Alferez, Vern Jasmine

Bailon, Jennica Anne

Torres, Ma. Coleen
 Metals
are an especially important class of materials.

Why are metals particularly attractive as

engineering materials?
They are distinguished by several special properties:
 high thermal and electrical conductivity
 high melting point
 ductility
 luster characteristic of their surfaces
 Materials

metals ceramics Polymers composites

ferrous Non-ferrous
Steel
 Steel

Low Alloy High Alloy

 Low carbon steel

medium carbon steel

high carbon steel

• Most abundant • Can be heat • High hardness
grade of steel treated and strength
• Not responsive • Low • Hardest and
to heat hardenability least ductile
treatment • Most often • Used in
Low • Good
weldability and
used in
tempered
hardened and
tempered
alloy machinability
• Applications:
condition
• Applications:
condition
• Used as tool
automobile Railway wheels and die steels
panels, wires, and tracks,
nails gears,
crankshafts
 Stainless steel

Ferritic • Composed of α ferrite

Martensitic • Can be heat treated

High Austenitic • Most corrosion resistant

alloy Precipitation- • Ultra high strength
Hardening

Duplex • Ferrite + Austenite

 Stainless steel

High
alloy
Cast iron
Cast iron
 lower melting point
 low shrinkage and good fluidity and casting ability

• Weak & brittle in tension

Grey Cast Iron • Stronger in compression

• Castings are stronger and much more

Nodular Iron ductile than grey iron

• Very hard and brittle

White Cast Iron • Used as intermediate to produce malleable cast iron

• Reasonable strength and improved

Malleable Cast Iron ductility

• Relatively high thermal conductivity

Compact Graphite Iron • Lower oxidation at elevated temperatures
Cast iron
Applications:
Car parts – cylinder heads, blocks and gearbox cases.
Pipes, lids (manhole lids)
Foundation for big machines (good damping property)
Bridges, buildings
Copper &
alloys
Copper (Cu)
 a ductile metal
 soft and malleable, difficult
to machine
 very high electrical conductivity –
second only to silver
 refined to high purity for many
electrical applications
 excellent thermal conductivity
 Electrical and construction industries
are the largest users
Copper alloys

BRONZE

BERYLLIUM COPPER
BRASS

• most common • alloys • heat treatable

alloy of Cu containing tin, • ductile,
• has higher lead, aluminum, weldable and
ductility than silicon and machinable
copper or zinc. nickel • resistant to
• easy to cast • stronger than non-oxidizing
• relatively low brasses with acids (HCl or
melting point good corrosion H2CO3),
and high fluidity and tensile abrasive wear
properties and galling
• can be cast, hot
worked and
cold worked
Application
Used in springs, load cells and other parts
subjected to repeated loading. Low-current
contacts for batteries and electrical
connectors. Cast alloys are used in injection
molds. Other applications include jet aircraft
landing gear bearings and bushings and
percussion instruments.
aluminum
& alloys
aluminum (Al)
 versatile metal - can be cast, rolled, stamped, drawn,
spun, roll-formed, hammered, extruded and forged
into many shapes
 can be riveted, welded, brazed, or resin bonded
 corrosion resistant
 widely used in aerospace and automotive
applications where weight savings are needed for
better fuel efficiency and performance
 two category of alloys: wrought and cast
Application
Food/chemical handling equipment, heat
exchangers, light reflectors, utensils, pressure
vessels and piping bellows, clutch disk,
diaphragm, fuse clips, springs aircraft structure,
rivets, truck, wheels, screw
trucks, canoes, railroad cars, furniture, pipelines
aircraft structures and other highly loaded
applications, aircraft pump parts, automotive
transmission cases, cylinder blocks
Titanium&
alloys
Titanium (Ti)
 has high affinity to oxygen – strong deoxidizer
 high strength and low weight makes it very useful as
a structural metal
 excellent corrosion resistance due to a presence of a
protective thin oxide surface film
 can be used in elevated temperature components.
 limitation of pure Ti is its lower strength
 titanium alloys
α

α+β
• have low • heavier, • good
density, stronger and strength-
moderate
strength, less ductile ductility
reasonable than α combination
ductility and alloys.
good creep • creep
resistance
strength
reduces with
increasing β
content
Application
airframe skins, marine and chemical
processing equipments, gas turbine
engine casing and rings, chemical
processing equipment, jet engine
components – compressor
disc, plate, hubs
Nickel&
alloys
Nickel (Ni)
 a high-density, high-strength metal with good
ductility
 excellent corrosion resistance and high
temperature properties
 has many unique properties including its excellent
catalytic property
 Ni-base super alloys are a unique class of materials
having exceptionally good high temperature
strength, creep and oxidation resistance and are
used in many high temperature applications like
turbine engines.
Application
Magnesium&
alloys
Magnesium (Mg)
 lightest among commonly used metals
 very reactive and readily combustible in air
 thermal conductivity is less than Al
 has adequate atmospheric resistance and moderate
strength
 properties can be improved substantially by alloying
 can be alloyed with many elements
 alloys: Cast, Wrought
 Mg alloys: Impact and dent resistant, have good
damping capacity - effective for high-speed
applications.
Application
Structure and tubing, cathodic protection,
forging of max strength for aircrafts, die-cast
parts for automobile, luggage and electronic
devices automotive wheels, die-cast parts
requiring good creep strength compositions
Metallic bonds

Metals are composed of atoms.

The strength of metals suggests that these atoms are held
together by strong delocalized bonds.

Such bonds could be formed between metal atoms that have low
electronegativities and do not attract their valence electrons
strongly. This would allow the outermost electrons to be shared by
all the surrounding atoms, resulting in positive ions (cations)
surrounded by a sea of electrons (sometimes referred to as an
electron cloud).
Metallic bonds
The mobility of the electrons within the electron gas explains
many of the physical properties of metals
 Excellent electrical and thermal conductivity
 The shininess of metals

Because it is possible to displace single atoms with a rather small

amount of energy, metals can be easily deformed plastically. If
some metal atoms are replaced by those of another metallic
element, the metallic bond is usually not destroyed because, for
the bond, it is mainly relevant that electrons are released to the
electron gas. This explains why it is possible to alloy metals in
many different compositions.
Crystal structures
Atoms in a metallic solid arrange themselves so that their
electrons can spread over many atoms. Metals form crystals
which are distinguished by their well-ordered structure

Crystals
 can be considered as a three-dimensional arrangement of
points that looks identical from each of the points
 have a regular, periodic structure that repeats itself exactly
 can be visualised as consisting of cubes that all look alike
Crystal structures

Bravais lattices
 lattices that look the same
from each lattice point
 14 possible arrangements
 named after discoverer
Auguste Bravais
Unit cells
 smallest part of the crystal
 building blocks of crystals
 can’t have arbitrary shapes
Crystal structures

The unit cells of the 14 Bravais lattices

Crystal structures

Lattice with a basis

 Lattices that do not look the
Three lattice structure same from each lattice point
especially frequent in metals
 face-centred cubic (Bravais)
 body-centred cubic (Bravais)
 hexagonal close packed structure
Crystal structures

Two important properties

of a crystal lattice

Coordination number Relative density

the number of atoms or ions the certain fraction of space filled
immediately surrounding a up by atoms
central atom in a complex or
crystal
Polycrystalline metals
Polycrystalline metals
consist of several crystalline regions called
crystallites or grains.

Grain boundaries
are the interfaces between grains which do not
have a perfectly crystalline order as differently
oriented regions adjoined here, also considered as
lattice imperfection.

 Intercrystalline fracture
weak grain boundaries that may lead to failure of material.
 Polycrystalline metals

microstructure
is known as the structure of the grains of a metal.

Semi - Coherent
Coherent Some of the crystal planes are
All crystal planes are connected continuous between the matrix
between matrix and particles. and particle.