Monopoly:

Monopoly means single seller who has complete control over the supply of a
commodity and there is no close substitute of that commodity. Because of the fact that
there is no close competitor of the seller, the seller is the price maker of that commodity.

Types of Monopolies

Single-Price Monopoly:
A Single- Price monopoly means that everyone pay the
same market price for all units purchased. A firm working according to single-
price monopoly operates in a single market.

Examples:
A) Snacks Production Companies like Lays, Kurleez etc.
B) Soft Drinks Production Companies like Pepsi Co an Coca Cola etc.
C) Ice cream Production Companies also set a fixed rate for all buyers.
D) Milk Production Companies also set a fixed price for all consumers in
all the regions where they are operating.

Discriminating Monopoly:
Discriminating monopoly exists when a firm charges
different prices to different customers for the same product or service.

Examples:
A) Airline ticketing method is perfect example of discriminating monopoly.
The prices of tickets are usually low if we buy them a month before
our flight and it would be high if we by our ticket days before our flight.
B) Cinema is also a good example of discriminating monopoly.
Moviegoers have to pay according to their age groups.
C) Loyalty cards offered by food chains charge less prices for the regular
customers.
D) Firms like Tesco give coupons to regular customers to get special
offers. It is a clever marketing ploy to get people to come back and
purchase again.

Natural Monopoly:
A type of monopoly that exists as a result of the high fixed
or start-up costs of operating business in a particular industry.

Examples:
A) Railways are also considered a natural monopoly, because very high
cost of laying the tracks, building a network and buying a train would
provide the entry of a completion.
 B) When supply companies are considered as natural monopoly.
C) Electricity suppliers are also natural monopoly.
D) Gas supplying companies.

Limited Monopoly:
Limited monopoly is created when federal government
issues copyrights, patents or trademarks.

Examples:
A) Microsoft (Windows OS)
B) Apple (For its IOS)
C) Google (Android Developing)

Unlimited Monopoly:
Examples:
A) Coca Cola
B) Apple and Samsung
C) KFC and Burger
D) KNS

Voluntary Monopoly:
When two or more companies join hands together to
control a market of a specific product then such monopoly is called voluntary
monopoly.

Examples:
A) Honda Atlas Car Limited
B) A merger between Pepsi
C) Another voluntary monopoly
D) In 2008, HP bought EDS to strengthen

Government Monopoly:
A Government monopoly is a form of coercive monopoly in
which a government agency or government corporation is the sole provider of
particular group or service and competition is prohibited by law.

Examples:
A) German
B) Pakistan Railways
C) United State
D) Coin minting in Pakistan mint

Private Monopoly:

When the production is owned, controlled and managed by the individual

or private body or private organization, it is called private monopoly is profit
oriented.

Examples:
 A) Tata Motors
B) Reliance
C) Bajaj
D) Atlas Group of Pakistan

Legal Monopoly:
Right granted by a government to a firm to be the sole
provider of a particular good or service nationwide or within a specific
geographical region is called legal monopoly.

Examples:

a. PEMRA
b. Legal monopoly of Serena and Marriott is to serving alcohol only to
Non-Muslims is monopoly.
c. Post service.
d. Wapda is a governmental department which holds the right to
produce electricity in Pakistan.