BIOCHEMISTRY MTY 1107 | 1

CARBOHYDRATES – 01/24/20 2.ACCORDING TO # OF CARBONS:

- At least 3 carbons in a Carbohydrate.

FISHER STRUCTURE HAWORTH STRUCTURE
- Triose – 3 carbons; Pentose – 5 carbons

3. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS:

Glucose
- Aldehyde – Aldose
- Ketone – Ketose
CARBOHYDRATES
EXAMPLES OF FUUNCTIONAL GROUPS:
- (CH2OH)n – general formula
A. MONOSACCHARIDE
- Is a biomolecule consisting of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen atoms, usually - Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose
with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of
2:1 and thus with the empirical formula B. DISACCHARIDE
Cₘ ₙ . This formula holds true for
monosaccharides. - Glucose+Fructose=Sucrose(table sugar)
*Plant material (sugar cane)

Glycosidic bond: α (1,2)

- Are the sugars, starches and fibers
found in fruits, grains, vegetables and - Glucose+Galactose=Lactose(dairy)
milk products. *from cow & humans * β Glycosidase (enzyme)

Glycosidic bond: β (1,4)

GLYCOSIDIC BONDS - Glucose+Glucose=Maltose(beer)

*Plant material, fermented barleys
- Bonds carbohydrates Glycosidic bond: α (1,4)

C. POLYSACCHARIDE
MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES

1.CLASSIFIED AS: - Plant material (starch)

A. Monosaccharide – basic unit

B. Disaccharide – 2 units
HOW DO CORN STARCH DIGESTS?
C. Polysaccharide – more than 10 units
D. Oligosaccharide – 3-10 units - Amylase (enzyme)

CORN STARCH

Amylose+Amylopectin= starch
*Amylose – carbohydrate *Amylase – enzyme

SADSAD, GLADYS AERA M.


AMYLOSE (C6H10O5)n
- Consists of a linear, helical chains of
roughly 500 to 20,000 alpha-D-glucose
monomers linked together through alpha
(1-4) glycosidic bonds.
- Soluble
AMYLOPECTIN (C6H10O5)n
- is a water-insoluble polysaccharide and
highly branched polymer of α-glucose
units found in plants. It is one of the
two components of starch, the other
being amylose.
- is a branched-chain polysaccharide
composed of glucose units linked
primarily by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds but
with occasional α-1,6-glycosidic bonds,
which are responsible for the
branching.
SADSAD, GLADYS AERA M.
BIOCHEMISTRY MTY 1107 | 2
CELLULOSE C₁₄H₂₆O₁₁
*Beta
*Linear
*Fiber
- Is an organic compound with the formula ₙ ,
a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain
of several hundred to many thousands of β
linked D-glucose units.
- Important structural component of the
primary cell wall of green plants, many
forms of algae and the oomycetes.
CHITIN (C8H13O5N)n
- a long-
chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, is a
derivative of glucose. It is a primary
component of cell walls in fungi, the
exoskeletons of arthropods, such as
crustaceans and insects, the radulae of
mollusks, cephalopod beaks, and the scales
of fish and amphibians.
- is a different from cellulose because of the
substitution that occurs on the glucose
molecule.
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INSULIN C257H383N65O77S6 HEPARIN C12H19NO20S3

- It is an anticoagulant (blood thinner) that

- It is a peptide hormone produced by beta
prevents the formation of blood clots.
cells of the pancreatic islet

SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
- It is considered to be the main anabolic
Rubor – Redness
hormone of the body.
Calor – Warm

Dolor – Pain
- A hormone made by the pancreas that
Tumor – Swelling
allows your body to use sugar (glucose)
Funcio Laesa – Loss of function
from carbohydrates in the food that you

eat for energy or to store glucose for

*Symptoms – Subjective (findings from
future use.
patients)

*Sign – Objective (findings from doctors)

GLUCAGON C153H225N43O49S

- It is a peptide hormone, produced

by alpha cells of the pancreas.
*** END OF CARBOHYRATES LESSON***

- It works to raise the concentration

of glucose and fatty acids in the
bloodstream, and is considered to
be the main catabolic hormone of
the body.
- It triggers a release of stored glucose

from the liver.

- Breakdown of glycogen.

*Keton bodies – toxic to kidneys.

SADSAD, GLADYS AERA M.

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ISOMERS – 01/24/20 STEREOISOMERS

- Same chemical isomers but different in

CHIRALITY
structure.
- essentially means 'mirror-image, non-
superimposable molecules', and to say that - are isomers that differ in spatial
a molecule is chiral is to say that its mirror arrangement of atoms, rather than
image (it must have one) is not the same as order of atomic connectivity.
itself.

- a geometric property of some molecules ANOMERIC CARBON

and ions.

CHIRAL

- If the molecule in the mirror image is

not the same molecule. - Carbon derived from the
carbonyl carbon (the ketone or
aldehyde functional group) of the
ACHIRAL open-chain form of the carbohydrate
molecule.
- If the molecule in the mirror image is - Can be found next to the oxygen atom
the same molecule. in the pyranose or furanose ring, but
on the opposite side from the carbon
that carries the acyclic CH2O group.

*α/β

- α – OH at the bottom
- β – H at the top

*Glucose – RLRR

*Galactose –RLLR

SADSAD, GLADYS AERA M.