Excavation Related Drawings

CHAPTER 12:
CHAPTER 11
BELOW-GRADE
CONSTRUCTION
Foundation Systems and Basements
Soils and Excavations: Drawings

Soils and Excavations
Introduction
Building Construction: Principles, Materials, & Systems, 2e © 2013, 2010, 2008 by Pearson Higher Education,
Mehta, Scarborough, and Armpriest Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Site Evaluation – Construction
 Site evaluation facets that impact the construction
aspects of the building substantially:
 Surface investigation of the site
 Subsurface (i.e., below-surface) investigation of the

site
A Typical Boring Log
Soil Types and Earthquakes
Soft soils amplify earthquake motion. Therefore, a structure located on a soft soil is
subjected to a larger earthquake load than the same structure situated on a stiff soil,
such as rock.
The bearing capacity of soil at a site generally increases with the depth below
ground. Consequently, the footing area (spread) required is smaller if the base of the
footing is located deeper in the ground. However, going deeper into the ground
increases the excavation depth, somewhat negating the benefit of the smaller footing
area. A balance between these two opposite effects is generally sought unless there
are other considerations.
Earthwork for Excavations and Grading
Site Preparation
 Fencing the site from adjacent public or private
property
 Locating and marking existing underground utility
lines so that they will not be damaged during
construction
 Demolishing unneeded existing structures and utility
lines
 Marking trees to be saved and removing unneeded
trees, shrubs, topsoil, and extraneous landfill, if
present
Excavation
 Open excavations
 Open excavations refer to large (and often deep)
excavations, such as for a basement.
 Trenches
 Trenches generally refer to long, narrow excavations,
such as for footings under a wall or utility pipes.
 Pits
 Pits are excavations for the footing of an individual
column, elevator shaft, and so on.
Grading
 Grading involves moving earth from one location of
the site to another and changing the existing land
surface to the desired finished surface configuration
as per the site plan and drainage plan.
 On most sites, grading is separated into rough
grading and finish grading.
 Rough grading is done along with excavations for
foundations, basements, and utility trenches.
 Finish grading is generally done toward the end of
the project as per the landscape design.
Excavation Equipment
Excavation Equipment – cont’d
Compaction Equipment
Compaction Equipment – cont’d
Supports for Open Excavations
Supports for Open Excavations
 Sheet piles
 Cantilevered soldier piles
 Anchored soldier piles
 Contiguous bored concrete piles
 Secant piles
 Soil nailing
 Bentonite slurry walls
Self-Supporting Open Excavation
Self-Supporting Open Excavation
Two alternative methods used for self-supporting open excavation.
Top-Down Construction System
Two alternative ways of constructing a basement: (a) basement wall not subjected to
earth pressure (the earth pressure is resisted by an independent excavation support
system), and (b) earth pressure resisted by the basement wall.
Excavation Support Using Sheet Piles
 Steel sheet piles being

driven into the soil using a
diesel pile driver.
Excavation Support Using Sheet Piles
Steel sheet piles with a Z-shaped profile. Adjacent sections interlock with each other.
Several other sectional profiles are also available.
Excavation Support Using Cantilevered
Soldier Piles (H-Piles)
(a) and (b) Two alternative ways for bracing sheet piles in deep excavations—
horizontal and inclined braces.
Excavation Support Using Cantilevered
Soldier Piles – cont’d
(c) Sheet piles with tiebacks.
Construction of Cantilevered Soldier
Piles
Steps showing the construction of cantilevered soldier pile excavation support with
welded wire reinforcement (WWR) and shotcrete.
Piles – cont’d
Soldier piles or sheet piles must penetrate sufficiently into the ground below the
bottom of the excavation in order to resist earth pressure as vertical cantilevers.
Piles – cont’d
(a) Shotcreting over WWR and finishing of an already shotcreted part of a wall
Piles – cont’d
(b) A partially completed excavation support using soldier piles
Piles – cont’d
Soldier pile support system with twin channel sections and lumber lagging between
piles. Lumber lagging may be replaced by welded wire reinforcement and
shotcrete.
Excavation Support Using Anchored
Soldier Piles
(a) (b)
(a) The hole for a tieback is drilled through the space between the twin steel channels
comprising the pile . (b) A high-strength steel tendon is now placed into the hole, and
the hole is filled with portland cement-based grout. After the grout has gained
sufficient strength, the tendon is stressed to the required tension and anchored to the
pile as shown.
Construction of Anchored Soldier Piles
– cont’d
Section through an anchored soldier pile support system with lumber lagging.
Tiebacks are installed as the excavation proceeds. This is followed by bolting the
lagging to the piles. The number of tiebacks required is a function of the depth of
excavation and the type of soil.
Construction of Anchored Soldier Piles
– cont’d
Tieback anchor detail in a anchored soldier pile support system with WWR and
shotcrete.
Excavation Support Using Anchored
Soldier Piles – cont’d
(a) (b)
(a) Anchored pile excavation support system with lumber lagging. (b) Anchored pile
excavation support system with shotcrete and welded wire reinforcement. Tieback
anchors are not visible because they have been shotcreted over. The drainage pipe
drainswater from behind the support system. The water is collected in the sump
located in the interior of the basement from where it is pumped out. All excavation
support systems need such internal drainage.
Excavation Support Using Contiguous
Bored Concrete Piles
Contiguous bored piles used as supports for a deep basement excavation in a tight
urban location. In areas farther away from the existing building or property line, the
soldier pile and lagging system is used. Note that as the excavation proceeds, the
lower part of drilled concrete piles will also be shotcreted as shown here for the
upper part.
Excavation Support Using Contiguous
Bored Concrete Piles – cont’d
Closely spaced drilled (bored) concrete piles shown in plan.
Excavation Support Using Soil Nailing
Section through a soil-nailed excavation support.
Excavation Support Using Bentonite
Slurry as Trench Support
(a) (b)
(a) Drilling of holes in excavated soil. (b) Grouting of holes after the epoxy-coated
steel bar (soil nail) has been placed in the drilled holes.
Excavation Support Using Bentonite
Slurry as Trench Support – cont’d
View of a soil-nailed excavation support.
Keeping Excavations Dry – cont’d
Sumps for groundwater control in an excavation.
Keeping Excavations Dry – cont’d
Section through an excavation showing two rings of well points.

Excavation Related Drawings

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CHAPTER 12:

Soils and Excavations: Drawings

 Subsurface (i.e., below-surface) investigation of the

Two alternative methods used for self-supporting open excavation.

 Steel sheet piles being

(c) Sheet piles with tiebacks.

(b) A partially completed excavation support using soldier piles

Closely spaced drilled (bored) concrete piles shown in plan.

Section through a soil-nailed excavation support.

View of a soil-nailed excavation support.

Sumps for groundwater control in an excavation.

Section through an excavation showing two rings of well points.

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