Basic of meteorology

Meteorology is the study of the changes in temperature,air pressure,moisture,and wind direction in the
troposphere. Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes
and forecasting. Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events which illuminate and are
explained by the science of meteorology.

Importance of meteorology

 Meteorology is important because of the impact of air conditions on life.

First of all weather forecasting has vital role in urban administration. Cities preparing extreme weather
conditions such as tornadoes, snowstorms in order to prevent disasters.

 Second, long term weather forecasting is important for agriculture. Drought can cause
starvation. Meteorology is important for farmers since crops need water to grow up.

 Meteorology is also important for both air and marine transportation. Windy weather effect
planes and ships. Lightnings can be dangerous for planes. Sea waves give hard times to ships.
Airports stop their operations and ships stay on harbors in extreme weather conditions.

ATMOSPHERIC WATER

Nearly all of the water is located in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere.Water is
present in variable amounts in the atmosphere, from 0 % to 4 %.In the atmosphere, water exists as a gas
(water vapor from evaporation), as a liquid (droplets of rain and liquid water that coats solid particles),
and as a solid (snow and ice). Its structure depends on its state.

ATMOSPHERE

Is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in
place by the gravity of that body. An atmosphere is more likely to be retained if the gravity it is subject
to is high and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. Simply describes as a blanket of air that
sorrounds the earth.

COMPOSITION

The composition of Earth's atmosphere is largely governed by the by-products of the life that it
sustains. Dry air from Earth's atmosphere contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon,
0.04% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen, helium, and other "noble" gases (by volume), but
generally a variable amount of water vapor is also present, on average about 1% at sea level.

In addition to containing nitrogen and oxygen, the atmosphere contains small particles, such as
dust, volcanic ash, sea salt, dirt, and smoke.
Layers of the atmosphere

1. Troposphere

This is the lowest part of the atmosphere - the part we live in. It contains most of our weather
- clouds, rain, snow. In this part of the atmosphere the temperature gets colder as the distance
above the earth increases, by about 6.5°C per kilometre. The actual change of temperature
with height varies from day to day, depending on the weather.

The troposphere contains about 75% of all of the air in the atmosphere, and almost all of the
water vapour (which forms clouds and rain).

2. Stratosphere
The second layer of the atmosphere .This extends upwards from the tropopause to about 50
km. It contains much of the ozone in the atmosphere. The increase in temperature with height
occurs because of absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun by this ozone.
Temperatures in the stratosphere are highest over the summer pole, and lowest over the
winter pole.
By absorbing dangerous UV radiation, the ozone in the stratosphere protects us from skin
cancer and other health damage. Contains about 24% of air
3. Mesosphere
The third layer of the atmosphere. Here the temperature again decreases with height,
reaching a minimum of about -90°C at the "mesopause".the decrease of tempearature
is because there is no water vapour,cloud,dust or ozone to absorb incoming radiation.
4. Thermosphere (ionsphere)
The fourth layer of the atmosphere,The thermosphere lies above the mesopause, and is a
region in which temperatures again increase with height. This temperature increase is caused
by the absorption of energetic ultraviolet and X-Ray radiation from the sun.