Toni: OVERLOAD AND SHORT CRCUT OFL¥.OVERHEADLnes fl, | 3 1. OVERLOAD PROTECTION Every lines must be protected against overload. The load on the line must be Calculated and the fuse chosen is the next bigger size 2 SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION itis important that LV. Overhead Ines are protected against short ciccult and ary ‘shor circuit must be quickly be cleared, ‘Short crcl auts occur whan to are more ofthe bare conductors come in contact with each other. The short circuit current avaliable to operate the fue Gene protecting the line PHASE TO NEUTRAL FAULTS CURRENT Sha ihe short circuit faut, the phase to neutral fauts have the smallest faut Suzette. The magnitude of the phase neutal short cicut current on an tat Overhead line will depenc en the following @® Fa eve oe 11 kv system (D cect 6 10.4 wansomer © Tre impedances of te wanstomer (Te impecarices of the ne >, For short circuit faults which occur at less than 200 m from the transformer, the fault ) Suman wil-be.more tan 3 ties the curent canyng capes ee ese at {here for an LV. oveead Tes fused al tss tat ks eure Sonoin eo be adequately protected agaist short cet es (Nt latace exceeding 200 mete, he impedance of he Ine isthe dominating factor in calculating the fault current. The approximate phase neutral faut current fer taut ‘occurring at various distances from the transformer is given in table 1 Fora line made up of several sections of ferent sized conductors, the equivalent length of the line has to be calculated using the impedance given in the cordance ‘ata and with the equivalen: length the fault current can be obtained from table 1. HSE faye Sm Md 1" Joo ya ts Fa, per] se DOM.TABLE1 — : APPROXIMATE PHASE TO NEUTRAL SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT Date trentonioow | mene etc crane | 02 B50. e388 413 os ‘737 489 284 | oa se a0 zs | os 408 © 300 1% | os a a 16 o7 385 2 _ | os a 0 10 oe Ps 1” | 1 2 ws 12 . 23 135 a 14 ‘05 o >) 3 7 ‘we ® 1s 1. * % 20 ‘0 2 6 SES oF FUSES rosy tenet ES ‘At the planning stage the sizes and positions of fuses should be determined to cater focqvetioad as well as shor circuit protection at the most remote end ofthe line. The Sizes of fuses to be used should be marked or the plans which are submitted with ‘the CWA forms. On the line ise, the sizes of the fuses should be clearly marked with paint to avoid the use of lager fuses. Five bbe = thy Hada relia gun loos1 ARAHAN KEJURUTERAAN BIL 391. § OCTOBER 1991. PEKELILING TIMBALAN PENGURUS BESAR, KEJURUTERAAN (PERKHIDMATAN PENGGUNAY KEJURUTERAAN BIL. 3/01 ‘SIDELINES ON THE RATINGS AND POSTONWNG OF FUSES ‘FORLLY, OVERHEAD UNE PROTECTION mmmonucnion lnvestpations conductes on several recent accidents which ware related to Ly. Overnead Lines, revealed the fact that many of the fuses iataleg Mad at beer rend {or sondustors being alve even though they were broken and had fallen tp the seeanee Two such cases recenty had resultes'in tragic fatal accidents, Like otver power ution where instalstions are operated under competent cormrl, the Protection design has been focused primarily on the protection ef i plant ure) aubment. However, where & five conductor iso tocalad that fH anape oF actodeee {rom its sunpor and can endanger iver and properties, xr precaution mutt be eee to ensure acequate protection for ll eventualies, ‘This circular provides the necessary technics! information and data on L.V. fuses and bare aluminium conductors needed to calculate the reapecive faist current mon ‘vernead circut. H outines the steps to be followed in determining the ramon ana positoning of fares, Lv. Fuses 2.1 TYPES OF FUSES ‘Two types of fies are used in LY. 0 Protection. For current ratings below 100 Amoeres, fuse wires are used in conjunction with rewicable type fuse holsere, commonly known as the Yorkshire Pola Furs. For bicher ratings, High Ruptininy ‘Capacity (HRC) ten are used, These are intaled on either Low Vohage Distiouton Boards, Feed Filars or metai-cad ture bores,22 S@ZES/RATINGS OF FUSES The various sizes anc tnir respecte current ratings for both types of fuses are chen below ‘Table 1 ~ Rating of Fuse Wire wane sae | Fuse rating swe. DIAMETER trim) one 35 0.21 | 5 22 ort 2s [J te 20 0.91 33 For HAC carridgo fuses, the various sizes/eatings available are:~ eociimen 80 ams. 100 amp., 125 amp., 160 ams, 200 amen, 250 ane, and 218 ane. 2.3 OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC. OF FUSES The HRC fuses supply by Central Stores are manufactured in accordance to the a specication as stated i B.S. 88, Par S. The individual Time/Cuvent Opecasne Characteristics are as attached in ASpendix A. In general, they have a fonng toner approximately 1.5 times the ratad current, which meena tat iaeshy © 200 entre lad fuse wil be able to cary s load current of 300 amperes Coninvousiy for em erase time period, \n contrast however, the soerating characteristics of the rewirable type of tes are not &3 wall defined, The actual performance depends to some exent.on how ow fuse ie ites, degree of tightness on the fuse wire, any kink or damage and the stala ef the fe holder. For design calculation purposes, a fusing factor ef 1-75 me is normaly acceptable. For this reason, R will be ralgvely dificult to coorainate the operating time of & rewicable fuse with otver fures. They shouid be reserved for uaa es back protection for service connection oniELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF H.D. ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS Ine sesstance, ‘eactance and soninous curent rings of vaiout ses of HD. ‘Auminium Conductors are as tabulated below conoucToR conmmuous, ae WDDCTANCE | CURRENT RATING. my n/a, amo) 2.301 16 0.280 172 4 260 HORT-CIRCUT CURRENT COMPUTATIONS, dre TorsaatsIe sredure for computing the perspec faut curent in a cic ‘the following assumptions have been adopiad, a * Feral of the source impedance on the H.V. side of the transiormar is ‘Pormally neoicile in comsariaan withthe impedance ofthe transioreer ove feeders, and hence will nat be taken ito account in the comonciong’ [ht impedance of « cisibtion transformer is 4.75% ofa respective rating and fn assumed as purely inductive. The imoadance of the short lensih of Lv. cable connecing the Distibuton Botre, to the Pole is negigble and ean be ignored. By ‘rue ot the design, H the phase conductors anap ot dalodge from the binders, they wil come into contact with one another and/or the necktie {he short-cireut current between tie phase ane neutrals lower, the aoe wet be used to determine the rang of the fuses. ‘The source votage wil be taken as 240 Vols throughout the duraton.of the taut.‘Shor Cieut Curent, e/a) = 2460/0 + Km + xn swrere lt te lon resittance of te conductor 2 be protected a! 70 C, Xi fe the top inductance of the conductor to be protected ind XT ia the impeaance of the transformer which ie = 418 x 435 x 0.0475 / (1000 x rated kVA) = 8.18 / rand eva ane, Fusing Current, It/e) = Us/e) / Fusing Factor Frnce 24,0 the fone to be enlacied shal be ecut! of late than th magniude ofthe Fusing Currant eaicutated. es tase recta the futes at tw source end cannot provide adeausie coverage forthe Lone ave umltrmesiate section fuses shat then be hnreduced at sotioge sores Soe ents tn practcn, tes ary alto Intalad Ih olacae nee epee fhe aaegetnt SEITING CaDecy takes place and et werice Tool sommes tees’ the isolation of supply In fume. : A working axamola ts given in Aspandix 8 to Hiutrae the appscation of this prnciie. IMPLEMENTATION AND CONTROL ‘ees act Manapers should take immediate action to sncure thet the ratings af the Pees a RON De and exiting inet ary calculated and aed in sccorcee that nove reneuited above. For exiting fencers where the dtvibaton ef base ie won, inion a0d it acd to reduce the aban length, eoprernate peoiecte erode ee ‘tiated and implemented Immediately under the system remforcenon rere‘To enforce etfectve control on the system, technical personnel wno are responsible for the replacement of ‘uses should be well informed en the significance of correct tone ratings. Any ungrading ef fuxe rating, even on a temoorary basis, mitt only Be done win the Knowiedge anc anoroval of the engineer in contol tne setais ef which cnet ‘be recoroed in the Breaksown Log Book. Haljan Maimumah Bte Suiin\ Timbalan Pengurus Besar (Keiseetersan— Perkhidmatan Pengguna 5 5 Octeber 1991 7be aw ef teem cae ical prospective curent(in Al Fine 1. Tameuront sorPreserting Uimet ren oe I ee ee ere RAS, symmetric prospective crest (in) Be edn one Figen 1 corned)or t tot ete 2 eae RMS. symmetrical prossectve. current (in) Fir oniumBt ek thd neg t au pt baw 2 eee RLN.S. apametrical prospective corentlin A} Fur 1 feoncvone)Monn Searls: © determine the rating £18 soane of 7.173" 2 500 kVA, 117.415 Show Chit Current i/o) = 240 /1R« Hx. » xy R = 0.929 18x 50x2/ 1000'chma = 0.5922 ohms. 5 XL = 0.258 18 50x27 1000 ohms = 0.4646 om ‘Theraters, s/c) © 914 amp. ‘ADbIving a fusing safety factor of 2, Fusing Current, it/e) © 314 /'3 ams. 105 amp, le. § 100 amp, fuse should be used,{nthe above anata, it his been assumed that only one set of fuses wil be used at the source end to protect the antire feeder. By this anoroash, the aliowabie ccrvent = ‘carrying capacty ef the conductor will be very much imited by the tuning current hoes Creu. In this exsa, the feeder wil not be able to supply the beads us indicated ih oes ‘Schematic dagram above. This constaini.can be overcome by imveducing intermedne section fuses at appropriate location. In this examole, the total lead sunplied by the feeder ie 180 amperes. To suoply this load, the fune at the-subsiain wil have to be rated x! 200 amperes. Howorer. oy using & fusing eatety facto: of 3, a 200 amperes fuse can provect the feeder for lengtn of approximately 10 spans only. Hence « lowee rated fuse wil have to be insted at ater pola 9 er 10 to cover tha rest of tne circu. Since tw londng ‘only 9D amperes, the section fuse can then be rated.ct 100 amperes.Make: v2 UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL INSTITUT SULTAN AHTMAD SHAH eT SEKSVEN ALIAS Kage, Topic: EXERCISE TO DETERMINE THE FUSES AND % VOLT Ref : 26/30 DROP FOR LV. OVERHEAD LINES Date: SEPT 95 Determine the position an¢ sizes of fuses & ealeulate the % volt drop in the following. Sphase L.V. O/H lines networks. Assume 1 span = 50m and the 1st pole to be 50. from the substation. The pcwer factor may be assumed tabe 0.85 lagen. XE txercise 1 100 mt, SoM . Tee EES? Os wo 2s ue a 7 pas soo 2 3 es ) lpnsoosteny ‘ $ goweny E Tet SH Te Ge SO 0 1k 4 Wwe ob 90 Fem» SF ot + te Exercise 2 : “Tp mee 78 KVA Conductor sizes A we B= 100mm Bow C = 50mm? Bow D = 50mm V Guy 0 0S | (Kee > 39)Exercise 3 8 Kval Allconductors are 100 min except DE, PG, HI and JK which are 50 mm?