Transmission and Power Generation Paper

Substantion Auxillary Power Supplies

Diniyatil Ulya 18063035

Dzikra Bani Donia Habibillah 18063036
Ikhwani 18063046
Riadotul Jannah 18063043

Supervisors:
Ali Basrah SP.d M.T

Electrical Engineering & Education (S1)

Engineering Faculty
Padang State University
2019-2020
 FOREWORD

Praise the presence of Allah SWT who has given His grace and guidance so that we can
complete the paper assignment entitled Substantion Auxillary Power Supplies on time.
The purpose of writing this paper is to fulfill the lecturers' assignments in the
Transmission and Power Generation Paper. In addition, this paper also aims to add insight into
Substantion Auxillary Power Supplies switches for readers and also for writers.
We thank to Mr.Ali Basrah SP.d M.T,as a lecturer in this course who has given this
assignment so that it can add knowledge and insight in accordance with the field of study that
we pursue.
We also thank all those who shared some of their knowledge so that I could finish this
paper. we realized, the paper we wrote was still far from perfect. Therefore, we will look
forward to constructive criticism and suggestions for the perfection of this paper.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD ………………………………………………………………………..
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………….
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Formulation Of The Problem ………………………………………………..
B. Purpose ………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER II CONTENT
A. Introduction ……………………………………………………………......
B. Dc Supplies …………………………………………………………………..
1. Battery And Charger Configurations ……………………………………..
2. Battery Charger Components ……………………………………………..
3. Installation Requirements ………………………………………………..
C. Batteries ……………………………………………………………………..
1. Battery Capacity ………………………………………………………….
2. Characteristic Of Batteries ………………………………………………….
D. Ac Supplies ………………………………………………………………………….
1. Power Source ……………………………………………………………………...
2. Lvac Switchboard …………………………………………………………
3. Auxiliary Transformer …………………………………………………….
4. Allowanted For Future Extention ……………………………………………………
5. Typical Enquiry Data ……………………………………………………………….
6. Eating Transformer Selection ………………………………………………
7. Uninterubtibble Power Supplies ……………………………………………………...
CHAPTER III CLOSING …………………………………………………………........
CONCLUSIONS ………………………………………………………………………
SUGGESTION ………………………………………………………………………..
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Formulation Of The Problem

1. What is auxiliary power supplies
2. What is dc supplies
3. What is auxillary power supplies
4. the relationship between dc supplies and auxiliary power supplies
B. Purpose
1. Understood what is auxiliary power supplies
2. Understood is dc supplies
3. Understood is auxillary power supplies
4. Understood the relationship between dc supplies and auxiliary power supplies
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Dc Supplies
1. Battery and charger configurations
Capital cost and reliability objectives must first be considered before defining
the battery and battery charger combination to be used for a specific installation.
The comparison given in Table 4.1 describes the advantages and disadvantages of
three such combinations.

Figure 4.1 details the main electrical features associated with these battery and
charger combinations. Charger units are used to supply either just a battery to provide
an autonomous DC supply or a battery/inverter combination to provide an
autonomous AC supply. The level of ‘autonomy’ is usually defined in terms of the
number of hours or minutes the equipment will enable a specified load to function
correctly after loss of input mains AC supply. The capacity of the charger must also
be such that after a severe discharge it has the capacity to supply the full DC system
load current and the full charging current simultaneously. The technique used for
battery charging is called ‘float’ charging and involves the battery being permanently
connected to the load (possibly via an inverter) in parallel with a charger. Therefore
the charger must satisfy the requirements of both the battery and the load. The exact
charger functional requirements will depend upon the type of battery (lead acid,
nickel cadmium NiCad, sealed recombination, etc.

Type Advantages Disadvantages

1. Single 100% battery Low capital cost No standby DC

and 100% charger System outage for
maintenance
Need to isolate battery/
charger combination from
load under boost charge
conditions1 in order to
prevent high boost voltages
appearing on DC distribu-
tion system2

2. Semi-duplicate Medium capital cost 50% capacity on loss of

2 × 50% batteries and Standby DC provided which one battery during AC
 2 × 100% chargers is 100% capacity on loss source failure
of one charger
Each battery or charger can
be maintained in turn.
Each battery can be isolated
and boost charged in turn
without affecting DC
output voltage

3. Fully duplicate Full 100% standby DC High capital cost

2 × 100% batteries and capacity provided under all Greater space requirement
2 × 100% chargers AC source conditions and Increased maintenance
single component (charger cost
or battery) failure

Table 4.1 Capital cost and reliability objectives must first be considered before defining the
battery/battery charger combination to be used for a specific installation. The comparison given
describes the advantages and disadvantages of three such combinations

Notes: 1Not all batteries have a boost facility.

2
It is possible to specify the voltage operating range of auxiliary devices to match any possible imposed voltages.

The simple single battery/single charger combination is suitable for the small
distribution substation where, with perhaps only a few metres between the
switchgear and the DC distribution board; 30 V DC was often specified to operate
trip coils and relays in the past 50 V is more common now. A useful low cost
addition to such a simple system would be a facility to connect an emergency (or
‘hospital’) battery via the DC distribution.

The option of using 2 × 50% batteries and 2 × 100% chargers may be used for
primary substation applications where this is the practice of the supply authority or
where costs are to be kept to a minimum in keeping with high reliability. It is very
important to specify clearly the operating regime for such a system before going out
to tender as manufacturers will need to understand fully the interlock requirements
involved. A DC supply float of 125 V is a typical IEC standard voltage for such
applications with 110 V nominal system voltage.

For the larger substations the cost of the DC supply will be small in comparison
with the total substation and the full 2 × 100% battery and 2 × 100% charger
combination is usually chosen. Separate systems are often used for substation
switchgear control and communications equipment.

As an alternative to two separate 50% batteries, a single battery composed of

two strings of batteries in parallel can be employed. This has the advantage of
enabling limited service to be maintained in the event of one cell failing in open
circuit mode. Further, as modern chargers can often be quickly returned to service
 after failure by simply replacing an electronic ‘card’,a single alarmed charger in
conjunction with a two string battery is often considered satisfactory, depending on
the risk assessment for the installation in question. In making such assessments,
which must consider the overall reliability of the installation, it is essential to
consider also the frequency of inspection and the extent of remote supervision and
alarms. Even a fully duplicated system is at risk of collapse if a single, initially
non critical, failure is left untended for a considerable time.
2. Battery charger components
a. Interlocks and cross connecting batteries and chargers
The interlocks between the battery/battery charger combination and the
DC distribution board are necessary to prevent boost charging voltages
appearing on the DC distribution system which could exceed the ratings of
trip coils and other equipment. For NiCad batteries approximate voltages
would be:
Float 116%
Boost/commissioning 135%
Minimum 84%
b. Anti paralleling diodes
These are intended to prevent high circulating currents in the duplicated
and semi duplicated systems.Should one battery be faulty, the fully charged
battery should not be allowed to discharge into it. Such diodes have very high
reliability with low forward voltage drop. They are only likely to fail to short
circuit and therefore will maintain a connection between the battery and the
DC distribution system.
c. Battery fuses
These are positioned in both the positive and negative battery leads so as
to minimize unprotected cable or equipment and should be accessible so as
to provide an easy method of battery isolation for maintenance. The fuses are
intended to protect against fire and to limit fault durations. The fuse rating for
normal lead acid or NiCad cells may need to be at least three times the
maximum battery demand current at the highest boost charge voltage. In
assessing this maximum demand, take account of any short term
requirements (e.g. motor starting currents). It is important for the designer to
ensure the positioning or type of fuse presents no danger of gas ignition upon
 fuse operation.
d. Radio frequency interference suppression
The steep wave fronts associated with fast thyristor switching are rich in
harmonics. The system design engineer must therefore satisfy Electro
Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements (typically to EN 5022 or BS6527
Class B conducted and Class A radiated levels). Simply specifying DC output
ripple (to be typically 5–10%) and noise levels is insufficient if sensitive
electronic equipment is involved in the substation installation. Adequate
filtering will involve radio frequency chokes (RFCs) in the supply source and
load connections together with bypass capacitors to short RF to earth and
adequate screening.
e. Protection and alarms
Typically some of the following may be specified:
AC fail Loss of AC supply detection
Overtemperature Shut down and auto reset as temperature
Reverse polarity Tripping
f. Metering and controls
Typically some of the following may be specified with remote monitoring
connections as required:
AC supply present Lamp or AC voltmeter with or without phase
selection
Protection operation Local or remote combined or individual
indication
DC voltage Battery voltage and/or DC system voltage*

DC current Battery charging current and/or system load current* Isolation

Float/boost AC source and DC supply
g. The DC switchboard

Should comply with the requirements of IEC 60439. Double pole

switches and fuses, switch fuses or MCBs (miniature circuit breakers) may
be used for incomers and outgoing ways to the DC distribution system. Links
or switches may be used to sectionalize the busbars as necessary. The complete
charger, battery and DC distribution board may be housed in a single cabinet
for the smaller units. The danger of vented gas causing corrosion problems or
gas ignition is small if sealed recombination cells are correctly used but in very
 critical locations the probability of a number of coincident failures (e.g.cell
sealing plus charge rate control plus inspection oversight) must beassessed
and the risk mitigated to an acceptable level.

h. DC distribution supply monitoring

A healthy DC supply is essential for the correct operation of the substation

controls, relays and circuit breakers. A regime of DC distribution supply
monitoring must therefore be defined so that immediate remedial action may
be taken should the DC supply fail. In addition to the alarms on the
battery/battery charger combination itself alarms may be derived from failure
within the DC distribution.In this case the DC supply is duplicated to each
control and relay panel by sectionalizing the DC distribution board and having
separate feeders to each panel. Each relay and/or control panel DC circuit
associated with each power substation circuit is also monitored for loss of DC
supply. Since DC failure could in itself prevent alarms from operating small
DC/DC converters may be specified to drive the annunciator modules.

3. Installation requirements
Since acid or alkaline liquids and vapours are toxic, a separate battery room is
traditionally provided in the substation control building to house the battery banks.
The room has to have adequate ventilation (possibly forced), an acid resistant
concrete or tiled floor and sink unit with running water and eye wash facilities.
Division II explosion proof lighting and ventilation fan installations are required for
large vented battery installations. In addition notices must be displayed about the
corrosive materials and to prohibit smoking. Most lead acid and NiCad batteries are
now manufactured in enclosed containers with special plugs to permit ventilation
without excessive loss of electrolyte.
B. Batteries
Batteries consisting of a series of individual cells are used to store electricity
and are relied upon to provide the required power for a specified period within specified
voltage limits. Different battery types have different characteristics best suited to
different applications. The choice for substation auxiliary supplies lies between lead
acid and nickel cadmium cells and variants within these categories. At the time of
writing, alternatives such as fuel cells do not provide economic or sufficiently proven
options for this use.

1. Battery Capacity
The capacity of the battery is determined by the capacity of the individual series
connected cells. Parallel connection of cells can be made to increase capacity. In the past
this practice was discouraged because a weak or defective cell in one of the batteries
means that this battery on discharge does not carry its share of the total load. Also, on
charge the battery with a defective cell tends to accept a greater share of the available
charging current to the detriment of healthy cells in parallel with it. However, provision
of parallel strings provides continuity of service, albeit with reduced capacity, in the
event of one cell failing in open circuit mode something not detected by the simpler
battery voltage monitoring alarms. Selection of approach must depend on the
manufacturer’s data as to failure mode probability, and the required installation
reliability.

2. Characteristic of Batteries
The characteristics of different battery types and their relative advantages and
disadvantages for different applications are given in Table 4.2. Essentially NiCad
battery banks maintain their capacity better at lower temperatures. NiCad life
expectancy is good (typically 15 years), better than the standard pasted or tubular
lead acid battery (typically 12 years) but not quite as long as the rugged lead acid
Planté cell (typically 20 years). NiCad batteries lose their capacity over time under
float charge conditions more so than lead acid types. NiCad battery chargers can
therefore be programmed automatically to boost charge the NiCad battery bank at
regular intervals. Sealed gas recombination batteries have lower life (typically 10
years) and require a strict charging regime.
C. AC SUPPLIES
1. Power source
Substation auxiliary AC supplies may be derived from dedicated sources or
from additional circuits on low voltage distribution switchgear forming part of the
substation’s outgoing distribution system. Three examples are given in Fig.

2. LVAC switchboard
The substation auxiliary LVAC switchboard will typically be fed by auxiliary
transformers in the range 100–630 kVA. Transformers in this range normally have
impedance values of the order of 4–5% and will therefore act as the main fault
limiting element in the system between generation source and substation LVAC
switchboard. Neglecting source impedance this implies auxiliary transformer
secondary fault levels of some 12 MVA without having transformers in parallel. Key
interlock systems are usually employed to prevent paralleling of substation auxiliary
transformers and thereby avoid exceeding the fault rating of the switchgear. Air
circuit breakers are often employed as incomers and bus section switches on the
LVAC switchboard. They can be specified to cater for high fault levels and load
currents over a wide temperature range in with drawable format and as an integral
part of a larger switchboard.

3. Auxiliary Transformer
Single auxiliary transformer is normally connected to the LVAC distribution
switchboard earth and neutral busbars. A current transformer (CT) associated with
secondary unrestricted earth fault protection is located on the earth side of the
neutral to earth link. In this way the CT is in the path of the earth fault current. At
the same time unbalanced or harmonic currents involving the neutral (3rd harmonics
and multiples) will not be ‘seen’ by the CT in this position. This is the ‘classic’
standby earth fault (SBEF) protection CT location and transformer connection to
the LVAC switchboard for a single transformer source of supply. This arrangement
is unsatisfactory when applied to a multisource supply system.
4. Allowanted for future extention
It is good engineering practice to formulate a policy for spare capacity on
auxiliary LVAC transformers and associated switchgear in keeping with capital cost
constraints.This is especially true in developing countries and a typical policy guide
might be to allow an overall 25% spare switchboard capacity with 10% equipped
spare ways and 15% unequipped spare ways within the switchboard physical
dimensions.

5. Typical Enquiry Data

The table given below describes the essential characteristics for a substation
auxiliary LVAC distribution board. This type of enquiry data sheet should be used in
conjunction with a full enquiry specification of requirements which details all general
and specific requirements (LVAC supply characteristics, etc.

6. Eating Transformer Selection

It is often necessary to derive the substation LVAC supply from the main power
transformers. The lowest primary substation distribution voltage level(10 kV, 20 kV,
etc.) is also often provided by a delta secondary. Provision of a medium voltage
earthing point is necessary in order to limit and better control the medium voltage
earth fault level. This earthing point and derivation of a useful LVAC substation
auxiliary power source may be provided by using an earthing transformer.

7. Uninterubtibble Power Supplies

The rectifier float or boost charges the battery bank. The battery is sized for a
given autonomy of supply under mains power failure conditions in the same manner
as described in Section 4.3 above. The autonomy may be specified as typically
between 15 minutes to 3 hours under full load conditions. The inverter produces,
from the stored energy contained within the battery, an independent AC supply with
very close tolerances. It is usually an isolated supply, and the UPS may be
considered and treated as a generator in many respects.
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
All but the smallest substations include auxiliary power supplies. AC power is
required for substation building small power, lighting, heating and ventilation, some
communications equipment, switchgear operating mechanisms, anti condensation
heaters and motors. DC power is used to feed essential services such as circuit breaker
trip coils and associated relays, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and
communications equipment. This chapter describes how these auxiliary supplies are
derived and explains how to specify such equipment.
B. Sugestion