Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................2
2.0 Problem Statement..........................................................................................................................4
3.0 Result and Tabulated Data...............................................................................................................6
3.1 Pump A data................................................................................................................................6
3.2 Pump B data................................................................................................................................8
3.3 Operating Point..........................................................................................................................10
4.0 Work and Calculations...................................................................................................................11
4.1 List of Equation..........................................................................................................................11
4.2 Sample Calculation....................................................................................................................12
5.0 Discussion......................................................................................................................................15
6.0 Conclusions....................................................................................................................................16
7.0 Reference.......................................................................................................................................17
8.0 Appendix........................................................................................................................................18

1
1.0 Introduction

A pump is a machinery or device for raising, compressing or transferring fluid. A fluid can be
gasses or any liquid. Pumps are one of the most often sold and used mechanical devices and
can be found in almost every industry. Due to this there is a wide range of different pumps
available. In general, the family of pumps is separated into positive displacement and dynamics
pumps. A subcategory of dynamics pumps are centrifugal pumps which are again separated into
radial pumps, mixed flow pumps and axial pumps. But even at the axial end of the spectrum
there is still a part of the energy coming from centrifugal force unless most of the energy is
generated by vane action. On the other hand side in radial pumps almost all the energy comes
from centrifugal force but there is still a part coming from vane action. There are also several
pumps combining both principles placed somewhere in between the two extremes in the
centrifugal pump spectrum known as mixed flow impellers. Characteristic for radial pumps are
low specific speeds.

Positive-displacement pumps is a pump where fluid is sucked into an expanding volume and
then pushed along as that volume contracts, but the mechanism that causes this change in
volume differs greatly among the various designs. Positive-displacement pumps are ideal for
high-pressure applications like pumping viscous liquids or thick slurries, and for applications
where precise amounts of liquid are to be dispensed or metered, as in medical applications.

Centrifugal pumps is where fluid enters axially (in the same direction as the axis of the rotating
shaft) in the center of the pump, but is discharged radially (or tangentially) along the outer radius
of the pump casing. For this reason centrifugal pumps are also called radial-flow pumps.
Centrifugal pumps and blowers can be easily identified by their snail-shaped casing, called the
scroll. They are found all around your home; in dishwashers, hot tubs, clothes washers and
dryers, hairdryers, vacuum cleaners, kitchen exhaust hoods, bathroom exhaust fans, leaf
blowers, furnaces, etc. They are used in cars; the water pump in the engine, the air blower in
the heater/air conditioner unit, etc. Centrifugal pumps are ubiquitous in industry as well; they are
used in building ventilation systems, washing operations, cooling ponds and cooling towers.

2
Axial pumps is where fluid enters and leaves axially, typically along the outer portion of the
pump because of blockage by the shaft, motor, hub, etc. Axial pumps do not utilize so-called
centrifugal forces. Instead, the impeller blades behave more like the wing of an airplane,
producing lift by changing the momentum of the fluid as they rotate. The lift force on the blade is
caused by pressure differences between the top and bottom surfaces of the blade, and the
change in flow direction leads to downwash (a column of descending air) through the rotor
plane. From a time-averaged perspective, there is a pressure jump across the rotor plane that
induces a downward airflow.

3
2.0 Problem Statement

Reservoir 2

Valve
Z = 7.85m

Pump

Reservoir 1

Figure 1 : Illustration of the problem

A pump is used to transport water from one large reservoir that is at higher elevation
which is 7.85m as shown in the figure above. The free surfaces of both reservoirs are exposed
to atmospheric pressure. In order to accomplish the transportation of the water between these
reservoirs, two pumps were suggested for this application. Pump A and pump B have different
value of shut-off head, H0 and coefficient, a. The performance of both pumps are approximated
by the equation H=H0-aQ2.

The pumps are centrifugal which performs as prime mover to supply the water into the
reservoir. The dimensions of the pipe and its minor loss coefficient which are entrance loss,
valve loss, elbow loss, exit loss and pipe roughness are given in this task.

4
5
 To solve this problem, we must determine the operating point for both pumps as we
need to make a comparison to determine which one have higher performance to transport the
water.

We can make a few assumptions in this application just by referring to the Bernoulli’s
Equation.

Assumptions:

1. . The water is in incompressible flow.

2. The flow is steady.
3. The water is in room temperature.
4. The density of the water is 997 kg/m3 while the dynamic viscosity is 1.002 X 10-3.
5. The value of velocity is small and can be neglected due to the reservoir are in still

motion.
6. Both pressures are atmospheric pressure.
7. Use the interval of 2.5 LPM for flow rate.

Based on all of the assumptions, the Bernoulli’s Equation can be reduced from

P 1 v 12 P2 v 22
+ + z 1+h pump = + + z 2+ hloss
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

to much more simple equation which is

h pump =z 2−z 1+h loss

6
3.0 Result and Tabulated Data

3.1 Pump A data

Flowrate ,Q (LPM) Head available, Havailable (m)

0 24.40
2.5 23.98
5 22.71
7.5 20.59
10 17.62
12.5 13.81
15 9.15
17.5 3.64

Flowrate, Q Flowrate, Q Velocity, v Reynolds Friction Head loss,

3
(LPM) (m /s) (m/s) Number, Re Factor, f hloss (m)
0 0 0 0 0 7.85
4.17E-05 0.12872 2599.977 0.0552 0.425276 8.275276
8.33E-05 0.25744 5199.954 0.049 1.519011 9.369011
0.000125 0.38616 7799.931 0.0466 3.259178 11.10918
0.000167 0.51488 10399.91 0.0453 5.641371 13.49137
0.000208 0.6436 12999.89 0.0444 8.649436 16.49944
0.00025 0.77232 15599.86 0.0439 12.32302 20.17302
0.000292 0.90104 18199.84 0.0434 16.59311 24.44311

7
 System & Pump Performance Curve Pump A
30.00

25.00
f(x) = 0.05x^2 + 0.05x
- 0.07x^2 + 0x + +24.4
7.84

20.00
Head, H (m)

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Flowrate, Q (LPM)

Pump Performance Curve Polynomial (Pump Performance Curve)

System Curve Polynomial (System Curve)

Graph 1 : System and pump performance curve Pump A

8
3.2 Pump B data

Flowrate ,Q (LPM) Head available, Havailable (m)

0 47.6
2.5 47.28006
5 46.32025
7.5 44.72056
10 42.481
12.5 39.60156
15 36.08225
17.5 31.92306
20 27.124
22.5 21.68506
25 15.60625
27.5 8.887563
30 1.529

Flowrate, Q Flowrate, Q Velocity, v Reynolds Friction Head loss,

(LPM) (m3/s) (m/s) Number, Re Factor, f hloss (m)
0 0 0 0 0 7.85
4.17E-05 0.12872 2599.977 0.0552 0.425276 8.275276
8.33E-05 0.25744 5199.954 0.049 1.519011 9.369011
0.000125 0.38616 7799.931 0.0466 3.259178 11.10918
0.000167 0.51488 10399.91 0.0453 5.641371 13.49137
0.000208 0.6436 12999.89 0.0444 8.649436 16.49944
0.00025 0.77232 15599.86 0.0439 12.32302 20.17302
0.000292 0.90104 18199.84 0.0434 16.59311 24.44311
0.000333 1.02976 20799.82 0.053414 26.37853 34.22853
0.000375 1.15848 23399.79 0.056179 35.02935 42.87935
0.000417 1.2872 25999.77 0.058943 45.27578 53.12578
0.000458 1.41592 28599.75 0.061707 57.23959 65.08959
0.0005 1.54464 31199.73 0.064471 71.04257 78.89257

9
 System & Pump Performance Curve Pump B
90

80
f(x) = 0.1x^2 - 0.8x + 9.74
70

60
Head, H (m)

50
f(x) = - 0.05x^2 + 47.6
40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Flowrate, Q (LPM)

System Curve Polynomial (System Curve)

Pump Performance Curve Polynomial (Pump Performance Curve)

Graph 2 : System and pump performance curve pump B

10
3.3 Operating Point

Based on two graphs that have been plotted, we can determine the pump’s operating point by
solving the equations simultaneously

For pump A ;

y = 0.0513x2 + 0.0514x + 7.8379……(1)

y = -0.0678x2 - 4E-15x + 24.4………(2)

By equating these two equations,

(1)=(2)

We obtained, x=11.5

∴Q operating =11.5 LPM

A

For pump B;

y = 0.1022x2 - 0.8015x + 9.7391…..(3)

y = -0.0512x2 - 4E-15x + 47.6……..(4)

(3)=(4)

By equating these two equations,

We obtained, x=18.9

∴Q operating =18.9 LPM

B

11
4.0 Work and Calculations

Pipe dimensions and minor loss coefficient

Elevation difference between free surfaces 7.85m

Pipe diameter 2.03cm
Entrance loss coefficient 0.5
Valve loss coefficient 17.5
Elbow loss coefficient (5 total elbow) 0.92 each
exit loss coefficient 1.05
Pipe length 176.5
Pipe roughness 0.25mm

4.1 List of Equation

These are the equations used to calculate the data

1. Hrequired = Hpump = 7.85 + Hloss

L v2
2. Hloss = (f +∑ K L )
D 2g
3. Q = Av
ρvD
4. Re =
μ
1.11
ε

5. ( )
D
3.7
+
6.9
ℜ )
1
=−1.8 log¿
√f
6. Havailable = H0 -αQ2

12
4.2 Sample Calculation

To find H available ;

For pump A

2
H available=H 0 −a Q

¿ 24.4−0.0678(2.52 )

¿ 23.98 m

For pump B

2
H available=H 0 −a Q

2
¿ 47.6−0.05119 (2.5 )

¿ 47.28 m

To find H required for pump A and pump B;

1. Change the unit of Q(LPM) to Q(m3/s)

liter 1min 0.001 m3

( X X )
min 60 s 1 liter

0.001
¿ 2.5 X
60

m3
¿ 4.17E-5
s

13
 m
2. Calculate the velocity,
s

Q
v=
A

4.17E-5
¿
0.3237E-3

m
¿ 0.1287
s

3. Find the Reynold number, Re

ρvD
ℜ=
μ

997 X 0.1287 X 0.0203

¿ −3
1.002 X 10

¿ 2599.98

4. Determine the friction factor, f

if
64
i. Re<2100 (laminar flow), use f=
ℜ
ii. Re>4000 (turbulent flow) use Colebrook-White equation,

1.11
ε
1
√f
=−1.8 log( ( )
D
3.7
or use Moody’s Chart.
+
6.9
ℜ
)

So, f = 0.0552

14
5. Calculate the H loss

L v2
H lo ss =(f + Σ K L)
D 2g

2
176.5 0.1287
0.0552 X +( 0.5+ 17.5+1.05+0.92 X 5)
0.0203 19.62
¿¿

¿ 0.4253 m

6. Finally, determine the H required

H required =δz+ H loss

¿ 7.85+0.4253

¿ 8.2753 m

15
5.0 Discussion

In this report, we have to design a pump that can supply water from low reservoir to the
higher reservoir and also we want to which pump was better either pump A or pump B. So all
the dimensions have been given, from that we have decided to design a pump based on the
information and dimensions. The length of the pipe required from reservoir 1 to reservoir 2 was
176.55 m. The diameter of the pipe use is 0.0203 m and it has a friction factor of 0.0552. Both
reservoir 1 and 2 are assumed to be exposed to the atmospheric pressure which make the
velocity at 1 (V1) and at 2 (V2) equal to zero. It is also assumed that there is no leakage in the
pipe. The piping design that we have choose is a system with one pump.

Along the pipe there were two types of losses happen which were major and minor
losses. Major losses were losses that happen along the straight pipe while minor along usually
occur at elbow or sharp-edged pipe. We have been given the minor losses coefficients of valve,
elbow, entrance and exit losses.

Based on the graphs that have been plotted, there will be two lines graph that will be
intersect and the point of intersection was the operating point. Based from the two graphs, pump
A has the value of 11.5 while for pump B the value of operating point was 18.9. So from this we
know that pump can operate greater than pump A.

Finally, we can conclude that the higher the value of operating point, the higher and
more power the pumps with the shut head off and flow rate. The most suitable pump is pump B
due to more high power.

16
6.0 Conclusions

As conclusion, we solved the task by using some calculation which is based on the
design and arrangements of pipe. We assumed that the fluid is at rest and it is exposed to
atmosphere at both points: V 1=0, V 2=0, P1=0, P2=0. We could find all the value of
H pump by substituting every value of Q in order to plot a system curve which is important to
find the operating point between system curve and pump performance curve. Thus, after the
calculation have been done we can conclude that best pump was pipe B because it operating
point was higher compared to pump A. Operating point for pump B was 18.9 LPM while pump A
was 11.5 LPM. As we have learned that the operating point is the best efficiency point of the
pump where pumps can operate best when nearer to its operating point.

17
7.0 Reference

1. Philip M.G. 2017. Munson’s Fluid Mechanic, 8th edition.

2. Cengel Y.A. 2014. Fluid Mechanics, Fundamental and Application, third edition.
3. https://www.mecaflux.com/en/pompes.htm
4. http://www.pumpfundamentals.com/tutorial3.htm

18
8.0 Appendix

Figure 2 : Moody's chart

19