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 8.4 Phase Change Operations 387

䢇 Relative humidity, hr ⳱ [100 ⫻ pH2 O 冫 pH ⴱ (T )].

2O
Curves on the psychrometric chart correspond to specified values of hr (100%, 90%,
80%, etc.). The curve that forms the left boundary of the chart is the 100% relative humidity
curve, also known as the saturation curve.
䢇 Dew point, T dp —the temperature at which humid air becomes saturated if it is cooled at
constant pressure.
The dew point of humid air at a given point on the psychrometric chart can easily be
determined. For example, locate the point on Figure 8.4-1 corresponding to air at 29⬚C and
20% relative humidity. Cooling this air at constant pressure (⳱ 1 atm) corresponds to moving
horizontally (at constant absolute humidity) to the saturation curve. T dp is the temperature
at the intersection, or 4⬚C. (Verify this statement.)
䢇 Humid volume, Vˆ H (m3 /kg DA).
The humid volume is the volume occupied by 1 kg of dry air plus the water vapor that
accompanies it. Lines of constant humid volume on the psychrometric chart are steep and
have negative slopes. On Figure 8.4-1, humid volume lines are shown corresponding to 0.75,
0.80, 0.85, and 0.90 m3 /kg dry air.
To determine the volume of a given mass of wet air using the psychrometric chart, you
must first determine the corresponding mass of dry air from the absolute humidity, then mul-
tiply this mass by Vˆ H . Suppose, for example, you wish to know the volume occupied by 150 kg
of humid air at T ⳱ 30⬚ C and hr ⳱ 30%. From Figure 8.4-1, ha ⳱ 0.0080 kg H2 O(v)/kg DA
and Vˆ H ⬇ 0.87 m3 /kg DA. The volume may then be calculated as

150 kg humid air 1.00 kg DA 0.87 m3

V⳱ ⳱ 129 m3
1.008 kg humid air kg DA
(In this calculation, we used the fact that if the absolute humidity is 0.008 kg H2 O/kg DA,
then 1 kg DA is accompanied by 0.008 kg water for a total of 1.008 kg humid air.)
䢇 Wet-bulb temperature, T wb .
This quantity is best defined in terms of how it is measured. A porous material like cloth
Equipment or cotton is soaked in water and wrapped around the bulb of a thermometer to form a wick,
Encyclopedia and the thermometer is placed in a stream of flowing air, as in the figure shown below.9
thermometer
Evaporation of water from the wick into the flowing air is accompanied by a transfer of
heat from the bulb, which in turn causes a drop in the bulb temperature and hence in the
thermometer reading.10 Provided that the wick remains moist, the bulb temperature falls to
a certain value and remains there. The final temperature reading is the wet-bulb temperature
of the air flowing past the wick.

Thermometer

Thermometer
bulb wrapped
with moist wick

Humid
air

9
Alternatively, the thermometer may be mounted in a sling psychrometer and whirled around in stationary air.
10
Think about what happens when you step out of a shower or swimming pool. Water evaporates, your skin
temperature drops, and you feel cold, even if you felt perfectly comfortable when you were dry.
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 120 125 130 135 140 145

5
11
35 40 45 50 55
0.033

0
11
0.032

5
0.031

10
0.030

0
10
0.029

%
90
0.028

95

30

%
0.027

80
90
0.026

y Air
y
0.025

%
85

dit
70

k J / k g Dr
mi
0.024

Hu
80
0.023

Air

ive
%
60

lat
0.022

v i a ti o n
ry
75

Re
gD
0.021

%
25
J/k
70

E n t h alp y D e
0.020

50
,k
0.019

on
65
ati
0.018

tur
60

%
0.017

40
Sa
0.016

At
0.95

55

20
0.015

lpy
%

50
tha 30
0.014
En
0.013
40

45

–1.0
–0.8
–0.6
0.012

–1.2
35

–0.4
.2
0.011
5
15

.1

Moisture Content, kg/kg Dry Air

40

.0

–0
–0
%
–0
25

°C 20 0.010
30

e, 0.009
tur
20

a
er 10
25

0.008
mp
Te 0.007
15
10

n
tio
ura 10%
0.006
Sat 5
10

r
5

bo 0.005
et Bul
W 0 0.004
0

–5 +0.2 0.003
–5

+0.4 0.002
+0.6
–10

0.001
+0.8 +1.0
0.00
–10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

0.75 0.80
Dry Bulb Temperature, °C 0.85 0.90
Below 0°C Properties and Enthalpy Deviation Lines Are For Ice Humid Volume, m3/kg Dry Air

Figure 8.4-1 Psychrometric chart—SI units. Reference states: H2 O (L, 0⬚C, 1 atm), dry air (0⬚C, 1 atm). (Reprinted with permission of Carrier
Corporation.)
385
386 Grains of
moisture
Pounds of
moisture
Enthalpy at saturation,

49
Btu per pound of dry air per pound per pound
of dry air of dry air

48
Copyright 1947 Carrier Corporation—Copyright 1959 Carrier Corporation—AC 467 Printed in U.S.A.

47
85 90 95 100 105
180

46
.025

45
170
.024

44
43
.023
160

80
42
.022

41
150

40
.021

39
140 .020

38
37
.019

75
130

y
36

dit
mi
.018

hu
35

ive
120 .017

34

lat
Re
33

%
.016

70

90
110

32

.3 Btu
.015

31

%
80
100

30

y air –0
.014

29

65

%
70
90 .013

26

28

pound of dr
%

27
25
60 .012

24
80

60

u
Bt
.011

Enthalpy deviation Btu per

02
23

u
–.

Bt
%
50
22

70

4
.010

tu
–.0

6B
55
21

–.0

tu
% .009
40

8B
18

20

60

–.0
50 .008
17

19
16

% 50 .007
30
45
15

.006
12

14

40
40
11

13

20% .005
35
10

12

30
.004
30 u
Bt
9

.1
+0
25 .003
8

Wet Bulb,
80% Btu 10%
20
Dew Point or .2
+0

ir
7

Saturation
Btu

ry a
Temperature 60% .3 .002
+0

of d
40% 10
tu

und
+0 .4 B .001

r po
20% Btu
+0.5

. pe
Dry Bulb 0

u ft
0
cu ft

cu ft

u ft

cu ft
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

.5 c
c
12.5

13.0

13.5

14.0
Dry Bulb Temperature, °F

14
Humid Volume, ft3/lbm Dry Air

Figure 8.4-2 Psychrometric chart—American Engineering units. Reference states: H2 O (L, 32⬚F, 1 atm), dry air (0⬚F, 1 atm). (Reprinted with permission of
Carrier Corporation.)
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