LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Name:______________________________________Section:___________Score: _____________
Subject: PHYSICAL SCIENCE Teacher: Ms. Joan H. Dimasupil Date: _____________
Type of Activity: (Please check the appropriate box.) Individual Group
Concept Notes Exercises Graphing Others: _________________

Activity Title ELEMENTS

1. Define Elements
Learning Target
2. Describe how properties of different elements compare
3. Relate atoms to elements

Learning Concepts ELEMENTS

Elements pure substance because it cannot be separated into any other substances. There are
92 naturally occurring elements.
Elemental Properties
Each element has a unique set of properties that is different from the set of properties of any other
element.
History of Elements
For about 2000 years, people accepted Aristotle’s idea that all matter is made up of just four elements:
earth, air, water, and fire. Starting about 500 years ago, scientists began discovering all of the elements that
are known today.
Particles of Elements
The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element is the atom. All the
atoms of an element are like one another, and are different from the atoms of all other elements.
Exercises/Task

Activity 1 QUIZ
1. What is an element?
2. Why can’t element be identified by its properties?
3. Explain why the following statement is either true or false: The Idea that matter consists of the elements was first
introduced a few hundred years ago.
PREPARED BY:

MS. JOAN H. DIMASUPIL

INSTRUCTOR

NOTED BY:

MS. ROSELLE M. LINATOC LPT

ASST. SHS COORDINATOR

MS. MARIDEL A. ILAGAN

SHS COORDINATOR
 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Name:______________________________________Section:___________Score: _____________
Subject: PHYSICAL SCIENCE Teacher: Ms. Joan H. Dimasupil Date: _____________
Type of Activity: (Please check the appropriate box.) Individual Group
Concept Notes Exercises Graphing Others: _________________

Activity Title STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

1. 1. Describe the properties of cathode rays that led to the discovery of

Learning Target
the electron.
2. List the properties of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
3. Describe the currently accepted model of the atom.

Learning Concepts
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

DALTON’S THEORY
"Matter, though divisible in an extreme degree, is nevertheless not infinitely divisible. That is, there must be
some point beyond which we cannot go in the division of matter. I have chosen the word “atom” to signify these
ultimate particles."

H2O

Discoveries and how they led to our current understanding of the atom.

Discovery of Cathode Rays

In 1877, William Crookes (1832-1919) was studying how electrical current behaves in a vacuum tube.
In one experiment, he passed an electric current through an evacuated phosphorous-coated glass cylinder
with an object in the center. One scientist in particular, J. J. Thomson, was able to show that cathode rays
could be deflected by a magnetic field,

Thomson presented his work in 1897, where he referred to these negatively charged particles as
corpuscles. Later on, this name was changed and negatively charged particles became known as electrons.
Thomson revised the model of the atom into what became known as the plum pudding model. He
hypothesized that the atom was comprised of negatively charged particles in a field of positive charge
(positively charged particles had not yet been discovered).

Plum pudding model

The Charge of the Electron
In 1909, Robert Millikan and Harvey Fletcher devised what is known as the oil drop experiment to determine

the charge of a single electron.

Discovery of the X-ray

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was studying the behavior of electricity in discharge tubes, who accidentally
discovered the X ray.

Discovery of the Nucleus

Gold Foil Experiment
One of Rutherford’s famous experiments was called the gold foil experiment). In this experiment, Rutherford
used a radioactive source to direct alpha particles toward a very thin sheet of gold foil. Surrounding the foil was
a screen that fluoresced when struck by the alpha particles.

Bohr’s Atomic Model

Niels Bohr proposed what became known as a planetary model of the atom. Bohr’s model was based upon the
work done by Max Planck and Albert Einstein, who at the time were studying quantum theory which looks at
the energy associated with matter.

Discovery of the Neutron (1932)

In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron. Chadwick was an English physicist who was mentored by
Rutherford. His experiment consisted of bombarding beryllium atoms with alpha particles through a paraffin
wax target and studying the effects. From his analysis, he concluded that the nucleus also contains a particle
which has equal mass to the proton, but unlike the proton, is electrically neutral - hence the name neutron.

Particle Charge (C) Mass (kg) Mass (amu) Location

proton +1:6022x10 -19 1:67262x10-27 1:0073 (~1) nucleus
electron (e-) -1:6022x10-19 9:10938x10-31 5:4858x10-4 (~0) outside nucleus
 neutron 0

TABLE 1.1: Characteristics of Subatomic Particles

Exercises/Task

Activity 1 QUIZ
1. What did Crookes discover in his cathode ray tube experiments?
2. Describe the atom using Thomson’s plum pudding model. Draw a picture of this model.
3. How did Millikan set up his oil drop experiment?
4. Describe how Roentgen took his first x-ray.
5. How did Rutherford’s gold foil experiment contradict the plum pudding model of the atom?
6. What is the modern view of the nucleus and its composition?
7. Sketch a modern view of the atom indicating the locations of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
8. List the properties of electrons, neutrons, and protons.
PREPARED BY:

MS. JOAN H. DIMASUPIL

INSTRUCTOR

NOTED BY:

MS. ROSELLE M. LINATOC LPT

ASST. SHS COORDINATOR

MS. MARIDEL A. ILAGAN

SHS COORDINATOR
 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Name:______________________________________Section:___________Score: _____________
Subject: PHYSICAL SCIENCE Teacher: Ms. Joan H. Dimasupil Date: _____________
Type of Activity: (Please check the appropriate box.) Individual Group
Concept Notes Exercises Graphing Others: _________________

Activity Title PROTONS, NEUTRONS AND ELECTRONS

1. Describe protons, neutrons and electrons

Learning Target
2. State the relationship between protons, neutrons, electrons and
elements.
3. Identify particles that make up protons, neutrons and electrons

Learning Concepts
PROTONS, NEUTRONS AND
ELECTRONS

Protons
A proton is one of three main particles that make up the atom. Protons are found in the nucleus of the atom.
This is a tiny, dense region at the center of the atom. Protons have a positive electrical charge of one (+1) and
a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (amu), which is about 1.67x10-27 kilograms. Together with neutrons, they make
up virtually all of the mass of an atom.

Identical Protons, Different Elements

All protons are identical. For example, hydrogen protons are exactly the same as protons of helium and all
other elements, or pure substances. However, atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons

What Do Protons Contain?

Protons are made of fundamental particles called quarks and gluons. A proton contains three quarks and three
streams of gluons. Two of the quarks are called up quarks, and the third quark is called a down quark.

Neutrons
A neutron is one of three main particles that make up the atom. Atoms of all elements—except for most atoms
of hydrogen—have neutrons in their nucleus. The nucleus is the small, dense region at the center of an atom
where protons are also found. Atoms generally have about the same number of neutrons as protons. For
example, all carbon atoms have six protons and most also have six neutrons.

Properties of Neutrons
Unlike protons and electrons, which are electrically charged, neutrons have no charge. The mass of a neutron
is slightly greater than the mass of a proton, which is 1 atomic mass unit (amu). (An atomic mass unit equals
about 1.67 x10-27 kilograms.) A neutron also has about the same diameter as a proton, or 1.7 x 10-17 meters.
Same Element, Different Numbers of Neutrons
All the atoms of a given element have the same number of protons and electrons. The number of neutrons,
however, may vary for atoms of the same element.
Atoms of an element that differ in their numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.

Particles in Neutrons
Neutrons consist of fundamental particles known as quarks and gluons. Each neutron contains three quarks,
as shown in the diagram below. Two of the quarks are called down quarks and the third quark is called an up
quark . Gluons are fundamental particles that are given off or absorbed by quarks. They carry the strong
nuclear force that holds together quarks in a neutron.

Electrons
Electrons are one of three main types of particles that make up atoms. Unlike protons and neutrons, which
consist of smaller, simpler particles, electrons are fundamental particles that do not consist of smaller particles.
They are a type of fundamental particles called leptons. All leptons have an electric charge of -1 or 0.

Properties of Electrons
Electrons are extremely small. The mass of an electron is only about 1/2000 the mass of a proton or neutron,
so electrons contribute virtually nothing to the total mass of an atom.

Where Are Electrons?

Unlike protons and neutrons, which are located inside the nucleus at the center of the atom, electrons are
found outside the nucleus.

The region where an electron is most likely to be is called an orbital. Each orbital can have at most two
electrons. Some orbitals, called S orbitals, are shaped like P orbitals are shaped like dumbbells,with the
nucleus in the pinched part of the dumbbell.
What’s Your Energy Level?
Electrons are located at fixed distances from the nucleus, called energy levels.

Exercises/Task

Activity 1 QUIZ
4. What is an element?
5. Why can’t element be identified by its properties?
6. Explain why the following statement is either true or false: The Idea that matter consists of the
elements was first introduced a few hundred years ago.
7. How are atoms related to elements?

PREPARED BY:

MS. JOAN H. DIMASUPIL

INSTRUCTOR

NOTED BY:

MS. ROSELLE M. LINATOC LPT

ASST. SHS COORDINATOR

MS. MARIDEL A. ILAGAN

SHS COORDINATOR