in other combinations d TELES, WJ:411, MC:222 cf. 215, LT1:267, YEN,
cannot occur in Noldorin Quenya). Another Silm:421

LASTING vórë (adj.?), also vórëa the system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly.
(continuous, enduring); LASTING QUALITY Cf. also the spelling of the related word nólë in
voronwië (endurance) –VT45:7, BORÓN Silm:432. But if this word is written in Tengwar,
LATE telwa (last) –LT1:267 the initial n should be transcribed with the letter
LAUGH lala- –PM:359 cf. 343. (Note: a noldo, not númen.) LEARNED MAN istyar
homophone means "deny".) Past tense perhaps (scholar) –IS, ÑGOL
*landë, given the derivation stated (whereas lala LEATHER (dressed leather) alu –QL:30
"deny" might have the past tense *lalanë or LEAVE (vb) auta- (go away, pass), pa.t.
*lallë). oantë, oantië (in the physical sense "went away
LAW sanyë (Þ) (rule), axan (rule, [to another place]") or vánë ("the most frequently
commandment, as proceeding primarily from used past [tense]" – less "physical" than oantë,
Eru; pl. axani is attested); LAW-ABIDING sanya meaning "disappeared" rather than "went
(Þ) (normal, regular) (variant vorosanya with a away"), perf. avánië (pl avánier is attested);
prefixed element meaning "ever"). –STAN, perf. vánië with no augment may occur in verse.
WJ:399, VT39:30, 23, VT46:16 For "leave", Etym also has lesta, pa.t. lendë;
LAWN palis (sward) –LT1:264 this is also the past tense of "go". The stem from
LAY lirilla (song) –LT1:258 which lesta- is derived was "replaced" by
LEAD tulya- (+ allative: lead into). Another another. Lesta has a wholly different meaning in
form of similar meaning, mittanya-, was possibly later writings; see GIRDLE, MEASURE. LEAVE
abandoned by Tolkien. –VT43:22 OUT hehta- (pa.t. hehtanë is given but seems
LEAD (the metal) canu, LEADEN canuva perfectly regular) (put aside, exclude, abandon,
–LT1:268 forsake) –WJ:366, ELED
LEAF lassë (pl. lassi is attested); HAVING LEAVE (noun) – with leave of: lenémë (+
MANY LEAVES lillassëa (pl lillassië is genitive)
attested); COLLECTION OF LEAVES olassië LEFT hyarya; LEFT HAND hyarma,
(foliage); PUT FORTH LEAVES OR FLOWERS LEFT-HANDED hyarmaitë (stem *hyarmaiti-) –
*lohta- (altered from the actual reading lokta KHYAR, VT47:6
because Tolkien later decided that kt became ht LEG telco (pl. telqui) (stem) –TELÉK
in Quenya) (sprout). LEAF-SHAPED LEGENDARIUM OF THE FATHERS OF
lassecanta; LEAF-FALL lasselanta (autumn or MEN Atanatárion (lit. simply "of the Fathers of
the beginning of winter; see also FADING); Men") –MR:373
1
LEAF-GREY lassemista –LAS , Nam, VT39:9, LEGOLAS Laiqualassë –LT1:267
LT1:254, MC:222, 223, Letters:282, LT1:258, LEMBAS coimas (life-bread) (prob.
KAT, LotR:505 cf. Letters:224 coimast[a]-, cf. masta "bread") (life-bread) –
LEAGUE lár (basic meaning "pause" – in Silm:406/429
marches a brief halt was made for each league). LENGTHENED taina (extended,
A lár was defined as five thousand rangar; see stretched, elongated); LENGTHENING tailë
YARD. A ranga was approximately 38 inches, so (extension) –TAY cf. VT39:7
a lár was "5277 yards, two feet and four inches LESS mis (adverb); suffix –LESS –lóra (=
[ca. 4826 meters], supposing the equivalence to "without"; this –lóra is a suffix used to derive
be exact" – close enough to our league of 5280 adjectives; Tolkien gave the example ómalóra
yards to justify this translation. –UT:285 "voiceless"). The earlier "Qenya" suffix –viltë, –
LEANING talta (sloping, tilted) –TALÁT valta of similar meaning may not be valid in
LEAP cap- (jump); halta-; LEAPING LotR-style Quenya. –PE14:80, VT45:28, GL:23
(noun) haloitë (pl. haloisi is attested) – LESSEN píca (part. #pícala is attested)
PE16:134, LT1:254 (dwindle) –MC:223, 222
LEARN #par- (acquire information, not by LET (see ALLOW); LET GO lerya
experience or observation, but by (release, set free), LET GO or LET LOOSE sen-
communication, by the instruction, or by written (to free). LET IT BE THAT nái (in Namárië: nai;
accounts, of others). Paranyë (apárien) the editor conjectures that nái is an etymological
parmanen, “I am learning (have learnt) by form, VT49:36). –VT41:5, 6; VT43:18, VT49:28
means of a book” –PE17:180 LETTER tengwa (pl. tengwar is attested;
LEARNED istima (wise, having this word was used primarily of the Fëanorian
knowledge), nóla (wise). (In Etym, the latter letters. However, the term "Tengwar of Rúmil"
word is spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng. Initial ng occurring in LotR:1151 seems to indicate that the
had become n in Third Age Quenya, and I follow word tengwa can indeed be used of a letter of

any kind, not only the Fëanorian letters. In non- Calaciryo is attested) –KAL, MR:250, VT49:47,
technical use tengwa may also be translated AKLA-R, RIL, SIL/LotR:1157, MC:223, VT45:12
"consonant" [q.v.]. It is uncertain whether PHAY, WJ:361/Silm:61, RGEO:70/Nam
tengwa "letter" can be used in the sense mail, LIKE (vb): “I like it” can be paraphrased as
text sent in the post; the primary meaning is nas mara nin, “it is good to me” (good from my
clearly "character, a single symbol in writing".) perspective) (VT49:30). The idiom thus involves
The noun tengwa is also the source of the verb the verb “to be” + mara (read mára) “good” + a
tengwa- “read”. – Another word for “letter” is dative form representing what in English is the
sarat (pl. sarati is attested) – an older [MET] subject.
word Tolkien notes was used of "a 'letter' or any LIKE (prep) ve (as) The expression “like
individual significant mark", used of the Rúmilian that” (= “so, also”) may be translated ta as in ta
letters after the invention of the Fëanorian mára “so good” –Nam/RGEO:66, 67, VT49:12
Tengwar (but cf. the term "Tengwar of Rúmil" LIKEN sesta- (compare) –QL:82
mentioned above). –TEK, WJ:396, VT49:48, LILY indil ("or other large single flower"),
LotR:1151 nénu (= yellow water lily) –WJ:399, LT1:248
LIBERTY (see FREE); – DEPRIVE OF LINE OF SURF falassë (beach, shore) –
LIBERTY avalerya- (bind, make fast, restrain) – Silm:431
VT41:5, 6 LINDI Lindi (What the Nandorin Elves
LICK salpa- (sup, sip), #lav- (lavin "I lick", called themselves; the word could be adopted
1st pers. aorist; past tense #lávë is attested in unchanged into Exilic Quenya. Sg #Lindë?) –
the word undulávë "downlicked" in Nam); LICK WJ:385
(frequentatively) lapsa- –SÁLAP cf. LT1:266, LINDIL Sindarin form of LINDI, q.v. –
DAB/Nam WJ:385
LIE (noun, = untruth) furu (read perhaps LINDON Lindon, Lindónë –WJ:385
*huru since Tolkien decided that fu- becomes LINGER lenda- –VT45:27
*huin Quenya) –LT2:340, GL:36 LINGUISTIC LOREMASTERS (VT48:6)
LIE (1) (vb, not "tell a lie" but "lie Lambengolmor (sg. –ngolmo); see
[horisontally]") caita- (pa.t. #cainë with the LOREMASTER under LORE. –VT48:6
alternative cëantë); LIE HEAVY lumna- (Note: LINE tië (path, direction, course, way,
this is also an adjective meaning "lying heavy"; road), tëa (straight line, road) (note: not to be
see OPPRESSIVE) –Nam/RGEO:67, VT48:12, confused with the verb tëa- "indicate"), téma
13, DUB (row, series) (pl. témar is attested in LotR:1153)
LIE (2) (vb, tell a lie) fur- (conceal) (read –TE3/RGEO:67, TEÑ
perhaps *hur- since Tolkien decided that fu- LINK (noun) #limë (stem *limi-), isolated
becomes *huin Quenya) –LT2:340 from málimë "hand-link = wrist" –VT47:6
LIFE #coivië (attested with a pronominal LIP pé (so according to late sources;
suffix: coivierya, “his/her life”), cuilë (being glossed "mouth" in the Etymologies, stem PEG),
alive; obsoleting coi, coirë in LT1:257; the latter dual peu "the two lips, the mouth-opening". Early
means "stirring, spring" in Tolkien's later "Qenya" had cíla for "lip". –VT39:9/VT47:12, 35,
Quenya); NEW LIFE laito, laisi (vigour, youth), GN:24
LIFE-BREAD coimas (prob. coimast[a]-, cf. LION rá (pl rávi) (so in Etym; LT1:260 has
masta "bread") (lembas) –VT49:41,:42, KUY, rau, but pl rávi is the same.) (Note: rá is also a
LT1:267, Silm:406/429 preposition meaning "on behalf of".) SHE-LION
LIFT UP orta- (raise, rise; pa.t. ortanë is ravennë –RAW, LT1:260
attested) –Nam/ORO/RGEO:67 LIQUID (adj) sírima (flowing) –LT1:265
LIGHT cálë, cala; A LIGHT calina (which LISTEN lasta-; LISTENING (adj) lasta
2
is basically the adjective "light", but it is used (hearing) –LAS
substantively in coacalina; see LIGHT OF THE LITTLE (see also SMALL) titta (tiny).
HOUSE under HOUSE), calma (lamp), LITTLE ELF Teler, Telellë (adj. telerëa, telella);
GOLDEN LIGHT laurë, LIGHT (adj) calina; RAY LITTLE FINGER lepinca, lepincë (with stem
OF LIGHT alca; GLITTERING LIGHT rilma; lepinci- given older form lepinki, VT48:18), nícë;
STARLIGHT or LIGHT OF SILPION (Telperion) in children's play also called winimo "baby"
silmë (†silver), MOONLIGHT isilmë; FLASHING (Exilic *vinimo). LITTLE TOE, see under TOE. –
OR [?STARRY] LIGHT élë; EMIT LIGHT faina-; TIT, LT1:267, VT47:10, 26, VT48:5
LIGHT-ELVES, ELVES OF THE LIGHT LO! ela (look! see!) (directing sight to an
Calaquendi; LIGHT-CLEFT Calacirya (gen. actually visible object), also yé (now see!) Note:

a homophone means "what is more". –WJ:362 is not stated to be poetic]), issë; SECRET LORE
cf. 360, VT47:31 nolwë (wisdom). (These forms may obsolete
LOAF cornë –LT1:257 nólemë in LT1:263. In some sources, nólë and
LOATHE yelta- (abhor); LOATHING nolwë are spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng. Initial
(noun) yelmë ("yelma" in the published ng had become n in Third Age Quenya, and I
Etymologies is a misreading, VT45:11); follow the system of LotR and transcribe it
LOATHSOME yelwa –DYEL, VT45:11 accordingly. Cf. also the spelling of the related
LOCK OF HAIR findë (tress), fassë word nólë in Silm:432. But if these words are
(shaggy lock, tangled hair) –SPIN written in Tengwar, the initial n should be
LOFTY tára (tall, high); compare antara transcribed with the letter noldo, not númen.)
"very lofty". Also arta (exalted; note that LOREMASTER ingolmo (In Lambengolmor
homophones mean "athwart" and also "fort"). "Loremasters of Tongues" the initial i of ingolmo
(According to Letters:282, Varda means "Lofty" [pl ingolmor] has disappeared; perhaps
[WJ:402 has "the Sublime"], but this word should #ngolmo is the form used in compounds when
probably not be used as a common adjective.) the first part of the compound ends in a vowel.) –
LOFTY TOWER see TOWER. – ÑGOL, LT2:339, WJ:382, WJ:383/396
TĀ/Silm:437/LT1:264, VT45:36, VT46:17, LOST vanwa (gone, departed, vanished,
PM:354 past and over, no longer to be had, dead); ONE
LOGDRAWING turuhalmë –LT1:270 LOST OR FORSAKEN BY FRIENDS hecil
LONELY eressëa (solitary); LONELY ISLE (gender-spesific forms are hecilo m. and hecilë
Tol Eressëa (tol "isle" often being omitted) – f.) (waif, outcast, outlaw) –WAN, Nam, WJ:366,
ERE, RGEO:70 365
LONG (adj) anda, sóra (trailing); LONG LOT marto (fortune, fate) –LT2:348
AGO andanéya, anda né; LONG AND THIN LOUD SOUND róma (trumpet-sound)
lenwa (straight, narrow); LONG (adverb, of (Note: in early “Qenya”, róma also means
time:) andavë; LONG YEAR (144 solar years, an "shoulder".) MUSICAL SOUND lin (stem lind-)
Elvish "century") yén (pl. yéni is attested) (melody) –ROM, LotR:488 cf. Letters:308
LONG-MARK andatehta –ÁNAD, LT2:344, 341, LOVE (vb, love as friend) mel- (melinyes
VT49:31, LotR:989, Nam/LotR:1141/YEN, TEK and melin sé “I love him”, VT49:15, 21). LOVE
LONG FOR milya- (Note: milya is also an (noun) melmë (LT1:262 has meles, melessë);
adjective "soft, gentle, weak"); GREAT LOVELY melwa, LOVING nilda (friendly), méla
LONGING mavoinë –MIL-IK, LT2:345 (affectionate), BELOVED melda (dear, sweet),
LONG-LASTING voronwa (enduring) – LOVER meldo (pl meldor is attested), melindo
BORÓN (m.), melissë (f.); LOVEABLE melima (fair),
LOOK AT yéta-; LOOK! (interj) en (there, írima (desirable) –MEL, LT1:262, WJ:412, NIL,
look! yonder) LOOK! ela (lo! see!) (directing VT39:11, ID
sight to an actually visible object) LOOK FOR LOW, LOWLYING tumna (deep, profound,
saca- (pa.t. sácë) (pursue, search) –LT1:262, dark or hidden); LOWER AIR vilma (earlier
EN, WJ:362 cf. 360, QL:81 [MET] wilma), Aiwenor (lit. "Birdland").
LOOM (noun) lanwa, in Tolkien's early LOWTIDE nanwë (ebb) –TUB cf. LT1:271, WIL,
"Qenya" also windelë –LAN, LT1:254 AIWĒ, VT48:26
LOOSE lenca- (in the printed Etymologies, LOWER (vb) luvu- (brood); DARK
the n of this word was misread as u, VT45:27), LOWERING CLOUD lumbo (pl. lumbor is
lehta- (slacken). LET LOOSE sen- (let go, free) attested). –LT1:259
–LEK, VT43:18 LUCK valto (LT2:348 gives mart "a piece
LORD heru (pl. #heruvi, gen.pl. of luck", but word-final rt does not occur in LotR-
#heruion), hér, as final part of compounds: style Quenya. Read *martë or something
#her, e.g. Ostoher *"City-Lord". The form Héru similar?) –LT1:272, LT2:348
with a long é occurs in VT43:28, 29 (where i LUMP tolos (knob) –LT1:269
Héru "the Lord" refers to God). LORDSHIP hérë; LUNAR MONTH ránasta –VT48:11
LORD OF TREES Aldaron (a name of Oromë) – LUST mailë; LUSTFUL mailëa –MIL-IK
LT1:272, Silm:432, Letters:282, VT44:12, LYING HEAVY lumna (heavy,
LotR:1122, Silm:32, 378, VT41:9 burdensome, oppressive, ominous) Combined
LORE nólë (long study, wisdom, with the superlative prefix an-, this word should
knowledge), †ingolë (deep lore, magic [in appear as *andumna because d was the initial
WJ:382, the gloss is simply "lore", and the word sound of the original root. (Note: lumna is also a

verb meaning "lie heavy"); LYING IN BED caila

(bedridden, ?sickness) –DUB, KAY/VT45:19
LYRE salma –LT1:265
MAEDHROS Nelyafinwë (meaning "Finwë

M following:) NAME-MAKING Essecarmë (an
third", not equivalent in sense to Sindarin Eldarin seremony in which the father of a child
Maedhros. The short form of the name was announces its name.) MAKE FAST avalerya-
Nelyo. His mother-name [q.v.], (bind, restrain, deprive of liberty). TO (MAKE)
"recorded....though never used in narrative", was FIT camta- (sic; the cluster mt seems unusual
Maitimo "well-shaped one". He also had a for Quenya, and while the source does not
nickname Russandol "copper-top") –PM:352, explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is
353 difficult to understand what other language could
MAGIC †ingolë (deep lore). In LT1:269, be intended) (suit, accomodate, adapt). MAKE
curu is glossed "magic, wizardry", but in Etym FOR IT mína- (desire to go in some direction, to
the gloss is simply "skill". MAGIC (adj.) sairina – wish to go to a place, have some end in view). –
ÑGOL, GL:72 KAR, WJ:391, MR:214, VT41:5, 6, VT44:14,
MAGLOR Canafinwë, short form Cáno VT39:11
(not equivalent in sense to his Sindarin name, MALE (noun) hanu (man, male of
which is the cognate of his "mother-name" Men/Elves or animals); MALE (adj) hanwa –
Macalaurë, "recorded...though never used in 3AN, VT45:16, INI
narrative"). –PM:352, 353 MAN nér (ner-; pl. neri given) (#ner as the
MAID, MAIDEN wendë, vendë (the latter final element in compounds, as in vëaner and
is the Exilic Quenya form), also short form wen úner, see below), †vëo (-wë as final element in
with stem wend- as in pl. wendi (girl) (read v- for compounds); hanu (male); (ADULT) MAN
w- in Exilic Quenya). Tolkien also used the word vëaner; MANLY vëa (adult, vigorous);
wendë (variants vénë, véndë, read evidently LARGE/STRONG MAN nerdo, SMALL MAN
vendë) to translate "virgin" in his Quenya version nercë (perhaps with stem nerci-) MANHOOD
of a Catholic prayer, where the reference is to vië (vigour); MAN-SPEARHEAD (a wedge-
the Virgin Mary. According to VT47:17, this term formation of soldiers) nernehta, NOMAN úner
can be used of a "maiden" of any age up to fully (All these words can apparently be used of adult
adult (until marriage). In compounds –wen, e.g. males of any sentient race. For "Men" in the
Nerwen "Man-maiden" (probably with stem *- sence "humans", see MORTALS,
wend-). MAIDENHOOD wendelë (Exilic Quenya FOLLOWERS.) –DER, WEG (cf. VT46:21
*vendelë). –WEN, LT1:271/273/Silm:439, indicating that †vëo should be marked as an
VT44:10, 18, VT47:17 archaic/poetic word), VT47:33, VT45:16, UT:282,
*MAIDENLY (or *VIRGINAL) *vénëa (only UT:211
attested in elided form vénë') –VT44:10 MANAGE mahta- (deal with, fight, handle,
MAKE #car- (1st pers. aorist carin "I manage, wield, wield a weapon); pa.t. mahtanë
make, build". The same verb is translated "form" is attested. –MAK/MA3/VT39:11, VT47:6, 18, 19,
in WJ:391: i carir quettar, "those who form VT49:10
words". According to Etym the past tense is MANNER lé (method). Note: lé can also
carnë, though FS and SD:246 have cárë. Past be an emphatic pronoun “you”, plural. AFTER
participle #carna *"made" is attested in THE MANNER can be expressed by ve “as, like”
Vincarna *"newly-made" in MR:305; the longer + genitive, as in the phrase ve quenderinwë
participial form carina occurs in VT43:15, read coaron “after the manner of bodies of Elven-
probably *cárina with a long vowel to go with kind” –PE17:74, 174
such late participial forms like rácina "broken"). MANTLE (vb.) fanta- (to cloak, veil) –
MAKING carmë (glossed "art" in UT:396 and is VT43:22
also translated "production", but cf. the

MANY limbë, also prefix lin- (by MATRIMONY vesta –BES

assimilation it becomes lil- before l, as in MATTER (basic matter:) erma; PHYSICAL
lillassëa "having many leaves"; before m, r, s it MATTER orma, hroa (the latter is also used =
would similarly become *lim-, *lir-, *lis-). Instead "body"). THAT MATTER tama; CONSIDERING
of using the early "Qenya" form limbë for A MATTER, see under C. –MR:338, 218, 216,
"many", it may be safer to use the later form VT49:11
rimba, by Tolkien glossed "numerous" (q.v. for MAVWIN Mavoinë –LT2:345
reference). –LT2:342, LI, Plotz letter MAY (noun, the month) Lótessë (In
MAR #hasta- (verb stem isolated from the LT1:252/254, the word for May is Kalainis, but
past participle hastaina, see below); MARRED this is hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later
hastaina (Arda Marred = Arda Hastaina); Quenya.) –LotR:1144
UNMARRED alahasta –MR:255, 254 MAY (verb): The impersonal verb ec- +
MARBLE alas, alast- –QL:30, GL:39 dative can be used to express “may” in the
MARCH Súlimë –LotR:1144/Silm:437 (not sense of “have chance, opportunity or
capitalized in the latter source) permission”: ecë nin carë sa “I can do that”, ecë
MARINER ciryamo, (professional nin? “please, may I?” (VT49:20). MAY as a verb
mariner:) ëarendur, Eärendilyon ("son of “be allowed to” can be rendered by lerta-, to be
Eärendil [used of any mariner]", prob. able in the sense of being allowed (see BE
*Eärendilyond-) –UT:8, Letters:386, LT1:250 ABLE): *Lertal carë ta, “you may (you are
MARK (in writing) tehta (sign, diacritic) (In allowed) to do that”. MAY expressing uncertainty
LotR:1155, this word is applied to the supralinear can be expressed by slipping in the particle cé:
vowel-signs of Fëanorian writing, and pl tehtar is “He may have done that” = *cé acáries ta
attested.) sarat (pl. sarati is attested), originally (maybe he has done that); see MAY BE. For
[MET] a word used of "a 'letter' or any individual MAY in wishes (may it happen, may it be), the
significant mark", but after the invention of the word nai is used. It can directly precede an
Tengwar primarily used of the Rúmilian letters. adjective (nai amanya onnalya “may your child
TINY MARK tixë (dot, point) –TEK/VT39:17, TIK, [be] blessed”, VT49:41) or be constructed with a
WJ:396 verb in the future tense (nai hiruvalyë Valimar
MARRY verya- (intransitive, with the *”may you find Valimar”, Nam) or the present
person one marries in the allative case: tense (nai Eru lye mánata *“may God be
veryanen senna *“I married him/her”, compare blessing you”, VT49:41).
English “I got married to him/her”, though the MAY BE (maybe) cé, ce (participle
Quenya phrase is also suggested to mean “I was indicating uncertainty, like *“maybe, perhaps”),
joined to him/her”). The word verya- also means cenasit, cenasta –VT49:19, 27
“dare”, but since this is transitive and would MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN
always be followed by a direct object, the two ME: Certain Tolkien manuscripts
verbs can be distinguished. –VT49:45, 46 supposedly provide nye as one word for “me”
MARS Carnil –Basic Quenya:24, cf. (compare tye “thee”). It may be, however, that in
Silm:55 Tolkien’s later conception ni, ní “I” can also be
MARY (Mother of Jesus) María –VT43:28, used as object “me” (in late material it listed
VT44:18 ("Maria" in VT44:12 lacks the accent, together with other pronouns that are attested
but this is probably a mere slip) both as subject and object, such as lye, sé and
MAST 1) (on ship) tyulma, 2) (fruit of me, VT49:51). The ending -n, attested only as
beech) ferna (beechnuts) –TYUL/SD:419, PHER subject, may perhaps be employed following
MASTER (noun) heru (pl. #heruvi, gen.pl. another pronominal ending: *Utúvielyen, "thou (-
#heruion) (lord), #tur (cf. Fëanturi "Masters of lye-) hast found me (-n)”. Case endings may be
Spirits", a name of the Valar Mandos and Irmo). added to ni, e.g. dative nin "for me" (Nam). See
MASTER OF DOOM Turambar, MASTER OF I.
DESIRE Irmo (lit. "Desirer", the name of a Vala); MEAD míruvórë (nectar, drink of the
MASTERY túrë (victory, strength, might); Valar) –NAM, RGEO:66, 69, LT1:261
MASTERED #turúna (only the form turún`, with MEADOW – LT1:267 (GL:39) gives lairë,
the final *-a elided, is attested. Silm:269 has but this word already has two different meanings
turun instead of turún` – the accent and he in Tolkien's later Quenya ("summer" and
elision mark seem to have been omitted.) – "poem"), so it is somewhat doubtful whether this
KHER, TUR/UT:438, Silm:261/269/423, 405, word from Tolkien's earliest linguistic
UT:138

constructions remained conceptually valid at Calendar of Imladris.) MIDDLE FINGER

later stages. lependë, lepenel, in children's play also called
MEAL 1) (session of eating) mat (stem tolyo or tollo ("sticker-up", also used of middle
matt-). Also used = meal time. 2) (flour) porë toe), yonyo ("son, big boy", again used of middle
(stem pori-) –QL:59, POR toe as well) or hanno ("brother"). –ÉNED, cf.
MEAN faica (contemptible) –SPAY WJ:361, LotR:1142, VT47:10, VT47:12, 14,
MEANS – BY THIS MEANS, see SO VT48:6
MEASURE #lesta (only attested in MIDDLE-EARTH Endórë, Endor (defined
instrumental form lestanen "in measure". Note: as "centre of the world" under ÉNED; allative
#lesta also means "girdle".) –FS form Endorenna is attested in LotR. Other
MEAT apsa (cooked food) –AP names are also glossed "Middle-earth":
MEETING (junction of the direction of two Ambarenya, Endamar; see also EAST) –
persons or groups:) omentië, (of three or more LotR:1003, ÉNED, MBAR
coming from different directions:) yomenië – MIGHT túrë (strength, victory, mastery) –
WJ:367, 407, LotR:94 QL:95
MELIAN Melyanna (dear gift) –Silm:434 MIGHTY taura, poldórëa (a title of
MELODY lin (lind-) (musical sound), Tulkas); MIGHTY-RISING Melkórë (> Melkor)
MELODIOUS lindelëa –LT1:258, cf. LotR:488 (uprising of Power), THE MIGHTY Melko (an
and Letters:308 alternative form of Melkor, derived from an
MEN see MAN or MORTALS, unattested adjective *melka, *melca "mighty",
FOLLOWERS with connotations of violence.) –TUR,
MENTAL MESSAGE sanwë-menta LT1:264/GL:64, MR:350
(thought-sending) –VT41:5 MILCH COW yaxë. (An alternative form
MERCURY (the planet, not the metal) yaxi, glossed "cow", looks like a plural in LotR-
Elemmírë –Basic Quenya:24 style Quenya, unless it connects with the few
MERCHILD oar (child of the sea), other feminine forms in –i, like tári "queen".) –
MERMAID oaris (oarits-), oarwen (prob. GL:36
*oarwend-) (so in LT1:263 – read ëaris, ëarwen MIND sáma (pl. sámar is given), sanar
in Tolkien's later Quenya, since the word for (“thinker, reflector”), indo (heart, mood), (inner
"sea" was altered to ëar?) mind:) órë (heart) (Note: a homophone means
MERCY – HAVE MERCY órava- (+ "rising"), síma (imagination), also (?) isima.
locative to denote the object of the mercy; MIND-MOOD inwisti –VT39:23, VT41:13,
compare English "have mercy on [someone]; MR:216, LotR:1157, VT49:16, MR:229
Tolkien expressed "have mercy on us" as órava MINISTER arandur (king's servant,
messë) Another form, ócama or ocama, was steward) –Letters:386, UT:313
possibly abandoned by Tolkien. –VT44:12-14 MISERABLE angayanda, MISERY
MERRIMENT alassë (joy) –GALÁS angayassë –QL:34, LT1:249
MESSAGE menta (sending) –VT41:5 MIST hísië (Þ), hísë (Þ) (stem hísi-) (fog.
MESH rembë –LotR:1149 Note: a homophone means "dusk". For "mist"
METAL tinco, rauta –TINKŌ/LotR:1157, writers may prefer hísië, the form occurring in
RAUTĀ LotR.) –Nam/RGEO:67, KHIS
METHOD lé (manner). Note: lé can also MOAT see WALL AND MOAT
be an emphatic pronoun “you”, plural. –PE17:74 MOCKING yaiwë (scorn) –YAY
MEWING miulë (whining) MOIST nítë (stem *níti-) (dewy) –NEI
MICKLEBURG Túrosto (Belegost) – MOLE noldarë, nolpa –GL:30
WJ:389 MOMENT, see OCCASION. Adj. OF
MIDDLE (noun) endë (core, centre); MOMENT valdëa (important) –QL:102
MIDDLE (prob. adj) enya, endya (In Noldorin MONEY: The word telpë “silver” is used
Quenya, enya would be the natural form – for “money” in one example. –PE14:54
endya looks like Vanyarin Quenya. Cf. the name MONSTER ulundo, úvanimo (creature of
of the language itself in the two dialects, Quenya Melkor). In LT1:236, Úvanimor are said to be
vs. Quendya.) MIDDLE-DAY #enderë (only pl "monsters, giants, and ogres". See also ORC. –
enderi is attested; for sg #enderë cf. yestarë, ÚLUG, BAN/LT1:272/VT45:7
mettarë, the first and the last day of the year. MONTH asta (pl astar is attested); this
The "middle-days" were three days inserted basically means "division, a part" (esp. one of
between the months of yávië and quellë in the other equal parts), here used of a division of the

year. LUNAR MONTH ránasta –LotR:1142, MOUNTAIN oron (#oront-, as in the pl.
VT48:11 oronti) (oron also used = "mount", e.g. Oron
MOOD indo (heart, mind) –ID Oiolossë "Mount Everwhite"), MOUNTAIN-
MOON Isil (-th-), Rána (so in Silm, PEAK aicassë; MOUNTAIN-TOP orotinga,
VT47:11 and UT; Etym has Rana with a short a), orto; MOUNTAIN PASS falqua (cleft, ravine),
CRESCENT MOON cú (bow), NEW MOON MOUNTAIN-DWELLING (adj) orofarnë (pl? Sg
ceuran-, MOONLIGHT isilmë – *orofarna?) –ÓROT/WJ:403, AYAK, VT47:28,
I/THIL/LotR:1148, Silm:436/UT:242, RAN, LT2:341, LotR:505 cf. Letters:224
LT1:271, VT48:7, MC:222, 223 MOUTH anto, pé (but pé is glossed "lip" in
MORE ambë (adverb), amba a late source, see VT39:9), assa (hole, opening,
(adjective/noun), “used of any kind of perforation), náva ("ñ") (not only the lips but also
measurement spatial, temporal, or quantitative” the inside of the mouth – this word was
(note that amba is also the adverb “up”). Early apparently changed by Tolkien from páva),
material lists lil as a term for “more”. ONE MOUTH OF RIVER etsir, WITH MOUTH FULL
MORE enta (another). (Note: a homophone (= full to the brim) penquanta –LotR:1157, PEG,
means "that yonder"). MOREOVER, GAS, VT39:13 cf. 8, 19, ET, VT39:11
FURTHERMORE, WHAT IS MORE entë, yëa, MOVE (intransitive verb) lev-; also (of
yé (Note: yé is also an interjection "lo! now large and heavy things moving) rúma- (part.
see!") See FURTHERMORE. –PE17:91, rúmala is attested) (shift, heave). SUDDEN
PE14:80, VT47:15, 31 MOVE (noun) rinca (twitch, jerk, trick) –
MORGOTH Moringotto (the oldest [MET] PE16:132, MC:223, 222, VT46:11 cf. RIK(H)
form was Moriñgotho) (Black Foe) –MR:194 MUCH olya (adj.), olë (adv.) –PE14:80
MORN (early) artuilë, tuilë (the latter is MUD luxo (luxu-) –QL:56
also used in the sense "springtime") –TUY MUMMY (affectionate form of "mother")
MORNING (noun) arin (LT1:254 gives emmë, emya (for emenya *"my mother"), also
cálë, but this word means "light" in later emil(inya) "(my) mother", said to be the terms a
writings), MORNING (used as adj?) arinya child would use to address his or her mother. (In
1
(early) –AR UT:191 the form mamil occurs, used by a child
MORTAL fírima (pl. Fírimar is attested, lit. but not in address.) The words emmë, emya
"those apt to die", WJ:387), also in the personal were also used in children's play for "index
(masculine) form #fírimo (pl. fírimor, VT49:10, finger" and "index toe" –VT47:10, 26, VT48:4
pl. allative fírimonnar "to mortals", VT44:35). MURK hui (fog, dark, night), MURKY
The form firima with a short i occurs in VT46:4. huiva –LT1:253
Firya (pl. Firyar is attested); MORTAL MAN firë MURMUR nurru- (grumble) –MC:223
(pl firi is given but seems perfectly regular) – MUSCLE tuo (sinew, strength) –TUG
PHIR, WJ:387 MUSIC lindalë (as in Ainulindalë "The
MOTHER amillë, also short amil Music of the Ainur"; LT1:258 has lindelë; the
(probably with stem amill-), ammë (see also latter is also glossed "song". The form lindelë
MUMMY). The form ontaril in VT43:32 and the "music" also turns up in the printed Etymologies,
2
variants #ontari, #ontarië in VT44:7, 18 seem to entry LIN , but according to VT45:27, this is a
be more technical terms, etymologically *"female misreading for lindalë in Tolkien's manuscript.) –
2
begetter". MY MOTHER emya (for em-nya, Silm:378, LIN /VT45:27
VT48:19). MOTHER-NAME (OF INSIGHT) MY-nya (possessive suffix), e.g.
#amilessë (tercenya) (i.e., names given by meldonya "my friend" (VT49:40, 48), tyenya
Elvish mothers to their children, indicating some “my tye” (VT49:51, this is a term of address used
dominant feature of the nature of the child as to a dear kins(wo)man, literally “my thou”, with
perceived by its mother. Only pl amilessi tye as an intimate 2nd person pronoun). An i
tercenyë is attested.) MOTHER OF GOD (Mary, seems to be inserted between the ending and
in Tolkien's Quenya renderings of Catholic the noun when the latter ends in a consonant:
prayers) Eruamillë, Eruontari, Eruontarië – atarinya "my father" (LR:61). If the last
1
VT43:32, VT44:18-19, AM , VT43:32, MR:217, consonant(s) of the noun is n or the cluster nd, a
VT43:32, VT44:7, 18 contracted form may be used in vocatives: hinya
MOUND coron, hahta (pile; the Sindarin "my child" (for hínanya, WJ:403), yonya "my
cognate haudh is explicitly used of grave- son" (for *yondonya, LR:61). – “My” as an
mounds), cumbë (heap), tundo (stem *tundu-) independent word is apparently ninya, (derived
(hill) –Sil:429, KHAG, KUB, TUN from the dative form nin “for me”), though in FS

it is used as a quasi-suffix (indo-ninya “my person reflexive pronoun "myself" is imnë (for
heart”). older imni; it is unclear whether the latter form
MYSELF (reflexive pronoun) immo (a was in use in later Quenya) –VT47:37
general sg. reflexive pronoun, covering English
"myself, him/herself, yourself"). A specific 1st
NAIL (noun) taxë (the kind of nail used to

N NARROW arca, lenwa (long and thin,
fasten something); NAIL (of the finger) nyelet, pl. straight) NARROW NECK yatta (isthmus);
nyelexi –TAK, PE15:75 NARROW PATH axa; NARROW
NAKED helda –SKEL PROMONTORY nehtë (spear-head, gore,
NAME (noun) essë (pl. essi is attested, wedge. Note: a homophone means
but see below concerning #esser as a possible "honeycomb”) –AK, LT2:341, YAK, UT:282
alternative pl. form. Note: the word essë was NASAL nengwëa –NEÑ-WI
also used in the sense "person as a whole", NASTY úra (evil) (Note: a homophone
body and soul.) AFTER-NAME epessë (i.e., "a means "large") –VT43:24
nickname – mostly given as a title of admiration NATION nórë, –nor (land, country,
or honour"); MOTHER-NAME (OF INSIGHT) dwelling-place, native land, family) –LT1:272
#amilessë (tercenya) (i.e. names given by NATIVE LAND nórë, –nor (land, country,
Elvish mothers to their children, indicating some dwelling-place, nation, family) –LT1:272
dominant feature of the nature of the child as NATURE ëa (universe). This term "was not
perceived by its mother. Only pl amilessi held to include [illegible word: souls?] and spirits"
tercenyë is attested.) NAME OF INSIGHT –VT39:20
#essë tercenya (i.e., the same as "mother- NAUSEA quámë (“q”) (sickness).
name"; only pl essi tercenyë is attested); NAUSEOUS, see SICK. –QL:76 %
GIVEN (OR ADDED) NAME anessë (pl anessi NAZGÛL Úlairi (Ring-wraiths) (pl; sg
is attested. This term includes both "after- #Úlairë?) –Silm:362, 417
names" and "mother-names".) NAME-MAKING NEAR har, harë –LT1:253
Essecarmë (an Eldarin seremony in which the NECESSITY #sangië (isolated from
father of a child announces its name), NAME- sangiessemman "in our necessities") –VT43:21,
CHOOSING Essecilmë (an Eldarin seremony in 44:8
which a person chooses a name according to his NECK yat (yaht-); NARROW NECK yatta
or her personal lámatyávë or sound-taste); (isthmus) –YAK
SELF-NAME #cilmessë (only pl. cilmessi is NECKLACE firinga (carnanet) –LT2:346,
attested, said to mean more literally "names of GL:36
personal choice": #cilmë "choice" + essi NECTAR míruvórë (mead, drink of the
"names". PM:339 explains that "some among the Valar) –Nam, RGEO:66, LT1:260
exiles gave themselves names, as disguises or NEED (noun) maurë –MBAW
in reference to their own deeds and personal NEIGHBOUR armaro, asambar,
history: such names were called kilmessi 'self- asambaro. The dual form attat is translated "2
names'.") PLACE NAME #nómessë (isolated fathers or neighbours" in one text. –VT48:20
from the gen. pl. form nómesseron, "of place- NEPTUNE Nénar (or less probably Luinil;
names", VT42:17. This word suggests that the it is not known for certain which of the two is
plural of essë can be esser as well as essi). – Neptune and which is Uranus) –Basic
ES/LotR:1157/MR:216, UT:266, MR:217, 214, Quenya:24, Silm:55
VT42:17 NET natsë (web) –NAT
NAME (verb) esta- –ES, VT45:12 NEW vinya (cf. Vinyamar "New Dwelling",
NARRATIVE quenta (story, history) – Vinyalondë "New Haven"), sinya, céva (fresh).
KWET/VT39:16 NEW MOON ceuran-, NEW SUN AFTER
NARRATOR quentaro –KWET SOLSTICE ceuranar. Early "Qenya" also has:

NEW LIFE laito, laisi (vigour, youth) –Silm:425, refuse) (1st pers. sg aorist and past váquetin,
UT:471, SIN, VT48:7, LT1:267 váquenten are given), ava- (refuse) (pa.t. avanë
NEXT (adv.) ento –Arct (Note: "next" as is given; this verb was "little used in ordinary
adjective, as in "the next time", can be language". Other forms occur in VT49:13, all
paraphrased as hilyala "following".) with the ending -n “I”: Aorist avan, present ávan
NICKNAME ("mostly given as a title of or ávëan, future avuvan > auvan, past avanen
admiration or honour") epessë (after-name) – or aunen, perfect avávien. In one version, the
UT:266 forms ávëan and avanen are marked as poetic
NIGHT lómë, ("Night, night-time, [shades or archaic.) –LA, WJ:371 cf. 370,
of night]", in LT1:255 glossed "dusk, gloom, GŪ/UGU/VT46:20, WJ:370, KWET
darkness"; according to SD:415, lómë has the NO LONGER TO BE HAD vanwa (gone,
stem-form lómi-), Fui, Hui ("Night" – but in dead, departed, lost, past, vanished) –WJ:366
LT1:253, hui is glossed "fog, dark, murk, night"), NOBLE (a noble:) arquen The element
ló ("night, a night"), mórë (blackness, dark – #arin Arfanyarassë (a name of Taniquetil) is
obsoleting mori in LT1:260). In Valinorean said to mean "high (i.e., noble, revered). Arquen
usage, lómë "has no evil connotations; it is a is simply #ar "noble" + quen "person". NOBLE
word of peace and beauty and has none of the WOMAN (one of Galadriel's names) Artanis. –
associations of fear and groping that, say, 'dark' WJ:372, WJ:416, PM:347
has to us. For the evil sense I [sc. Tolkien's NOGROD Návarot (Hollowbold, Novrod) –
character Lowdham] do not know the [Quenya] WJ:389
word". For "night" in the "evil sense", mórë NOISE hlóna, also short hlón (evidently
seems to be the best candidate. Yet lómë hlon-, given the pl. hloni) (sound). Cf. also
evidently developed darker connotations among Qenya ran (ram-). ROARING NOISE rávë,
the Exiles, for when crying auta i lómë "the night (NOISE OF A) STORM raumo, NOISE OF
is passing" before the Nirnaeth Arnoediad, the LEAVES escë (rustle), SOUND/NOISE OF
Noldor used the word metaphorically to refer to WIND sú –VT48:19, LT1:259/QL:79, MC:223,
the rule of Morgoth. DOOR OF NIGHT, see EZGE, VT47:12
DOOR. –DO3, PHUY, SD:306, Silm:229 NOLDORIN Noldorin (= the language of
NIGHTINGALE lómelindë (pl lómelindi is the Noldor), Noldorinwa (= general adjective) –
attested; Etym also has morilindë), tindómerel WJ:20, LR:201
("daughter of twilight", a kenning of or a poetic NOMAN Úner –UT:211
name for the nightingale; the Sindarin equivalent NOOK winca (corner) (QL:104, there
is tinúviel. Tolkien changed the meaning of the written ‘winka). Read *vinca if this early “Qenya”
final element from "daughter" to "child", see SEL- form is to be adapted to LotR-style Third Age
D-.) –DO3, Silm:64, MOR, TIN/Silm:422, 438 Quenya. %
NINE nertë (Tolkien abandoned the NORMAL sanya (Þ) (regular, law-abiding)
"Qenya" form olma, mentioned in LT1:258). For (variant vorosanya with a prefixed element
the syntax of numerals, see THREE. NINTH meaning "ever"). –STAN, VT46:16
nertëa. For the use of nettë ("sister") to denote NORTH Formen, NORTHWARD
the ninth digit in children's play, see FOURTH formenna; NORTHERN fortë (stem *forti-),
FINGER. Fraction ONE NINTH neresta, nesta, formenya; NORTHLANDS (a region in
nersat –NÉTER, VT48:6, Númenor) Forostar –PHOR, LotR:1157,
VT42:25, VT47:11 VT49:26, UT:165, 439
NINETEEN neterquë. For the syntax of NOSE nengwë (stem *nengwi-), mundo
numerals, see THREE. –VT48:21 (snout, cape), stem *mundu- given the primitive
NO ui, possibly with uito as an emphatic form mbundu. (Note: the latter word also means
variant (VT49:28-29), lá (also meaning "not)". Ui "ox", though in the sense of "ox" it may have a
(uito) and lá are probably used to deny facts, or different origin and stem-form.) –NEÑ-WI, MBUD
what others present as facts. In a context of NOT lá (as for not- as a prefix = un-, see
refusal, the interjection vá is to be preferred. It is below). According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed
derived from a stem that "expressed refusal to form of the negation, whereas la is the
do what others might wish or urge, or prohibition unstressed form (cf. la- as the pretonic prefix
of some action by others”. Cf also lala, lau, *"not-" or *"un-", VT45:25). NO INDEED NOT
laumë "no, no indeed not, on the contrary; also lala; DON'T áva, avá; DON'T DO IT! áva carë!; I
used for asking incredulous questions". Prefixes WILL NOT: vá (exclamation, also = Do not!);
"no-, un-": ú-, il-. SAY NO váquet- (forbid, avan, ván, vanyë "I won't", avammë, vammë

"we won't" (notice that if plural rather than dual, initial vowel; cf. the distribution of "a" and "an" in
Tolkien later revised the ending for “we” from – English. However, sí may also occur before
mmë to –lmë); NOT COUNTING hequa (leaving vowels; the word appears before ar "and" in a
aside, excluding, except), NOT COUNTED text published in VT43:27.) Variant si. NOW
unotë, unotëa (read *únotë, *únotëa?) SEE! (interjection) yé (lo!) Note: a homophone
(uncounted), NOT TO BE SAID, THAT MUST means "what is more". –SI, cf. LR:47, VT43:27,
NOT BE SAID avaquétima, NOT TO BE TOLD VT43:34, VT47:31, VT49:18
OR RELATED avanyárima. There are also NUMBER nótë, LARGE NUMBER hosta,
specific verbs for NOT BE, NOT DO; concerning IN A VERY GREAT NUMBER úvëa;
these, see entry BE. –LA, WJ:371, 364/365, NUMBERLESS únótima (pl. únótimë attested)
VT39:14, WJ:370 (uncountable, countless) –NOT, KHOTH, UB,
NOT- (prefix denying presence or Nam/VT39:14
possession of thing or quality) ú- (in-, un-). – NUMERAL #notessë (attested in pl. form
VT39:14; according to LR:396 s.v. UGU, this notessi). In a Tengwar text, the word appears
prefix usually has a "bad sense", cf. vanimor with a long ó (nótessi, sg. #nótessë). –
"fair folk" vs. úvanimor "monsters" VT47:14, VT48:14
NOTHING munta –PE14:81 NUMEROUS rimba (frequent)
NOTWITHSTANDING, see ALTHOUGH NYMPH wingil, wingild- (pl WIngildi is
NOVEMBER Hísimë (Þ) –LotR:1144 attested); falmar, falmarin (falmarind-) (Writers
NOVROD Návarot (Hollowbold, Nogrod) – should use falmarin rather than falmar, thus
WJ:389 avoiding any possible confusion with falmar
NOW sí, sín/sin (the latter form may "waves".) –WIG/LT1:273, PHAL
evidently be used when the next word has an
O (vocative particle) a, e.g. a Eruion "(o)

O implying motion away from something, but the
Son of God". –VT44:12, 15; LotR:1017 cf. point of view is outside the thing left: cf. hóciri-
Letters:308 "cut off a required portion, so as to have it or use
OAK norno; HAVING MANY OAK-TREES it") –WJ:365, 366, 368
lindornëa –DÓRON, LIN OFFSPRING #indi (isolated from
OATH vérë (bond, troth, compact), vanda Valarindi "offspring of the Valar, their children
(pledge, solemn promise) –WED, UT:317 begotten in Arda"). The Quenya term is plural
OBLIGED nauta (bound) –NUT (sg. *indë). –MR:49
OBSCURE nulla (dark, dusky) OGRE Úvanimo (see MONSTER).
OBSCURITY mordo (shadow, stain, smear, CANNIBAL-OGRES Sarquindi (sg
dimness) –NDUL, MOR/VT45:35 #Sarquindë?) –LT1:236 cf. BAN, LT2:347
OBSERVE – use the word glossed "watch, OIL millo –PE13:139
heed", q.v. Cf. LT1:258. OINTMENT laivë –LIB
OCCASION lú (a time) –LU OLD yára (ancient, belonging to or
OCEAN (see SEA) The Great Ocean descending from former times); intensive
Alatairë (= Sindarin Belegaer); The Outer Ocean #anyára is attested with a dative ending in the
Vai (=Ekkaia?) –AYAR, LT1:271 phrase meldenya anyáran *"for my oldest [or,
OCTOBER Narquelië –LotR:1144/1146 very old] friend" in the Elaine inscription. Other
ODOUR olmë –ÑOL (the Etymologies as words translated "old": enwina, linyenwa
printed in LR gives "holmë", but according to (having many years), (of things:) yerna (worn);
VT46:6, Tolkien later struck out the initial h) OLDEN yárëa, yalúmëa, GET OLD yerya-
OFF au- (verbal prefix implying motion (wear [out]) –MC:222 cf. 215, YEN, GYER
"away from the speaker or the place of his OMINOUS lumna (lying heavy,
thought", as in auciri- "cut off, so that a portion is burdensome, oppressive) Combined with the
lost or no longer available"), hó- (verbal prefix superlative prefix an-, this word should appear

as *andumna because d was the initial sound of land:) latin, latina (free, cleared); OPENING (as
the original root. –DUB abstract) pantië (unfolding, revealing), latya
OMNIFICENT ilucara (VT39:20) (used as an abstract in the source), OPENING
OMNIPOTENT iluvala (VT39:20) (as concrete) assa (hole, performation, mouth).
OMNISCIENT iluisa (VT39:20) OPENNESS látië; OPENMOUTHED fauca
ON or (so in LT1:256, but in LotR-style (thirsty, parched) –PAT, PAL, VT39:23, QL:72,
Quenya or is always translated "over". GAS, LAT, VT39:23/VT41:5, PHAU
Generally, English "on" may be rendered by the OPPRESSIVE lumna (lying heavy,
locative or the allative case, see UPON.) ON burdensome, ominous). Combined with the
BEHALF OF rá, followed by dative, as in the superlative prefix an-, this word should appear
example rá men "on behalf of us, for us". Dative as *andumna because d was the initial sound of
pronouns may be directly suffixed to rá: "for us" the original root. –DUB
or "on behalf of us" is also attested in the one- OR (conjunction) hya (also used as noun
word form rámen. (Note: rá is also a noun “other thing”), hela; early “Qenya” also had var –
"lion".) ON THE CONTRARY úsië –VT43:27, 28, VT49:14, QL:100
33, VT49:8 ORANGE culuina (colour adjective),
ONCE (= at one time in the past) nëa, culuma (fruit) –KUL
néya –VT49:31 ORC (goblin) urco (stem urcu-, pl. urqui)
ONCE UPON A TIME yassë, yalúmessë, or orco (pl. orqui or orcor, in the former case
yáressë (note: the first of these seems to clash probably with stem *orcu- throughout). LT1:264
with *yassë "in/on which". Writers should use has orc, but word-final rc does not occur in
one of the two alternative forms, or the LotR-style Quenya. Here the gloss is "monster,
following:) andanéya, anda né (long ago) –YA, demon". Cf. WJ:390: "In the lore of the Blessed
VT49:31 Realm the Q urko naturally seldom occurs,
ONE minë, min (obsoleting "Qenya" mir except in tales of the ancient days and the
in LT1:260; a short variant min however appears March, and then is vague in meaning, referring
in VT45:34, VT48:6), er (only, one, alone, but, to anything that caused fear to the Elves, any
still). A longer form of er, namely erëa, was dubious shape or shadow, or prowling creature."
possibly abandoned by Tolkien (VT44:17). Min, –ÓROK, LT1:264, WJ:390
minë is "one" as the first of a series, whereas er ORDAINER Námo (Judge – the name of a
is "one" in the context of something that is alone Vala) –Silm:411
(Parma Eldalamberon #14, p. 82). When used in ORDER (noun) 1) (command) canwa
connection with a noun, er precedes it (VT49:45; (announcement); 2) (an “order” of people) heren
according to this souce, er is indeclinable). ONE (Heren Istarion "Order of Wizards"). For
(= a person, someone) quén, quen- as in pl. ORDER as a verb, see COMMAND; there is also
queni (unstressed quen, "as a pronoun or final the verb vala- (used of the Valar only, as in á
element in a compound"), also mo as an vala Manwë "may Manwë order it", Valar
indefinite personal pronoun “one” or “somebody”, valuvar "the will of the Valar will be done", *"the
used in a sentence like “if one speaks evil…” Valar will order [it]". –PM:362, UT:388, WJ:404
(VT49:19, 20). THE ONE Eru (see GOD). For ORIENT ambaron (ambarón-),
fractions ONE THIRD, ONE FOURTH etc., see Ambarónë (a similar but untranslated word,
2
entries for THIRD, FOURTH etc. –MINI, Ambaróna, occurs in LotR) –AM , LotR:490
ERE/VT44:17, VT48:6, WJ:361 cf. 360, Silm:15, ORIGINATE auta- (invent, devise) –
431 GAWA
ONE-HANDED MAN Ercambo –VT47:7 ORION Telumehtar ("warrior of the sky",
ONESELF immo (see HIMSELF). – according to WJ:411 an old name, later [MET]
VT49:21 evidently replaced by:) Menelmacar
ONLY er (but, still). In later sources, er is ("Swordsman of the Sky") –TEL, WJ:411,
rather presented as the numeral “one”. Cf. also LotR:1147 cf. 95
eressë (singly, alone, but in Tolkien’s later OTHER exë (noun, glossed "the other",
Quenya used as noun = solitude) –LT1:269, but the article may only indicate that this is a
ERE noun; likely there could be a distinction between
ONYX nyelecca –PE15:76 exë "[an]other [one]" and *i exë "the other
OPEN (vb) panta- (unfurl, spread out); [one]"), exa (as adj., presumably behaving like
OPEN WIDE palu-, palya- (extend); OPEN (adj) other adjectives, e.g. *exa parma "[an]other
panta, láta ("open, not closed", VT41:5); (of book", *exë parmar "other books") Another

adjective “other” is hyana, related to: OTHER Father” as the first word of Tolkien’s translation
PERSON hye, OTHER THING hya (the latter is of the Lord’s Prayer (VT43:12); this “our” is
also used as a conjunction “or”). –VT47:40, obviously meant to be plural exclusive rather
VT49:14, 15 than dual as it later became (according to
OUR: As described in the entry WE, the Tolkien’s later conventions, “our Father” would
3rd person pl. pronouns distinguish plural forms be *Átarelma when a group of three or more
from dual (depending on whether two or more persons addresses a party not included in “our”,
persons are involved) and exclusive forms from in this case the Father himself).
inclusive (depending on whether the party OURSELVES (reflexive pronoun) immë
addressed is included in “we/our”). Tolkien (apparently exclusive "ourselves"), inwë
revised the relevant endings repeatedly. (apparently inclusive "ourselves") –VT47:37
According to one late resolution described in OUT et- (prefix) (forth), OUT OF et
VT49:16, the endings for exclusive “our” are – (followed by ablative); HE IS OUT arsë –ET,
lma in the plural and –mma as a dual form, LotR:1003/VT45:13/VT47:35, VT49:23
hence *aldalma “our tree” (with an “our” of at OUTCAST hecil (gender-spesific forms
least three persons, not including the party are hecilo m. and hecilë f.) (one lost or forsaken
addressed), but *aldamma “our tree = my and by friends, waif, outlaw) –WJ:365
one other person’s tree”. The corresponding OUTER, OUTERMOST erúmëa –LT1:262
inclusive forms are –lwa (plural) and –ngwa OUTER LANDS Entar, Entarda (Middle-
(dual). Since the subject ending corresponding to earth, East, Thither Lands [as seen from
the former is attested as “-lwe, –lve” (VT49:51), – Valinor]), ettelë (the word is not capitalized and
lwa can surely also appear as *-lva, as in seems to be sg) (foreign parts); OUTER OCEAN
*omentielva “our meeting” (attested in the Vai (= Ekkaia?) –ET, LT1:271
genitive case: omentielvo “of our meeting”, OUTLAW hecil (gender-spesific forms are
WJ:367). Hence *aldalwa/aldalva “our tree” (an hecilo m. and hecilë f.) (one lost or forsaken by
“our” of at least three persons, including the friends, waif, outcast) –WJ:365
party addressed), dual *aldangwa “our tree = thy OUTSIDE (prepositions:) ara (beside), ava
and my tree”. – An independent word for plural (beyond), (nouns:) ettë, etsë; (prefix:) ar- (e.g.
2
exclusive "our" appears in VT43:19, 35: menya Araman "outside Aman") –AR ; AWA, ET,
(also menyë modifying a plural noun). The Silm:428, VT45:13
corresponding plural inclusive form should OVEN urna –LT1:271
apparently be *venya (pl. *venyë) for archaic OVER or. For "over" in the sense past,
*wenya (pl. wenyai > wenyë). The dual forms see PAST AND OVER. –UT:305
would most likely be *mentya (excl.) and OVERCAST lúrëa (dark) –LT1:259
*ventya (incl.); compare me, we/ve as the OVERSHADOW telta- (canopy, screen) –
independent pronouns for “we” (with dual forms TEL
met, wet/*vet and dative forms *ment, * OW! horro, orro (alas! ugh) ("exclamation
went/vent, from which the independent of horror, pain, disgust") –VT45:17
possessive pronouns are apparently derived by OX mundo (Note: a homophone means
adding the adjectival ending -ya). – Notice that in "snout, nose, cape". It may or may not obsolete
an earlier conceptual phase, the forms in –mm- the form taracu "ox" in LT2.) See also BULL. –
were plural (not as later dual) inclusive, and the Letters:422, LT2:347/GL:69
forms in –lm- were plural inclusive rather than OXFORD – LT2 gives Taruktarna (read
exclusive. This is why the word translated “of our *Taruhtarna in LotR-style Quenya), but the word
meeting” appeared as omentielmo in the first may not be conceptually valid in LotR-style
edition of LotR, but was changed to omentielvo Quenya. See OX above. –LT2:347
in the Second Edition. Cf. also Átaremma “our

PACE ranga (pl rangar is stated to mean

P of the year). FOREIGN PARTS ettelë (outer
"full paces"). The ranga was a Númenórean lands) –PE14:117, ET, VT45:12, VT48:11
linear measure of approximately 38 inches (96.5 PASS (vb.) auta- (leave, go away); pa.t.
cm); see YARD. –UT:285 oantë, oantië (in the physical sense "went away
PAGAN GOD see GOD [to another place]", vánë ("the most frequently
PAIN (vb) nwalya- (torment). (Though used past [tense]" – less "physical" than oantë,
spelt this way also in Etym, nwalya- must be meaning *"disappeared" rather than "passed
from older *ngwalya, for the stem is ÑGWAL. In away"), also anwë (this pa.t. was "only found in
Tengwar spelling, the letter nwalmë (< older archaic language"), perf. avánië (pl. avánier is
ngwalmë) should be used to transcribe the initial attested); perf. vánië with no augment may
nw of nwalya.) PAIN, HURT (vb.) mala-. PAIN occur in verse. –WJ:366; for the gloss "pass" see
(noun) nwalma, naicelë, naicë (= sharp pain); Silm:229
PAINFUL naicelëa –ÑGWAL, VT46:4, QL:63, PASS OVER lahta- (cross, surpass, excel)
NÁYAK –PE17:92
PAIR OF FIVES, see GROUP OF TEN. PASS – mountain pass: falqua (cleft,
MARRIED PAIR, see HUSBAND. ravine); pass between hills: cilya (cleft, gorge)
PALACE túrion (túriond-) –QL:95 (so in Etym, but #cirya in the name Calacirya
PALATAL SERIES tyelpetéma – "Pass of Light" [gen. Calaciryo in Namárië] –
LotR:1154 though this clashes with cirya "ship". An early
PALE marya (fallow, fawn), malwa version of Namárië actually had Calacilyo not
(fallow), isca. PALE BLUE helwa –MAD, SMAL, Calaciryo; see An Introduction to Elvish p. 5) –
LT1:256, 3EL LT2:341, KIL
PALLID ninquë (stem *ninqui-) (chill, PASSAGE tarna (crossing, #ford) –
white) –WJ:417 cf. NIK-W- LT2:347
PALM: The word palta is defined as "the PAST, PAST AND OVER (adj) vanwa
flat of the hand, the hand held upwards or (departed, lost, vanished, dead, no longer to be
forwards, flat and tensed (with fingers and thumb had), PAST (noun = past time) vanwië –WAN,
closed or spread)". The related verb palta- is Nam
explained to mean "pass the sensitive palm over PATH tië (course, line, direction, way,
a surface: feel with the hand, stroke etc." – road); #vanda (isolated from Qualvanda "Road
VT47:8-9 of Death" in LT1:264; cf. vand- "way, path" on
PANSY helin, Helinyetillë ("Eyes of the same page); NARROW PATH axa (ravine);
heartsease") (violet) –LT1:262 -TE3/RGEO:67/UT:22 cf. 51, LT1:264, AK
PAPER hyalin –PE16:133 PATRONAGE #ortírië (attested with
PARCHED fauca (openmouthed, thirsty) – endings: ortírielyanna, "to thy patronage") –
PHAU VT45:7
PARCHMENT – in LT2:346, parma "book" PAUSE lár (also a Númenórean linear
is glossed "parchment", but see BARK. measure, nearly one league – see LEAGUE.) –
PARENT #nostar (only pl nostari is UT:285
attested); also ontar with gender-specific forms PAVED FLOOR paca (court) –TAL, GL:63
ontaro (m), ontarë or ontari (f) (begetter). The PAY, see REPAY
plural form "ontani" in LR:379 is according to PEACE sérë (repose, rest), rainë
VT46:7 a misreading for ontaru, evidently a dual (possibly rather “peace” or harmony as opposed
form denoting a natural pair of parents. – to war), sívë; AT PEACE senda (resting) –SED,
LotR:1017 cf. Letters:308, ONO, VT44:7, VT46:7 VT44:35
PART (noun) #ranta (pl. rantali attested), PEAK aicalë; MOUNTAIN PEAK aicassë,
asta (division, especially one of other equal also #rassë or #ras (isolated from
parts; asta is often used = "month" as a division Arfanyarassë, Arfanyaras "high white-shining
peak"). –AYAK, WJ:416

PEARL marilla –LT1:265 "phonetic signs", changed by Tolkien from

PEBBLE-BANK sarnië (shingle) –UT:463 hlonaiti tengwi) –VT48:29, WJ:395, VT39:4
PEER tihta- (blink) –MC:223 PHONOLOGY – lambelë is said to mean
PEN (writing utensil) tecil –TEK, PM:318, "Language (especially with reference to
VT47:8 phonology)" (VT39:15)
PEN IN – see GO ROUND (under entry for PHYSICAL MATTER orma, hroa (also
GO) regarding the verb pel- used = "body"); PHYSICAL STRENGTH tuo –
PENALTY – exact or inflict penalty, see MR:218, 216, TUG
PUNISH % PICK (UP, OUT) WITH THE FINGERS
PENGOLODH Quendingoldo, lepta- (also "[to] finger, feel with fingertips") –
Quengoldo –PM:401, 404-405, VT48:5 VT44:16, VT47:10, 25
PEOPLE lië, nossë (kin, house). PICTURE emma –PE17:179
Originally nórë meant "people", but in later PIECE mitta (Note: mitta- is also a verb
[MET] Quenya it means primarily "land". SOME "insert"). PIECE OF SHAPED WOOD pano
PEOPLE queni –LI, VT39:6, LT1:250/LT2:338, (Note: a homophone means “plan,
WJ:361 cf. 360 arrangement”), –PE14:81, PAN
PERCEPTION, KEENNESS OF laicë PIERCING maica (sharp), terevë (fine,
(acuteness) The conceptual validity of this word acute), laica (keen, sharp, acute). (The printed
is questionable; see PIERCING. –LAIK Etymologies has a final –e instead of –a, but
PEREDHIL Pereldar (the Half-Elven) – according to VT45:25 this is a misreading. A
Letters:386, cf. LotR:1071 word laike = laicë does appear in the source,
PERFORMATION assa (hole, opening, but this is the noun corresponding to laica:
mouth) –GAS "acuteness, keenness of perception". The
PERHAPS cenasit, cenasta (VT49:19). conceptual validity of both laica and laicë with
See MAYBE. these meanings may however be questioned,
PERIOD (endless period) oio –UT:317 since laica is the adjective "green" in later
PERPETUAL #oien (isolated from sources: laicë would then be expected to mean
oiencarmë "perpetual production" – but it has *"greenness".) FINE PIERCED HOLE terra –
also been suggested that this is oi-en-carmë Silm:434, LT1:255, LT2:337, LAIK, VT46:18
*"ever-re-making", so the word #oien is rather PIG polca; [?PIG-]FAT (the first part of the
doubtful) –MR:329 gloss is not certainly legible) larma (flesh). Note:
PERSON quén (stem quen-, as in pl. #larma is used = “raiment” in a later source. –
queni) (one, somebody), nassë (an individual), QL:75, VT45:26
PERSON AS A WHOLE (body + soul) essë PILE (noun) hahta (mound) –KHAG
(basically meaning "name"), erdë ("singularity". PILLAR tarma, tulwë (standard, pole) –
Note: a homophone means "seed, germ".) – Silm:438, LT1:270
WJ:361 cf. 360, VT49:30, MR:216 PILLOW quesset (probably with stem
PETITION #arcandë (isolated from *quessec- since the "Noldorin"/Sindarin cognate
arcandemmar "our petitions") Another form, is given as pesseg, pointing to older *kwessek-).
#anarcandë, was apparently abandoned by –KWES
Tolkien. –VT44:8 PIN tancil (brooch) –TAK
PETTY #pitya (isolated from Pitya- PINETREE – GL:17 has aicassë, but in
naucor "petty-dwarves", see below). Etym this word is said to mean "mountain-peak".
PETTY-DWARVES Attalyar (lit. "Bipeds"), PINNACLE (topmost) see FINISH.
Picinaucor, Pitya-naucor (lit. *"small dwarves") PIPE simpa, simpina (flute), rotsë.
–WJ:388, 389 PIPER simpetar, PIPING simpisë –LT1:266,
PHANTOM fairë ("phantom, disembodied LT2:347
spirit, when seen as a pale shape" – pl. fairi is PIT latta (hole – Note: a homophone
attested. Note: fairë has other shades of means "strap") –DAT
meaning as well as wholly different meanings – PIVOT peltas (pl peltaxi) –PEL
see SPIRIT, DEATH, RADIANCE, FREEDOM) – PLACE #nómë (isolated from
MC:223, 221 nómesseron, compound "of place-names",
PHARAZÔN Calion (see AR-PHARAZÔN) VT42:17). In Etym the word for "place" is men,
–UT:224, Silm:324 though this word would clash with the dative
PHONETIC hlonitë, also #hlonítë (the pronoun *men "to/for us"; #nómë may be
latter only attested in the pl. in hloníti tengwi preferred not only for clarity but also because it

is apparently present in the LotR itself in the POOL nendë, linya, ailin (lake), ringwë
word sinomë "in this place" (Elendil's Oath); – (cold lake). In the Etymologies as printed in LR,
nomë would be the compound form of nómë. It the last word is cited as "ringe", but according to
also occurs in tanomë “in the place (referred VT46:11, ringwë is the proper reading. DEEP
to)”. STONY PLACE sarnë (gloss misread as POOL lón, lónë (pl. lóni given) (river-[?feeding]
"strong place" in the Etymologies as printed in well), POOL OF LILIES nénuvar –NEN, LIN, AY,
LR, see VT46:12). AT BACK OF PLACE, see RINGI, VT48:28, LT1:248
BEHIND. Verb WISH TO GO TO A PLACE POPLAR-TREE tyulussë; HAVING MANY
mína- (desire to go in some direction, make for POPLARS lintyulussëa –TYUL, LIN
it, have some end in view) –VT42:17, MEN, POPPY fúmella (pl. fumellar [read
LotR:1003, SD:56, VT49:11, SAR, VT39:11 *fúmellar?] is attested), fúmellot (prob.
PLAN pano (arrangement). Note: the word fúmellót-; cf. lótë "flower") –LT1:252
also means “piece of shaped wood”. –QL:72 PORTION, cf. DISTRIBUTE IN EVEN
*PLANT #olva (only pl olvar is attested, PORTIONS
never actually translated "plants" but defined as POSSESS harya-; POSSESSING arwa (+
"growing things with roots in the earth"); LONG genitive) (in control of) (Note: harya- is not used
TRAILING PLANT uilë ("especially sea-weed", of one's offspring. In MR:228, Tolkien notes that
which is explicitly ëaruilë) –Silm:415, UY "no Elf would speak of possessing children; he
PLAY (vb) tyalin ("I play", 1st pers. aorist), would say: 'three children have been added unto
PLAY (noun) tyalië (game, sport) – me', or 'are with me', or 'are in my house'.") –
TYAL/LT1:260 3AR
PLEDGE vanda (oath, solemn promise) – POST (wooden post) samna (Þ) (Distinct
UT:317 from #samna "diphthong" in Tengwar spelling,
PLENITUDE fárë, farmë (all that is as the latter is spelt with initial silmë, not súlë.) –
wanted, sufficiency) –PHAR/VT46:9 STAB
PLIANT maxa (soft) –MASAG POTTER cemnaro, centano –KEM, TAN
PLOUGH hyar; THE PLOUGH POUR ulya- (intransitive pa. t. ullë,
(constellation) see SICKLE OF THE VALAR. – transitive ulyanë; plural subjunctive ullier
LT2:342 "should pour" is attested. These forms may
PLUM pio (also used for "cherry") – obsolete ulu- and ulto- "pour" [transitive and
LT2:347 intransitive] in LT1:270); POURING úlëa
POEM lairë (Note: a homophone means (flooding, flowing) –ULU, SD:310
"summer"), lirit –GLIR, LT1:258 POUT penga- (VT39:11)
POINT (verb): The phrase tentanë POWDER (yellow powder) malo (stem
numenna, translated “pointed westward”, would *malu-) (pollen) –SMAL
indicate that the verb glossed DIRECT TOWARD POWER: For "power" as an abstract, the
(q.v.) can also be translated “point”. Tentanes word túrë "mastery, strength, might" may be
formenna “it pointed northwards” –VT49:23, 26 used. The word Valar is sometimes translated
POINT (noun) mentë (end), tixë (dot, tiny "the Powers" (and the sg. vala is defined as
mark), tildë (horn), variant tillë (tip) (also used of "angelic power" in LotR Appendix E), but this
fingers and toes, VT47:10, 26; see UP-POINT, word obviously has a specialized meaning: the
UNDER-POINT), amatixë (point/dot over the line "gods" of Tolkien's legendarium.
of writing, variant amatexë in VT46:20), unutixë PRAISE (vb) laita- (bless) (Imperative a
(point/dot under the line of writing; the initial laita and fut #laituva are attested, the latter with
element unu- was misread as "nun-" in the pronominal endings: laituvalmet, "we shall
Etymologies as printed in LR, see VT46:19). praise them") PRAISE (noun) #laitalë (isolated
SPEAR-POINT nasta (spear-head, gore, from Erulaitalë "Praise of Eru") –LotR:989 cf
triangle). –MET, TIK/VT46:19, TIL/VT47:10, 26, Letters:308, UT:436
SNAS/VT46:14 PRAY #hyam- (attested in the form
POISON (noun) sangwa –SAG hyamë, evidently incorporating the ending -ë of
POLE tulwë (standard) –LT1:270 the aorist stem), arca- (the latter perhaps
POLISHED COPPER calarus (calarust-) primarily in the sense "to petition", cf. the noun
–VT41:10 arcandë "petition"). –VT43:32, 33 (VT44:8, 18)
POLLEN malo (stem *malu-) (yellow PRAYER #cyermë (isolated from
powder) –SMAL Erucyermë, "prayer to Eru". A verbal stem
#cyer- "pray" can also be isolated, though it may

be better to use attested verbs like #hyam- or "honeycomb".) THE ENDS OF

arca-.) –UT:436 PROMONTORIES, see CAPE (OF LAND). –
PRECIOUS mirwa (valuable); PRECIOUS UT:282
THING mírë (jewel, treasure, shining jewel) – PROP tulco (stem *tulcu-, pl. *tulqui)
PE17:37, MIR (support) –TULUK
PRECIPICE (seaward) ollo (cliff) (The PROPER vanima (fair, beautiful, right) –
alternative form oldó may be archaic Quenya.) – LT1:272
LT1:252 PROSPEROUS alya (rich, abundant,
PREPARE manwa- –QL:59 blessed); PROSPERITY autë (wealth, also adj:
PRESS sanga (crowd, throng) – rich) –GALA, LT2:336
STAG/Silm:438 PROTECT varya-; PROTECTED varna
PRESSURE (to do something against (safe, secure) –BAR
one's will or conscience) sahtië (Þ) (force) – PROTUBERANCE CONTRIVED TO
VT43:22 SERVE A PURPOSE tolma (knob, short
PRETTY netya (dainty). (Note: netya- is rounded handle etc.) –VT47:28
also a verb "trim, adorn".) –VT47:33 PROVERBIAL DICTUM ("a saying, a
PREVENT FROM COMING TO current or proverbial dictum") eques (pl.
COMPLETION nuhta- (stunt, stop short, not equessi) (dictum, quotation, saying) –WJ:392
allow to continue) –WJ:413 PROW OF A SHIP lango (broad sword) –
PRICK erca-, nasta- (sting); PRICKLE, LAG
SPINE erca –ERÉK, NAS P-SERIES parmatéma (labials) –
?PRIMARY (Tolkien's handwriting was LotR:1154
illegible) *yessëa (emended from the actual PUFF hwesta-; PUFF OF AIR hwesta
reading essea – see BEGINNING) –ESE (breath, breeze), PUFF OF BREATH foa
PRINCE †cundu, haryon (heir); (breath) –SWES, VT47:35, 36
PRINCESS aranel –KUNDŪ/VT45:24, 3AR, PULL saca- (Þ) (draw). Since saca- may
UT:434 also mean "look for", for clarity it may be better
PRINCIPAL (prob. adj not noun) héra to use #tuc- "draw", q.v. –VT43:23
(chief) –KHER PUNISH paimeta- (= “exact or inflict a
PRIVACY aquapahtië (literally *"fully- penalty; punish”), pa.t. perhaps *paimetánë;
closedness", used of a mind that closes itself PUNISHMENT paimë –QL:72 %
against telepathic communication) –VT39:23 PURE poica –POY

PROCEED (in any direction) lelya- (pa.t. PURIFICATION sovallë (washing,
lendë) (go, travel). TO PROCEED (conjunction, bathing) –QL:86
= “furthermore”), see FURTHERMORE. – PURSUE roita-, also saca- (search, look
1
WJ:363 for), p.a.t sácë –ROY , QL:81
PRODUCTION carmë (glossed "art" in PUT ASIDE hehta- (pa.t. hehtanë is given
UT:396, but cf. Oiencarmë Eruo "the One's but seems perfectly regular) (leave out, exclude,
perpetual production". Carmë is also translated abandon, forsake); PUT A STOP TO pusta-
"making".) –MR:329 (stop, cease) –WJ:365, PUS
PROFOUND tumna (low-lying, low, deep, PUT FORTH LEAVES OR FLOWERS
dark or hidden) –LT1:271 cf. TUB *lohta- (emended from the actual reading lokta
PROJECTIONS (seaward projections), because Tolkien later decided that kt became ht
see CAPE (OF LAND) in Quenya) (sprout) –LT:258
PROLONG taita- –TAY PUT TO SHAME naitya- (abuse) –QL:65
PROMINENT minda (conspicuous), PUT TO THE TEST tyasta-, pa.t.
minya (eminent; basically ordinal "1st") –MINI, tyasantë –QL:49
VT42:24, 25 PUTRID saura (Þ) (foul, evil-smelling); in
PROMISE (noun) (solemn promise:) compounds #sauri-, see FOUL. –THUS
vanda (oath, pledge) –UT:317
PROMONTORY (narrow) nehtë (gore,
wedge, spear-head. Note: a homophone means

QUANTITY (great) úvë (abundance) –UB

Q QUICK STROKE rincë (stem rinci-)
QUARREL (vb) costa- –KOT (flourish) –RIK
QUEEN tári (gen. tário and dative tárin QUIET (noun) quildë (rest, hush) –GL:23
are also attested, the latter in the Elaine QUIVER vainolë –LT1:271
inscription). Vocative tarinya *"my Queen", QUOTATION eques (pl. equessi) (dictum,
UT:179. LT1:260 gives turinqui "queen", while proverbial dictum, saying) –WJ:392
LT1:273 gives vardi, but these are hardly valid
words in LotR-style Quenya. QUEEN OF STARS
(Varda's title) Elentári (so in LotR and Silm;
Etym has also Tinwetári, Tinwetar,
Tinwerontar); QUEEN OF THE EARTH
Kementári (a title of Yavanna) –
TĀ/LT1:264/Nam/RGEO:67, Silm:55/437/30
R
RACE nórë (land, country, dwelling-place, RAGE aha –LotR:1157
nation, native land, family) –NŌ RAIMENT #larma (attested in pl. form
RADAGAST Aiwendil ("Lover of Birds", larmar). Note: a homophone means “[?pig]-fat”.
his original Valinorean name, not an actual –PE17:175
translation of "Radagast", which is either RAIN mistë (fine rain), rossë (fine rain,
Adûnaic for "Tender of Beasts" or a Mannish dew, spray), ucco; RAINBOW helyanwë (lit.
name of uncertain meaning) –UT:393/417, cf. "sky-bridge"), Ilweran, Ilweranta. (LT2 has
390, 401 iluquinga "sky-bow", but this was obsoleted
RADIANCE alcar, alcarë (brilliance, together with ilu "sky"; see SKY.) –MIZD, ROS
splendour), incalë (compare Ancalë or "Radiant cf. Letters:282, GL:74, 3EL, LT1:256, LT2:348
One" as a name of the Sun, LR:392 s.v. KAL, RAISE orta- (lift up, rise) (pa.t. ortanë is
though it is not clear whether or not Tolkien attested; orta- probably obsoletes orto- in
abandoned this word), fairë (Note: the word LT1:256), in early "Qenya" also amu- –ORO,
fairë has several other meanings – see DEATH, Nam, RGEO:67, LT2:335
FREEDOM, PHANTOM), nalta (glittering RAPE (vb) mapta- (pa.t. mapantë)
reflection [from jewels, glass, polished metals, or (ravish); noun RAPE maptalë (ravishment,
water] – alata in Silm:433 is the Telerin form, seizure). –PE13:163
and alta in VT42:32 would seem to be a variant. RAPID larca, alarca –LAK
In PM:347, nalta is spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng. RAT nyarro ("nyano" in LR:379 must be a
Initial ng had become n in Third Age Quenya, misreading of Tolkien's manuscript; the primitive
and we follow the system of LotR and transcribe form is given as nyadrō, which could not possibly
it accordingly. But if this word is written in become "nyano" in Quenya). –NYAD, VT46:7
Tengwar, the initial n should be transcribed with RAVINE axa (narrow path), yáwë (cleft,
the letter noldo, not númen.) RADIANT gulf/gully), falqua (cleft, mountain pass) –AK,
alcarinqua (glorious) –AKLA-R, VT45:36, YAG/VT46:22, LT2:341
PHAY, PM:347, WJ:369 (where alkar is
translated "splendour")

RAVISH mapta- (pa.t. mapantë) (rape); RED carnë (stem carni-), aira ("ruddy,
noun RAVISHMENT maptalë (rape, seizure). – copper-coloured"), *narwa ("fiery red", cited in
PE13:163 the archaic form narwā in the source. Cf. nárë
RAY OF LIGHT alca; RAY OF THE SUN "flame"), nasar (adopted from Valarin; used in
firin (the latter may not be a valid word in LotR- Vanyarin Quenya only); RED [HEAT?] (Tolkien's
style Quenya; it would clash with the verb "I handwriting was illegible) yulmë (Note: a
fade" or "I die"). –AKLA-R, LT2:341 homophone means "drinking, carousal".) RED
"RAYMENT, VEILS" fana (pl fanar is FLAME rúnya, WITH ADORNMENT OF RED
attested. This word was used of the visible JEWELS carnimírië (a pl form? Sg
bodies in which the Valar presented themselves *carnimírëa? Letters:224 has carne- instead of
to incarnates.) –RGEO:74 carni-.) –KARÁN/Silm:429, GAY, NAR, WJ:399,
RE- (prefix) en- (as in entulessë "return" YUL, Silm:437, LotR:505 cf. Letters:224
and envinyatar "renewer", q.v. Also used on REDEEMER #runando (isolated from
verbs: #enquat- "refill" [only fut. enquantuva is Mardorunando, "Redeemer of the World") –
attested, see REFILL]. Before the consonants l, VT45:17
m, r, s, the prefix en- would be assimilated to REED liscë (sedge) –LT2:335 (GL:34 also
*el-, *em-, *er-, and *es-, respectively. Very early gives feng-, but some ending would be
[The Lost Tales] "Qenya" has an- instead of en- required). It may be that at some stages of
[see LT1:184].) Tolkien’s conception, the word linquë was
REACH (intr.) *rahta- (strech out) intended to mean *”grass, reed” (but elsewhere
(Emended from the actual reading rakta; Tolkien the same word is used as an adj. “wet” or as a
later decided that kt became ht in Quenya) – noun “hyacinth”).
LT1:335 REEK usquë –USUK
REACT ahtar- or accar- (do back, requite, REFILL #enquat- (only fut. enquantuva is
avenge) –PE17:166 attested, but cf. quat- "fill" in WJ:392). In another
READ tengwa- (verb denominated from source the future tense appears as enquatuva.
tengwa “letter”), conjugated in many forms in –Nam, VT21:6, 10; VT48:11
source: aorist [teng]wa, present [teng]wëa, past REFLECTION (glittering) nalta (radiance –
[teng]wanë, perfect e[teng]wië; READING alata in Silm:433 is the Telerin form. In PM:347,
(verbal noun) tengwië (also attested with nalta is spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng. Initial ng
suffixes: tengwiesto “of your [dual] reading”). – had become n in Third Age Quenya, and I follow
VT49:47-48, 54 the system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly.
READY (adj.) manwa (for "to ready" as a But if this word is written in Tengwar, the initial n
noun, cf. the verb manwa- "to prepare") –QL:59 should be transcribed with the letter noldo, not
2
REAL anwa (actual, true) –ANA númen.) –PM:347
REALM arda (region). This word means REFRESH ceuta- (renew) –VT48:7
"any more or less bounded or defined place, a REFUSE váquet- (forbid, say no) (1st
region" (WJ:402) or "a particular land or region" pers. sg aorist and past váquetin, váquenten
(WJ:413). Arda (with a capital A) was "the name are given) avaquet- (forbid) (pa.t. is no doubt
given to our world or earth...within the immensity *avaquentë; cf. quet- under SAY), ava- (say
of Eä". –3AR, Letters:283 no). (Pa.t. avanë is given; this verb was "little
REAR (noun) tellë, (body-part:) pontë used in ordinary language". Other forms occur in
(ponti-) (back) –TELES, QL:75 VT49:13, all with the ending -n “I”: Aorist avan,
REASON, see CAUSE present ávan or ávëan, future avuvan > auvan,
RECALL (i.e. remember) #enyal- (inf. or past avanen or aunen, perfect avávien. In one
gerund enyalië) –UT:302, 317 version, the forms ávëan and avanen are
RECKON not-; *RECKONING #onótië marked as poetic or archaic.) –WJ:370, KWET,
(isolated from Yénonótië *"reckoning of years"), VT49:13
*RECKONER Onótimo (the untranslated title of REGARDS – see AS REGARDS s
one Quennar, an expert of chronology) –NOT, REGION ména, arda (realm), harda –
MR:48-51 MEN, LotR:1157, VT45:12
RECEIVE #cam- (attested in the past REGULAR sanya (Þ) (law-abiding,
tense #camnë with pronominal endings added: normal) (variant vorosanya with a prefixed
camnelyes "you received it"). Early material also element meaning "ever"). –STAN, VT46:16
has tuvu- (same as in utúvienyes "I have found
it"? See FIND) –VT47:21, GL:71

RECEIVE #cam- (attested in the pa.t. VT46:12, Tolkien also considered erdë as a
#camnë with pronominal affixes: camnelyes, word for "repose", but he marked it with an X,
"you received it") –VT47:21 possibly indicating that he considered
RELATE #nyar- (cited as nyarin, 1st pers. abandoning this word because it clashed with
aorist) (tell); NOT TO BE TOLD OR RELATED erdë "seed, germ". Because of its uncertain
2
avanyárima –NAR , WJ:370 status, writers should probably avoid erdë
RELEASE lerya- (set free, let go), fainu-, "repose". –WJ:403, 404
apsenë- (remit, forgive; see FORGIVE). REQUITE
RELEASED lehta (free); RELEASED ELEMENT REACT ahtar- or accar- (do back, requite,
(a term for "vowel") #lehta tengwë (only pl. avenge), paitya- (repay) –PE17:166, QL:72
lehta tengwi is attested; we would rather expect RESCUE (noun) rehtië (saving); this
*lehtë tengwi). –VT41:5, 6, LT2:250, VT43:18, would seem to be the gerund of a verb *rehta-
20, VT39:17 “rescue, save” (see SAVING for further
REMAIN lemya- (to tarry). Possibly this discussion). –PE17:38
verb should have the past tense *lemnë rather RESONANCE OF THE VOCAL CHORDS
than ?lemyanë, since intransitive verbs in –ya óma (voice) –VT39:16
may seem to surrender this suffix in the past RESONANT (of strings) tunga (taut, tight)
tense. REMAINS erin (evidently a verb; the –TUG
ending -n for 3rd person rather than 1st person RESPONSIBILITY cáma (guilt) –QL:43
would not be valid in later Quenya. A verbal stem REST serin ("I rest", 1st pers. aorist);
#er- "remain" may perhaps be isolated, but the REST (noun) sérë (repose, peace), quildë
source is very early and writers should rather (quiet, hush); Estë (the name of a Valië;
use lemya-.) –VT45:26, LT1:269 because of this name, estë fell out of use as a
REMEMBER, see RECALL general word for "rest") (repose); TAKE A REST
REMIT apsenë- (release, forgive; see hauta-; RESTING senda (at peace) –SED,
FORGIVE). –VT43:18, 20 EZDĒ/WJ:404, GL:23, KHAW
REMOTE haira (far), eccaira, avahaira, RESTRAIN avalerya- (bind, make fast,
vaháya or avaháya –KHAYA, VT45:21 deprive of liberty) –VT41:5, 6
REND narca- (in the Etymologies as RETURN (vb) pel- (revolve, go round),
published in LR, "narka" in Tolkien's manuscript RETURN (noun) entulessë –PEL, UT:171, 434
was misread as "narki"; see VT45:37), REVEAL apanta- (pa.t. apantanë,
RENDING naraca (harsh, violent) (possibly "of apantë) (display); REVEALING (noun) pantië
sounds", but Tolkien's extra comment is partially (opening, unfolding) –QL:34, 72
illegible) –NÁRAK, VT45:37 REVERED: The element #arin
RENEW ceuta- (refresh), #envinyata- Arfanyarassë (a name of Taniquetil) is said to
(heal) (isolated from Envinyatar, see below. mean "high (i.e., noble, revered)" –WJ:416
Past participle Envinyanta is attested, though it REVERSED nuquerna (literally *”under-
is translated "healed" rather than *"renewed".) turned”) –LotR:1157
RENEWED ceura (so in VT48:8; the form ceurë REVOLVE pel- (return, go round) –PEL
on the previous page looks dubious, except as RICH alya (prosperous, abundant,
the plural form of this adj.). *RENEWAL ceulë blessed), lárëa (also = fat, and probably the best
(the likeliest meaning of this unglossed form), word for "rich" in the strictly material sense),
RENEWER Envinyatar –MR:405, VT48:7, 8, autë (also as noun: prosperity, wealth), herenya
LotR:897 (wealthy, fortunate, blessed). RICHES lar (fat) –
REPAY paitya- (requite) –QL:72 GALA/VT42:32, VT45:26, LT2:335, KHER,
REPEAT tatya- (double); REPEATED VT45:26
vórima (changed by Tolkien from vorima) RIDER roquen (horseman, knight) –
(continual), vórëa (enduring, continuous) – WJ:372, UT:282
TATA, BOR, VT45:7 RIGHT téra (straight), vanima (fair,
REPETITION – continuous repetition: proper, beautiful). RIGHT (direction) forya
vorongandelë ("vorogandele" in the published (dexter), fortë (stem *forti-) (Note: the latter
Etymologies is a misreading; see VT45:7) word also means "northern"); RIGHTHANDED
1
(harping on one tune) –LIN formaitë (stem *formaiti-) (dexterous), RIGHT
REPOSE Estë (the name of a Valië; HAND forma –TE3, LT1:272, PHOR/VT46:10,
because of this name, estë fell out of use as a VT47:6
general word for "repose"). According to RIME ringwë (frost) –LT1:255

RING #corma (isolated from Death" in LT1:264; cf. vand- "way, path" on the
cormacolindor "Ring-bearers"). The title "Lord same page) –TEÑ, LOD/VT45:28,
of the Rings" Tolkien translated as Heru i TE3/RGEO:67, LT1:264
Million, with #milli as the word for "rings" ROARING (adj.) rávëa; ROARING NOISE
(singular *millë or less likely *mil with stem rávë –MC:223 cf. 215
*mill-). The word *risil (quoted in archaic form ROBBER pilu (thief) –QL:73
rithil) appears in Rithil-Anamo or "Ring of ROBBERY pilwë (theft) –QL:73 %
Doom", the place where judgement was passed ROBE vaima (wrap) –LT1:271
in Valinor; this would therefore be a "ring" on the ROCKHEWN HALL hróta (dwelling
ground. RING-DAY Cormarë (Yavannië 30th, a underground, artificial cave) –PM:365
festival in honour of Frodo Baggins; this was his ROLL UP tolu- –QL.94
birthday). RING-WRAITHS Úlairi (Nazgûl) (pl; sg ROOF (vb) tópa-; ROOF (noun) tópa;
#Úlairë? Note that Úlairi is not a literal HAVING A ROOF telda; "DOWN-ROOF" (cover)
translation of "ring-wraiths"; the prefix ú- may untúpa- –TOP, LT2:348, RGEO:67/Nam
mean "un-" with evil connotation; the rest of the ROOM sambë (Þ) (chamber) –STAB
word is obscure. Lairë "summer" or "poem" can ROOT, ROOTWORD sundo (Þ) (pl
hardly have anything to do with #lairi. The #sundar in Tarmasundar "Roots of the Pillar" in
syllable úl- may also have something to do with UT:166, but this may be a different word) (base),
the Black Speech word gûl, wraith, or else the talma (foundation), sulca (esp. edible root) –
meaning may be "unliving (= undead) ones", with SUD (but VT46:16 indicates that Tolkien
the root LAY that is normally associated with changed the root to STUD, also implying that
greenness but also with life: *ú-lai-ri "un-live-ly sundo was originally Þundo), TAL, SÚLUK
ones") –LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, LotR.1146, ROUND corna (globed), corima;
WJ:401, Silm:362, 417 ISOLATED ROUND HILL tolmen (boss of
RINGING SOUND láma (echo – so in shield), GO ROUND pel- (return, revolve)
Etym, but see SOUND) –LAM ROUNDED HANDLE, see HANDLE. –KOR,
RISE orta- (pa.t. ortanë is attested; orta- LT1:257, 269, PEL
obsoletes oro- in LT1:256) (lift up, raise); ROW téma (series, line) (pl témar is
RISING (noun) órë (Note: a homophone means attested) –TEÑ, LotR:1153
"heart, inner mind"; but cf. MIGHTY-RISING); ROYAL #arna (isolated from Arnanor,
SUNRISE anarórë (LT1:264 has orontë, Arnanórë, "royal land", Arnor); ROYALIST
oronto, but these words may not be valid in arandil (king's friend) –Letters:428, 386
LotR-style Quenya). –ORO, LT1:256, RUDDY aira (red, copper-coloured), roina
Nam/RGEO:67 –GAY, ROY
RIVER sírë (stream), also #sirya (attested RUINOUS atalantëa (pl. atalantië is
in dual form siryat). (LT1:248/262 also gives attested) –MC:222, 223
nen, while LT1:260 gives celusindi; LT1:265 RULE (vb) heru- (Note: In Tolkien’s later
gives sindi; these may not be valid words in Quenya, heru is primarily the noun "lord", so the
LotR-style Quenya.) The word hlóna (marked by later verb tur- “govern” may be preferred to this
a query by Tolkien) was to designate "a river, early “Qenya” verb.). LT1:273 has vard- "rule,
especially given to those at all seasons full of govern", but this is hardly a valid word in LotR-
water from mountains". Regarding the style Quenya. RULE (noun, “a rule”) sanyë (Þ)
conceptual validity of the word nuinë, –duinë (law), axan (commandment, law, as proceeding
(cognate of Sindarin duin as in Anduin), see primarily from Eru; pl. axani is attested.) –
nuinë in the Quenya-English wordlist. RIVER- LT1:272, STAN, WJ:399/VT39:30
[?FEEDING] WELL (Tolkien's gloss is not RULER cáno, cánu (see COMMANDER)
certainly legible) lón, lónë (pl. lóni given) (deep (governor, chieftain, commander), #tur (as in
pool). RIVULET siril; MOUTH OF RIVER etsir – Minyatur, "first Ruler") (lord) –UT:400, 466
SIR, VT47:11, VT48:27, 28, 30-31, ET RUN yur- (quoted in form yurin, translated
ROAD tëa (straight line) (note: not to be "runs", but within Tolkien's later framework it
confused with the verb tëa- "indicate"), ROAD IN looks like a 1st person aorist "I run"), RUN ON,
SEA londë (entrance to harbour, translated RUN SMOOTHLY nornoro-; adj.
"haven" in Alqualondë Haven of the Swans, STRONG/SWIFT AT RUNNING nórima –
UT:417; the additional gloss "fairway" turned up QL:106 (cf. entry YUR in Etym), LT1:263,
in VT45:28), tië (path, course, direction, way), VT49:29
#vanda (isolated form Qualvanda "Road of

RUNE certa (pl certar is attested. This RUSHING (adjectival) rimpa (flying),
word only occurred in Exilic Quenya, adopted arauca (swift); RUSHING (noun) ormë (wrath,
and adapted from Sindarin certh. Tolkien notes violence, haste) –KHOR, LT2:347, GOR
that if inherited, the form would have had the RUSTLE escë (noise of leaves) –EZGE
form *cirtë.) –WJ:396, LotR:1151
SAFE varna (protected, secure). (GL:58

S senses say / says or said. A quotation then
has moina "safe, secure", but in Tolkien's later follows, either direct, or less usually indirect after
Quenya moina means "dear, familiar", and the a 'that'-construction (...) Affixes appear in equen
former moina now appears as muina "hidden, 'said I', eques 'said he / she' ." (WJ:392, 415)
secret".) SAFE KEEPING mando (custody) – Attested forms include the aorist quetë and its
BAR, MR:350 pl. form quetir (VT41:11, 49:11). Cf. also SAY
2
SAGA nyárë, nyarna (tale, history) –NAR NO váquet- (forbid, refuse) (1st pers. sg aorist
SAGACIOUS finwa –LT1:253 and past váquetin, váquenten are given), ava-
SAIL #cir- (only attested as a continuative (refuse) (pa.t. avanë is given; this verb was "little
stem: círa). LT1:273 has wili- "sail, float, fly", but used in ordinary language". Other forms occur in
see FLY. –MC:221 VT49:13, all with the ending -n “I”: Aorist avan,
SAILOR ciryaquen (shipman) –WJ:372 present ávan or ávëan, future avuvan > auvan,
SAKALTHÔR Falassion –UT:223 past avanen or aunen, perfect avávien. In one
SALT (noun:) singë, (adj., "salty"): singwa version, the forms ávëan and avanen are
–QL:83 marked as poetic or archaic.) NOT TO BE SAID,
2
SALVE lipsa –LIB THAT MUST NOT BE SAID avaquétima.
SAME imya (same, identical, selfsame); SAYING eques (pl. equessi) (dictum, proverbial
SAME THING imma (this is also the reflexive dictum, quotation) –Silm:436, WJ:370, LT2:348,
pronoun "itself") SAME ONE, SELF immo (a WJ:392
general sg. reflexive pronoun, covering English SCARLET: the word culda “flame-
"myself, him/herself, yourself", but not "itself" coloured, golden-red” is the cognate of
which is imma) –VT47:37 “Noldorin”/Sindarin coll , which form was glossed
SANCTUARY yána (holy place) –YAN “scarlet”, though this was deleted (KUL,
SAND litsë –LIT VT45:24)
SARUMAN Curumo (= Sindarin Curunír) – SCHOLAR istyar (learned man) –IS
UT:393, 401, 427 SCOOP OUT calpa- (draw out, bale out) –
SATURN Lumbar –WJ:xi/Basic KALPA
Quenya:24, cf. Silm:55 SCORN yaiwë (mocking) –YAY
SAURON (The Abhorred) Sauron (Þ), SCREEN (vb) telta- (canopy,
other names Súro, Sauro (all Þ) –THUS overshadow), SCREEN FROM LIGHT halya-
SAVE: the apparent gerund rehtië, (veil, conceal) –SKAL, TEL
“saving” or “rescue”, seems to imply a verb SEA ëar, airë (in Etym said to apply to
*rehta- “save, rescue” (see SAVING). Also see "inner seas of Middle-earth", but Tolkien later
DELIVER. –PE17:38 used these words of the ocean). LT2:347 also
SAVING (noun) rehtië (rescue); this is gives Rása "the Sea". SEA-DWELLING Eämbar
seemingly the gerund of a verb *rehta- “rescue, (name of a ship), SEA-SPIRIT falmar/falmarin
save”; the underlying root REK is defined as (pl. falmarindi) (nymph), SEA-ELF Teler
“recover, get out/away, save from ruin/peril/loss”) (Telellië, Telelli "Teler-folk", adj Telerin
–PE17:38 "Telerian"), SEAWEED ëaruilë (also simply uilë,
SAY quet- (pa.t. quentë) (speak, talk), see PLANT), CHILD OF THE SEA oar
equë (the latter word "has no tense forms...being (merchild), SEAWARD PRECIPICE ollo (cliff).
mostly used only before either a proper (The alternative form oldó may be archaic
name...or a full independent pronoun, in the

Quenya.) –AYAR/Letters:386/RGEO:73, UT:430, SEMI-VOWEL – the term #mussë tengwë

LT2:347, TELES, LT1:263, LT1:252 "soft element" (only attested in the pl.: mussë
SEARCH saca (pa.t. sácë) (pursue, look tengwi) covers vowels, semi-vowels (y, w) and
for) –QL:81 continuants (l, r, m, n). –VT39:17
SECOND (2nd) attëa, in older (MET) SEND menta- (cause to go [in a desired
Quenya tatya (cf. Tatyar, "the Second Ones", direction]), also #lelta- (attested in the pa.t. with
the Second Clan of the Elves), neuna; THE pronominal endings: leltanelyes, "you sent
SECOND Atani (sg Atan – an Elvish name of him"); SENDING (noun) menta (message);
Men, later only used of Men of the Three Houses THOUGHT-SENDING sanwe-menta (mental
of the Edain.) –WJ:420, VT42:25, NDEW, message) –VT41:5, VT47:21
WJ:403 SEND FLYING horta- (speed, urge) –
SECRET (adj) muina (hidden), nulla, KHOR
nulda, lomba; SECRET (noun) fólë (secrecy); SEND FOR tulta- (fetch, summon) –TUL
SECRECY muilë, fólë (secret), SECRETIVE SENTENCE quentelë –LT2:348
fólima –MUY, DUL, LT1:255, LT2:340 SEPTEMBER Yavannië –
SECURE varna (protected, safe), LotR:1144/1146/Silm:439
SECURITY varnassë. (GL:58 gives moina SERIES téma (pl. témar is attested) (row,
"safe, secure", but in Tolkien's later Quenya line) –TEÑ, LotR:1153
moina means "dear, familiar", and the former SERPENT lócë (snake, dragon; "so do the
moina seems to have been altered to muina Eldar name the worms of Melko[r]", LT2:85). The
"hidden, secret".) –BAR word foalócë is said to be a "name of a serpent
SEDGE liscë (reed) –LT2:335 that guarded a treasure". The word is not
SEE cen- (behold) (future tense cenuva capitalized, so this "name" must be a common
and imperative cena are attested), véla- (the noun and not a proper name. –LOK, LT2:340
latter maybe primarily "see" = "meet"). Also see SERVANT núro (in the Etymologies as
LOOK AT. Interjections: SEE! ela (lo! look!) published in LR, the gloss is misread as
(directing sight to an actually visible object) NOW "sunset"; see VT45:38), also –(n)dur (final
SEE! yé (lo!) Note: a homophone means "what element in compounds, e.g. arandur "king's
is more". –MC:222, VT47:31, Arct, WJ:362 cf. servant, minister, steward". When the first part of
360, VT47:31 the compound ends in l, n, or r, the n of –ndur is
SEEMING – nácë is glossed “it is may be left out). –NDŪ, Letters:386
seeming” (sic). –VT49:28 SET panya- (fix), SET (of Sun or Moon)
SEED erdë (germ. Note: a homophone núta- (sink, stoop), SET FREE lerya- (release,
means "person".) –ERÉD let go), SET UP tulca- (fix, establish. Note: there
SEIZE mapa- (grasp) This word was is a homophone meaning "firm, steadfast,
struck out in one of Tolkien's earlier word-lists, strong, immoveable".) SET ASIDE #sat-
but in Etym it was restored. In early material we (appropriate to a special purpose or owner). The
have map- "seize, take" with pa.t. nampë. – verb #sat- is cited in the form "sati-", evidently
MAP, LT2:339, QL:59 including the connecting vowel of the aorist, as in
SEIZURE maptalë (rape, ravishment). – *satin "I set aside". SET VIGOROUSLY OUT TO
PE13:163 DO horya- (be compelled to do, have an
SELF immo (a general sg. reflexive impulse) –PAN, NDŪ, VT41:5, 6; LT1:270 cf.
pronoun, covering English "myself, him/herself, TULUK, VT42:20, VT45:22
yourself", but not "itself" which is imma) – SETTLED – be settled: mar- (abide, be
VT47:37 fixed) SETTLED CHARACTER indómë ("also
SELF-NAME #cilmessë (only pl. cilmessi used of the 'will' of Eru [God]"). –UT:317,
is attested, said to mean more literally "names of VT43:16
personal choice": #cilmë "choice" + essi SEVEN otso (for the syntax of numerals,
"names". PM:339 explains that "some among the see THREE). SEVENTH otsëa. Fraction ONE
exiles gave themselves names, as disguises or SEVENTH otosta, osta, otsat –OT, VT42:25,
in reference to their own deeds and personal VT48:6, 11
history: such names were called kilmessi 'self- SEVENTEEN otoquë. For the syntax of
names'.") numerals, see THREE. –VT48:21
SELFSAME imya (same, identical) – SEX, see COITUS
VT47:37 SEXUAL DESIRE is the apparent meaning
of yérë, a word that is not really glossed, but

derived from the root YER "feel sexual desire" questioned because laika, laica is the word for
(VT46:23). The word hroafelmë, "body-impulse" "green" in later sources. –Silm:434, AYAK,
(VT41:19 cf. 13) is also said to cover sexual MR:323, LAIK
desire (but likewise physical fear, hunger, or SHARP-PROWED SHIP cirya (see SHIP)
thirst). –Silm:433 (where the spelling círya occurs, but
SHADE lëo (= shadow cast by an object), all other sources have cirya with a short i, so
laimë, lómin (shadow); SHADES OF NIGHT círya is likely an error by Christopher Tolkien).
lómë (Night, night-time, dusk, gloom, twilight), SHATTERED rúcina (confused,
SHADY halda (veiled, hidden, shadowed), laira disordered) –MC:223
–DAY, LT1:255, DO3 SHE – see HE (the same forms are used
SHADOW lëo ( =shadow cast by an for both genders)
object) (shade), also laimë (shadow "cast by an SHEATH vainë –LT1:271
object or form", VT45:8), lómin (shade), SHEEN, THE Isil (Moon) –THIL
lumbulë (=[heavy] shadow), fuinë, huinë (= SHEEP máma (Unlike English "sheep",
deep shadow) (gloom, darkness – according to this word probably has a distinct plural *mámar.)
VT41:8, fuinë is actually a Telerin form, the SHEEPFOLD moalin (moalind-) –WJ:395,
proper Quenya form being huinë), ungo (=dark QL:60
shadow) (cloud), mordo (obscurity, stain, smear, SHELL hyalma (conch, horn of Ulmo) –
dimness), lumbë (gloom). "The Shadow" SYAL
meaning Sauron should probably be Huinë, as SHEPHERD mavor (GL:58 gives mavar);
this word is associated with his coming to SHEPHERDESS emerwen. The word
Númenor in LR:47 and SD:246/310. mámandil, etymologically "sheep-friend" (máma
SHADOWED halda (veiled, hidden, shady). – "sheep" + –ndil "friend"), may perhaps also be
DAY/VT45:8, LT1:255, Nam/RGEO:67, PHUY, used for "shepherd". –LT1:268, UT:434, UT:209
UÑG, MOR/VT45:35, LUM, SKAL SHIELD turma, umbas (Þ); BOSS OF
SHAGGY aulë (May have been obsoleted SHIELD tolmen (isolated round hill) –TURÚM,
by the later [TLT] word aulë "invention".) – VT45:33, LT1:269
LT1:249 SHIFT (of large and heavy things:) rúma-
SHAKE (vb.) pal-; pa.t. pallë given – (part. rúmala is attested) (heave, move) –
PE16:143 MC:223, 222
SHAKE (noun): In the Etymologies as SHINE cala- (fut. caluva is attested),
printed in LR, rincë was glossed "quick shake", calta-; SHINE WHITE sil- (present tense síla,
but according to VT46:11 the proper reading of aorist sg. silë, aorist pl. silir, freq. sisíla- are
Tolkien's manuscript is "quick stroke". –RIK, attested and dual future siluvat are attested),
VT46:11 ninquita-; SHINING WHITE (adj) silma (silver) –
SHAME (vb, "put to shame") naitya- LT1:254, UT:22 cf. 51, KAL, MC:223, VT49:45,
(abuse). An abstract formation based on this NIK-W, SIL/LotR:94/The Return of the
verb, e.g. *naityalë, could serve as the noun Shadow:324
“shame”. –QL:65
% SHINGLE sarnië (pebble-bank) –UT:463
SHAPE (vb) canta-, venië (gerund? Stem SHIP cirya (defined as "sharp-prowed
#ven-?) (cut); SHAPE (noun) venwë (cut), ship" in Silm:433; dual ciriat [read *ciryat?] is
SHAPED canta (also as quasi-suffix, e.g. attested in Letters:427; all numbers and cases
lassecanta "leaf-shaped"); SHAPED STONE except plural possessive *ciryaiva are attested
ambal (flag), PIECE OF SHAPED WOOD pano. in the Plotz letter. In Silm:433, the spelling círya
Note: a homophone means “plan, arrangement”. occurs, but all other sources have cirya with a
–KAT, LT1:254, MBAL, PAN short i, so círya is likely an error by Christopher
SHARE hyanda (blade) –LT2:342 Tolkien); luntë (boat); SHIPMAN ciryaquen
SHARP maica (piercing), aica (fell, (sailor) –KIR, LT1:249/LUT, WJ:318
terrible, dire; this gloss "sharp" is isolated from SHIRT laupë (tunic) –QL:51
one translation of Aicanáro:) SHARP-FLAME SHOE hyapat –SKYAP (Note: In the
Aicanáro "Fell Fire, Aegnor" (so in Silm:435; Etymologies as printed in LR, the word hyapat is
MR:323 has Aicanár) In the printed glossed "shore", but according to
Etymologies, a word for "keen, sharp, acute" is http://www.elvish.org/errata/VT-Errata.pdf, the
given as "laike" in the entry LAIK, but not only is proper reading of the gloss found in Tolkien's
this a misreading for "laika" (VT45:25): the manuscript is "shoe".)
conceptual validity of this word may be

SHORE falas (falass-), falassë (beach, STRIPPED/DEPRIVED SIGN. –PE17:186.

line of surf, "especially one [i.e. a shore] exposed MR:385, WJ:394, 395, TEK
to great waves and breakers", VT42:15), fára SIGNIFER Tancol ("the significant Star",
(beach). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the probably = Venus).
word hyapat is glossed "shore", but according to SILK samin (samind-); adj. SILKEN
http://www.elvish.org/errata/VT-Errata.pdf, the saminda, saminwa adj. “silken” (QL:81) %
proper reading of the gloss found in Tolkien's SILVER telpë, telep- (tyelpë, tyelep- was
manuscript is "shoe". SHORE-PIPER, the original form of the word in Noldorin Quenya,
SHORELAND PIPER Solosimpë (pl Solosimpi but "the form telpe became usual, through the
is attested) –LT1:253, VT42:15, Silm:431, influence of Telerin; for the Teleri prized silver
VT46:15, SKYAP, LT1:251, 265 above gold, and their skill as silversmiths was
SHORT sinta (Þ); SHORT STABBING esteemed even by the Noldor" [UT:266].
SWORD ecet (broad-bladed sword) SHORT However, in Letters:426 it is stated that "the form
ROUNDED HANDLE, see HANDLE. –STINTĀ, tyelpë remained in Quenya" and was not wholly
UT:284 displaced by telpë. LT1:268 has telpë =
SHOULDER róma (Note: a homophone telempë.) Cf. also ilsa (a "mystic name" of
means "horn" or "trumpet-sound, loud sound") silver), †silmë (also meaning light of Silpion,
See also BACK. –LT2:335 starlight). SILVER (prob. adj) tinda (glinting), OF
SHOUT (vb) rama-; SHOUT (noun) SILVER telepsa, telpina, telemna. SILVER
rambë, SHOUT yello (call, cry of triumph), LIGHT istel, istil ("applied by the Ilkorins to
SHOUTER ramandor (but in LotR-style Quenya starlight, probably a Q[uenya] form learned from
this would probably be a pl; sg *ramando) – Melian"). SILVER GLINT nillë (a star on Varda's
LT1:259, GYEL, VT45:16 simulacrum covering Valinor. Spelt ñillë, i.e.,
SHUT holta- (close) –PE17:98 ngillë, in MR:388, but initial ng had become n in
SHOW tana- (indicate) (Note: tana also Third Age pronunciation, and I follow the system
means "that", as a demonstrative.) –MR:385 of LotR and transcribe it accordingly. But is this
SICK, SICKLY laiwa (ill; this word may be word is written in Tengwar, the letter noldo, not
better spelt *hlaiwa, see under ILL), caimassëa númen, should be used to transcribe the initial
(bedridden), engwa (cf. Engwar "The Sickly", an n.) –Silm:429, KYELEP, LT1:255, SIL, TIN,
Elvish name for Men), quámëa (evidently = MR:388
*”nauseous”), SICKNESS quámë (= nausea), in SIN (noun) #úcarë (isolated from
the sense of illness probably rather lívë (maybe úcaremmar "our sins/trespasses"; SIN (verb)
better spelt *hlívë), caila (or possibly this is only #úcar- = "to sin, trespass" (pl. aorist úcarer,
adj. lying in bed, bedridden; see caila in the úcarir attested); SINNER #úcarindo (variant
Quenya-English wordlist for further discussion), #ulcarindo, possibly an ephemeral form
caimassë (etymologically "[state of being] in abandoned by Tolkien, which may also be true of
bed") –SLIW, KAY/VT45:19, GENG-WĀ, the forms #naicando, #naico. All the words for
Silm:122, KWAM "sinner" are attested with the pl. ending -r
SICKLE circa; SICKLE OF THE VALAR attached.) –VT43:19, 21, 22, 33
Valacirca (= the Great Bear, the Plough, the Big SINCE (= because) pan. “Since” with
Dipper or the Wain), also called Otselen = The reference to time (as in “they have been here
Seven Stars. –KIRIK, OT since last year”) may perhaps be expressed as
SIGH see EXPIRE. Cf. also one of “from” or “after”, q.v. –VT49:17, 18
Nienna's titles: Núri, she who sighs. –LT1:263 SINEW tuo (muscle) –TUG
cf. 66. SING #lir- as in lirin "I sing" (1st pers.
SIGN tanna, tanwa, #taina; tengwë aorist) (chant); SINGER nyello, lindo (singing
(indication, token, writing; tengwë is also used bird); SINGERS Lindar (a name of the Teleri);
for what we should call a phoneme – pl tengwi is SINGING lindë (air, tune, song), SINGING
attested), tehta (mark [in writing], diacritic) (In CLUSTER Lindeloktë (labernum). This is the
LotR:1155, this word is applied to the supralinear form given in LT1:258; Tolkien later decided that
vowel-signs of Fëanorian writing, and pl tehtar is kt became ht in Quenya. Read *Lindelohtë in
2
attested.) SYSTEM OR CODE OF SIGNS LotR-style Quenya? –GLIR, NYEL, LIN ,
tengwesta (grammar). For various linguistic WJ:418, Silm:431, LT1:258
terms, see FULL SIGN, SINGLE erya (sole), SINGLY eressë (only,
LACKING/INADEQUATE SIGN, alone, also as noun: solitude) –ERE, LT1:269

SINGULARITY erdë (used in the sense SLACKEN lehta-, lenca- (loose) (In the
"person as a whole", body and soul. Note: a printed Etymologies, the n of lenca- was
homophone means "seed, germ".) –MR:216 misread as u; see VT45:27.) –LEK
SINISTER úmara –VT49:14, 15 SLASH cirissë (gash) –KIRIS
SINK (of Sun and Moon) núta- (set) –NDŪ SLAVE mól (thrall) –MŌ, VT43:31
SIP salpa- (lick up, sup) –SÁLAP SLAY nahta- (see also SLAYER
SIRIUS Niellúnë, Nierninwa –LT1:262 concerning a possible alternative form #nehta-).
SISTER nésa (þ; older form néþa cited), Passive participle nahtana in the phrase
colloquially also nettë (probably netti-); the latter *nahtana ló Turin *”slain by Túrin” (VT49:24).
word was also used in children's play for "fourth The verb mac- meant “slay” in early material
finger" or "fourth toe" (or in two-handed play for (LT1:259), but in a much later source reproduced
the ninth digit). Different words for "sister" occur in VT39.11, this verb is translated "hew with a
in the Etymologies: seler (Þ) (pl. selli), onómë, sword" instead.
onónë; SISTER (usually not of bloodkinship) SLAYER #nehtar, isolated from
osellë (Þ) (associate) –VT47:10-12, 14, THEL, Morinehtar "Darkness-slayer" (PM:384, 385),
NŌ name of a wizard (istar). The noun #nehtar
SIT har- (in CO attested in the plural "slayer" may seem to presuppose a verbal stem
continuative tense: hárar "are sitting". According #nehta- "to slay, kill", though the form nahta-
to VT45:20, Tolkien derived har- "sit" from a root appears elsewhere (VT49:24); this may be an
KHAD; if so, the past tense of har- should example of Eldarin A/E variation.
probably be *handë rather than *harnë. In Etym, SLEEP (noun) fúmë. (Read perhaps
the root KHAD was rejected and replaced by *húmë, since Tolkien decided that fu- becomes
KHAM-, and the new Quenya verb for "sit" thus huin Quenya. This word points to *fum- [hum-]
came to be ham-. However, since har- as the stem of the verb "to sleep".) FLOWER
reappears in such a late text as CO, Tolkien may OF SLEEP – see POPPY. –LT1:253
have decided to reinstate KHAD and its SLENDER nindë (stem *nindi-), teren,
derivatives; writers may then treat both har- and terenë –NIN-DI, TER
ham- as valid verbs for "to sit".) –KHAM, SLIDE DOWN talta- (slip, collapse) –
UT:317, VT45:20 MC:223
SIX enquë (for archaic, possibly pre- SLIP talta- (slide down, collapse) –MC:223
historic, encë, VT48:8). For the syntax of SLOPE (vb) talta-; SLOPE (noun) pendë
numerals, see THREE. SIXTH enquëa. Fraction (downslope, declivity), ampendë (upward slope),
ONE SIXTH enquesta –ÉNEK, VT42:25, amban (upward slope, hillside), SLOPING
2
VT48:6, 11 DOWN penda (inclined) –PEN, AM
SIXTEEN enenquë –VT48:21 (the form SLOW lenca –LT2:341
quainquë seems to be another, possibly SLUMBER (vb) lor-, muru-, SLUMBER
experimental, word for "16" in Quenya). For the (noun) lórë, murmë, SLUMBROUS lorda
syntax of numerals, see THREE. (drowsy), murmëa –
SKIES fanyarë (upper airs and clouds) – LT1:259, LOS, LT1:259, 260
MC:223 SMALL níca, *nincë (said to have "good
SKILL curu; SKILLED maitë (stem *maiti-, senses"; the latter is given in the archaic form
pl. maisi) (handy), BE SKILLED IN DEALING "ninki" and would therefore have the stem-form
WITH hanya- (understand, know about); ninci-), nípa, *nimpë (said to be used "usually
SKILLFUL [?DEVICE – Tolkien's handwriting with connotation of weakness"; the latter adj. is
was illegible] curo (curu-) –Silm:429, MA3, given in the archaic form nimpi and would
KHAN, VT41:10 therefore have the stem-form nimpi-), pitya (the
SKIN helma (fell) (parma in LT2:346 is latter is never translated by Tolkien, but Pitya-
obsolete; see BARK) –SKEL naucor is glossed "petty-dwarves", and pica
SKY vilya (older [MET] wilya) (air), hellë, "small spot" must be derived from the same
ilwë (heavens), telimbo (canopy), taimë, root.) In one compound, Tolkien seemingly
taimië. (LT2:348 gives ilu, but the meaning of changed pitya to nitya (see PM:365, VT48:15).
this word was later changed – Tolkien decided Cf. also nauca, an adjective "especially applied
that Ilúvatar means "All-Father", not "Sky- to things that though in themselves full-grown
Father" as he originally thought.) "SKY-BRIDGE" were smaller or shorter than their kind, and were
(i.e., rainbow) helyanwë –LotR:1157, 3EL, hard, twisted, or ill-shapen." LT1:256 has an
LT1:255, LT2:348, LT1:268 adjective inya "small", but this is probably not a

valid word in LotR-style Quenya (in which RGEO:69, GOLÓS, NIK-W-, NEI, LT1:256,
language *inya may mean "my, mine".) – LT1:262/266
VT48:18, VT47:26, PIK, WJ:389, 413 SO may generally be rendered by sië
SMALL INSECT pí (fly); SMALL MAN, see "thus" (see THUS for reference). Also san
MAN; SMALL STONE sar (stem sard-, as in pl. (VT49:18) or sinen = “by this means, so”
sardi); YOUNG OR SMALL WOMAN, see GIRL. (VT49:18). The word ta is used to qualify
–VT47:35, SAR adjectives, e.g. ta mára “so good” (VT49:12).
SMEAR mordo (shadow, obscurity, stain, MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN. IT IS SO ná (used =
dimness) –VT45:35, MOR “yes”).
1
SMEARED púrëa (discoloured) –MC:223 SOAP lipsa –LIB
SMELL (strong smell): The form aññol- is SOFT mussë, milya (gentle, weak) (Note:
translated "strong smell" in one source (VT45:5), milya- is also a verb "long for"), maxa (pliant),
but this does not look like a regular Quenya word moica –VT39:17, VT45:34, MASAG, GL:58
and is perhaps an underlying "stem" (Quenya SOIL 1. (noun) cemen (earth), 2. (vb)
*angol-?) The element ñol- is also translated vahta- (stain), SOILED vára (dirty) –LT1:257,
"smell" in the same source, but again it is WA3
uncertain whether this is a primitive stem or a SOLE erya (single), SOLITUDE eressë
Quenya word (in the latter case, we would see (also as adverb: single, only, alone) –ERE cf.
*nol- in late Exilic Quenya). See ODOUR, LT1:269
STINK. SOLE OF FOOT tallunë, probably with
SMILE raita-, pa.t. rëantë; SMILING raina stem talluni- given primitive form talrunya. (A
(gracious, sweet-faced). NOTE: A homophone of “Qenya” word for sole, talas in LT2, is probably
raita- means “make network or lace” or “catch in obsolete) –RUN, LT2:347 %
a net” (its past tense may however be *raitanë SOLEMN PROMISE vanda (oath, pledge)
rather than rëantë), and a homophone of raina –UT:317
means "nettled, enlaced". –PE17:182, VT44:35 SOLITARY eressëa (lonely; compare
SMITH tano (craftsman), SMITH OF THE “Solitary Isle” as one translation of Tol Eressëa,
WORLD Talca Marwa (a title of Aulë) –TAN, Letters:386), erda (deserted) –LT1:269
LT1:266 SOLITUDE eressë (also as adverb: singly,
SMOOTH pasta –PATH only, alone) –ERE, LT1:269
SMOULDERING HEAT yulmë (red [?heat] SOLSTICE, NEW SUN AFTER: ceuranar
– Tolkien's handwriting was illegible); –VT48:7
SMOULDERING WOOD yúla (ember) –YUL SOMEBODY (impersonal personal
SNAKE ango (stem angu-, pl. angwi), pronoun) mo (one). –VT49:20
leuca, lócë (serpent, dragon; "so do the Eldar SOMBRE morna (black, gloomy, dark) –
name the worms of Melko[r]", LT2:85) –ANGWA, MOR
LotR:1149, LT2:340 SON yondo (male descendant), also short
SNARE (noun) remma, neuma; SNARE form yón (Yón referring to Jesus as "the Son" in
(verb) #rem- (cited as "remi-", evidently including the source); dative i yondon "to the Son" in
the connecting vowel of the aorist, as in *remin VT43:36-37. Cf. also the suffix –ion, e.g.
"I snare") –VT42:12, SNEW Finwion "son of Finwë". Variant yonyo "son, big
SNARL yarra (growl) –MC:223 boy" (a term also used for "middle finger" or
SNOUT mundo (nose, cape). Stem "middle toe" in children's play, though Tolkien
*mundu-, given the primitive form mbundu. – may have replaced it by hanno "brother",
MBUD VT48:4). Vocative yonya *"my son", a
SNOW lossë (spesifically "fallen snow", contraction of *yondonya. (The forms vô,
also adjective "snow-white"; †olos, †olossë. vondo "son" in LT2 are probably obsolete, as
Etym also gives niquë, but this word is are the notions there recorded that yondo meant
obsoleted by a statement in WJ:417: "nique does "(great) grandson" and that yô-, yond- "son" was
not refer to snow, but to cold". This statement used only in poetry. But LT2 does confirm that –
may obsolete niquetil "snowcap" in LT1:266. Is ion was "very common...in patronymics".) SON
niquis "snow" from the same source a valid OF THE DARK (= Morgoth) morion –YO,
word? GL:35 has fáwë "snow" and fauta "it VT44:12, 17, VT43:36-37, MR:217, VT47:10, 15,
snows".) LIGHT SNOW is, SNOW-WHITE lossë LR:61, LT2:336, 344, LT1:260 cf. FS
(which may also be the noun "snow"), SONG lindë (air, tune, singing), #lírë (only
SNOWDROP nieninquë (lit. "white tear") – attested in the instrumental case: lírinen, so the

stem-form would seem to be líri-), lirilla (lay). SPARK (noun) tinwë (often = "star"). In the entry
See also MUSIC. –GLIN, Nam, LT1:258 TIN of the Etymologies as printed in LR, the
SOON rato –Arct noun tinwë is glossed "sparkle", but according to
SORCERY núlë (black arts). (The word is VT46:19, Tolkien's manuscript has "spark". –TIN,
spelt “ñúle” in the source, reflecting the older Silm:438
pronunciation; in Tengwar spelling the initial SPEAK quet- (pa.t. quentë) (say, talk).
nasal should therefore be represented by the Aorist quetë (spelt “qete”) in source. Also carpa,
letter Noldo). –PE17:125 pa.t. carampë (talk, use tongue; the latter verb
SORROW nyérë (grief). –GL:60 apparently does not take a direct object). –
SORT, see SPECIES, KIND. Adjectives OF LT2:348, VT49:19
THIS SORT sítë, OF THAT SORT taitë – SPEAR hatal, ehtë, stem *ehti-. (The
VT49:11, 18 gloss of the word ecco has also been quoted as
SOUL fëa (spirit; pl fëar is attested. In "spear", but this is a misreading; see SPINE.)
MR:330, Tolkien notes that fëa is "roughly but SPEAR-HEAD nehtë (gore, wedge, narrow
not exactly equivalent to...'soul'.") –MR:349, 218, promontory. Note: a homophone means
cf. Silm:431 "honeycomb"), SPEAR-POINT nasta (gore,
SOUND (verb, "to sound") lamya-; SOUND triangle), SPEARMAN ehtyar –VT49:14,
(noun) lamma (= sound in general?), hlón EK/EKTE, SNAS cf. VT46:14, UT:282
(evidently hlon-, pl. hloni is attested) (noise), SPECIES nostalë (kind) –LT1:272
róma (= loud sound, trumpet-sound. Note: róma SPEED (vb) horta- (urge, send flying),
also means "shoulder"), láma (according to Etym SPEEDING hortalë (urging) –KHOR
= "ringing sound, echo", but see below); SOUND SPELLING tencelë (writing system) –TEK
OF WIND sú; SOUND-TASTE lámatyávë (pl. SPIDER liantë (so in Etym; in LT1:271,
lámatyáver is attested), i.e., "individual pleasure liantë is glossed "tendril"); SPIDER FILAMENT
in the sounds and forms of words". Tolkien lia (Note: lia- is also the verb "twine"); SPIDER'S
seems undecided about the exact meaning of WEB ungwë (but in LT1:271, ungwë is glossed
láma. Etym gives "ringing sound, echo"; in "spider") –SLIG, LotR:1157
WJ:416 it is said that the stem LAMA refers SPIKE nassë (thorn), tinda; ROW OF
"especially to vocal sounds, but was applied only SPIKES (or teeth) carcassë, carcaras –NAS,
to those that were confused or inarticulate. It was LT1:258, LT2:344
generally used to describe the various cries of SPIN (make spin), see STIR
beasts." But the word lámatyávë "sound-taste", SPINDRIFT wingë (wingi-) (crest [of
by which an Elf chose or made a name for wave], foam). In Exilic Quenya, the word would
him/herself [see NAME-CHOOSING], seems to have initial v- for older w-. –LT1:273 cf. WIG
imply that láma can also be used of artuculated SPINE ecco (In the Etymologies as printed
speech. –LAM, WJ:394/VT48:29, ROM, in LR, entry EK/EKTE, this word and its
VT47:12, MR:215, 216 "Noldorin"/Sindarin cognate ech are glossed
SOUP sulpa –LT1:266 "spear", but according to VT45:12, this is a
SOUTH hyarmen (LT2:248 also gives misreading for "spine" in Tolkien's manuscript.)
Sahóra, but this is hardly a valid word in SPINNING WHEEL querma (turn-table) –
Tolkien's later Quenya); SOUTHERN PE17:65
hyarmenya, "SOUTH-VICTOR" Hyarmendacil SPIRANT CONSONANT surya –SUS
(one of the Kings of Gondor), SPIRIT fëa (= the spirit or "soul" of an
SOUTHEASTLANDS Hyarrostar, incarnate, normally housed in a body; pl fëar is
SOUTHWESTLANDS Hyarnustar (regions in attested), ëala ("being"; pl. eälar is attested.
Númenor) –KHYAR/LotR:1157, LotR:1075/1082, Eälar are spirits whose natural state it is to exist
UT:165, 446 without a physical body, e.g. Balrogs), súlë (Þ)
SOW #rer- (cited as rerin "I sow", 1st (earlier [MET] thúlë, Þúlë) (maybe a more
person aorist), pa.t. rendë. SOWN FIELD resta "impersonal" word for spirit), manu (= departed
(acre). –RED, VT46:11 cf. RED spirit; LT1:260 has mánë), fairë (= spirit in
SPADE sampa –QL:82 general, as opposed to matter, or a phantom or
SPARK – make/cause to spark: tinta- disembodied spirit, when seen as a pale shape.
(kindle). SPARK (noun) tinwë. –TIN/VT46:19, Pl. fairi is attested), vilissë (a "Qenya" word
Silm:438 maybe not valid in LotR-style Quenya). A
SPARKLE (vb) tintina- (pl. tintinar is person's "spirit" meaning his or her general
attested), MAKE TO SPARKLE tinta- (kindle); personality and attitude may be expressed by

the word órë, in LotR defined as "heart, inner STAIN (vb) vahta-, STAIN (noun) mordo
mind" (q.v.), cf. PM:337, where it is said that (shadow, obscurity, smear, dimness), vaxë. –
"there dwelt in her [Galadriel] the noble and WA3, MOR/VT45:35
generous spirit (órë) of the Vanyar". FIELD- STALK (noun) sirpë (stem) –QL:84
SPIRIT Nermi (pl. Nermir is attested. The STAND #tar- (attested in the past tense:
Nermir are "fays of the meads".) HOLY SPIRIT tarnë, PE17:71)
airefëa (other version: fairë aista; both versions STAND ASIDE! heca! (be gone!). Also
are attested with the dative ending -n attached). with pronominal affixes: sg hecat, pl hecal "you
SPIRIT-IMPULSE fëafelmë (impulses originating stand aside!" –WJ:364
with the spirit, e.g. love, pity, anger, hate). – STANDARD tulwë (pole) –LT1:270
MR:349, 218, 165; cf. Silm:431; LotR:1157, STAR elen (normal pl eleni, but
MAN, MC:223, MR:349, GL:23, LT1:260, occasionally †eldi in verse; allative elenna and
VT43:36-37, VT44:17, VT41:19 cf. 13 pl ablative elenillor are attested), †él (pl. éli is
SPIT (noun? verb? both?) piuta –PIW mentioned), tinwë (properly = sparkle), ílë.
SPLENDOUR alcar (glory, radiance) – (Note: in Etym elen is said to be poetic, but
VT47:13, WJ:369 Tolkien later concluded that elen was "the
SPLIT (noun) sanca (Þ) (cleft) –STAK normal word for a star on the actual firmanent",
SPONGE hwan (hwand-, as in pl. hwandi) the poetic word being él instead. According to
(fungus) –SWAD MR:388, a tinwë was one of the "apparent stars"
SPORT tyalië (game, play) –TYAL on Varda's simulacrum covering Valinor, also
SPOT men (place – Tolkien may have called nillë or "silver glint". Etym mentions the
rejected this word, see PLACE), SMALL SPOT words ellen and elena without glossing them,
pica (dot) –MEN, PIK but according to Silm:431 elena is an adjective
SPRAY (of fall or fountain) rossë (fine meaning "of the stars".) TWINKLING STAR
rain, dew) –Letters:282 cf. ROS tingilya, tingilindë, HAVING MANY STARS
SPREAD palu-, palya- (open wide, lintitinwë; STARLIKE elvëa (pl. elvië is
extend, expand) –PAL attested); STARWARDS elenna (Elenna or
SPRING (vb) tuia- (sprout); SPRING Elennanórë, "the land named Starwards", a
(noun; but for the season, see SPRING-TIME name of Númenor); STARLIGHT silmë (light of
below) ehtelë (fountain, issue of water), SPRING Silpion); STARCROWNED, CROWNED WITH
OF WATER capalinda, WATER FALLING OUT STARS (a name of Taniquetil) Elerrína (so in
SWIFTLY FROM A ROCKY SPRING celussë Silm:42; Etym has Elerína); STAR-QUEEN
(freshet); SPRING, SPRING-TIME tuilë (this (=Varda), STARLIT DUSK, STARRY TWILIGHT
word literally means "budding, also collectively – tindómë; FLASHING OR [?STARRY] LIGHT élë
buds, new shoots, fresh green" [LT1:269]. Also See also *STELLAR. The word Tintánië is
used = dayspring, early morn. In the Calendar of glossed STARMAKER as another title of Varda,
Imladris, tuilë was a precisely defined period of but it is also interpreted as an abstract
54 days, but the word was also used without any STARMAKING. –EL, Silm:313, MC:222 cf. 215,
exact definition. Besides tuilë, LT1:269 also has TIN, WJ:362, UT:317, LotR:1157, LT1:269,
tuiliérë.) FIRST BEGINNING OF SPRING coirë MC:223, Silm:42, DOMO, Silm:438, VT45:12,
("stirring", according to the Calendar of Imladris TAN/VT46:17
a period of 54 days in early spring); "SPRING- STATE (more or less = *"condition", not a
SINGER" (i.e., swallow) tuilindo. SPRING TIDE, "state" as a political unit) indo (perhaps
see TIDE. –TUY/LotR 1141, 1145, KEL, UT:426, especially a state of mind, since indo is
LT1:260, Silm:429, LT2:338/LT1:269, VT39:7 translated "heart, mood" in the Etymologies,
SPROUT (vb) tuia- (spring), *lohta- stem ID) –VT39:23
(emended from the actual reading lokta because STATUTE namna –MR:258
Tolkien later decided that kt became ht in STEADFAST tulca (firm, strong,
Quenya) (put forth leaves or flowers); SPROUT immoveable; Note: there is a homophone
(noun) tuima (bud) –TUY, LT:258 meaning "fix, set up, establish"), vórima,
SQUAT haca- –GL:47 voronda ("steadfast in allegiance, in keeping
STABBING SWORD (short) ecet (broad- oath or promise, faithful"). –TULUK cf. LT1:270,
bladed sword) –UT:284/432 UT:317
STAFF – LT1:264 has vandl, but the STEADY tulunca (firm) –LT1:270
cluster ndl cannot occur in LotR-style Quenya. STEEL erë, eren (meaning either iron or
Read *vandil? steel), yaisa –LT1:252, GL:37

STEEP aiqua, oronta; STEEP ISLE tollë completion, not allow to continue). FULL STOP
–AYAK, LT1:256, VT47:13, 26 ("in punctuation" – according to VT46:10, 33 a
*STELLAR elenya (no gloss is actually dot placed under a consonant to indicate that it is
given; the word is simply defined as "an not followed by a vowel) putta, pusta;
adjective referring to stars". There are also the STOPPED CONSONANT (i.e. consonant with
adjectives elda and elena, translated "of the such an underposed dot) punta; STOPPER
stars". But in normal Quenya, elda primarily tampa –KHAW, PUS/VT46:10, 33,
means "Elf", pl. Eldar. Use elenya or elena.) – TAP/VT46:17, WJ:413
WJ:362, Silm:431 STORM raumo (glossed "[noise of a]
STEM telco (leg), sirpë (stalk) – storm" in MC:223)
LotR:1154, QL:84 STORY quenta (narrative, history) –
STENCH, see STINK KWET/VT39:16
STEWARD arandur (king's servant, STRAIGHT téra (right), lenwa (long, thin,
minister) –Letters:386, UT:313 narrow); STRAIGHT LINE tëa (road) (note: not
STICK TO himya- (cleave to, abide by, to be confused with the verb tëa- "indicate") –
adhere), STICKING himba (adhering) –KHIM, TE3, TEÑ, LT2:341
VT45:22 STRANGER ettelëa (reading uncertain;
STICKER-UP tolyo, a term used in ettelëa seems to be primarily an adjective
children's play for "middle finger" or "middle toe". "foreign", though perhaps it can also be used as
–VT47:10 a noun "foreign (one)" = "stranger") –VT45:13
STIFF norna (tough), tarya; hranga (hard; STRAP latta (Note: a homophone means
awkward, difficult). Note: hranga- is also a verb "hole, pit") –LATH
“thwart”. STIFF, DRY GRASS sara (Þ) (bent) – STRAY ranya- (note: ranya or aranya is
WJ:413, TÁRAG, PE17:154, 185, STAR also the adjective "free"), STRAYING (noun)
STILL (= *"yet, despite that", not in the ránë (wandering) (pl. probably *ráner not ráni;
sense "unmoving":) er (only, one, alone, but, cf. the similar formation tyávë "taste" pl tyáver.)
still) –LT1:269 –RAN
STING nasta- (prick) –NAS STREAM (vb) celu- ("streem out swiftly";
STINK (noun, = *"stench") holwë, there is also a noun celu "stream"), STREAM
STINKING *holwëa (given as "olwea" in source; (noun) celumë (flow, flowing, flood, tide), celu,
see Quenya-English wordlist for further sírë (river); STREAM IN THE WIND hlapu- (fly
discussion of why the form with initial h- may be in the wind; part. hlápula is attested) –UT:446,
preferred) –PE13:162, 145 LT1:265, MC:223, 222/LT1:257
STIR (or, make spin) quir-, pa.t. quindë – STRETCH lenu-; STRETCH OUT (intr.)
QL:77 *rahta- (reach) (Emended from the actual
STIRRING coirë (according to the reading rakta; Tolkien later decided that kt
Calendar of Imladris a period of 54 days in early became ht in Quenya) –LT1:341, 335
spring) –LotR:1141, 1142 STREET mallë –MBAL, LT1:263
STONE ondo (defined as stone "as a STRENGTH túrë (mastery, might, victory),
material" in Etym, but used of natural rocks in (physical strength:) tuo –QL:95, TUG
MC:222: ondolissë mornë, *"upon dark rocks". STRENGTHENING antoryamë (used of
LT1 and LT2 has simply on, ondo "stone, a various manipulations of a stem, such as
stone"), sar (sard-) (= small stone); OF STONE lengthening vowels or consonants or turning a
sarna. STONE SONG Ondolindë (Gondolin). consonant or a vowel into a "blend" [see
See also ELFSTONE, FLINTSTONE. –GONOD BLEND]) –VT:39:9
(see GOND), Silm:431, LT1:254/LT2:342, SAR, STRETCHED taina (elongated,
Silm:415 lengthened, extended) –VT39:7 cf. TAY
STOOP núta- (sink, set [of Sun and STRIDER Telcontar –MR:216
Moon]) –LT1:263 cf. NDŪ STRIKE #pet- (knock), pa.t. pentë given.
STOP hauta- (take a rest, cease), pusta- The verb is cited as "pete", perhaps with a
(put a stop to, but also intr: cease), #tap- (cited suffixed stem-vowel. –QL:73
in the form tapë, 3rd person sg. aorist; STRIPPED #racina (only pl. racinë is
misreading "tápe" with a long vowel in the attested) (deprived). STRIPPED SIGN #racina
Etymologies as printed in LR, see VT46:17. The tengwë (only pl. racinë tengwi is attested). Also
pa.t. tampë is given) (block), STOP SHORT translated "deprived sign", this was in early
nuhta- (stunt, prevent from coming to Elvish analysis of Quenya the term for a

consonant with no following vowel; the vowel SUIT camta- (sic; the cluster mt seems
was held to have disappeared or been omitted. – unusual for Quenya, and while the source does
VT39:16 not explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is
STRIPPED BARE helda (naked) –SKEL difficult to understand what other language could
STROKE (verb) palta- means to "pass the be intended) (to [make] fit, accomodate, adapt) –
sensitive palm over a surface: feel with the hand, VT44:14
stroke etc." –VT47:8-9 SUMMER lairë (Note: a homophone
STROKE (noun) ("of pen of brush [´] when means "poem". In the Calendar of Imladris, lairë
not used as long mark") tecco. Cf. also QUICK was a precisely defined period of 72 days, but
STROKE rincë (stem *rinci-) (flourish) –TEK, the word was also used without any exact
RIK/VT46:11 (VT indicating that the proper definition), saiwen (cf. saiwa "hot".) "EVER-
reading is "quick stroke", not "quick shake" as in SUMMER" oiolairë, "SUMMER-SNOW-WHITE"
the Etymologies as printed in LR) lairelossë (evergreen trees brought to Númenor
STRONG tulca (firm, immoveable, by the Eldar) –LotR:1141, 1145/VT45:26,
steadfast. Note: there is a homophone meaning Letters:282, LT1:265, UT:167, 458, UT:167, 449
"fix, set up, establish"), STRONG (physically) SUMMIT (of a mountain) ingor (PM:340).
polda (burley). STRONG/SWIFT AT RUNNING LT1:256 gives ormë "crest, summit", but in
nórima. In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the Tolkien's later Quenya, ormë means "wrath,
word sarnë is glossed "strong place" (entry haste, violence, rushing".
SAR), but according to VT46:12, the gloss SUMMON tulta- (send for, fetch), naham-
should actually read "stony place". –TULUK, (passive participle nahamna "summoned"
POL, VT49:29 given), yal- (dative infinitive #yalien is attested in
STUDY (long) nólë (wisdom, lore, enyalien "for the re-calling"). Noun (A)
knowledge). (In Etym this word is spelt with initial SUMMONS nahámë. –TUL, VT45:21, UT:317
ñ, that is, ng. Initial ng had become n in Third SUN Anar, Úrin (Úrind-) (the latter was a
Age Quenya, and I follow the system of LotR and "name of the Sun"; in LT1:271 úrin is glossed
transcribe it accordingly. Nólë is so spelt also in "blazing hot", and the word for "Sun" is Úr ["Ûr"]
Silm:432. But if this word is written in Tengwar, or Úri, Úrinci, Urwen.The stem Úrin is derived
the initial n should be transcribed with the letter from was struck out in Etym. However, several
noldo, not númen.) –ÑGOL, Silm:432 words that must be derived from the same stem
STUB, STUMP tolbo (read perhaps *tolvo occur in LotR, indicating that Tolkien restored it.)
in the more usual form of Quenya) (said to be a Naira ("the heart of flame"), Calavénë,
stub or stump "as of a truncated arm or branch"). Calaventë (other names for the Sun). Yet
–VT47:28 another term was Ancalë or "Radiant One", but
STUNT nuhta- (prevent from coming to it is unclear whether or not Tolkien rejected this
completion, stop short, not allow to continue) – form (see LR:362 s.v. KAL). NEW SUN AFTER
WJ:413 SOLSTICE ceuranar (VT48:7). SUNLIGHT árë
STUNTED nauca –VT39:7 (older [MET] ázë); SUNRISE anarórë,
SUBLIME, THE Varda (this word should ambaron/Ambarónë (uprising, Orient) (a similar
probably not be used as a normal adjective. It is but untranslated word, Ambaróna, occurs in
also translated "the Lofty".) –WJ:402 LotR), rómen (glossed "uprising, sunrise, east"
SUCCESSOR neuro (follower) –NDEW in Silm:437, but the normal meaning of the word
SUCH may be rendered by the adjective is always "east"). SUNSET andúnë (west,
sitë “of that sort” (VT49:18) evening). (Amuntë in LT2 is certainly obsolete in
SUFFICE farya- (pa.t. farnë; VT46:9 also LotR-style Quenya.) RAY OF THE SUN firin
lists the curious pa.t. form farinyë). (Note: (this may not be a valid word in LotR-style
#farnë also means "dwelling" and "foliage"); Quenya; in a later source, firin is the adjective
SUFFICIENCY fárë, farmë (plenitude, all that is "dead"). –ANÁR, UR, LotR:1157, LotR:254,
wanted), SUFFICIENT farëa (enough) – ORO, AM, LotR:490, NDU, MR:198, Silm:428,
PHAR/VT46:9 LT2:335, 341
SUFFOCATE quoro- (choke) Verbs in –o SUP salpa- (so in Etym; "take a sup of" in
seem not to occur in later Quenya; read *quor-? LT1:266) (sip, lick up) –SÁLAP, LT1:266
It has also been questioned whether the SUPERLATIVELY langë (extremely,
combination quo- is still possible in Tolkien's surpassingly) –PE17:92
later Quenya. –LT1:264 SUPPORT (noun) tulco (stem *tulcu-; pl.
*tulqui) (prop) –TULUK

SUPPOSE intya-, cíta- (cítan “I the "grace" of God (specifically Erulissë or

suppose”); SUPPOSITION intya (guess, idea) – *"God-sweetness"). Another word glossed
INK, VT49:19 "sweet" is melda, but since it is also defined as
SUPREME – The Supreme Aratar (pl; sg "beloved" and "dear", this adjective may describe
#Arata). The Aratar are the mightiest of the a "sweet" person rather than sweet taste. –Nam,
Valar: Manwë, Varda, Ulmo, Yavanna, Aulë, RGEO:66, VT43:29, VT45:34 cf. MEL
Mandos, Nienna, and Oromë. Aratar is also SWEET-FACED raina (smiling, gracious).
rendered "High Ones, Exalted Ones" –Silm NOTE: A homophone means "nettled, enlaced".
32/381, WJ:402 –VT44:35
SURE tanca (firm, fixed) –TAK SWELL tiuya- (grow fat) –TIW
SURROUND – see GO ROUND (under SWIFT #linta (only pl lintë is attested),
entry for GO) regarding the verb pel- tyelca (agile, hasty), larca, alarca (rapid),
SURF solor, solossë (surge). LINE OF arauca (rushing). STRONG/SWIFT AT
SURF falassë (beach, shore) –SOL, LT1:266, RUNNING nórima. SWIFT HORSE, see
2
Silm:431 HORSE. –Nam, KYELEK, LAK , LT2:347,
SURFACE palúrë (bosom, bosom of Earth VT49:29s
– Tolkien equated palúrë with the Old English SWIRL hwinya- (eddy, gyrate) –SWIN
word folde), palmë –PAL SWORD macil; BROAD SWORD lango
SURGE (noun) solossë (surf) –LT1:266 (also = prow of a ship), LARGE SWORD
SURPASS lahta- (pass over, cross, falquan; SHORT STABBING SWORD, BROAD-
excel); adv. SURPASSINGLY langë (extremely, BLADED SWORD ecet, SWORD BLADE maica
superlatively) –PE17:92 (also blade of any cutting tool or weapon, but
SWALLOW tuilindo (lit. "spring-singer"). – esp. sword-blade), †russë (corruscation),
2
TUY/LIN /LT1:269/LT2:338 SWORDSMAN macar. –
SWAN alqua; HAVEN OF THE SWANS MAK/LT1:259/VT39:11/VT45:32, LAG, LT2:341,
Alqualondë –ÁLAK/Silm:427/LT1:249, VT42:7, UT:284/432, VT39:11, RUS, VT39:11
LT2:335 (LT1:249 also has alquë), UT:417 SWORN BROTHER otorno (associate) –
SWARD palis (lawn) –LT1:264 TOR
SWARM umba; SWARMING úmëa SYRUP pirya- (juice) –PIS
(abundant, teaming – but elsewhere úmëa is SYSTEM (OR CODE) OF SIGNS
defined as "evil", so the word úvëa of related tengwesta (language, grammar); DECIMAL
meaning may be preferred) –VT48:32 SYSTEM maquanotië –VT39:15, VT47:10
SWART varnë (stem varni-) (brown, dark
brown) The form varni- is evidently used in
compounds. –BARÁN
SWEET lissë. Other sources use lissë as
a noun "sweetness", and lissë is also used for
T
TABLE sarno; TURN-TABLE querma a direct object). TALK (noun) quetil (language,
(spinning wheel) –QL:82, PE17:65 tongue) –LT2:348, VT45:25 cf. KWET, PE17:126
TAKE, see GRASP. TAKE AS TALL halla, tunda (Note: the latter has a
HUSBAND/WIFE (to oneself), see WED. homophone meaning "kindle"), tára (high) –
TALE nyárë (saga, history), nyarna (saga) LotR:1157, TUN, WJ:417
2
–NAR TALON nappa, namma (claw) –VT47:20
TALK (verb) quet- (pa.t. quentë) (say, TANGLE fasta- –PHAS
speak), carpa- pa.t. carampë (speak, use TAP tamin ("I tap", 1st pers. aorist) (pa.t.
tongue – the latter verb apparently does not take tamnë) –TAM
TAPER lícuma (candle) –MC:223

TARN moilë –LT2:349 TEST (put to the test) tyasta-, pa.t.

TARRY lemya- (remain). Possibly this tyasantë –QL:49
verb should have the past tense *lemnë rather THANKSGIVING #hantalë (isolated from
than ?lemyanë, since intransitive verbs in –ya Eruhantalë "thanksgiving to Eru". A verbal stem
may seem to surrender this suffix in the past #hanta- "thank" can also be isolated.) –UT:436
tense. –VT45:26 THAT (1) (demonstrative): tana (an
TASSEL fas, fatsë –GL:34 adjectival word, VT49:11; in one version of the
TASTE (vb) #tyav- (cited in source as language also tanya, as in tanya wendë "that
tyavin "I taste", 1st pers. aorist); TASTE (noun) maiden", MC:215-16). Also yana with meaning
tyávë (pl. tyáver is attested in the compound “the former” (e.g. *loa yana “that year” referring
lámatyáver "sound-tastes"; see SOUND- to a former year). Adj. OF THAT SORT taitë; IN
TASTE.) –KYAB, MR:215 THAT WAY tanen; THAT MATTER tama. Also
TAUT tunga (tight, [of strings:] resonant) – see THIS regarding the word talumë “at this [or,
TUG that] time”. –TA, YA, VT49:11, 18
TEAR nírë, nië –NEI, LT1:262 THAT (2) (pronoun) ta, also translated “it”.
TEEM (verb) úma-; TEEMING úmëa (Notice that in some versions of the language,
(abundant, swarming – but elsewhere úmëa is Tolkien wanted ta to be a plural pronoun “they,
defined as "evil", and for "teeming" one could them” used of non-living things. See the various
simply say *úmala as the participle of úma-) – entries on ta in the Quenya-English wordlist.) Sa,
VT48:32 normally translated “it”, is also defined as “that”
TELEPATHY see THOUGHT in one source. IT IS THAT náto, IT IS NOT
TELL #nyar- (cited as nyarin "I tell", 1st THAT uito. –VT49:11, TA, VT49:18, 28
pers. aorist) (relate); NOT TO BE TOLD OR THAT (3) (relative pronoun "who[m],
2
RELATED avanyárima –NAR , WJ:370 which, that"). According to VT47:21, the relative
TEMPLE corda –LT1:257 pronoun is ye with reference to a person (*i Elda
TEMPTATION #úsahtië (inducement to ye tirnen "the Elf who/that I watched"), plural i
do wrong). Earlier variants, possibly abandoned (e.g. *Eldar i... "Elves that..."). The impersonal
by Tolkien: #terfantië, #terpellië, #insangarë relative pronoun ("that = which") is ya (e.g. *i
(all attested in the allative: úsahtienna, parma ya hirnen "the book that/which I found"),
terfantienna etc.) –VT43:23, 22 pl. presumably *yar (*i parmar yar... "the books
TEN quëan, quain. (In earlier sources the that..."). This gives a system with great
word cainen occurs, but according to VT48:12, symmetry, but Tolkien also used i in a singular
Tolkien eventually rejected this word.) For the sense, in the sentence i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar
syntax of numerals, see THREE. GROUP OF ëa "the One who is [or, that is] above all
TEN (10 similar things) maquat (actually the thrones", though i is indeed plural in i carir
dual form of maqua "hand", referring to the ten quettar ómainen "those who [or, those that]
fingers on both hands). Ordinal TENTH quainëa. form words with voices". A relative pronoun ya
The fraction ONE TENTH is given as caista (and *"which" is found in the "Arctic" sentence; a long
cast) in VT48:11, but since Tolkien later decided variant yá also occurs in the corpus (VT43:27-
that the word for "ten" was to have the initial 28). Case-forms: The plural locative of ya is
sound qu- rather than c-, we must apparently attested as yassen "in which" in Nam (sg.
read *quaista (and *quast, but normally Quenya *yassë), the genitive and ablative forms of ye
words do not end in consonant clusters). – are attested as yëo and yello respectively in
VT48:6, 11, VT47:7, VT42:25, cf. KAYAN, VT47:21, and the same source gives ion and
KAYAR illon as the corresponding plural forms. –
TENDRIL liantë (but in Etym, this word is VT47:21, WJ:391, UT:305, 317, Arct
glossed "spider", q.v.) –LT1:271 THAT (4) (conjunction, as in "I know that
TENTH quainëa –VT42:25 you are here") i, cf. the sentence savin Elessar
TERRIBLE rúcima, aica (fell, dire, sharp); ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe Elessar really
VERY TERRIBLE CREATURE rauco –WJ:415, existed and that he was a king of Gondor”
PM:347, VT39:10 (VT49:27). In one version of early “Qenya”, this
TERRIFY ruhta- –WJ:415 conjunction appeared as ne instead (PE14:54).
TERROR ossë (Ossë is also the name of THATCH tupsë –TUP
a Maia held to be responsible for storms at sea.) THE i. – In Quenya, the definite article is
–GOS, Silm:33, 34 generally used as in English. However, notice
that it is not used before plural words denoting

an entire people or race, such as Valar, Quendi, second rather than the third person. The
Noldor, Sindar, Eldar, Ainur, Fírimar etc. This corresponding ending for “they” was (according
is evident from examples like lambë Eldaron to VT49:51) changed from -stë to -ttë, seemingly
"the language of the Eldar [lit. simply "Eldar"]", implying *-tta as the ending for dual “their”:
Valar valuvar "the will of the Valar [lit. simply hence e.g. *aldatta, “the tree of the two of them”.
"Valar"] will be done". Cf. Tolkien's use of "Men" – No independent words for “their, theirs” are
with no article, meaning the entire human race or attested. Analogy may point to *tenya (plural)
humans in general, while "the Men" would be a and *túnya or *tunya (dual), based on (attested)
group of individuals. Anar "the Sun" and Isil "the ten and (unattested) *tún as the dative forms of
Moon" are probably treated like proper names in the pronouns te, tú “they” (plural and dual,
Quenya; they do not take the article. When a repectively). Compare such attested forms as
noun is determined by a following genitive, it is ninya “my” and menya “our” vs. the dative
evidently optional whether it takes the article or pronouns nin “for me”, men “for us”.
not: mannar Valion "into the hands [lit. simply THEM, see THEY
"hands"] of the Lords", Indis i Ciryamo "The THEMSELVES (reflexive pronoun) intë
Mariner's Wife, *The Wife [lit. simply "Wife"] of (for older imte, asterisked by Tolkien). A reflexive
the Mariner" – but contrast I Equessi Rúmilo ending -ttë “they…themselves” existed at one
"the Sayings of Rúmil", i arani Eldaron "the conceptual stage (melittë, “they love
Kings of the Eldar". If the genitive precedes the themselves”), but it is uncertain how lasting this
noun it connects with, the article must probably idea was; elsewhere, -ttë is explained as being
be left out in all cases, as in English (*Eldaron ending for dual “they” instead. –VT47:37,
arani, ?Eldaron i arani). Note: i is also the VT49:21
relative pronoun "who, that" and the conjunction THEN tá (VT49:11); the “Qenya” form san
“that”; see THAT #3 and #4. –I, WJ:404, 368, occurring in early material (MC:216) rather looks
FS, UT:8, WJ:398, 369 like the dative form of sa “it” in Tolkien’s later
THEE (object form of THOU, or singular versions of the language. Another word glossed
YOU) lye, tye; see THOU for full discussion and “then”, tai, is used for “they, them” elsewhere
references. Ólë in VT43:29 probably meant (VT49:33).
*"with thee" at the time of writing, but Tolkien THENCE tó, talo; cf. also epeta, epta =
apparently decided to go for –lye rather than just “following that, thereupon, thence, whereupon” –
–le as the relevant ending; compare aselyë “with VT49:11-12
thee” in a later source. –VT43:29, VT47:31 THERE tás, tassë. Also compare tanomë
THEFT pilwë (robbery) –QL:73 % “in the place (referred to)”, *”there”. THERE,
THEIR may be expressed as the ending - LOOK! (as interjection) en (yonder). The form ta
lta (also -ltya) added to nouns (VT49:16), e.g. is defined as “there” in VT49:33, but this may be
*aldalta or *aldaltya = “their tree”. – In some a basic root rather than a Quenya word. –
sources, Tolkien instead gives the ending as - VT49:11, EN, VT45:12, 19
nta (nassentar pl. “their true-being[s]”, THEREFORE etta, tánen, potai (som of
PE17:174) or -ntya (called an “archaic” form in these forms may have been ephemeral in
VT49:17), just as he hesitated between -ltë and - Tolkien’s conception; etta is perhaps the best
ntë as the ending for “they” (VT49:17; see alternative). –VT49:11, 12
THEY). In “colloquial Quenya”, the ending -rya THEREUPON epeta, epta (following that,
could also be used for the plural pronoun “their” thence, whereupon) –VT49:12
(símaryassen “in their imaginations”, VT49:16), THEY, THEM (3rd person pl. and dual
because it was felt to contain the plural ending - forms): As the pronominal ending for “they”,
r, but in “correct” written Quenya -rya was rather Tolkien hesitated between -ltë and -ntë. For
the ending for “his, her, its” (VT49:17). – instance, a verb like “they do” is attested both as
According to VT49:17, the vowel -i- is inserted cariltë and carintë (VT49:16, 17). In one text,
before the ending -lta/-ltya or -nta/-ntya when it the ending -ltë is marked as archaic or poetic
is added to a stem ending in a consonant (but (VT49:17), but in other paradigms no such
the evidence concerning connecting vowels qualification occurs (VT49:51). The alternative
before pronominal endings is rather diverse). – form -nte- occurs in UT:317, with a second
All these words for “their” are plural; the ending pronominal marker (-s “it”, denoting the object)
for dual “their” (describing something owned by following: Tiruvantes "they will keep it". General
two persons) is given in VT49:16 as -sta, but this considerations of euphony may favour -ltë rather
clashes with a similar ending belonging to the than -ntë (e.g. *quenteltë rather than

*quententë for “they spoke” – in the past tense, Genitive forms, see THEIR; reflexive pronoun,
many verbs end in -ntë even before any see THEMSELVES.
pronominal endings are supplied, like quentë THICK tiuca (fat) –TIW
“spoke” in this example). The ending -ltë (unlike THIEF pilu (robber) –QL:73
-ntë) would also conform with the general THIGH tiuco –TIW
system that the plural pronominal endings THIN – long and thin: lenwa (straight,
include the plural marker l (VT48:11). – In narrow) –LT2:341
Tolkien’s early material, the ending -ltë appears THING nat, nata, engwë; THING MADE
as -lto instead (e.g. tulielto “they have come”, tanwë (device, construction, craft), OTHER
LT1:270). – In the independent pronouns, THING hya (also used as conjunction “or”).
distinct forms of may be used depending on GOOD OR FORTUNATE THING, see BOON. –
2
whether “they, them” refers to living beings NĀ , VT39:7, TAN, VT49:15, 30
(persons, animals or even plants) or to non-living THINGOL Singollo, short for Sindacollo
things or abstracts. The “personal” independent (so in Silm:421; MR:217 and WJ:410 have
pronoun is te, which may have a long vowel Sindicollo, where the s represents original th,
when stressed (té, VT49:51). It is also attested in cf. PM:337, where the spelling Þindikollo is
object position (laita te “bless them”, LotR:989 used [Þ = th as in thin]. Hence, these variant
cf. Letters:308, VT43:20). It can receive case forms should be spelt with in initial súlë, not
endings, e.g. dative ten (VT49:14; variant forms silmë, in Tengwar writing). However, it appears
téna and tien, VT49:14, VT43:12, 21). As the that Thingol was usually called Elwë in Quenya.
“impersonal” they, them referring to non-living –MR:385
things, Tolkien in some sources used ta THIRD neldëa, also nelya (cf. Nelyar
(VT43:20; 8, 9), but this apparently caused "Thirds", the third clan among the Elves).
dissatisfaction because he also wanted ta to be Fraction ONE THIRD nelesta, neldesta, nelta,
the singular pronoun “that, it”. According to nelsat –VT42:25, WJ:420, VT48:11
VT49:32, the form tai was introduced as the THIRTEEN yunquentë (also yunquenta);
word for impersonal or inanimate “they, them” (in a Common Eldarin form nelekwe listed
some places changed to te, apparently elsewhere could yield *nelequë or *nelquë in
suggesting that Tolkien considered using te for Quenya. The form quainel seems to be another,
both personal and impersonal “they/them”, possibly experimental, word for "13" in Quenya,
abandoning the distinction). Another source and so is nelquëa. For the syntax of numerals,
(VT49:51) lists sa as the pl. impersonal form, but see THREE. –VT47:15, 40, VT48:21
all other published sources use this pronoun for THIRSTY soica, fauca (open-mouthed,
singular impersonal “it”, not pl. “they”. – The parched) –VT39:11, PHAU
object “them” can also be expressed by the THIS sina (adjectival demonstrative,
ending -t following another pronominal suffix following its noun in our one attested example:
(laituvalmet, “we shall bless [or praise] them", vanda sina, "this oath"; sina is also mentioned
LotR:989 cf Letters:308). Presumably this ending by itself in VT49:18, there explicitly said to be
-t makes no distinction between personal and adjectival). THIS DAY (or, "today") síra (other
impersonal forms. – Quenya also possesses variants, possibly rejected by Tolkien: siar,
special dual forms of “they, them”, used where siarë, hyárë [archaic hyázë]); THIS HOUR
only two persons or things are referred to (none sillumë; IN THIS PLACE sinomë [variant
of these pronouns distinguish between personal sínomë]; adj. OF THIS SORT site; AT THIS
and impersonal forms). In VT49:16, the old TIME silumë (referring to the present of the time
ending for dual “they” is given as -stë (marked of speech), talumë (referring to “the time we are
as archaic or poetic), but this would clash with thinking of or speaking of”). –UT:305, VT43:18,
the corresponding 2nd person ending. According VT44:35, LotR:1003/VT44:36, VT49:11, 12 18
to VT49:51, this ending was changed (also within THITHER tar (this word may mean literally
the mythos) from -stë to -ttë, which seems the "to it" and therefore presupposes ta as the word
better alternative (*carittë, “the two of them do”). for "it, that"), also tara, tamen. THITHER LANDS
The independent dual pronoun is given as tú (as seen from Valinor) Entar, Entarda (Outer
(ibid.) However, it may also be permissible to Lands, Middle-earth, East) –TA, VT49:11, 33,
use te for “they, them” even where only two EN
persons are involved (te is seemingly used with THORN necel, in earlier material also
reference to Frodo and Sam in one of the nassë (spike), though the latter word also means
examples above, laita te “bless them”). – “person” or “true-being” or even “(s)he is”,

leaving necel a less ambiguous alternative. – THOUGHT sanwë; COMMUNICATION

PE17:55, NAS OF THOUGHT, INTERCHANGE OF THOUGHT
THORONDOR Sorontar –Silm:438 (= telepathy) ósanwë; THOUGHT-OPENING
THOU (singular 2nd person pronoun, sanwë-latya (direct, telepathic thought-transfer);
distinct from plural “you” – the Quenya forms THOUGHT-SENDING sanwe-menta (mental
here discussed are not archaic like English message) –VT39:23, 30, MR:415, VT41:5
“thou”, but simply express singular “you”). THOUSAND: No term is yet known for
Quenya makes a distinction between a formal or LotR-style Quenya; in one version of earlier
polite “thou” and an intimate or familiar “thou”, "Qenya" this numeral was húmë (PE13:50). Pl.
the latter being reserved for use between close húmi is attested (used after other numbers, as in
friends, family members, and lovers (VT49:51, "two thousand", i.e. "two thousands"). In later
52). The formal pronoun normally appears as the Sindarin the word was apparently meneg (as in
ending -lyë or (if shortened) -l that is added to Menegroth, the Thousand Caves). The Quenya
verbs, e.g. hiruvalyë “thou shalt find [it]” (Nam), cognate has been theorized to be *mencë, but
caril or carilyë *“thou dost” or *“you (sg.) do” húmë may be used until a later term becomes
(VT49:16). The short form in -l may be the more available.
usual, though the long form -lye- must be used if THRALL mól (slave) –MŌ
a second pronominal ending denoting the object THREAD (fine) lia (spider filament. Note:
of the verb is to be added (e.g. *cenuvalyes lia- is also the verb "twine".) –SLIG
“thou shalt see it”, with the ending -s “it” THREE neldë (the “Qenya” form olë in
appended). The ending -lyë may also be added LT1:258 apparently did not survive into Tolkien’s
to prepositions (aselyë “with thee”, VT43:29). later Quenya). Tolkien used neldë to illustrate
The independent pronoun is lye, with a long the syntax of numerals “from…3 onwards”: The
vowel (lyé, VT49:51) when stressed. This numeral follows the noun, which also receives
pronoun can also appear in object position any case endings, and the numeral is
(English “thee”), e.g. nai Eru lye mánata, by indeclinable: eleni neldë “three stars”, genitive
Tolkien translated “God bless you” (VT49:39). elenion neldë “of three stars”. – In older usage,
Case endings may be added, e.g. allative the noun would appear in the genitive plural, so
lyenna *“upon thee” (VT49:40, 41). There is also that “three stars” would be elenion neldë
elyë “thou, even thou” (Nam, RGEO:67) as an (literally, three of stars) and case endings would
emphatic pronoun (Nam); apparently this can be added to the numeral, so that genitive “of
also receive case endings. Such independent three stars” would be elenion neldëo; notice
pronouns may also be used in copula-less that the numeral inflects as a singular noun. –
constructions, e.g. aistana elyë "blessed [art] NEL, SA:neldor, VT47:11, VT48:6, VT49:45
thou" (VT43:30). – The intimate or familiar THRESHOLD fenda –PHEN
pronoun is similar in form, only with t instead of l. THRICE nel –PE14:84
The pronominal ending is thus -tyë, as in carityë THROAT lanco (This was changed by
“thou dost, you (sg.) do” (VT49:16). It is Tolkien from lango, pl. langwi [the latter form is
uncertain whether -tyë has a short form -t (the erroneously marked with an asterisk in the
existence of a short form is explicitly denied in printed Etymologies, but langwi is transparently
VT49:51, but -t is listed in VT49:48). At one the plural and not an ancestral form, and
conceptual stage Tolkien mentioned such an Tolkien's own manuscript had no asterisk: see
ending that could be added to imperatives VT45:26]. The plural form indicates that lango
(hecat “get thee gone”, WJ:364), but he may had the stem-form langu-. If the replacement
have dropped it because it clashed with -t as a form lanco is to behave similarly, it should have
dual ending on verbs. The independent pronoun the stem *lancu- and the plural form *lanqui.) –
1
is tye, with a long vowel when stressed (tyé, LAK , LANK
VT49:51); presumably there also exists an THRONE mahalma (loc. pl.
emphatic pronoun *etyë (still unattested). Like mahalmassen is attested) –UT:317
lye, the pronoun tye may also appear in object THRONG sanga (crowd, press);
position (ar inyë, yonya, tye-méla “and I too, my THRONG-CLEAVER Sangahyando (personal
son, love thee”, LR:61); we must also assume name, the "throng" being a closely formed body
that tye (and emphatic *etyë) can receive case of enemy soldiers) –STAG, LT2:342, LotR:1085
endings. – Genitive forms, see THY. cf. Letters:425
THOUGH, see ALTHOUGH THROUGH terë, ter; also used of time
(with the sense of “through[out]”) in VT49:41: ter

coivierya *“throughout his/her life”. "THROUGH- first of these seems to clash with *yassë "in/on
ABIDE" (i.e., stand [fast]) #termar- (only fut. which".) MEAL TIME mat (matt-) AT ONE TIME
termaruva is attested) –TER, UT:305, 317, (in the past), see ONCE. AT THIS TIME silumë
VT44:35 (referring to the present of the time of speech).
THROW: the verb hat- “fling” may be The word talumë is translated “at this time” in
used. the sense of “at the time we are thinking or
THUMB nápo; in children's play also speaking of”, hence de facto meaning *”at that
called atto or atya ("daddy"), a term also used of time” (the element ta- is normally defined “that”,
the big toe. Other terms for "thumb" (toltil, tollë not “this”). –LU, WJ:399/VT39:31, YA, QL:59,
and tolpë) were apparently abandoned by VT49:11-12
Tolkien. –VT47:10, 13, 26, VT48:4 TIMID caurëa –LT1:257
THUS sië; cf. also sinen “by this means, TIN latúcen; OF TIN latucenda –LT1:268
so”. The word sin, occurring in the untranslated TINDER tusturë –LT1:270
sentence sin quentë Quendingoldo, has also TINFANG Timpando –LT1:268
been interpreted as “thus” (*“thus spoke TINY titta (little) –TIT
Quendingoldo/Pengolodh”). –VT49:18, PM:401 TIP tillë (point) (also used of fingers and
THWART hranga- (said to be a weak toes; see UP-POINT, UNDER-POINT) –
verb) (PE17:154). Note: hranga is also an VT47:10, 26
adjective “awkward, hard; stiff, difficult”. TISSUE lannë (cloth) –LAN
THY (= singular YOUR) -lya, -tya (endings TITLE see NICKNAME.
used on nouns, VT49:16, 48), e.g. *aldalya, TO, TOWARDS ana, na, an (for, till);
*aldatya "thy tree". The semantic distinction (prefix:) ana-. English "to, towards, –wards" will
between -lya and *-tya is that -lya is formal or often be rendered by the allative ending -nna, pl
polite, whereas -tya is intimate or familiar (see -nnar, as in Elenna "Starwards" (Elen + [n]na).
THOU). In UT:51 (cf. 22), -lya is translated The dative case in -n may also express “to” or
"your" instead of "thy", following modern English “for” in English, and shares the same origin as
usage (tielyanna "upon your path", with the the preposition na. –NĀ, Plotz letter, UT:432,
allative ending -nna “upon” following -lya “your”). Silm:313, VT49:14
Independent words for “thy/thine” or “your/yours” TODAY (or, "this day") síra (other variants,
(sg.) could possibly be *lyenya and *tyenya, possibly rejected by Tolkien: siar, siarë, hyárë
derived from *lyen and *tyen as the theoretical [archaic hyázë]) –VT43:18
dative forms of the independent pronouns lye, TOE taltil (taltill-) (said to be the word for
tye “thou” (compare ninya “my” and menya toe in "ordinary language", VT47:10). The term
“our” as attested pronouns seemingly derived nútil (nútill-, pl. nútilli given), "under-point", is
from the dative pronouns nin “for me”, men “for also used to mean "toe". BIG TOE taltol, also
us”). tolbo (read perhaps *tolvo in the more usual
THYSELF (reflexive pronoun), see form of Quenya). The word atto, atya, basically
YOURSELF "daddy", is said to be used for "big toe" (and
TIDE – lowtide: nanwë (ebb); high tide: "thumb") in children's play, like the word nettë
luimë (flood). Partially illegible glosses referred (prob. netti-) "sister" is said to be used for "fourth
to in VT48:30 may suggest that luimë can also toe" (or "fourth finger", or even referring to the
refer to any tide, or the spring tide. –VT48:26, ninth digit when both hands/feet are considered).
23, 24, 30 The word selyë "daughter" was also introduced
TIE (vb.) #nut- (cited in source as nutin "I as a name for the fourth finger/toe (counting from
tie", 1st person aorist) –NUT the big toe/thumb) in children's play (VT47:10),
TIGHT tunga (taut, [of strings:] resonant) but Tolkien apparendly abandoned it (VT47:15).
–TUG The terms yonyo "big boy, son" and tolyo (also
TILL an (for, to) –Arct tollo) "stricker-up" could be used of the middle
TILTED talta- (sloping, leaning) –TALÁT finger or toe. The word winimo "baby" (exilic
TIME lúmë (translated "hour" in LotR:94; *vinimo) was used for "little finger" or "little toe".-
allative lúmenna is attested. Note: lúmë also VT47:10-12, 15, 26, VT48:6
means "darkness"). Pl. locative lúmissen “at the TOGETHER uo, also (as prefix) o- –
times” (VT49:47). Cf. also lú (= "a time, PE17:191, WŌ
occasion"). FIXED TIME asar (Vanyarin athar) TOIL móta- (labour) –MŌ
(festival); pl. asari is attested. ONCE UPON A TOKEN tengwë (indication, sign, writing –
TIME yassë, yalúmessë, yáressë (Note: the pl tengwi is attested) –WJ:394, 395 cf. TEK

TOMB #noirë (isolated from Noirinan, TOWARDS ana, na, an (for); (prefix:) ana-
"Valley of the Tombs"; unless this compound is (to). Very often, Quenya would use the allative
meant to contain a plural form noiri, it would case in -nna to express “towards”. –NĀ
suggest that #noirë has the stem-form noiri-). – TOWER mindon (also translated "Lofty
UT:166 Tower"; allative pl mindonnar or mindoninnar
TOMORROW enwa. In one conceptual is attested) (turret), mindo (=isolated tower),
phase, noa meant “tomorrow”, but this is tirion (= watchtower; also defined as "a mighty
elsewhere used = “yesterday”. –QL:34, VT49:20 tower, a city on a hill), tirin (= tall tower; Note: a
-TON (reduced form of "town" in names) – homophone means "I watch") See also TOWN
mas (-by) –LT1:251 WITH WALLS AND TOWERS. –
TONGUE (physical tongue:) lamba, LT2:346/MC:222, MINI, LT1:258, TIR
(language:) lambë, quetil (the latter also = "talk" TOWN osto (= town with wall) (city), opelë
or "language"). (In LT2:339, it is said that lambë (walled village/house), irin; TOWN WITH
covers both "physical tongue" and "speech", but WALLS AND TOWERS tirios (prob. tiriost-),
Tolkien later thought better of that. WJ:394 TOWNSHIP ostar –OS, PEL(ES), LT1:258,
states that in non-technical use, lambë was the LT2:343, 336
normal word for "language"; only the TRADE (vb) manca-, TRADESMAN
Loremasters used the technical term tengwesta macar –MBAKH
instead.) LOREMASTER OF TONGUES TRAILING sóra (long) –LT2:344
#Lambengolmo (only pl Lambengolmor is TRANSPARENCE liquis,
attested, in VT48:6 also translated "linguistic TRANSPARENCY – the word vírin is defined as
loremasters"). USE TONGUE, see TALK. – "a magic glassy substance of great lucency used
LAB/LotR:1157/WJ:394, 396, KWET/VT45:25, in fashoning the Moon. Used of things of great
VT48:6 and pure transparency." –LT1:262, LT2:339
TOO (= overly, excessively, as in "too big") TRAVEL lelya- (pa.t. lendë) (go, proceed)
acca –PE13:108 –WJ:363
TOOL tamma, carma (weapon). Note: TREASURE harma, harwë (both words
carma may also mean “helmet”. Also see also used of a single treasured thing), foa, mírë
IMPLEMENT. –PE17:108, 114 (jewel, precious thing); TREASURY harwë (also
TOOTH nelet (nelc-), also nelcë; carca used = treasure). –3AR/LotR:1157, LT2:340,
(fang, tusk); ROW OF TEETH carcanë (LT2 has MIR
carcassë, carcaras "row of spikes or teeth".) – TREE alda (gen.pl. aldaron is attested),
NÉL-EK/VT46:3, KARAK/LT2:344 ornë (= high, isolated tree), taulë (= great tree).
TOP inga (referring "primarily to position HAVING TREES, TREE-GROWN aldarwa,
and could be used of tops relatively broad". TREE-TOP aldinga, TREE-SHADOWED aldëa,
Note: a homophone means "first"). MOUNTAIN- AVENUE OF TREES aldëon; LORD OF TREES
TOP orotinga; TREE-TOP aldinga –VT47:28 Aldaron (a name of Oromë) –
TOPMOST PINNACLE see FINISH. GALAD/Nam/LotR:1147/1157/VT39:7, VT47:28,
TORMENT (vb) nwalya-. (Though spelt OR-NI/LotR:488 cf. Letters:308, LT1:267,
this way also in Etym, nwalya- must be from LT1:249, Silm:32, 378
older *ngwalya, for the stem is ÑGWAL. In TRESPASS (noun) #úcarë (isolated from
Tengwar spelling, the letter nwalmë (< older úcaremmar "our sins/trespasses"; verb úcar- "to
ngwalmë) should be used to transcribe the initial sin, trespass" (pl. aorist úcarer, úcarir attested).
nw of nwalya.) TORMENT (noun) nwalmë The noun #úcarë was the word used in Tolkien's
(older [MET] ngwalmë), angaitya –LotR:1157 final version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer; a draft
cf. ÑGWAL; LT1:249 version has #rohta (pl. rohtar) = "trespass" or
TORTURE ungwalë; ("Qenya" also:) "debt". Compare TRESPASSERS #rohtalië or
malcanë, valcanë –ÑGWAL, LT1:250 #ruhtalië (i.e. "trespass-people", incorporating
TOUCH appa- ("to touch" in a literal lië "people"?) from the same source. For other
sense), #ap- (given as aorist stem apë) words for "trespasser" or "debtor", see DEBTOR.
figurative "to touch (one)" = "concern, affect". –VT43:19, 21
TOUCHING pa, pá (as regards, concerning) – TRESS findë (lock of hair) (probably
VT44:26 obsoleting findil in LT2) –SPIN, LT2:341
TOUGH norna (stiff), tarya (stiff) – TRIANGLE neltil (stem neltild-, as in pl.
WJ:413, TÁRAG neltildi), nasta (spear-head/spear-point, gore) –
TIL, SNAS, VT46:14

TRIBE hostar –LT2:340; the conceptual TURN-TABLE querma (spinning wheel) –

validity of this "Qenya" word may be questioned, PE17:65
since in later Quenya it looks like the pl. form of TURRET mindon (tower) –LT1:260
hosta "large number" TUSK carca (tooth, fang) –Silm:429,
TRICK (noun) rinca (twitch, jerk, sudden LT2:344
move) –VT46:11 cf. RIK(H) TWANG tingë, tango. LT1:256 has
TRIM netya- (adorn). (Note: netya- is also quingi- "twang, of strings, harp". In Etym, there
an adj. "pretty, dainty".) –VT47:33 is also the unglossed verb tanga- = *"make a
TRINITY Neldië –VT44:17 twang"??? –TING, TANG
TRINKET (small thing of personal TWELVE yunquë ("q"), archaic (pre-
adornment) netil –VT47:33 historic?) form yuncë (VT48:7, 8). Also (or in
TRIUMPH – CRY OF TRIUMPH yello another conceptual phase, or in duodecimal
(call, shout) –GYEL, VT45:16 counting?) #rasta (only the stem RÁSAT is given
TROOP hossë (army, band) –LT2:340 in the Etymologies, but cf. yurasta "24", i.e. 2 x
TROTH vérë (bond, compact, oath) –WED 12, in PE14:17). For the syntax of numerals, see
TRUE naitë, nanwa (existing, actual), THREE. TWELVE HOURS ("day" when not
anwa (real, actual), sanda (firm, abiding). For meaning 24 hours) arya (day). Fraction ONE
"true" = "faithful", see FAITHFUL. –VT49:28, 30, TWELFTH yunquesta –VT47:41, VT48:6,
1
ANA, STAN PE14:82, RÁSAT, AR , VT48:11
TRUMP hyóla –SD:419 TWENTY-FOUR yurasta –PE14:17
TRUMPET (see also TRUMP) romba TWI- (prefix) yú-, yu- (both) –VT45:13,
(horn), tumbë; TRUMPET-SOUND róma (loud VT46:23
sound) (Note: róma means "shoulder" in one of TWICE yú –PE14:84
Tolkien's early "Qenya" lexicons.) – TWILIGHT tindómë (usually of the time
WJ:400/ROM, LT1:269 near dawn, glossed "starry twilight" in Silm:438),
TRUNCATED ARM OR BRANCH, see undómë (= evening twilight), yúcalë, yualë,
STUB, STUMP lómë (stem lómi-) (night, dusk, gloom, darkness.
TRUST (noun) estel (hope) –MR:320 Cf. Lómion "Child of the Twilight".) –LotR 1145,
TRY nev- –PE17:167 (Tolkien in the KAL, LT1:255, Silm:160
source expresses uncertainty as to whether this TWIN onóna (also = adj "twinborn", the
word should be adopted or not) primary meaning of the word), pl. ónoni
T-SERIES tincotéma (dental series) – (surprisingly, a dual form is not used) –WJ:367
LotR:1154 TWINE lia- (Note: lia is also a noun
TUBE róta –LT2:347 meaning "fine thread, spider's filament") –
TÚN (Old English) see FENCED FIELD – LT1:271
PEL(ES) TWINKLE #tintila- (only pl tintilar is
TUNE lindë (air, song, singing); HARPING attested) –Nam, RGEO:67
ON ONE TUNE vorongandelë ("vorogandele" in TWINKLING STAR tingilya, tingilindë –
the published Etymologies is a misreading; see TIN
2
VT45:7) (continuous repetition) –LIN TWIST #ric- (only the perfect irícië "has
TUNIC laupë (shirt) –QL:51 twisted" is attested) (VT39:9)
TUNNEL rotto (cave, small grot) – TWISTED nauca (hard, ill-shapen, *small
PM:365, VT46:12 – see SMALL.) –WJ:413
TURGON Turucáno (so in PM:345, TWITCH (verb:) rihta- (jerk, give quick
obsoleting Turondo in LT1:115) twist or move), (noun:) rinca (jerk, trick, sudden
TURN (transitive) quer-, attested as pa.t. move) –RIK(H), VT46:11 cf. RIK(H)
quernë (VT49:20). Also with prefix nan- “back”, TWO atta. When constructed with a noun,
attested in the plural passive participle atta follows and the noun is wholly uninflected:
nanquernë “turned back” (sg. *nanquerna; elen atta “two stars”. Case endings (the
compare nuquerna, see REVERSED). simplest, normally “singular” ones) are added to
(VT49:17, 18, 20). *TURNED WESTWARD the numeral: genitive elen atto “of two stars”. –
númenquerna (VT49:18, 20). English AT(AT)/Letters:427, VT48:6, VT49:44-45
intransitive “to turn” requires a reflexive pronoun
in Quenya: mo quernë immo *“one turned
oneself” (VT49:6), in idiomatic English simply
“one turned”.

U
UDÛN Utumno (stem *Utumnu-) – “properly cannot be used of God since ëa refers
Silm:438 only to all things created by Eru directly or
UGH horro, orro (alas! ow!) ("exclamation mediately”). –ILU (see IL), VT39:20, VT49:28
of horror, pain, disgust") –VT45:17 UNWILL avanir (VT39:23)
UGLY úvanima (not fair). See also UNPRONOUNCEABLE úquétima
WITHOUT BEAUTY.-VT39:14 (impossible to say/put into words, unspeakable)
ULCER: The early "Qenya" term sist with –WJ:370
stem sisty- may perhaps be updated to LotR- UNSPEAKABLE úquétima (impossible to
style Quenya as *sistë with stem *sisti-. say/put into words, unpronounceable) –WJ:370
ULCERATED sistina (QL:86) % UNTIL, UNTO tenna (also in shortened
ULTIMATE métima (final, last) –MC:222 form tenn' before a word in a-) –LotR:1003,
cf. 215 VT44:35-36
UN- (prefix denying presence or UNWISE alasaila –VT41:13, 18
possession of thing or quality) ú- (no-, not, un-, UP, UPWARDS amba, ama (prefix:) am-.
in-) (according to LR:396 s.v. UGU, this prefix (The "Qenya" form amu in LT2:335 is prob.
usually has a "bad sense", cf. vanimor "fair folk" obsolete.) "UP-POINT" (upper digit = "finger")
vs. úvanimor "monsters"), il- (denoting "the ortil (ortill-, pl. ortilli given). UPWARD SLOPE
opposite, the reversal, i.e., more than the mere amban; UPHILL (adj) ambapenda, ampenda –
2
negation"), also pretonic prefix la- "un-, not-". – AM , UNU, VT47:10
VT39:14, UGU, UMU, LT1:255, VT45:25 UPON – this English preposition may be
*UNCOUNTABLE únótima (pl. únótimë is rendered by the allative case, endings -nna pl. -
attested). Translated "numberless"; the nnar, dual -nta. Cf. falmalinnar "upon foaming
interlinear translation in RGEO:66 has "not- waves", tielyanna "upon your path". –Nam,
count-able", while VT39:14 offers the translation UT:22 cf. 51
"countless". –Nam UPPER AIRS AND CLOUDS fanyarë
UNCOUNTED unotë, unotëa (read (skies) –MC:223
*únotë, *únotëa?) (not counted) –VT39:14 UPRISING (noun) ambaron, Ambarónë
UNDER undu, nu (so in Nam; Etym has (sunrise, Orient) (a similar but untranslated word,
no); UNDERNEATH nún (down below); Ambaróna, occurs in LotR:490). Rómen is
"UNDER-POINT" (lower digit = "toe") nútil glossed "uprising, sunrise, east" in Silm:437, but
(nútill-, pl. nútilli given) –UNU, NŪ, VT47:10 the normal meaning of the word is always "east".
UNDERSTAND hanya- (know about, be Cf. also: "UPRISING-FLOWER" *ambalotsë
skilled in dealing with); UNDERSTANDING ("referring to the flower or floreate device used
(noun) handë (knowledge); UNDERSTANDING as a crest fixed to [the] point of a tall [illegible
(adjectival) handa (intelligent) –KHAN word, possibly 'archaic'] helmet", "pointed helm-
UNFOLDING (noun) pantië (opening, crest". Tolkien asterisked the word because it
revealing) –QL:72 was not attested, only a possible Quenya form of
2
UNFURL panta- (spread out, open) –PAT the name Amloth) –AM , LotR:490, WJ:318
UNIVERSE ilu, ilúvë (the whole, the all, URANUS Luinil (or less probably Nénar; it
Allness). The term ilu used of the universe is not known for certain which of the two is
includes God and all souls and spirits, that are Uranus and which is Neptune) –Basic
not properly included in the term Eä. The verb Quenya:24, cf. Silm:55
Eä, itself properly a verb “it is”, is also “used as
noun = the whole created universe” (but

URGE horta- (speed, send flying); translated "we" as a short independent pronoun,
URGING (noun, not adjectival participle) hortalë and they can also receive case endings, e.g.
(speeding), URGENCY hormë –KHOR attested forms like locative messë "on us",
US: The exclusive pronoun (us = “I and allative mello "from us", dative men "for us",
some others, not you”) is me (suffixed to ála “do allative véna “to us”. The forms atarmë,
not” in álamë tulya, "do not lead us”, VT43:12, metermë "for us" also seem to include me, but
22). This pronoun evidently connects with the these forms were evidently ephemeral ("for us",
ending -lmë, see WE. Inclusive "us" (i.e. "you exclusive, is better rendered as men, itself an
and me") should apparently be *ve (for older attested form). –Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:15, 19,
we), connecting with the subject ending -lvë VT44:18, VT49:14
(older -lwë). If the pronouns me, *ve are USE TONGUE, see TALK.
stressed, the vowel may be lengthened (mé, vé, USEFUL mára (fit, good) –MA3
VT49:51). In another conceptual phase, USUAL senwa (also senya; analogy
Tolkien’s word for inclusive "we, us" may have would however suggest that *senya can also be
been *ngwë (Third Age Quenya *nwë), VT48:11. the independent pronoun “his, her”; if so senwa
The dual forms receive the ending -t, hence met, may be preferred as the less ambiguous form).
wet > *vet as the words for “us” referring to only AS USUAL ve senwa, ve senya. –VT49:22
two persons (exclusive met = “me and one other
[not you]”; inclusive wet/*vet = “thee and me”). –
Evidently me, *ve would be the same as subject
and object, so that these forms could also be
V
VAGUE néca (faint, dim to see) –MC:223 presented themselves to incarnates.) VEILED
VALE (dark) tumbë (deep valley); DEEP halda (hidden, shadowed, shady) –SKAL,
VALE imbë (dale) (Note: imbë is also the VT43:22, RGEO:74
preposition "between") –LT:269, VT45:18 VENUS Eärendil (Basic Quenya:24, cf.
*VALIAN valarinwa, attested in Lambë Silm:55), Tancol ("Signifer", "the significant star"
Valarinwa "the language of the Valar, *Valian – MR:385)
Language". Cf. also valaina "of the Valar, VERDIGRIS lairus (lairust-) –VT41:10
belonging to the Valar" (divine) –WJ:395, BAL VESSEL venë (small boat, dish) –LT1:254
VALLEY nan (nand-), tumbo (stem VESTMENT colla (cloak) –MR:385
*tumbu-) (deep valley under/among hills, dark VICTORY túrë (mastery, might, strength),
vale; so in Etym, Silm:438 and LT1:269. apairë –TUR, GL:17
Letters:308 gives tumba "deep valley".) VALLEY VIGIL tirissë, also short tiris (tiriss-)
(adj.) nalda; "VALLEY OF SINGING GOLD" (watch) –QL:93, LT1:258
Laurelindorinan (Lórien). –TUB, LotR:488 cf. VIGOUR tuo (muscle, sinew, strength),
Letters:308, LT1:261, UT:449 vië (manhood), vëassë, laito/laisi (new life,
VALOUR cánë –KAN youth); VIGOROUS vëa (adult, manly); SET
VALUABLE mirwa (precious) –PE17:37 VIGOROUSLY OUT TO DO horya- (be
VANISHED vanwa (gone, departed, dead, compelled to do, have an impulse) –TUG,
lost, past and over) –WAN, Nam, WJ:366 LT1:267, WEG, VT45:22
VAST – LT2 gives aica "broad, vast", but VILLAGE masto, (walled village:) opelë
aica is said to mean "sharp" in later writings. – (town) –LT1:251, PEL(ES)
LT2:338 VINE liantassë, in other early material
VEIL (vb) halya- (conceal, screen from also liantë, but the latter word is elsewhere
light), fanta- (to cloak, mantle). "VEILS, defined as “spider” or “tendril” instead. –LT1:271,
RAYMENT" fana (pl fanar is attested. This word PE14:55
was used of the visible bodies in which the Valar

VIOLENCE ormë (rushing, wrath, haste); refers to vowels considered as independent

VIOLENT naraca (harsh, rending) (possibly "of phonemes, according to Fëanor's new insights
sounds", but Tolkien's extra comment is partially on phonemics; only pl. ómatengwi is attested),
illegible) –GOR, KHOR, NÁRAK, VT45:37 óman (pl. "amandi" in LR:379 is a misreading for
VIOLET helin, Helinyetillë ("Eyes of omandi, VT46:7; this term from the Etymologies
heartsease") (pansy) –LT1:262 may in any case be obsoleted by the above-
VIRGIN, see MAID, MAIDEN mentioned forms), #lehta tengwë (lit.
*VIRGINAL (or, *MAIDENLY) *vénëa (only "free/relased element"; only pl. lehta tengwi is
attested in elided form vénë') –VT44:10 attested; we would rather expect *lehtë tengwi).
VIRGINITY vénë (with the alternative, (Note: In some compounds, óma seems to mean
older [MET] form wénë), venessë –WEN "vowel" instead of "voice": VOWEL SIGN
VISION olos (olor- for older oloz-, as in #ómatehta (only pl ómatehtar is attested),
the archaic pl. olozi, later olori) (dream) – DETERMINANT VOWEL sundóma, VOCALIC
UT:396. EXTENSION ómataina (q.v. for definition). Yet
VOCALIC EXTENSION ómataina (i.e., the another term for "vowel", #penna pl. pennar, is
addition to the base of a final vowel identical to given in VT39:16, but this is taken from a draft
the base vowel [sundóma]) –WJ:417 and not included in the final text Tolkien wrote. –
VOICE óma (pl instrumental ómainen The term #mussë tengwë "soft element" (only
"with voices" is attested. In some words, óma is attested in the pl.: mussë tengwi) covers
translated "vowel", q.v.) VOICELESS ómalóra – vowels, semi-vowels (y, w) and continuants (l, r,
OM, WJ:391, VT39:16 (the latter source defines m, n). –VT39:8/16, OM, WJ:396, 319, 417,
óma as "voice, resonance of the vocal chords"), VT39:17
VT45:28
VOID lusta (empty), cúma (the Void) –
LUS, KUM
VOMIT quama- (be ill) –QL:76
VOWEL #ómëa (only pl. ómëar attested),
also #óma-tengwë, #ómatengwë (this term
W
WAIF hecil (gender-spesific forms are ráni; cf. the similar formation tyávë "taste" pl
hecilo m. and hecilë f.) (one lost or forsaken by tyáver.) WANDERER Rána (a name of the
friends, outcast, outlaw) –WJ:365 Moon), #ran (isolated from Palarran "far-
WAILING (noun) yaimë; WAILING (adj) wanderer", the name of a ship) –RAN, Silm:436,
yaimëa –MC:223 UT:460, 461
WAIN lunca (VT43:19); as for the WANT #mer- (cited in the form merë,
constellation (aka the Great Bear), see SICKLE evidently the 3rd person aorist; pa.t. given as
OF THE VALAR mernë) (wish, desire) –MER
WAKENING (adj) cuivëa (awakening) – WAR ohta –OKTĀ, KOT
KUY WARM lauca –LAW
WALK (vb) vanta-; WALK (noun) vanta – WARRIOR ohtatyaro, ohtar, #mehtar
BAT (isolated from Telumehtar "Orion, warrior of the
WALL ramba; WALL AND MOAT ossa; sky", a word occurring in LotR. Etym gives
TOWN WITH WALLS AND TOWERS tirios – mahtar "warrior" under MAK, but Telumehtar
RAMBĀ/Silm:436, LT1:258, LT2:336 not **Telumahtar under TEL). LT1:268 also has
*WANDER ranya- (only glossed "stray" mordo "warrior, hero", but in Tolkien's later
under RAN, but cf. Silm:436: "ran- 'wander, Quenya mordo means "obscurity, shadow,
stray'" and the following word:) WANDERING stain, smear, dimness". –KYAR (see KAR),
(noun) ránë (straying) (pl. probably *ráner not UT:458, LotR:1146, MAK, TEL

WARWICKSHIRE Alalminórë (Land of exclusive -mmë. Hence e.g. carilmë *“we [not
Elms) –LT1:249 including you] do”, carimmë *“the two of us do; I
WAS nánë, né; see BE. –VT49:28 and one other [not you] do”. The ending for plural
WASH: Early “Qenya” had a verb sovo-, inclusive “we” is to be -lwë or -lvë,
that may perhaps be adopted to Tolkien’s later corresponding to -ngwë for dual inclusive “we”
system as *sov- or *sova-; the past tense is (VT49:16; variant -nquë in VT49:51): Carilwë
given as sóvë. WASHING sovallë (bathing, “we [including you] do”, caringwë “the two of us
purification). –QL:86 do; thou and I do”. The corresponding
WATCH (vb) #tir- (cited in source as tirin independent pronouns were pl. exclusive me, pl.
"I watch", 1st pers. aorist), also attested as pa.t. inclusive we or later ve with variant vi
tirnë, imperative tira and fut. tiruva is attested (PE17:130); when stressed these could have
(the last is translated "shall heed" in the source), long vowels (mé and wé > vé, VT49:51). They
WATCH-TOWER tirion; WATCH (noun) tirissë, may also appear in object position (“us” rather
also short tiris, tiriss- (vigil) –TIR, VT47:31, than “we”), e.g. suffixed to ála “do not” in the
MC:222 cf. 215, LT1:258, QL:93, LT1:268 negative command álamë tulya, "do not lead us"
WATER nén (nen-) (LT1:262 also has (VT43:12, 22). If these pronouns are to be dual,
linquë, but this word has other meanings in they receive the dual ending -t (exclusive met,
Tolkien’s later Quenya), WATER-FALL – inclusive wet > *vet; compare imbë met
LT1:249 gives axa, but this is probably obsoleted “between us [two]” in Namarië). The dual
by axa "narrow path" in Etym; WATERY *nenda pronouns do not have a long vowel even when
(wet – in the Etymologies as printed in LR, stressed. The pronouns me, we/*ve and their
nenda seemed to be a Quenya word, but long variants can also receive case endings, like
according to VT46:3 it actually appears as a dative men or véna “for us” (VT43:27, 28, 33,
primitive form nendā in Tolkien's manuscript; the VT49:14) or locative messë "on us" (VT44:12).
Quenya form would still be *nenda, but it is An emphatic pronoun is attested as emmë “we”
unattested). WATER-MEAD, WATERED PLAIN (VT43:20), this reflects an earlier conceptual
nanda; WATER-LOVERS Nendili (used of the stage where Tolkien used the forms in -mmë for
Lindar), WATER-VESSEL calpa; DRAW plural rather than dual exclusive “we” (VT49:48,
WATER calpa- (scoop out, bale out); ISSUE OF cf. forms like vammë, WJ:371); presumably he
WATER ehtelë (fountain, spring, also cehtelë, would later regard emmë as a dual exclusive
see FOUNTAIN), WATER FALLING OUT form, corresponding to pl. *elmë (and with *elwë
SWIFTLY FROM A ROCKY SPRING celussë > *elvë and *engwë as the emphatic pronouns
(freshet), YELLOW WATER-LILY nénu –NEN, for inclusive “you”, plural and dual, respectively).
WJ:410, NAD, KALPA, KEL, UT:426, LT1:248 These emphatic pronouns can also receive case
WAVE (crested), WAVE-CREST falma endings; the dative form emmen “for us” is
(partitive plural allative falmalinnar is attested. attested (VT43:12, 20). – Genitive forms, see
LT1:266 has solmë instead of falma.) –PHAL, OUR; reflexive pronouns, see OURSELVES.
VT42:15, Nam/RGEO:67 WEAK milya (soft, gentle) (Note: milya- is
WAX líco (evidently with stem *lícu-), also a verb "long for".) The adjectives nípa and
neitë –MC:223, GL:60 *nimpë (the latter given in archaic form nimpi),
WAY tië (path, course, line, direction, meaning "small", are said to be used "usually
road), #vanda (isolated form Qualvanda "Road with connotation of weakness". –VT45:34,
of Death" in LT1:264; cf. vand- "way, path" on VT48:18
the same page) See ROAD. –TE3/RGEO:67, WEAL, WEALTH alma (good fortune),
LT1:264 ausië, autë (prosperity, also adj: rich)
WE, US: The relevant Quenya pronouns WEALTHY herenya (blessed, fortuneate, rich) –
make two distinctions not found in English. “We” GALA, LT2:336, KHER
can be either inclusive or exclusive, depending WEAPON carma (tool; the word may also
on whether the party addressed is included in mean “helm”). –PE17:114
“we” or not. Furthermore, “we” can be either WEAR see BEAR. WEAR (OUT) yerya-
plural (involving at least three persons) or dual (get old) (Note: yerya is also the adjective "old,
(involving only two persons, the speaker and one worn") –GYER
other). Tolkien repeatedly revised the relevant WEARY lumba –VT45:29
endings. According to VT49:16, 51 one late WEATHER – dark weather: lúrë –LT1:259
resolution goes like this: The ending for plural WEAVE lanya-; EVER-WEAVING Vairë
exclusive “we” is -lmë, corresponding to dual (name of a Valië) –LAN, VT39:10

WEB natsë (net); SPIDER'S WEB ungwë númenquerna –LotR:1157/NDŪ, Nam, UT:305,
–NAT, LotR:1157 Silm:428, LT1:263, UT:165, 419, UT:175, 458,
WED verya-; the verb is intransitive and VT49:18, 20, 22
the person wedded appears in the allative WESTERNESSE, WESTLAND Númenor
(veryanen senna *”I married him/her”, compare (full form Númenórë) –Silm:313, 414
English “get married to”). The word verya- also WET mixa, linquë (obsoleting liquin in
means “dare”, but since this is transitive and LT1:262, but in later Quenya, linquë also means
would always be followed by a direct object, the “hyacinth” or *”grass, reed”), *nenda (watery – in
two verbs can be distinguished. – Transitive the Etymologies as printed in LR, nenda seemed
verta- means “to give in marriage” or “to take as to be a Quenya word, but according to VT46:3 it
husband or wife” (to oneself). In an earlier actually appears as a primitive form nendā in
source, Tolkien gave the verb “to wed” as vesta- Tolkien's manuscript; the Quenya form would still
. Noun WEDDING veryanwë (going with verya- be *nenda, but it is unattested.) –MISK, NEN,
and verta-); in an earlier source, Tolkien gave LINKWI
this word as vestalë. Veryanwë is also attested WHAT, evidently mana as in mana i
with pronominal suffixes: veryanwesta, genitive coimas Eldaron[?] "what is the coimas [lembas]
veryanwesto “(of) your wedding”, with a dual of the Eldar?" (PM:396). See also WHO. Where
form of “your”; also veryanweldo with a plural "what" means "that which", it may be translated
“your”. –VT49:45, BES, WED by a relative pronoun, as in lá carita i hamil
WEDGE nehtë (spearhead, gore, narrow mára "not to do what you judge good" –VT42:33
promontory. Note: a homophone means WHAT IS MORE yëa, yé (Note: yé is also
"honeycomb".) –UT:282 an interjection "lo! now see!"); see MOREOVER
WEEK lemnar (from a root meaning "five", under MORE. –VT47:31
since the Valian week had five days), enquië WHEEL (spinning wheel) querma (also =
(from a root meaning "six", since the Eldarin turn-table) –PE17:65
week had six days), otsola (evidently meaning a WHEN: The question-word “at what time?”
seven-day week like our own, as otso = "seven") is unattested, though paraphrases are possible
–LEP, LotR:1141 cf. ÉNEK, GL:62 (e.g. *mana i lú yassë menuvas? “what’s the
WEEPING nyényë –LT1:262 time that he will go?” for “when will he go?”)
WEFT lanat, wistë –LAN , LT1:254 “When” introducing a statement of time appears
WELL (adverb) mai –VT47:6 as írë in Fíriel’s Song (írë Anarinya queluva,
WELL (noun): the form lón or lónë (pl. “when my sun faileth”, LR:72). Another example
lóni given) has the partially illegible gloss "deep has yá (in a phrase translated “when winter
pool, or river-[?feeding] well". Early material has comes”, VT49:23), but different meanings
tampo “well”. –VT48:28. QL:93 (“formerly, ago”) are ascribed to the word yá
WENT lendë (departed) (past tense of elsewhere, possibly leaving írë less ambiguous
lelya-/lenna- "go") LT1:264 gives vá, but this is (though this word itself must be distinguished
probably not a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. from írë “desire”). In phrases like “the day when
–LED cf. VT45:27, WJ:363 we came”, yassë “in which” may be used.
WEREWOLF nauro (In Etym, this word is WHENEVER quiquië, quië –VT49:23, 35
spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng. Initial ng had WHEREIN yassen (refering back to a pl
become n in Third Age Quenya, and I follow the word; sg #yassë). See WHICH. –Nam,
system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly. But RGEO:66, 67
if this word is written in Tengwar, the initial n WHEREUPON epeta, epta (following that,
should be transcribed with the letter noldo, not thence, thereupon) –VT49:12
númen.) –NGAW WHICH ya (known from the Arctic sentece
WEST númen (so in Etym and LotR; and attested with a plural locative ending in
Númen is capitalized in UT:305. According to Nam: yassen "which-in, wherein". See WHO
VT45:38 the form núme- also occurs in Tolkien's concerning relative pronouns.) –Nam, RGEO:66
Etym manuscript, and númë is attested in WHINING miulë (mewing) –MIW
LT1:263 as well), andúnë (sunset, evening); WHIRLPOOL hwindë –SWIN
WESTWARD númenna; WESTERN númenya; WHISPER (vb) lussa-; WHISPERING
adj. IN THE WEST númëa; WESTLAND see SOUND lussë –SLUS (and because this is the
WESTERNESSE; WESTLANDS Andustar (a basic root here, and Tolkien elsewhere indicated
region in Númenor) "WEST-WINGS" (the name that older initial sl- produces Quenya hl-, it may
of a ship) Númerrámar. TURNED WESTWARD

be that these words should properly be cited as possibly rovanda) mentioned in VT46:10 may be
*hlussa-, *hlussë.) either a Quenya word or an etymological form
WHICH (relative pronoun) ya, yá; this cited to explain the "Noldorin" word rhofan. –
relative pronoun may receive case endings, e.g. RAB, VT46:10
yassen "in which, wherein" (pl.) in Namárië. See WILL (#1) (noun) níra (= "will" as a
THAT #3. – It is unclear what the interrogative potential or faculty, while "act of will" is nirmë),
"which" would be in Quenya; maybe mana *selma (Þ) ("a fixed idea, will". In WJ:319, the
"what" (?) can be substituted. –VT43:34, word is given as Þelma, but Þ (th) would
VT47:21 become s in the Noldorin Quenya. Cf. Þindë,
WHITE ninquë (stem *ninqui-) (chill, sindë in WJ:384) Other words for "will" turn up in
pallid), fána/fánë (associated with the whiteness Tolkien's various translations of "thy will be
of clouds, fanyar), lossë (snow-white). –NIK-W- done" in the Lord's Prayer: indómë, replacing
/GL:60/Silm:435 cf. WJ:417, SPAN/VT46:15, #mendë (mendelya "thy will"); according to
RGEO:69, MC:221-223 VT43:16, Tolkien in his notes defined indómë as
WHO (interrogative pronoun) man (so in "settled character, also used of the 'will' of Eru".
Nam and MC:222; MC:221 one place has men, –VT39:30/VT41:6, 17; WJ:319, VT43:15-16
but that is evidently an error, for man occurs in WILL (#2) (verb) – as part of English
the same text. In FS and LR:59/63, man is circumlocutions expressing futurity, this verb will
translated "what". Either Tolkien later adjusted be rendered by the Quenya future tense in –uva,
the meaning of the word, or man covers the e.g. #maruva "will abide". WILL BE, see BE.
meaning of both "who" and "what", but mana is WILL NOT – I will not: vá (exclamation,
seemingly attested in PM:396 as a distinct word also = Do not!); avan, ván, vanyë "I won't",
for "what".) NOTE: this "who" is used only in avammë, vammë "we won't" –WJ:371
questions. As for "who" as a relative pronoun, as WILLOW-TREE tasar, tasarë (Þ)
in "the man who did this", see THAT #3. – (probably obsoleting tasarin in LT2:346) –
Nam/MC:222 TATHAR/Silm:438
WHOEVER aiquen (if anybody) –WJ:372 WIND #súrë (Þ?) (instrumental form
WHOLE ilya (all), THE WHOLE ilúvë (the súrinen is attested, indicating a stem-form súri-
All, Allness, universe). According to early ), súlimë (Þ) (also the name of the month of
material, "the whole" (followed by some noun) is March), vaiwa, waiwa (the latter is probably an
rendered by i quanda, e.g. *i quanda cemen older [MET] form); SOUND/NOISE OF WIND sú,
"the whole earth" –IL, Silm:433, QL:70 WINDY wanwavoitë (pl. wanwavoisi) –MC:222
WHOLLY aqua (fully, completely, cf. 215, LT1:266, Nam/RGEO:66, VT47:12, WĀ,
altogether) –WJ:392 LT1:266
WICKED olca (bad). Compare ulca "evil", WIND UP telya- (transitive) (conclude,
q.v. –VT43:23-24 finish) –WJ:411
WIDE palla, landa; FAR AND WIDE palan WINE miru, limpë (the drink of the Valar,
(or "wide, over a wide space, to a distance", or of the fairies). The word míruvórë, míruvor is
VT45:21); THE WIDE WORLD Palurin –PAL, defined as "a special wine or cordial.") –LT1:261,
LAD, Silm:435, LT1:264 LIP, LT1:258, WJ:399
WIELD #tur- (cited in source as turin "I WING ráma (Pl. rámar and plural
wield", 1st pers. aorist), pa.t. turnë (control, instrumental form rámainen are attested. The
govern). WIELD, esp. WIELD A WEAPON form #rámë, occurring in the ship-name
mahta- (deal with, fight, handle, manage); pa.t. Eärrámë "Sea-Wing", evidently has a feminine
mahtanë is attested. –TUR, MAK/VT39:11, ending.)
MA3, VT47:6, 18, 19, VT49:10 HAVING WINGS rámavoitë (pl. prob.
WIFE veri, in earlier material also vessë *rámavoisi, cf. LEAPING, WINDY), "WEST-
(In UT:8, indis is translated "wife", but in Etym WINGS" (the name of a ship) Númerrámar –
this word is glossed "bride".) –VT49:45, BES, RAM/LT2:335, MC:222, Silm:295, UT:175, 458
UT:8 cf. NDIS WINTER hrívë, in Tolkien’s early “Qenya”
WILD verca; WILD BEAST hravan. Pl. also Yelin, Hesin. In the Calendar of Imladris,
Hravani the "Wild”, term used in Exilic Quenya hrívë was a precisely defined period of 72 days,
to designate Men not belonging to the three but the word was also used without any exact
houses of the Edain. –BERÉK, WJ:219, PE17:78 definition. Lasselanta "leaf-fall" could be used
WILDERNESS ráva (Note: a homophone for the beginning of winter, but the usual
means "riverbank"). The form ravanda (or translation of this word is "autumn". "WINTER

ONE" Hescil (a title of Nienna "who breedeth rendering of the Hail Mary, he experimented with
winter", LT1:66, 255) –LotR:1141, 1145; various prepositional elements for the phrase
LT1:255, LT1:260 "with thee" (see VT43:29). A form carelyë was
WISDOM nolwë (secret lore, obsoleting replaced with aselyë in the final version.
nólemë in LT1:263), nólë (long study, lore, Removing the ending -lyë "thee" and the
knowledge) (In Etym these words, as well as connecting vowel before it leaves us with #as as
nóla below, are spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng. the word (or a word) for "with"; this is ultimately
Initial ng had become n in Third Age Quenya, related to the conjunction ar "and" (see VT43:30,
and I follow the system of LotR and transcribe it 47:31). – In English, the preposition "with" may
accordingly. Nólë is so spelt also in Silm:432. also have an instrumental force, which is best
But if these words are written in Tengwar, the rendered by the Quenya instrumental case (e.g.
initial n should be transcribed with the letter *nambanen "with [= using] a hammer").
noldo, not númen.) WISE #saila (isolated from WITHER hesta-, WITHERED hessa
alasaila "unwise"), nóla (learned), saira, istima (dead) –LT1:255
(having knowledge, learned), iswa, isqua – WITHIN mi (see IN) –MI
NGOL, VT41:13, 18, Silm:432, IS, SAY/VT46:12, WITHOUT (adj & prep) ú (usually followed
LT2:339 by genitive: ú calo "without light [cala]")
WISH (vb) #mer- (cited in the form merë, (destitute of). WITHOUT BEAUTY úvanë, adj.
evidently the 3rd person aorist; pa.t. given as úvanëa. (As for a suffix "-less", also glossed
mernë) (desire); WISH TO GO TO A PLACE "without" by Tolkien, see entry –LESS.) –
mína- (desire to go in some direction, make for VT39:14
it, have some end in view). –MER, VT39:11 WIZARD istar (nom. pl. istari and gen.pl.
WITCH (of the good magic) curuni – istarion are attested), sairon, curuvar
LT1:269 WIZARDRY – in LT1:269, curu is glossed
WITH: For the purpose of Neo-Quenya "magic, wizardry", but in Etym the gloss is simply
writing, the best translation of "with" (in the "skill". –LotR:1121, UT:388, cf. IS, SAY; LT1:269
sense of "together with") is probably #as, WOLF ráca, narmo, WEREWOLF nauro;
attested with a pronominal suffix (see below). A WOLFHOWL naulë (In Etym, narmo, nauro and
string of various prepositional elements meaning naulë are spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng. Initial ng
"with" are attested, but all are probably not had become n in Third Age Quenya, and I follow
meant to coexist in the same form of Quenya; the system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly.
rather Tolkien often changed his mind about the But if these words are written in Tengwar, the
details. The preposition lé, le found in early initial n should be transcribed with the letter
material (QL:52) is probably best avoided in noldo, not númen.) –DARÁK, NGAR(A)M,
LotR-style Quenya (in which langauge le is NGAW
rather the pronoun "you"). Tolkien later seems to WOMAN nís (so in MR:213, Etym gives
be experimenting with yo and ó/o as words for nis, but both sources agree that the pl is nissi
"with"; yo hildinyar in SD:56 probably means (the alternative pl. form nísi in VT43:31 seems
*"with my heirs", and VT43:29 reproduces a abnormal, since this would be expected to
table where various pronouns are suffixed to ó-, become *nízi > *níri). A longer form of nís/nis is
probably meaning "with" (óni *"with me", ólë nissë, clashing with *nissë "in me". For clarity
*"with you", etc.) In the essay Quendi and Eldar, writers should probably use the short sg nís, as
Tolkien assigns a dual meaning to ó- as a prefix; Tolkien himself does in MR:213, with the stem
it was used "in words describing the meeting, niss- before endings, as in the pl. nissi). At the
junction, or union of two things or persons, or of end of compounds the form –nis may occur, as
two groups thought of as units" (WJ:367; cf. 361 in Artanis (see NOBLE WOMAN). A poetic word
regarding the underlying stem WO, said to be a for "woman" is †ní (female). The form #nína
dual adverb "together"). The plural equivalent of (gen. pl. nínaron attested, VT43:31) may have
dual ó- is yo- (as in yomenië, WJ:407 cf. 361 been but an ephemeral word for "woman" in
regarding the underlying root JŌ), and it may Tolkien's conception. LARGE WOMAN nisto –
seem to be this yo that occurs as an NDIS/NĪ/NIS, MR:213, VT43:31, NĪ, INI, VT47:33
independent preposition in yo hildinyar in WOMB #móna (isolated from mónalyo "of
SD:56. The idea that ó- is a distinctly dual form thy womb"). Another word, #carva, was possibly
does not appear in all sources; in VT43:29 we rejected by Tolkien. –VT43:31
have forms like *ómë *"with us", implying at least WONDER (noun) elmenda –PM13:143
three persons. In Tolkien's drafts for a Quenya WON'T see WILL NOT

WOOD toa (probably "wood" as a material Fíriel's Song.) –LotR:1003 cf. MBAR, VT44:36,
rather than "wood" = "forest"; not to be confused LT1:251, 264, LT2:343, LT1:266, VT44:17
with the homophone adj. toa "of wool, woollen"), WORN yerna (old [of things]), colla
GREAT WOOD taurë (pl. tauri is attested) (passive participle of #col- "bear, *wear")
(forest), wood as material: tavar (also toa), (borne). The latter is also used as a noun =
rough piece of wood: runda, piece of shaped "vestment, cloak". –GYER, MR:385
wood: pano, smouldering wood (ember): yulmë WORTH, WORTHY valda (dear) –GL:23
(Note: yulmë also means "drinking, carousal") WOSE Rú, Rúatan (pl Rúatani is given) –
firewood: turu ("firewood" was the proper UT:385
meaning, but the word was used for "wood" in WOUND (vb) harna-; WOUNDED harna;
general); OF WOOD taurina, WOODEN turúva, WOUND (noun) harwë –SKAR
WOODEN POST samna (Þ); WOODEN HALL WRAP (verb) vaita- (enfold); WRAP
ampano, WOODPECKER tambaro, (noun) vaima (robe) –LT1:271, QL:100,
WOODLAND tavas (LT1:261 also gives nan(d), VT46:21
but this means "valley" in LotR-style Quenya.) – WRATH rúsë (Þ), also ormë (haste,
VT39:6, TÁWAR/Silm:438/MC:222 cf. 215, RUD, violence, rushing). WRATHFUL rúsëa (Þ) –
PAN, YUL, LT1:270, STAB, TAM, LT1:267 PE17:188, GOR, KHOR
WOOF winda –LT1:254 WREATHE ría (garland) –PM:347
WOOL tó (obsoleting oa in LT1:249; WRIGHT samno (Þ) (carpenter, builder) –
GL:71 has toa, but cf the following:) OF WOOL, STAB
WOOLLEN toa (not to be confused with the WRIST málimë (literally "hand-link", má +
homophone toa "wood") –TOW #limë). Stem *málimi-, given primitive form mā-
WORD quetta (pl. quettar is attested. limi. –VT47:6
LT2:348 gives quent; this word is no doubt WRITE #tec- (3rd pers. aorist tecë is
obsolete in LotR-style Quenya. GL:28 has given); noun WRITING sarmë (in the
"qetta-"). Quetië, literally *“saying”, is also Etymologies also tengwë, but in a later source
translated “word” (or “words”) in one text. – this word is said to mean "indication, sign,
Silm:436, WJ:391, VT49:28 token", and this meaning may be predominant in
WORLD Ambar (earth), THE WIDE Tolkien's later Quenya; pl tengwi is attested);
WORLD Palurin. (LT2 gives irmin "the world, all WRITING SYSTEM tencelë (spelling);
the regions inhabited by Men"; this is probably WRITINGS parma (book) –VT39:8, TEK cf.
not a valid word in LotR-style Quenya.) OF THE WJ:394, 395, LT2:346
WORLD marda (an adjective, *"wordly"); THE WRONG raica (crooked, bent).
ENDING OF THE WORLD Ambar-metta, INDUCEMENT TO DO WRONG #úsahtië
ambarmetta; "WORLD-ARTIFICER" Martamo (temptation), attested in the allative case
(a title of Aulë) REDEEMER OF THE WORLD (úsahtienna) –RÁYAK, VT43:23
Mardorunando (it is not clear whether the initial
element #mardo means "world" or "of the world";
cf. marda above. It may be that mardo is the
genitive of mar, mard-, translated "earth" in
Y
YARD ranga (pl rangar is attested). The YAWN yanga-, #hac- (only attested as
basic meaning of ranga was "full pace". This participle: hácala "yawning") –YAG, MC:222
Númenórean linear measure was "slightly longer YEAR loa (lit. "growth"), coranar (lit. "sun-
than our yard, approximately 38 inches [= 96.5 round", used when the year was considered
cm]". –UT:285, 461 more or less astronomically – but loa is stated to
be the more usual word for "year"). The pl.

coranári is attested (PM:126). LONG-YEAR yén expressed by the ending -lda (VT49:16), e.g.
(pl. yéni is attested in Nam; the Etymologies as onnalda “your child” (VT49:42); as an
printed in LR cite the stem-form as yen-, but independent word perhaps *lenya (compare
according to VT46:22 Tolkien's manuscript ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, nin “for me”). – Dual forms
actually has the pl. form yéni as in Nam). A of YOU, used when addressing two persons:
"long-year" is a period of 144 solar years, an ending -stë (for original -dde, VT49:16, 33, 51),
Elvish "century" – the Eldar used duodecimal independent pronoun tyet (intimate/familiar) or
counting, in which 144 is the first three-digit let (polite/formal), YOUR (dual): ending -sta
number, like our 100. But sometimes it seems (VT49:16), as independent word perhaps
that yén simply means "year". Cf the following *tyentya, *lentya derived from dual dative forms
words: LAST YEAR yenya, HAVING MANY *tyent, *lent “for you (two)”. Compare such
YEARS linyenwa (old), *RECKONING OF attested forms as ninya “my” and menya “our”
YEARS Yénonótië –LotR:1141, YEN, MR:51 vs. the dative pronouns nin “for me”, men “for
YELLOW malina, tulca (the latter was us”.
adopted from Valarin and used in Vanyarin YOUNG nessa, vinya, cana; YOUTH
Quenya only),YELLOW POWDER malo (stem nésë (Þ), nessë, vírië, vínë, laito/laisi (vigour,
*malu-) (pollen), "YELLOW HAMMER" (yellow new life). Note: all of these words seem to mean
bird) ammalë, ambalë, YELLOW WATER-LILY "youth" as an abstract; for "youth" = "young
nénu –SMAL, WJ:399, LT1:248 person", see YOUNGSTER. YOUNG OR
YES ná (literally "is", i.e. "[so it] is"), also SMALL WOMAN, see GIRL. YOUTHFUL
(in the “past tense”) né, with reference to nessima –NETH, VT46:22, VT47:26, LR:25,
something past, i.e. “yes” =” it was so, it was as GL:37, LT1:267
you say/ask”. Náto is possibly an emphatic form YOUNGSTER winyamo (read *vinyamo
of “yes”. – In one conceptual phase, Tolkien in Exilic Quenya) –VT47:26
used lá for "yes", but in both earlier and later YOUR, see YOU
material, lá is the negation "no, not" instead. – YOURSELF (or "thyself", reflexive
QL:64, VT42:33, VT49:18, 28-29, 31 pronoun) immo (a general sg. reflexive pronoun,
YESTERDAY noa (shortened from the full covering English "myself, him/herself, yourself").
phrase noa ré “former day”; thus noa is basically Also specific 2nd person forms: intyë
an adjective “former”). In another conceptual (apparently familiar), imlë (apparently formal).
phase, noa meant “tomorrow” instead. Not to be Plural YOURSELVES indë (a form imde is also
confused with noa “conception; idea”. –VT49:34 listed, but may be intended as the older form that
YOKE yanta (bridge), yaltë –YAT, GL:37 yielded indë) –VT47:37
YON, YONDER (adj) enta (note: a YOUTH (abstract), see YOUNG; for “youth
homophone means "another, one more"); = young person”, the word glossed
YONDER (interjection?) en (there, look!) –EN, YOUNGSTER (q.v.) may be used %
VT45:12
YOU (plural and dual only; for singular
"you", see THOU): Plural “you” is normally
expressed by the ending -ldë (VT49:51) that is
added to verbs, e.g. carildë “you do” (VT49:16;
in earlier texts Tolkien also used the ending--llë
for pl. "you”, VT43:36, VT49:48). The reduced
form -l may be attached to an imperative: hecal!
"you be gone!" (WJ:364). Independent pronoun
le, with long vowel (lé, VT49:51) when stressed.
Case endings may be added, e.g. dative *len
“for you” (cf. nin “for me”). YOUR (plural) is

Z
ZIMRAPHEL Míriel -UT:224, Silm:324
ZIMRATHÔN Hostamir -UT:222

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Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.

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ALTOGETHER aqua (fully, completely, or in deleted material Angavanda). –MR:350,

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underground, rockhewn hall) –PM:365 AUGUST Urimë (so in LotR; UT has

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LotR:1142, 1144, 1145/Silm:439/LT1:254, DAT, AWKWARD hranga (hard; stiff, difficult).

BABE lapsë; BABY winë (stem *wini-;

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“was” cannot receive pronominal endings –VT49:27-34, Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:34/An

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BEAUTIFUL vanya (Note: a homophone BEGOTTEN – see FIRST-BEGOTTEN.

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BENEFICIAL asëa (Þ) (helpful, kindly) (so BIER tulma –LT1:270

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BUTTERFLY wilwarin (wilwarind-) – “by doom mastered”, UT:138). BY meaning

CALACIRIAN Calaciryan (prob.

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below); CLAW-FINGERED raccalepta –GAT, (of flowers) see BLOSSOM.

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DAERON see DAIRON

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DOUBLE (prob. adj) atwa, tanta; DRINKING-VESSEL yulma (cup), sungwa. –

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–VT45:33, 46:13, cf. LT1:251, LotR:505 cf.

EACH ilya (every, all of a particular group

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LIGHT-ELVES, SEA-ELVES, LITTLE ELF. Cf. ENCLOSURE panda, tarwa (garden);

PEOPLE Eldalië, ELVISH Eldarinwa (adj only, KOR

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FACE cendelë, anta; SWEET-FACED

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GALADRIEL Altariel (Altariell-; gen.

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GIFT anna; LAND OF GIFT (a name of GLAURUNG see GLORUND

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HABIT haimë –KHIM

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knob, short rounded handle", etc.) –VT47:28 HAS BEEN, see BE

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