Transportation and Planning

Assignment#3

FALL 2017

SECTION CV-A

SUBMITTED BY

NAME: ALI ABID KHAN NIAZI ROLL #: 17L-4678

SUBMITTED TO

PROF. ASIM IQBAL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,

Contents
Airport Engineering.....................................................................................................................................3
Types of Airports.........................................................................................................................................3
International Airports..............................................................................................................................3
Domestic airport......................................................................................................................................4
Regional Airports.....................................................................................................................................4
Components of Airport................................................................................................................................5
Runway....................................................................................................................................................5
Taxiway....................................................................................................................................................6
Apron.......................................................................................................................................................6
Terminal Building.....................................................................................................................................7
Control Tower..........................................................................................................................................7
Hanger.....................................................................................................................................................8
Runway and its Types..................................................................................................................................8
Types of runway......................................................................................................................................8
Single Runway......................................................................................................................................9
Parallel Runway...................................................................................................................................9
Open – V Runways.............................................................................................................................10
Intersecting Runways.........................................................................................................................10
Area used for Parking?..............................................................................................................................11
Parts of Airport:.........................................................................................................................................11
 Airport Engineering
The Airport Engineering is a science dealing with site selection of airports, their classification
and geometric design including design of runways, air traffic control, etc. Air transport has
totally changed our life system. It has not only enabled public to travel long distances in a short
span of time but has also affected our economy and way of life.

Types of Airports
Air ports are broadly classified into three categories:
 International Airports
 Domestic Airports
 Regional Airports

International Airports
An international airport is an airport with customs and border control facilities enabling
passengers to travel between countries. International airports are usually larger than domestic
airports and often feature longer runways and facilities to accommodate the heavier aircraft
commonly used for international and intercontinental travel. Many international airports also
serve as "HUBS", or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers switch planes.
International airports often also host domestic flights.
Domestic airport
A domestic airport is an airport that handles only domestic flights—flights within the same
country. Domestic airports do not have customs and immigration facilities and so cannot handle
flights to or from a foreign airport. These airports often have short runways sufficient to handle
short or medium haul aircraft and regional air traffic. Security check / metal detectors are used in
most countries, but such checks were for domestic flights installed in many cases decades after
checks for international flights.

Regional Airports
A regional airport is an airport serving traffic within a relatively small or lightly populated
geographical area. A regional airport usually does not have customs and immigration facilities to
process traffic between countries.
Aircraft using these airports tend to be smaller business jets, private aircraft and regional
airliners of both turboprop propelled and regional jetliner varieties. These flights usually go a
shorter distance to a larger regional hub. These airports usually have shorter runways, which
exclude heavy planes with much fuel.
Components of Airport
There are various components of an airport which are structures. The planning and designing of
these Airport components are carried out by civil and structural engineers.
1. Runway
2. Taxiway
3. Apron
4. Terminal building
5. Control tower
6. Hanger
7. Parking

Runway
Runway is a paved land strip on which landing and takeoff operations of aircrafts takes place. It
is in leveled position without any obstructions on it.
Special markings are made on the runway to differ it from the normal roadways. Similarly, after
sunset, specially provided lightings are helped the aircrafts for safe landing.
Taxiway
Taxiway is path which connects each end of the runway with terminal area, apron, hanger etc.
These are laid with asphalt or concrete like runways.
In modern airports, taxiways are laid at an angle of 30 degree to the runway so that aircrafts can
use it to change from one runway to other easily. The turning radius at taxiway and runway
meets should be more than 1.5 times of width of taxiway.

Apron
Apron is a place which is used as parking place for aircrafts. It is also used for loading and
unloading of aircrafts. Apron is generally paved and is located in front of terminal building or
adjacent to hangers.
Terminal Building
Terminal building is a place where airport administration facilities takes place. In this building,
pre-journey and post journey checking’s of passengers takes place.
Lounges, cafes etc. are provided for the passengers. Passengers can directly enter the plane from
terminal buildings through sky bridge, walkways etc. Similarly, the passengers from plane also
directly enter into the terminal building.

Control Tower
The control tower is a place where aircrafts under a particular zone is controlled whether they are
in land or in air. The observation is done by the controller through radars and information is
carried through radio.
The controller from the control tower observes all the aircrafts with in that zone and informs
pilots about their airport traffic, landing routes, visibility, wind speeds, runway details, etc. based
on which the pilot decides and attempts safe landing. So, control tower is like nerve system of an
airport.
Hanger
Hanger is a place where repairing and servicing of aircrafts is done. Taxiway connects the hanger
with runway so, when a repair needed for an aircraft it can be moved to hanger easily.
It is constructed in the form of large shed using steel trusses and frames. Large area should be
provided for Hanger for comfortable movement of aircrafts.

Runway and its Types

Runways are the designated paths where aircrafts takes off, lands and taxies. Runways are laid
out according to the numbers on a compass where 0 & 360 is north, 90° is East, 180° is South,
and 270° is West. A runway's compass direction is indicated by a large number painted at the
end of each runway.

Types of runway
Basically there are four types of runways
 Single runway
 Parallel runway
 Open V-runways
 Intersection runways
Single Runway
This is a runway optimally positioned for prevailing wind, noise, land use and other determining
factors and should accommodate 42 to 53 operations per hour.

Parallel Runway
Parallel runway could be of four types depending on how closely they are placed next to each
other that should accommodate 64 to 128 operations per hour.
Open – V Runways
Two runways that diverge from different directions but do NOT intersect form a shape that looks
like an "open-V" are called open-V runways and are used when there is little to no wind as it
allows for both runways to be used at the same time. When the winds become strong in one
direction, then only one runway will be used.

Intersecting Runways
Two or more runways that cross each other are classified as intersecting runways. This type of
configuration is used when there are relatively strong prevailing winds from more than one
direction during the year. When the winds are strong from one direction, operations will be
limited to only one runway.
 Area used for Parking?

The area that is used by the Aircraft to park is called as “Aprons or Ramps”. This enclosed area
is shown by the yellow line on the picture.

Parts of Airport:

Terminal Runway

Tower High Speed

Twy

Aircraft
Stand Ramp

Apron Taxiway