A Pile Foundation Evaluation using Pile Driven Analysis (PDA)

on BPJS Buidings at Central Jakarta District

F Putera Agung M Agung1, Andreas Rudi Hermawan2, I Ketut Sucita3

1
Civil Department, Geotechnical Enginering, State Polytechnic of Jakarta / Politeknik Negeri Jakarta,
Jalan Prof. Dr. G.A.Siwabessy, Kampus UI-Depok, Kota Depok, Indonesian (16425)
2
Civil Department, Structural Engineering, State Polytechnic of Jakarta
3
Civil Department, Engineering Estimation, State Polytechnic of Jakarta
{ putera.agungmagung@sipil.pnj.ac.id, arudihermawan@gmail.com }, i.ketutsucita@sipil.pnj.ac.id

Keywords: Bearing capacity, settlement, lateral displacement, pile foundations, PDA test results.

Abstract: The basic purpose of the PDA test is to evaluate the bearing capacity, settlement and lateral displacement of
the pile. PDA test is always used on medium and small projects and considered to replace the load test.
Three random points of pile configuration was used to determine the capability of piles by the PDA test in a
deep foundation system of BPJS building project. As a result of PDA test, the ultimate bearing capacity;
settlement and lateral displacement in three piles tested at the three locations was reported in accordance
with standard limitations required by SNI 1726-2012 and 2847-2013 closing to the design results.

1 INTRODUCTION loading at the below of overall system. Pile Driving

Generally, geotechnical investigations in small to
medium scale building projects uses cone
penetration test (CPT) and or Standard Penetration
Test (SPT) only, since the boring log and laboratory
soil investigation are costly for one observation
point in the field with a depth exceeding 30 m.
Because of data limitations, planners must work
using limited exploratory data based on CPT and / or
SPT, so they must search for confirmatory data to
complete the shortage data. Thus, the results of the
implementation design for bearing capacity,
settlement, and lateral displacement must be
evaluated directly in the field. Thus, the results of
the implementation of the carrying capacity,
decrease, and lateral movement in the field must be
tested directly in the field; so that defects and
failures in the deep foundation system can be
avoided.
There any method can evaluate a performance of
pile foundation, such as: static loading test using a
200 to 300 percent of allowable bearing capacity;
full scale static loading test, etc. Full scale loading
test is one of the most reliable method, but there are
many disadvantage, such as: costly; using time any
longer; some risk factors for workers because the
testing using with a configuration of concrete blocks
and the worker must read the settlement versus
Analyzer (PDA) test or the dynamic strain testing
High Strain Pile Tests ((HSDPT) recently is always
used as one of solutions.
PDA test has several advantages, such as:
applicable for evaluation of bearing capacity;
settlement; and lateral displacement rapidly; and
requires relatively small space. The following are
the main objectives of dynamic pile testing (or
monitoring): (1) Bearing capacity at the time of
testing. For prediction of pile’s long term bearing
capacity, measurements are taken during testing; (2)
Dynamic pile stresses during pile driving. In order to
limit the possibility og pile damage, stresses must be
kept within certain bounds. For the concrete piles
both tension and compression stresses are important;
(3) Pile integrity often must be checked both during
and after pile installation; (4) Hammer performance
must be checked for productivity and construction
control.
2 METHODOLOGY
According to the results from cone penetration tests
at the load test site, used concrete cast and debris
layers was found at the top surface with the
thickness between 0.50 to 1.00 m from the remains
of old buildings. Then, medium to stiff silty clay
layer is a surface layer on the site up to 1.0 to 6.8 m
below the surface, a very stiff cohesive soil layer
existed 6.80 to 10.40 m thick below the surface
layer, and very dense silty sand layer existed from
10.40 to 12.0 m (Figure 1). Ground water level
(GWL) is found at the depth of 5.40 to 7.20 m.
Figure 1: qc and tf values of CPT
The basis for the results calculated by PDA are
pile top force and velocity signals, obtained using
piezoelectric accelerometers and bolt-on strain
transducers attached to the pile near its top. PDA
conditions and calibrates these signals and velocity.
Using case method solutions, the PDA calculates the
results on BPJS Building project site (Figure 2)
described in the following section. PDA test were
applied in two piles load testing sites for axial
bearing capacity and one pile for lateral
displacement. To help examine the soil conditions
and design calculation, the results of the
investigations which nearest the pile (S-1 and S-2)
show in Table 1.
Figure 2: Pile instalation process and PDA test
Design of the BPJS building is based on SNI
1726-2012 for earthquake assessment for Buildings
and Non-Buildings Structures and Structural
Concrete Requirements of SNI 2847-2013. Bearing
capacity calculation based the CPT was calculated
by Schmertmann’s method (1978), and Brom’s
method (1965) was used for lateral displacement
analysis. In the analysis, the assumptions used are as
follows: (1) bearing capacity of reclamation layer is
not taken into account; and (2) calculation of soil
depth based on elevation of ground landfill (GL).
In the design calculation, concrete pile type uses
dimensions of pile with size of 30; 40; and 50 cm in
square shape with average depth of 10.0 to 12.0 m.
Results of of bearing capacity analysis for a single
pile based on S-1 is shown on Figure 3, while Figure
4 was calculated based on S-1 to S-5. Results of of
lateral displacement analysis for a single pile based
on S-1 is shown on Figure 5, Figure 6 was calculated
based on S-1 to S-5. Particularly, for lateral
displacement on Figure 6, it appearances that pile
dimensions of 40 and 50 cm only, the lateral
displacement values are fitted each other. Based on
considerations of disruption or barriers to the
environment; etc, it was proposed to use a pile
foundation system using the Jack-in Pile method.

Table 1: Soil condition based on CPT tests (S-1 and S-2).

Figure 3: Bearing capacity for a single pile based on S-1

Figure 4: Bearing capacity values based on S-1 to S-5

Figure 5: Lateral displacement for based on S-1

From some observation directly in the field, results of

piles instalation was existed at the depth between 10.0 m
and 11.0 m. From CPT data of S-1 and S-2, for range 10.0
to 11.0 m, the cone resistance values (qc) shown that 150
to 180 kg/cm2, this means that the cone had no movement
at all, or had reached the hard layer at these depth.

Figure 6: Lateral displacement for based on S-1 to S-5
3 TEST RESULT
Pile testing data results are shown from Table 2 to 4.
Table 2 shows the existing pile data for evaluation of
bearing capacity and settlement. Table 3 shows the
maximum compression and tension stresses results
from field testing. Table 4 identifies the PDA data
reading result from field test and after analysis using
CAPWAP software.
For lateral displacement testing data are shown from
Table 5 to 6. Table 5 shows the existing pile data for
evaluation of lateral displacement. Table 6 shows
the total and residual movement could be read from
the loading test data. Results of relationship between
time; load; and lateral displacement are also
presented graphically as shown in Figure 7.
Table 2: Pile data for evaluation of bearing capacity.
Table 3: Maximum compression and tension stresses
results from field testing.
Table 4: PDA data reading results for bearing
capacity after analysis using CAPWAP software.
Table 5: Pile data for evaluation of lateral displacement.
Table 6: PDA data reading results for lateral displacement
after analysis using CAPWAP software.
Figure 7: Results of relationship between time; load;
and lateral displacement
4 CONCLUSIONS
Based on some PDA field tests and analyzed by
CAPWAP were obtained the total of Ultimate
Bearing capacity for both points, such as:
1. Pile of AS. 3 No. 58 was 137.3 tonne consist of
86.9 tonne for friction resistance and 50.4 tonne for
end bearing, respectively.
2. Pile of AS. 4 No. 73 was 166.7 tonne consist of
86.9 tonne for friction resistance and 50.4 tonne for
end bearing, respectively.
All PDA test results are plotted on Figure 4, thus, it
can be concluded that the values of field bearing
capacity is greater than results of design calculation
using the Schmertmann’s method (Figure 8).
For lateral displacement test results and failure
criteria of pile, where the testing was performed for
only one of pile, then it can be concluded:
1. Total lateral displacement was 7.17 mm at the
maximum load of P = 4.0 tonne (100%).
2. Total lateral displacement was 24.07 mm at the
maximum load of P = 6.0 tonne (150%).
 SNI 2847, 2013. Persyaratan beton struktural untuk
bangunan gedung. ICS 91.080.40. Badan
Standardisasi Nasional (BSN).
Schmertmann, J.H, 1978. Guidelines for Cone
Penetration Test: Performance and Design. U.S.
Dept. of Transportation, Washington, D.C.

Figure 8: Comparison between PDA results and

design using Schmertmann’s method (1978).

From standard of ASTM D3966 – 90, maximum

lateral displacement must be less than 25 mm for
200% ultimate load, however PDA at the field test
using lateral load (P) = 6 tonne (or 150% ultimate
load) shows the lateral displacement equals 24.07
mm, then all testing process was stopped.

It is not practicable to specify the precision of the

procedure in this test method for measuring pile
movement versus applied load because each pile is
unique due to the variable nature of the ground in
which it is embedded. Furthermore, retesting a
particular pile commonly results indifferent data
from the initial testing due to plastic movement of
the ground in which the pile is embedded

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Researhers express thanks you for the support of
CPT data obtained from the Consultant of PT.
Tambora, Jakarta and PDA data by Geotesting
Utama Engineering from the Construction
Contractor of PT. MAM, Jakarta.

REFERENCES
D 3966 – 90, 1995. Standard Test Method forPiles Under
Lateral Loads. American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM).
SNI 1726, 2012. Tata cara perencanaan ketahanan gempa
untuk struktur bangunan gedung dan non gedung. ICS
91.120.25;91.080.01. Badan Standardisasi Nasional
(BSN).