(CHAPTER VIL Romance words VOCABULARY Ja dscusing Rome grammar we me ad of ‘gram: the majority cf words known at any ons time, but 1 vast work in many volumes would noyer claim‘THE aoouaN LaNoUAGES 2 slipshod practice in $01 for our purposes) BIRTH AND DEATH OF WORDS Sonne spice wl be able fk ot ely asa ‘we shall attempt to de- fot we shal roard the translation value of 2 word assubdivided into composition (where med from two or more area »mmon than compen voured by English and, especial Eve the loss of a word from everyday language ays mean that ‘may also ‘lod door (mod f) used in legal language for “in eat. 8 Spanish de hinojor = ‘kneting’ using arc inofo = "koe, now replaced by rod THE COMPOSITION OF ROMANCE ‘VOCABULARY POPULAR AND LEARNED LATIN WORDS common Romance words are inherited from history. Many of these words havea learned” sing because of thei sc arly connotation ‘quoted above would be times the Tanguege and a popular—of the same Latin word, oft ferent menning: reach chove = fds of the language and concepts. Most of the then, are ‘popular’ ia th210 ‘ue ROMANCE LANGUAGES 2. COMMONEST WORDS INHERITED FROM LATIN; “Latin has handed on to the Romance languages most fof their ‘function’ words used with the highest fro aueney in f, from, QUOMODO (Other words in tis estogory include: JAM = ‘read’, QUANDO = ‘wh ‘pot, no’, TOTUS = “al 1B = "there NON = the personal pronouns and the numerals: 2 SEPTEM = ‘seven’: Rumanian gop, considerable pumber of common La 8 are also shared by the Romance langu: 28, PACERE = ‘to do, VIDERE = ‘to s [Names for parts of the body often fall into this cato- Bory: eg. LINGUA = ‘tongue, LUs = ‘oe, SANGUIS = “Boo Tew foreign words Latin have come the Romance 5 ‘These come from various sources, including the at all periods, especially Greek words were borrosted in manic word appears to have survived throughout theRomance area, including Rumania, (although others 4, LEXICAL DIFFERENTIATION WITHIN ROMANCE, Although the Romance languages do share a. great ‘umber of comma words, there aro noticeable dif Empire may have developed r0- Other differences depend on ten- Within the eparate languages, wilh rege, Sardinian istve; bewhere SAPERE = "to ast ie ve, "To hese and to sel Smarlock 1 Romance, sce, Rhetian ws, but French huis and Spanish 120[No general concusions can be drawn about the pro- pensity of is tendency is counteracted which they borrow, from Ara 9 ones: change of vocabulary topid during the history of French and many common Romance words Have been replaced by ‘new formas coup = ltsrally oe 2B. Dilfereatiation of warde within Valigar Latin Some of the differences in Romance vocabulary may ate from before the splitep of Vulgar Latin; it 3 probable that there were regional variat dis tribution of words, especially of near-synonyms. TWO ‘broad types of clasification of the Romance languages fan be made, on tie basis of vocabulary distribution: ‘and central versus pet reslons. How illuminating these divisions are is some- ‘Oak’: Latin wed QUERCUS a the generis term, ROBUR maily forthe wood of the oaks The former fo be of Balkan erie; Portuguese ‘nay be Iberian, ‘There are a con shared by Spanish- Ihave not survived languages. Tn Chapter TIL we men miclusions reached in Hnguistca spaciale— portance of the words concerned and on thei postion within the conceptual sytem of the language. The hap-hhazard way in whic nal linguistics handles iso- de light on the mechanisms at changes, though it may provide bor In the Wet-Spanish madera. Porigne sm daira bat OM ene maiee was abandoned in Favour of bok . Ditterent formations in Vuigar Latin Some of the diferences in Romance vocabulary ap- pear to stem frem the currency of diferent formations fn Latin. Sometmes diferent forms of the same word are used in diferent areas: Sometimes formations from qul sed, eg. "Forge thse for which Latin ba posal ofthe languages might determine the form of th word 8, ‘Spectacles, eve glasses": Tallan oechia, Ruma-218 {THE ROMANCE LANGUAGES THE MODERS LANGUAGES 2 E, Different soures for loar-rords , Differnt psychological and social associations lard from Germanic). JERE, EX-ELIGERE (Rumanian20 WE ROMANCE LANGUAGES ‘THE MODERN LANGUAGES ferentiation among 5. DIFFERENTIATION AMONG GRAMMATI- ‘CAL WORDS: Even among tle most frequent words of the languageslewher, being re placed by PAENE AD = “nesnly to" ie Rumanian *POSTIUS sites some Romance forms for ‘then’ver in al words, and not only NUNQUAM Rumanian nd ‘in Romenian was used for ys; French—the HOCILLE > of -» oui; Proveos re and simple ‘exprested in Romance by a derivative ‘ected with certain changes in the ‘above, bel | of words, In the aext example ‘almost, nearly’ words Appear 10 be cloedly connected in Romance with a sut-‘The connection between all these Romance vocabulary (cerca, pera, bu rot cleat, but it can be seen th: Change ean be said to lead to an ‘Unusual developments among * in Spanish also show certain partic long, wide’ ‘Whereas Latia LONGE = “fei il curent in most setived 6. EVERYDAY LEXICAL WORDS THAT DIF- FER IN ROMANCE, Many of the commonest words tions are shared by all the Romance languages, but other Romance langue Latin word (suggesting Con and Westera vocabulary came while Tain Was ing TERRA in J+ Rumanian hers <- LUCRUM = ‘ein, " compared with CAUSA = ‘cause’ in the ther» chose, fe); RES, REM it MODERN LANODAGES m9 strada < STRATA (VIA) = ‘paved [oven, jovem, ete. Big’: Romanian mare < pated with GRANDEM ch Rumanian bipbar Sometimes Tbero-Romance end Talon have wards ia “apps lice « FELICEM, but French het i vous, derived from AUGURIUM = ‘predict i ‘manian buewes, peobably of Dalkanie origin. Some common concepts are expressed by several dit ferent forms in the Remance languages (ncmatopoce); Portsvese cranca fe eviar = 40 erste’.20 THE ROMANCE LANGUAGES ‘Heavy’: Romanian grew < GRAVIS; Ialian pesante, ‘Spanish, Portguete peso derived form PENSARE “to weighs French fond, psthaps fora LURIDUS << VULTUS; French fgure < FIGURA, derived fom sis <— VISUM ‘appearance’ (face = “ont, ee: <. FACTES did ovisinally mean ace’, but able, o¢ even obs2ene, overtones ‘sod in his tease). Spanieh, Por: Iuguese cara (irom Greek), resiro < ROSTRUM tea ‘copo <~ CUPPA. 7. DIFFERENCES IN SOME BASIC LEXICAL STRUCTURES Thave already mentioned that many lexical items cane ‘Hot usefully be ezamined in isolation, Often» number ‘of words are used to deseite one corner of sometimes caled-and each word is party defined by its relationship to every other word in the pattern. Changes in the pattern—whether through changes in social attitudes, or through a word being lost ‘THE MooERY LaNoUAGES 2 or being newly incorpora result in a whole series of thelr meanings into the pattere—can often in lexical forms and AL Kinehip terms A good example of a semantic field is provided by words expressing family selationships. Several shifts ‘ccurred in the development of Romance from Ls which distinguished between relatives on the father’s fide and on the mother’s side, An examination of a umber of Kinship terms is suggested. by the Span fsh and Portuguese substitution of GERMANUS (— ‘hall-brother’) for FRATER ia the sense ‘brother? (her cf. also Catalan, Bearvese, and diniects). In Venetin, Lom- GERMANUS is used for ‘cousin! h cousin. germain = ‘fst. cousin’) (maternal) cousin’ gives the ‘normal word for ‘cousin’ in many Romance languages (French cousin, Ialian cupino, ef, also Provencal snd Engadine). The same word sigifes ‘nephew in Spen- Ish and Portuguese (sobrin{ jo). Rumanian uses var (e VERUS = ‘true’) and Spanish and Portuguese tse primo (<= PRIMUS = ‘frs’) to signify ‘cousin. ‘and PATRUELIS = ‘coosin on the ‘mother's side’ and ‘vousin on the father’s sie’ die out (sense retained ia modern allan and Romani Tost in Feench in the seventeenth century) AVUS 5 rund-lther often ook on the meant = fiteraly monk ‘uni detved trom BONUS,of BARBA (= beard) {or “uncle oF The causes of emal and patemal kin (exemplified by the borrow- ing of THIUS into Late Latin to supplement AVUN- ‘male chaste, meanings Which some West=a {THE ROMANCE LANGUAGES ‘Ie MODERN LANGUAGES as sed for the water contained in classication of semantic the field of study. In place should suggest he 8, CHANGE OF MEANING the heading ‘Change of Mean ise categories cove! emphasis often found in semantic eh there as been a26 “TE ROMANCE LANGUAGES IMPEDICARE = "to fetter’ —> to binder Rumanian lian impedicare, Freach empécher, French parser = to banda ‘wo thi’) C. Bold changes-examples: ological the changes, and we can speculate ad Jnanges in mores, en social images’, and T preir to approach the problem from a more nat- rowly linguistic angle—while not preciuding stops int the quagmire of psychology and sociology. ‘We have presumed that the operative mome semantic change comes when a word loses it original comes about: "A. when snoth sug, to designs fare obviously felated to. pong. COMPREHENDERE = ‘oeaten hold ‘aphoreally to. mean Yo understand” rendre, Spanish comprende fh alive = Thy” ace ‘hi, replacing SUPERDUS = ‘prow, hi co the moaning super’.ae SE ROMANCE LANGUAGES Sometimes 1 word is preferred because it 5 more Spanish chanza (ono haps. rom Tor champion. meeting for Sometimes is general connotations are more in tane ial customs of te time word drops out, creating a semantic the ‘other side fivid words may eg. SCIRE replaced by SAPERE, And s0 02, "The ooly potemt new sowres category is created by homonyms Sevule of sovnd-changes, two words, formerly Decome phonetically identical, one will offen Examples abound in the pages of text-books; one wi sulice bere: “THE MODERN LANGUAGES ey MOLERE = ings new word ‘to pull SUMMARY ‘wholly from very fe= Thave hardly tovched on ws jan_of borrowing, because these are Comparatively lite importance inthe basic Tex ro " fo ave ght on some ofthe mechanisms that account for smi ‘and diflrences among Romance words.