MEC600

ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

NAME : MOHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN MOHD ASRI

STUDENT ID : 2016218422

GROUP : EMD7M10

LECTURER : DR. BALJIT SINGH

DATELINE : 5TH DECEMBER 2019

 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 The Raising Issue of Indoor Environmental Quality ............................................................... 4
1.2 The Effect of Indoor Environmental Quality to Occupant ..................................................... 5
2.0 Solution for Indoor Environmental Quality Problem ................................................................. 6
2.1 Air Quality ................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Improve Ventilation ............................................................................................................ 6
2.1.2 Air Cleaner .......................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Lighting Quality .......................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Daylighting........................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 Lighting Technology ........................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Comfort Quality ........................................................................................................................ 10
2.4 Odor Quality.............................................................................................................................. 11
2.5 Noise Quality ............................................................................................................................. 12
2.5.1 Construction of Walls for Noise Control in Buildings ................................................... 12
2.5.2 Construction of Windows for Acoustic Control in Buildings ....................................... 13
2.5.3 Construction of Doors for Acoustic Control in Buildings ............................................. 14
3.0 Challenge on Implementation of Indoor Environmental Quality ............................................ 15
3.1 Human Society .......................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 World ......................................................................................................................................... 15
3.3 Cost ............................................................................................................................................. 15
4.0 United Nation Sustainable Goal................................................................................................... 16
5.0 The Do’s and Don’ts ..................................................................................................................... 18
6.0 Public Awareness .......................................................................................................................... 19
7.0 References ...................................................................................................................................... 20

2
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

1.0 Introduction
Humans have endeavored for centuries to create comfortable and secure habitat. This effort to
create comfortable habitat has led to industrial and technological progress leading to a current
state of various complex and robust building structures used for various purposes. In most of the
industrialized countries, humans spend about 80–90% of their time indoors. Hence, The National
Institute of Occupational and Health has been monitored the indoor environmental quality (IEQ)
index for each building for decades[1].

The meaning of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is wide and it based on several
conditions that make up the indoor environment. These conditions may influence the overall
comfort and wellbeing of building occupants. Some of the many factors that contribute to IEQ
include indoor thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), odor, sound quality, and lighting.
Sometimes the term IEQ and IAQ are used interchangeably but there exist difference(s) between
them, although the two concepts overlap[2]. IEQ refers to the entire environmental condition
inside a building that includes IAQ, thermal comfort, lighting, and so on, while IAQ is a part of
IEQ that deals with the condition of air present indoor and its effect on occupants’ health and
comfort.

Sound
Quality

Comfort Odour
Quality Quality
Indoor
Environmental
Quality

Air Lighting
Quality Quality

3
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

1.1 The Raising Issue of Indoor Environmental Quality

Indoor environments are highly complex and building occupants may be exposed to a variety of
contaminants (in the form of gases and particles) from office machines, cleaning products,
construction activities, carpets and furnishings, perfumes, cigarette smoke, water-damaged
building materials, microbial growth (fungal, mold, and bacterial), insects, and outdoor
pollutants. Other factors such as indoor temperatures, relative humidity, and ventilation levels
can also affect how individuals respond to the indoor environment[3].

Since the personnel costs of salaries and benefits typically surpass operating costs of a
building, strategies that improve occupant’ health and productivity over the long run can have a
large return on investment. IEQ goals often focus on providing stimulating and comfortable
environments for occupants and minimizing the risk of building-related health problems.

To make their buildings places where people feel good and perform well, project teams
must balance selection of strategies that promote efficiency and conservation with those that
address the needs of the occupants and promote well-being. Ideally, the chosen strategies do
both: the solutions that conserve energy, water and materials also contribute to a great indoor
experience.

So, what are common source of indoor air contaminants? Here are some example of
causes that can lead to poor index of indoor environmental quality:

• People smoking tobacco inside the building or near building entrances or air
uptakes
• Building materials such as paints, coatings, adhesives, sealants, and furniture that
may emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), substances that vaporize at room
temperature and can cause health problems
• Combustion processes in HVAC equipment, fireplaces and stoves, and vehicles in
garages or near entrances
• Mold resulting from moisture in building materials
• Radon or methane off-gassing from the soil underneath the building
• Pollutants from specific processes used in laboratories, hospitals, and factories

4
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

1.2 The Effect of Indoor Environmental Quality to Occupant

The indoor environment has a significant impact on health and well-being of the occupants.
Healthy and conducive buildings lead to happy and productive occupants. A vast research directs
that good indoor environment quality in a workplace can help to reduce employee absenteeism,
staff turnover and increase occupant productivity and satisfaction. Thus, helping to improve
health and well-being of their occupant. Noted that occupants also have a significant influence
on building performance[4].

The occupant input and behavior are a crucial factor in the performance of building
operation technologies and systems. Occupant interactions with the building are not always
positive, especially in the case of energy consumption. Lack of comfort, physiological
satisfaction leads to human interactions with heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system of
the building. A carefree attitude or wrong actions can lead to failings in the energy efficient
systems of a building. A study of 121 LEED-rated buildings highlighted that 30% performed
better than expected, 25% performed worse than anticipated, and few had serious energy
consumption patterns[5].

It highlights the complex relationship between indoor environment quality and occupant
comfort, health and productivity. A bad indoor environment leads to uncomfortable and
unsatisfied occupants. These occupants’ negative interaction with building’s operation may lead
to energy efficiency losses and poor building performance. All this evidence highlights the need
to emphasizes the importance of understanding IEQ and its relationship to occupant productivity.
The green building guidelines have the aim of making the built environment more sustainable.
Occupant health, productivity and behavior need to be investigated and incorporated into the
categories and criteria of green building guidelines across the globe.

5
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

2.0 Solution for Indoor Environmental Quality Problem

2.1 Air Quality

Use natural ventilation to improve IAQ. When it is possible (for small enough spaces, and in
geographic locations with high quality outdoor air), natural ventilation can be used to augment or
replace mechanical ventilation. Generally, issues of IAQ can be at least partially solved by
increasing the ventilation rate and increasing the proportion of ventilation air that is sourced
directly from fresh, outdoor air. Natural ventilation can meet both of these goals, thereby
improving IAQ and reducing the running costs of mechanical ventilation. Indeed, in international
building codes designed to make buildings more sustainable (such as GreenMark, ASHRAE
standard 90.1, and LEED), there is a large incentive to increase opportunities for and utilization
of natural ventilation where possible to increase energy efficiency and reduce costs[6].

2.1.1 Improve Ventilation

Ventilation and shading can help control indoor temperatures. Ventilation also helps remove or
dilute indoor airborne pollutants coming from indoor sources. This reduces the level of
contaminants and improves indoor air quality (IAQ). Carefully evaluate using ventilation to
reduce indoor air pollutants where there may be outdoor sources of pollutants, such as smoke or
refuse, nearby.

The introduction of outdoor air is one important factor in promoting good air quality. Air may
enter a home in several different ways, including:

• through natural ventilation, such as through windows and doors

• through mechanical means, such as through outdoor air intakes associated with the
heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system
• through infiltration, a process by which outdoor air flows into the house through
openings, joints and cracks in walls, floors and ceilings, and around windows and doors.

Infiltration occurs in all homes to some extent.

6
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

Natural ventilation describes air movement through open windows and doors. If used properly
natural ventilation can at times help moderate the indoor air temperature, which may become too
hot in homes without air-conditioning systems or when power outages or brownouts limit or
make the use of air conditioning impossible[7].

Natural ventilation can also improve indoor air quality by reducing pollutants that are indoors.
Examples of natural ventilation are:

• opening windows and doors

• window shading such as closing the blinds

Most residential forced air-heating systems and air-conditioning systems do not bring outdoor air
into the house mechanically, and infiltration and natural ventilation are relied upon to bring
outdoor air into the home. Advanced designs for new homes are starting to add a mechanical
feature that brings outdoor air into the home through the HVAC system. Some of these designs
include energy efficient heat recovery ventilators to mitigate the cost of cooling and heating this
air during the summer and winter.

2.1.2 Air Cleaner

The effectiveness of an air cleaner depends on how well it collects pollutants from indoor air
(expressed as a percentage efficiency rate) and how much air it draws through the cleaning or
filtering element (expressed in cubic feet per minute).

A very efficient collector with a low air-circulation rate will not be effective, nor will a cleaner
with a high air-circulation rate but a less efficient collector. The long-term performance of any
air cleaner depends on maintaining it according to the manufacturer's directions[8].

Another important factor in determining the effectiveness of an air cleaner is the strength of the
pollutant source. Table-top air cleaners, in particular, may not remove satisfactory amounts of
pollutants from strong nearby sources. People with a sensitivity to particular sources may find
that air cleaners are helpful only in conjunction with concerted efforts to remove the source.

7
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

Over the past few years, there has been some publicity suggesting that houseplants have been
shown to reduce levels of some chemicals in laboratory experiments. There is currently no
evidence, however, that a reasonable number of houseplants remove significant quantities of
pollutants in homes and offices. Indoor houseplants should not be over-watered because overly
damp soil may promote the growth of microorganisms which can affect allergic individuals.

2.2 Lighting Quality

Increase use of natural light. It has been shown that sufficient daylight in office workspaces
improves IEQ by enhancing visual comfort. In turn, this serves to increase productivity, which
will increase revenue over time. In the short term, using natural sources of light decreases the
energetic consumption of artificial lighting, thereby saving money.

2.2.1 Daylighting

Use of daylight in a building reduces the need for artificial lighting, and is believed to have a
beneficial effect on building occupants. Good daylighting primarily uses soft, diffuse sky light
and reflected light rather than direct sunlight, especially during the summer.

There are some ways to fully utilize of daylight:

i) Orientation

South facing windows with appropriate overhangs provide indirect light in the summer,
and both heat and light during the winter. East and west facing windows let in light
during the morning and evening but may cause glare and admit heat during the summer.
North facing windows can also be used for daylighting, as they admit relatively even,
glare-free light and almost no unwanted summer heat gain. The number, size and glass
type of north facing windows should be carefully considered, however, as they do not
contribute to passive solar heat gain in the winter, and lose more heat than insulated
walls[9].

8
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

ii) Reflected Light

Reflecting light reduces glare and allows it to reach areas that would otherwise lack
natural light. Simply painting interior walls and ceilings a light color can help provide
reflected light. Light shelves are a good strategy for providing shade for south facing
windows and reflecting light deep in to a space.

A light shelf is a horizontal light reflecting overhang placed above eye level with a
transom window placed above it. External shelves are more effective at providing
shading than interior shelves, but a combination of the two will work best to provide even
lighting.

iii) Clerestory Windows:

Clerestory windows are vertical windows near the top of a wall. They bring light in high
up in a room and illuminate the ceiling. The reflected light from the ceiling is a soft,
indirect light and mimics sky lighting. They also allow light to penetrate deeper in to
room than windows set at a standard height, especially when used in combination with
adjacent light-colored overhangs and light colored ceilings.

2.2.2 Lighting Technology

i) Fluorescent

Fluorescent bulbs use 25%-35% of the electricity used by incandescent bulbs that give an
equivalent amount of light, and fluorescent bulbs last up to 10 times longer than
incandescent bulbs. There are two types of fluorescent bulbs: compact fluorescents and
fluorescent tube/circline lamps. Straight tube fluorescent bulbs are installed in a dedicated
fixture with a built-in ballast, while compact fluorescent bulbs can be used in standard
fixtures. Tubular fluorescent bulbs are most common in large indoor spaces, while
compact fluorescent bulbs are more common in residential spaces.

9
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

ii) Light Emitting Diode (LED)

LED is currently one of the most efficient and rapidly developing lighting technologies.
Residential LEDs uses 25% of the electricity of incandescent bulbs, and last up to 25
times longer. LEDs emit almost no energy as heat – in contrast, incandescent bulbs
release 90% of their energy as heat, and compact fluorescent lights (CFLs) release up to
80% of their energy as heat. LED products are currently not as widely available or
inexpensive as CFLs or incandescent bulbs but are becoming more so all the time.

iii) High intensity discharge (HID) lamps

HID lamps are currently the most efficient available lighting and can save up to 75%-
90% of lighting energy when they replace incandescent bulbs. HID lamps take up to ten
minutes to produce light when first turned on. For that reason, and the intense light that
they produce, they are most ideally suited to outdoor lighting and large indoor areas
where lights stay on for at least an hour at a stretch. They are not suitable for use with
occupancy sensors.

2.3 Comfort Quality

Radiant sensible energy handling. Installing radiant cooling / heating systems is an excellent
strategy for improving IEQ on a budget. The single largest factor that causes poor IEQ is thermal
discomfort. Therefore, the primary avenue for ensuring good IEQ is excellent regulation of the
thermal environment. Radiant cooling / heating systems monitor and regulate the operative
temperature that a person experiences, factoring in the radiant heat that strongly contributes to a
person’s thermal comfort, as explained above. HVAC systems such as conventional VAV
systems that only monitor and regulate air temperature cannot achieve the same precise, even,
and detailed regulation of the thermal environment[10].

Therefore, radiant systems provide optimal thermal comfort. Moreover, radiant systems
are silent, which significantly improves aural comfort. Radiant systems will therefore greatly

10
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

improve IEQ. As for the low cost of this improvement, radiant systems have comparable initial
installation costs to other sensible energy handling systems. If used in conjunction with a
separate air handling unit (AHU) and latent energy handling system, such as a dedicated outdoor
air system (DOAS), they have greatly reduced running costs compared to conventional all-air
systems.

2.4 Odor Quality

Odor-producing products and activities are a common part of our daily lives and affect both
outdoor and indoor air quality. For example, outdoor odors may be produced by chemical,
sewage treatment or food processing plants. Paper mills, landfills, dredge spoils or transportation
facilities also emit odors. In agricultural communities, you may smell composting, feed lots or
manure and sludge spreading. Indoors, everyday activities such as cooking, or cleaning could
produce odors. Many personal care products are scented, such as candles and air fresheners.
Spilled heating oil or stored petroleum products will also produce odors and may affect indoor
air.

Try to find the source if you have unpleasant indoor odors. These odors might be caused by
cleaning products, paints, or solvents that should be stored outside, in a closed cabinet or
discarded. Check for problems with garbage storage or pest infestations. If you have a musty
smell, check for moisture problems that could lead to mold growth. The way to control indoor
odors is to find the source and remove it or contain it in some way so that it doesn't release odors.
Until the source is removed, opening windows and using fans will increase fresh air ventilation
in the home, which will help reduce odors.

Some people choose to add odors to their indoor space, such as air fresheners or scented candles.
These scented products only mask or cover up other odors by adding more chemicals into the
indoor air. They do not get to the source of the odor problem and could be irritating or cause
allergic reactions for sensitive people. Ozone generators also are not a good choice to control
indoor odors. They produce very high levels of indoor ozone which can be dangerous to breathe.

11
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

2.5 Noise Quality

Noise control inside a building can be achieved by following construction techniques while
construction of a building. The construction techniques of walls, windows, doors and floors and
selection of appropriate building materials are discussed for better acoustic control in buildings.

The discomfort of noise within the building goes on increasing if the structural elements within
the building too don’t show any resistance against the noise[11]. It is found that the noise
transmission is intercepted when it passes through the walls, floors, windows, ceilings and the
building doors.

2.5.1 Construction of Walls for Noise Control in Buildings

i) Wall Mass and the Thickness are Increased

The massiveness of a material is an efficient parameter that resists noise. Hence concrete
walls are more insulating than wooden walls. Another way of increasing the insulating
property is to add more thickness for the walls.

The increase of thickness of walls would result in more mass which in turn increase
insulation. A reduction of 6 decibel sound happens by this method of construction. But
the techniques must be carried out keeping in mind the cost and economy.

Wall construction that undergoes vibration under huge frequencies of sound has to be
avoided.

12
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

ii) Use of Cavity Partition in Buildings for Noise Control

The sound transmission can be resisted by the usage of airspace between the two partition
walls. The air space can also be placed in between two or more layers. This concept is
more effective than a single wall of equal weight, which is found to be more economical.

iii) Increase Airspace Width of Walls

The increase in airspace will obviously increase the noise insulation property. But the
huge increase in the width of air space is difficult to design and consumes more space.

iv) Increasing the Stud Spacing

It is found by a study that the spacing between the studs would increase the sound
transmission capacity of the room. Say an increase of 2 to 5 decibel STC is determined
for a stud spaced 24 inches than those spaced at 16 inches.

2.5.2 Construction of Windows for Acoustic Control in Buildings

Windows are one of the weakest elements of a building. Their inappropriate position or open
condition would affect the performance of insulating walls. Therefore, it is recommended to have
acoustical consideration in the arrangement of windows.

The following measures can be employed to reduce the noise entering the building through the
windows:

i) Windows can be Closed

Permanent sealing or closing of the windows are the best measures to reduce the direct
effect of noise. Permanent sealing becomes essential when an air conditioning system
must be enabled. So, sealing acts as a constant solution for noise.

13
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

ii) Windows Size can be Reduced

The loss of contribution of total partitions can be reduced by making the window size to
small. Small windows do have certain other advantages like:

• Expensive acoustic windows can be excluded

• Usage of glass is reduced

The method faces certain disadvantages too. The decrease of window size is limited, as
the window size should follow certain rules and regulations. Its decrease by, say from 50
to 20 % would only bring up a change of 3 decibels.

iii) Glass Thickness can be Increased

The more thickness the glass gains, the more resistant towards the noise. If sealing is not
desired, the glass thickness can be increased. Further, the glass can be laminated with a
tough plastic, which is transparent in nature. This is both shatter and noise resistant.

2.5.3 Construction of Doors for Acoustic Control in Buildings

Doors are considered very difficult to handle than windows, acoustically. Replacing a hollow
core door by a solid door is one of the solutions. This is found relatively expensive.

The sound insulation can be increased if at the bottom and at the top, a drop bar or gasket stops
are installed. Another solution is to reduce their use in walls facing noise directly. Install doors
on the wall that is shielded.

14
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

3.0 Challenge on Implementation of Indoor Environmental

Quality
Implementation of indoor environmental quality surely good for occupant to sustain healthy
indoor atmosphere and their well-being. It is also made National Institute of Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH) to monitor the air quality in the building so that occupant is in excellent
condition and comfort. But there are a few challenges that come out right after the
implementation of indoor environmental quality:

3.1 Human Society

Malaysia is reaching developed country towards 2020, but some netizen is not fully aware what
we are facing everyday in term of health and productivity. Government have done so many
activities to raise an awareness about indoor environmental quality and its benefit. But netizen
does not play their role to take part in the activity and create change. This is one of the
challenges for United Nation Sustainable Goal to reach their target.

3.2 World

Development of green building is surely good because it gives us scores of benefits. But
everything we have done will give us the drawback. Old building will be demolished to pull up
the new green building equipped with good air ventilation system and lighting quality. Other
than that, the ozone layer also will be affected because of the usage of ventilation and air-
conditioning system. Chlorofluorocarbon in AC will erode the ozone layer, hence the earth
temperature will hike.

3.3 Cost

Installation of ventilation system to get good air quality and comfort atmosphere will cost you
amounts of money since it is quite pricey.

15
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

4.0 United Nation Sustainable Goal

Cities are hubs for ideas, commerce, culture, science, productivity, social development and much
more. At their best, cities have enabled people to advance socially and economically. With the
number of people living within cities projected to rise to 5 billion people by 2030, it’s important
that efficient urban planning and management practices are in place to deal with the challenges
brought by urbanization.

Many challenges exist to maintaining cities in a way that continues to create jobs and
prosperity without straining land and resources. Common urban challenges include congestion,
lack of funds to provide basic services, a shortage of adequate housing, declining infrastructure
and rising air pollution within cities.

Rapid urbanization challenges, such as the safe removal and management of solid waste
within cities, can be overcome in ways that allow them to continue to thrive and grow, while
improving resource use and reducing pollution and poverty. One such example is an increase in
municipal waste collection. There needs to be a future in which cities provide opportunities for
all, with access to basic services, energy, housing, transportation and more.

Some ideas in solution for indoor environmental quality are to support United Nation
Sustainable Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

16
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

The implementation of indoor environmental quality in Malaysia will bring scores of benefits to
people health, productivity and holistic. This step is conjunction with Goal 11 target. Firstly,
when the quality index of the building is took account, the physical and mental health of the
occupant will be in top condition. Hence, this can lead to first target which is:

“11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services
and upgrade slums”

When all building in this world is properly following the indoor environmental quality, the target
can be achieved as it can promote safe and comfort place to stay and work.

Secondly, based on United Nation Sustainable Goal, as of 2016, 90% of urban dwellers have
been breathing unsafe air, resulting in 4.2 million deaths due to ambient air pollution. More than
half of the global urban population were exposed to air pollution levels at least 2.5 times higher
than the safety standard. By monitoring air quality in the building, it can reduce the number of
deaths worldwide. That is conjunction with fifth target which is:

“11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and
substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product
caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and
people in vulnerable situations”

Lastly, by implementing indoor environmental quality, green building in all area can be
developed to sustain healthy condition. Folk home and orphanage home can receive benefit such
as good air quality and comfort place to stay. Education building also will not be interrupted by
external discomfort as indoor environmental quality is also focusing on noise and odor quality.
This implementation is ticking another target box which is:

“11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public
spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities”

17
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

5.0 The Do’s and Don’ts

“Ethics” or “morals”—we regularly use these two terms interchangeably—means those habits or
customs that are standards of good conduct or character. To be ethical is to do the right thing; to
consider the well-being of others as equal to your own; and to act in ways that aim to maximize
the good. To be ethical is to be righteous, in the sense that our conduct and character are
grounded on principle and a commitment to doing our duty regardless of narrow self-interest. To
be moral is to be fair and considerate of others, particularly to show them the respect we
ourselves demand that acknowledges rights to life, liberty and property.

Ethics is a discipline we freely embrace that regulates our baser instincts so as to promote
a harmonious community and thereby reduce conflict and disorder. We expect others to order
their behavior so as to not harm things of value and being ethical is the principal method for
protecting and sustaining those values. In short, the choices we make and the habits we maintain
as a result should be ethical, for such a life is a good life, one that enhances our happiness and
promotes the good of society.

In achieving United Nation Sustainable Goals, a few potential un-ethical problems will
come out in our people. This factor will drag down our target to sustain healthy environment and
productive atmosphere.

Do’s Don’ts
Commit to all activity that can lead to target
Failure to honor commitment
success
Always think before you act. Eg: optimize the
Violation of conscience
usage of ventilation system
Don’t steal any IEQ index equipment Theft
Follow all the rules. Eg: don’t smoke in the
Disregard of building policy
building

18
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

6.0 Public Awareness

To promote public awareness about the importance of indoor environmental quality among
university student, a poster has been created and shared to social media (Instagram). The
response is quite positive as it gets 101 likes.

19
 MEC600 - Engineers in Society

7.0 References

[1] Y. He, M. Liu, T. Kvan, and L. Yan, “A quantity-quality-based optimization method for
indoor thermal environment design,” Energy, vol. 170, pp. 1261–1278, 2019.
[2] T. Mihai and V. Iordache, “Determining the Indoor Environment Quality for an
Educational Building,” Energy Procedia, vol. 85, no. November 2015, pp. 566–574, 2016.
[3] B. Lévesque, V. Huppé, M. Dubé, and R. C. Fachehoun, “Impact of indoor air quality on
respiratory health: results of a local survey on housing environment,” Public Health, vol.
163, pp. 76–79, 2018.
[4] F. J. Kelly and J. C. Fussell, “Improving indoor air quality, health and performance within
environments where people live, travel, learn and work,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 200, no.
August 2018, pp. 90–109, 2019.
[5] K. K. Kalimeri et al., “Indoor air quality investigation of the school environment and
estimated health risks: Two-season measurements in primary schools in Kozani, Greece,”
Atmos. Pollut. Res., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1128–1142, 2016.
[6] N. Zhang, B. Cao, and Y. Zhu, “Indoor environment and sleep quality: A research based
on online survey and field study,” Build. Environ., vol. 137, no. March, pp. 198–207,
2018.
[7] S. Ravindu, R. Rameezdeen, J. Zuo, Z. Zhou, and R. Chandratilake, “Indoor environment
quality of green buildings: Case study of an LEED platinum certified factory in a warm
humid tropical climate,” Build. Environ., vol. 84, pp. 105–113, 2015.
[8] S. Vilčeková, P. Kapalo, Ľ. Mečiarová, E. K. Burdová, and V. Imreczeová, “Investigation
of Indoor Environment Quality in Classroom - Case Study,” Procedia Eng., vol. 190, pp.
496–503, 2017.
[9] Y. Al Horr, M. Arif, A. Kaushik, A. Mazroei, E. Elsarrag, and S. Mishra, “Occupant
productivity and indoor environment quality: A case of GSAS,” Int. J. Sustain. Built
Environ., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 476–490, 2017.
[10] Y. Al Horr, M. Arif, A. Kaushik, A. Mazroei, M. Katafygiotou, and E. Elsarrag,
“Occupant productivity and office indoor environment quality: A review of the literature,”
Build. Environ., vol. 105, pp. 369–389, 2016.
[11] O. Toyinbo, Indoor Environmental Quality [Working Title]. Elsevier Inc., 2019.

20