The Opinionated Factors in terms of Flexibility of Profession under the

Underemployment in the area of Baranggay San Roque, Angono , Rizal

A Research Paper

Presented to ACLC College of Taytay

In Partial of Fulfillment of the Requirements in Methods for Practical Research

Dexter Diaz

DessereeSardovia

ArjamesYapiendon

Edison Tumaca

Crizalyn Ortega

MichaelbryanEstorgio

JhonnyBoybanting

Cassandra Apostol
 Table of Contents

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………………………1

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………….2-4

State of the Problem………………………………………………………………………………………4-5

Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………………………………….5

Theoritical and Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………5-7

Scope and Delimitations…………………………………………………………………………………7-8

Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………………………………………….9
 Acknowledgement

Foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our advisor

Mr. Noe Coronel for the continuous support of our research for his patience,

motivation, and knowledge. His guidance helped us in all the time of research

and writing of this thesis.

We thank our respondent who cooperates with us, because of them this

research becomes possible. To our parent's genuine support throughout this

research work. Our thanks go to all the people who have supported us to

complete the research work directly or indirectly.

Finally, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for His showers of

blessings throughout my research work to complete the research successfully.

 Chapter I

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter shows the introduction, statement of the problem,

conceptual and theoretical framework, and significance of the study, scope and

delimitation and definition of terms.

INTRODUCTION

Underemployment has become the problem of our economy due to their

not suitable for their job preferences. A worker may be a professional in a

particular field, but due to some factor or some reasons (such as personal

reasons), a worker impelled such a job that’s not fit to their profession.

As a matter of fact, according to PSA (Philippine Statistic Authority) the

estimated number of underemployed people in the Philippines is 6.0 million in

October 2008. Of this number, 28.1 percent are women (1.7 million). This

translates to an underemployment rate (the proportion of underemployed

women to total employed women) of 12.8 percent for women.

Underemployment rate among men is reported at 20.4 percent.

Underemployment strikes regards on age or job experiences due to some

factors, such as, the economy, population and over qualification. The latest

status of the underemployment rate in the Philippines in the year of 2019 in the
month of July compared to the rate of underemployment in the month of July in

the year of 2018 was lesser than the 2018. It gets decrease from 3.3 percent.

Many factors caused increases to a large number of underemployed

workers. Economy, it causes too much in increasing the underemployed people;

when the economy failed or not doing well, it may affect the people, and it can

be the struggle for those people who graduated in a higher profession. Due to

not doing well in the economy, it may inhibit the number of job opportunities

that can be produced in the job market.

Another factor of underemployment is when the supply of workers is

greater than the demand for workers. When the supply was greater than the

demand, it won’t work or function automatically. For instance, if there’s too

much workers but the space or the availability of the certain position or what

was just only needed in the company was not enough or lesser and not equal to

the number of supply of workers, it will cause of trouble with the workers and

also in the name of the company.

On the other hand, one of the researcher’s neighbors, she graduated BS

Accountancy, but she is not a CPA, she is working in the Cruise ship as her

primary source of income.

For instance, underemployment affects job growth, poverty levels, career

growth, and psychological problems/mental health to the underemployed

person. Moreover, it can lead to unemployment; since they will not be able to
update their resumes with their skills, etc. it can hinder them from landing

another job in the future.

So the researchers conducted a study to know the opinionated factors in

terms of flexibility of profession under the underemployment in the area of

Barangay. San Roque, Angono Rizal, and its aim to answer these questions

throughout to the researcher's study; how they become an underemployed

worker? What their reason for being underemployment? What is their current

status, and how is it going with their current /recent job?

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Underemployment has been the problem every year of our economic

statistics. Though there are lots of job opportunities in our country, it is not

enough for someone to apply it; especially he/she was graduated in higher

education and has a good background education.

Throughout this research study, it aims to pursue the following objectives:

 Determine the reasons why he/she went to his current job today

 Determining the struggles after they graduated and before they got their

current job

 Determining their current life status together with their present jobs

 Gives good advices or moral advices for the upcoming fresh college

graduates
This research study allowed answering the following questions:

 As an Underemployed worker, do you think it is healthy to our economy

that people like you to continue to build other business as a source of

income?

 What are some of the main reason why there is an Underemployed

worker?

 What are the factors that probably affectyour existing life today?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will benefit those workers who are not aware of the economic

status about the rate of underemployed people in the area of Barangay San

Roque, Angono, Rizal.

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

According to ILO, underemployed is a worker who works less than 35

hours per week and wants to work more, and A broader definition that includes

several aspects: the person works less than 35 hours per week but wants to work

more; the person is overqualified, the person expressed insecurity on the job;

persons’ salary is below the reservation wage, and the person is with temporary

or no written contract. Human Capital Theory of Becker (1962) establishes that

education and skills, as human-capital characteristics, may explain specific labor-

market outcomes, including underemployment. The empirical evidence on the

determinants of underemployment primarily documents a set of personal

characteristics to be related to underemployment.

The Theory of the ‘tied mover/tied stayer’ (Kain, 1962) may explain

portions of underemployment, as some population cohorts, like females, may be

prevented to commute due to family or other ties. Women may be further prone

to underemployment due to increased likelihood for labor-market non-

participation, due to household and child-raising tasks which encourage female

labor-market deactivation, especially in patriarchal societies.

The theory stated above was relevant to the researcher's study; it stated

about all the possible factors that affect the status of people in terms of their

particular jobs and their profession/skills/experiences.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework shows the blueprint of the research study. It

defines how will be the flow of researcher’s study.

 *Job opportunities

Underemploye
Hindrance *Financial
*Work Experience

Profession *Skills

d
Worker
*Knowledge

Capability to *Age
work
*Status
*Health

The figure above shows the how will be the research starts through the

beneficiary. And how will the flow of the research will be throughout this study.

As you can see from the worker, there’s three (3) sub parts that might question

to the worker. This framework can be used to clarify the problem and the main

goal of the research study.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

This qualitative research focused on determining the opinions of

particular participants of this research study.

 This study will be conducted in the area of Baranggay San, Roque,

Angono, Rizal. The main participants of this research are fifty (50) residents of

Baranggay San, Roque, Angono, Rizal, with different kinds of the completed

course. The study was delimited by different people with their completed

courses or major courses. The research data will be gathered through

interviewing the fifty (50) residents of Baranggay San Roque. The frequency will

analyze the result depending on the answer of the participants and also will be

coded the answers of the participants.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Underemployment - Underemployment is the underuse of a worker

because a job does not use the worker's skills, is part-time, or leaves the

worker idle.

 ILO - International Labour Organization

 Wage - monetary compensation paid by an employer to an employee in

exchange for work done.

 Empirical - based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or

experience rather than theory or pure logic.

 Cohort - a group of people banded together or treated as a group.

 Patriarchal - relating to or characteristic of a system of society or

government controlled by men.

 Delimited - having fixed boundaries or limits.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies both local and foreign

sources.

Local Study

According to Leonard Allan G. Fernandez, In terms of sex composition, the level

of the underemployed was consistently higher among men, ranging from 3.5

million to 3.7 million, than women (1.4 million to 1.7 million) during the years

under review.

Across regions, Region IV claimed the largest proportion of underemployed men

and women in 1987 (14.5% and 13.3%) and 1990 (13.0% and 12.6%). However, a

downtrend was noted in 1993 and 1996 as the proportion slid down to 11.6% for

men and 11.1% for women. Region V also posted remarkable increases among

underemployed men in all years from a share of 10.7 percent in 1987, the

number rose to 13.2 percent in 1996. Meanwhile, there is a decreasing trend

among underemployed men in Regions II and X.

The proportion of underemployed women were also relatively high in Regions

V, VI and XI. Noticeably, the underemployed women were increasing in Regions

II, X and CAR.

LOCAL LITERATURE
In 2013, the annual employment rate was estimated at 92.7 percent and the

annual unemployment rate, at 7.3 percent. Meanwhile, the underemployment

rate was 19.8 percent. These annualized rates are based on the results of the

quarterly Labor Force Survey (LFS) conducted in 2013, that is, in January, April

and July of year 2013.

The total employed persons reached approximately 38.0 million in 2013.

Employed persons are grouped into three major sectors, namely, agriculture,

industry and services sector. Workers in the services sector comprised the

largest proportion of the population who are employed, making up 53.4 percent

of the total employed. Those engaged in the wholesale and retail trade or in the

repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles accounted for 34.8 percent of the total

employed in this sector or 18.6 percent of the total employed. Workers in the

agriculture sector comprised the second largest group (30.9%), followed by

workers in the industry sector (15.7%).

Occupation-wise, the laborers remain the largest group making up 32.6 percent

of the total employed. Officials of the Government and special-interest

organizations, Corporation executives, managers, managing proprietors and

supervisors (16.2% of the total employed) comprised the second largest

occupation group, followed by farmers, forestry workers and fishermen (13.0%),

and service workers and shop/market sales workers (12.3%). Employed persons

fall into any of these classes of workers: wage and salary workers, self-employed
workers without any paid employee, employers in own family-operated farm or

business, and unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers comprised 58.6

percent of the total employed persons, numbering approximately 22.3 million.

Among the wage and salary workers, the workers in private establishments

accounted for the largest percentage (45.0%), followed by workers in

government and government-controlled corporations (8.0%), workers in private

households (5.2%) and workers with pay in own family-operated farms or

businesses (0.4%). Self-employed workers without any paid employee accounted

for 27.9 percent of the total employed, whereas the unpaid family workers, 10.1

percent.

Employed persons are classified as either full-time workers or part-time workers.

Full-time workers are those who work for 40 hours or more in a week, while

part-time workers work for less than 40 hours. Approximately 24.5 million

persons or 64.5 percent of the total employed persons worked for 40 hours or

longer in a week. Those who worked for less than 40 hours were estimated at

13.1 million or 34.4 percent of the total employed persons. The underemployed

persons or those employed persons who express the desire to have additional

hours of work in their present job or to have additional job, or to have a new job

with longer working hours numbered approximately 7.5 million, resulting in an

underemployment rate of 19.8 percent.

The unemployment rate in 2013 was estimated at 7.3 percent, which translates

to a number of unemployed which is approximately 3.0 million. Of this number,

62.1 percent were males. The largest number of the unemployed were in the age

group 15 to 24 years (48.8%), followed by the age group 25 to 34 years (30.0%).

By educational attainment, one-fifth (20.0%) of the unemployed were college

graduates, 13.8 percent were college undergraduates, and 32.7 percent were

high school graduates.

Foreign Literature

According to PayScale's "Underemployment In America" report released on

Tuesday, graduates who studied business management and administration were

8.2 times more likely to be underemployed compared to their classmates.

This ratio of underemployment is almost twice as high as for English majors, who

were 4.6 times more likely to be underemployed than their peers.

"Underemployment" rates measure the number of workers who are highly

skilled, but in low-paying jobs and not utilizing their expertise and experience, or

who are working part-time jobs but would prefer to be in a full-time position.

"The problem with business majors is that it's so common," Katie Bardaro, lead

economist at PayScale, tells us. "There's so many of them and not enough jobs to

go around."
Without an MBA, undergraduate business majors have it pretty tough, says

PayScale's report, which identified the 10 most underemployed undergraduate

majors based on an analysis of 40 million career profiles on its site.

Other majors with high levels of underemployment were criminal justice (6.9

times more likely to be underemployed), drama and theater arts majors (6.9

times), anthropology (5.8 times), liberal arts (5.6 times), history (5.5 times), and

psychology (5 times), according to PayScale.

Of the different types of schools PayScale looked at, business schools also had

the highest relative ratio of underemployment (1.17 times the national average),

whereas engineering schools had the lowest (0.36 times the national average).

What does this mean for the bigger economy?

"Underemployment can have lasting effects on local economies," PayScale's

report said. "As fewer people are able to find the jobs that match their

qualifications or desired hours, less money cycles through the economy, and

businesses continue to hold back on hiring. It is a compounding cycle that can

mean real trouble for the metros on our list."

In short, education can help you better your skills and develop valuable

relationships with others, but it's up to individuals to think like innovators and

disruptors and identify trends that will set them apart in our rapidly evolving

global workforce.
Foreign Study

Measurement of skills-related underemployment is complicated by the

difficulties associated with both identifying the skills requirement of different

jobs and measuring skills levels

According to Shane Gibbons, one approach is to assess the difference between

the individual’s level of education and mean education level for all workers in

the same occupation. Sullivan (1978) adopted this definition and defined

workers as underutilized if his or her number of completed years of schooling

was one standard deviation about the occupational group mean. This metric has

been adopted and used in later research (Mendes de Oliveria, Santos, & Kiker,

2000); however, one SD is arbitrary and assumes equal distribution of under and

over education, which is unlikely, making this form of measurement problematic

A second approach is to compare the education requirement of an occupation,

as determined by occupational job analysts (e.g. the Occupational Network or

O*NET), with 23 the individual’s level of education. A problem with this

approach is that it assumes all occupations within the same job category require

and utilize the same skills. There is too much heterogeneity within occupations

to make this assumption. Also, definitions are infrequently updated. In addition,

these measures place an emphasis on educational mismatch rather than

occupational skills mismatch, and there is good evidence to suggest the two are

not analogous (McGuinness and Wooden, 2009). These measures also tend to
ignore on-the-job skills experiences and education, and do not account for

degree of fit between education skills set and job requirements.

A third, more subjective approach, compares worker subjective assessment of

job education requirements and worker’s level of education. Although this

approach is helpful in illuminating worker perspectives and referents it is

dependent on workers knowing the education and skills required to complete

their job.

The four approach is to directly ask workers if they believe they are over

educated and/or over skilled for their current job. This approach has the most

potential of illuminating the subjective experiences of the underemployed. Yet,

rarely has an attempt been made to directly quantify the extent to which an

individual’s skills are not used, and those attempts that have been made only

employ very crude categorical distinctions. In an attempt to add to the

underemployment literature this study will explore the workers’ perceptions of

the depth and breadth of their skill usage.