INTRODUCTION

It is just general information related to seminar which we are want to represent throughout the
seminar. It is detail information about superstructure of building with some proper series issue
research. In first section of seminar we just given detail difference between substructure and
superstructure. In next section factors affecting to superstructure in details.

In this modern world the construction of building has taken a long way [1], For this construction
we require to analyse & design the structure[2], there has been many analysis & design software
[4], but here we have analysed & designed Residential building (G+4) using E tabs[5]. ETABS
stands for Extended Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems [3]. In this research
paper E tabs has been used to analyse & design of Reinforced concrete building (G+4) [6]. The
building has been analysed & designed by as per Indian Standard conformation codes & after
analysis & design, here an attempt has been made to understand the behaviour of the building
[5] [6] [7]. The building has been analysed & designed using Limit state method [7]. The
structure has been checked for wind load & Seismic loads (lateral loads also). Due to large
spacing between columns & large Slab span the size of the slab has been provided more
175mm. The Structure has been designed as per Indian Codes & by laws provided by that area.
This is some information related to slab and column reinforcement and material properties.

Disasters are unexpected events which have adversely affected humans since the dawn of our
existence [8][9]. In response to such events, there have been attempts to mitigate devastating
effects of these disasters [10]. Results of such attempts are very encouraging in developed
countries but unfortunately and miserably poor in developing countries including ours.
Earthquakes are one of the nature’s greatest hazards on our planet which have taken heavy toll
on human life and property since ancient times [10] [11]. The sudden and unexpected nature
of the earthquake event makes it even worse on psychological level and shakes the moral of
the people. Man looks upon the mother earth for safety and stability under his feet and when it
itself trembles, the shock he receives is indeed unnerving [12]. Mitigation of the devastating
damage caused by earthquakes is of prime requirements in many parts of the world [13]. Since
earthquakes are so far unpreventable and unpredictable, the only option with us is to design
and build the structures which are earthquake resistant [14] [15]. Accordingly attempts have
been made in this direction all over the world [13] [14] [15] [16]. Results of such attempts are
very encouraging in developed countries but miserably poor in developing countries including
our country India. This is proved by minimal damage generally without any loss of life when
moderate to severe earthquake strikes developed countries [9] [16], whereas even a moderate
earthquake cause’s wide spread devastation in developing countries as has been observed in
recent earthquakes [11]. It is not the earthquake which kills the people but it is the unsafe
buildings which is responsible for the wide spread devastation. Keeping in view the huge loss
of life and property in recent earthquakes, it has become a hot topic worldwide and lot of
research is going on to understand the reasons of such failures and learning useful lessons to
mitigate the repetition of such devastation. If buildings are built earthquake resistant at its first
place (as is being done in developed countries like USA, Japan etc) [12] the devastation caused
by earthquakes will be mitigated most effectively. The professionals involved in the
design/construction of such structures are structural/civil engineers [8] [9] [15], who are
responsible for building earthquake resistant structures and keep the society at large in a safe
environment. Apart from the modern techniques which are well documented in the codes of
practice, there are some other old traditional earthquake resistant techniques which have proved
to be effective for resisting earthquake loading and are also cost effective with easy
constructability.

Cracks are signs of structural movement, during and after construction. Such movement occurs
all the time, and usually its magnitude is so small that it passes unnoticed [17]. Most buildings
crack at some time during their service lives. The appearance of cracks is a symptom of distress
within the fabric of the building. According to [18], crack is an evidence of gradual
deterioration and damage to structures. Often the cracking is of little consequence and once it
is established as static, simple repair by filling or re-pointing is all that is required. However, a
crack may be the first sign of a serious defect which may affect the serviceability or the stability
of the building [19]. Crack is a structural defect consisting of complete or incomplete separation
within a single element or between contiguous elements of construction. It can also be defined
as a line along which a material is broken into parts.
Every crack is an indication that the building is becoming unsafe, though the factor of safety
for structural walling is high and the relative importance of many cracks is low [20]. Rarely
does a building collapse soon after the appearance of a crack, even if the crack is large,
nevertheless, it is important to note this in order to prevent any undesired loss of life or
property. Therefore, correctly assessing the significance of cracks is essential. Many cracks
have similar appearance, though their causes are different [21]. An engineer should have a
sound knowledge of causes, effect and types of cracks likely to occur from the behaviour of
construction materials and construction techniques, which will enable him, proffer the
appropriate prevention and remedial measures [22]. The side effect of cracks affects the
integrity, permeability, structural and mechanical properties of buildings. Cracks could be
broadly classified as structural or non-structural. Non-structural cracks develop due to the
inducement of internal stresses in the building materials and their depth is less, only a few mm
i.e. they exist on the surface only. Typically, causes of these cracks are poor workmanship,
inappropriate joint detailing, and higher shrinkage of concrete. While Structural cracks develop
due to the following causes; design deficiency, construction deficiency, settlement of
foundation, reinforcement corrosion, and effect of temperature variation, overloading, swelling
of soil below the foundation of the structure [23]. The nature of cracks according to [24] can
be classified as active crack which is still in progress, that is, the crack is still developing, and
dormant cracks, in which the development is not observed during a considerable period of time,
and then this crack is known as dormant crack. It is also important to assess causes of cracks
through measurement of cracks’ characteristics, which are location, nature, direction, width,
depth, position and extent of cracks, and how to repair them. Cracks may appreciably vary in
width from very thin hair cracks barely visible to naked eye (about 0.01 mm in width) to gaping
cracks 5 mm or more in width. A commonly known classification’ of cracks, based on their
width is: (a) thin - less than1 mm in width, (b) medium- I to 2mm in width, and (c) wide- more
than 2 mm in width [25].

In last section we are giving some general information how cracks developed in superstructure
in residential building which affects the structure of building and overall condition of well
sustainable structures. We are collected some websites and case studies of different topics
related to superstructure. As per above mention we are just given general summary of overall
content of seminar and some important topics related to superstructure.