5.

Results and Discussion

Microscope tool that is often used by researchers to see objects that are small or the
structure of the material. In this experiment using an optical microscope to magnify. The
way the optical microscope works is from the light that is refracted by the condenser lens,
after passing through the condenser lens the beam hits the specimen and is forwarded by
the objective lens so that it can magnify it like the sample image obtained.(B. Respati
2008)
5.1. Difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

The main difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes are that eukaryotic cells has
membrane-bound organelles, such as nucleus, mitochondria or vacuole, which prokaryotes
lack (Favor, 2005).
5.2 Property of observed microorganism

On this experiment, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhizopus oryzae were observed. The
former is unicellular, while the latter is multicellular (Farabee, 2003).
5.3. Purpose of staining

The purpose of staining is to provide a better view of the cell or parts of the cell by
contrasting parts of the cell, such as the cell wall or nucleus, or the whole cell itself. Based
on how the dye and the cell wall will interact, there are two types of staining: positive
staining and negative staining. In the positive staining, the dye is absorbed by the
microorganism. In the negative staining, the dye is absorbed by the background. Based on
the number of dye used, there are two types of staining; simple staining and differential
staining. The simple staining method uses only 1 dye, while the differential staining uses
multiple dyes. In this experiment, the simple staining and positive staining method was
used. Only one dye was used for S. cerevisiae and R. oryzae, which was methylene blue
and lactophenol (Lumen, n.d.).
5.4. Microorganism identification
 Figure 1.1. Example of Rhizopus oryzae. (Image from Anonymous.
https://www.uq.edu.au/_School_Science_Lessons/9.196.1.GIF. Accessed 16 February 2020.)

Figure 1.2. Sample from tempe

When Figure 1.1 and 1.2 are compared, the sporangium and the sporangiophore can be
observed. However, the sporangium is separated from the sporangiophore. From the
observation, Rhizopus oryzae was identified in the sample.
 Figure 2.1. Example of S. cerevisiae (Image from Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saccharomyces_cerevisiae_100x_phase-
contrast_microscopy.jpg. Accessed 16 February 2020.)

Figure 2.2. Sample from instant yeast Figure 2.3. Sample from tape

By comparing Figure 2.1 with Figure 2.2 and 2.3, Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be
identified to be present in the samples.
No microorganism was observed in the pool water sample.
5.5. Magnification of microscope
A microscope is a device used to make fine detail visible. The microscope has three task
functions: producing an enlarged image of the specimen (magnification), separating the
details in the image (resolution), and presenting details that are visible to the eye, camera,
or other imaging device (contrast).
The magnification of the microscope depends on the accommodation power of the eye.
That is, when we see objects with accommodating eyes will be different than without
accommodation (minimum accommodation). So the magnitude of the microscope consists
of magnification for maximum accommodation eyes and magnification for non-
accommodating eyes (minimum accommodation).
The eye is maximally accommodated if the object seen is at a point near the eye. Likewise
on the microscope, so that the eye is maximum accommodation, the image produced by the
ocular lens is located in front of the ocular lens which is the same distance as the point near
the observer.
The eye does not accommodate if the object being seen is infinitely far away. Because the
lens that is close to the eye is the ocular lens, the object in the ocular lens must be located
infinitely far away. To produce shadows at infinity, objects must be placed at the focal
point of the ocular lens.
So from here it can be concluded if magnification increases, the area of the field of view
decrease, the depth of the field of view decrease, the working distance decrease, and the
amount of light required increase.
(Abramowitz 2003)
5.6. Parts of microscope
 Ocular Lens

Stage Clip

Objective Lens
Frame (Arm)

Coarse Adjustment

Condenser
Fine Adjustment
Illumination

Base

Mechanical
Stage

Ocular lens : to enlarge the image produced by the objective lens, with
magnification of objects 5, 10 or 12.5 times.

Objective lens : to enlarge the shadow of objects or objects observed with

magnification 10, 40 or 100 times.

Condensor : to gather the incoming light and focus the light to illuminate the
object.
Illumination : as a light source on a light microscope.
Base : as a base so that the microscope can stand properly.
Mechanical stage : to place the object to be examined.
Fine adjustment : to raise and lower the microscope tube precisely and slowly, it is
smaller than the macrometer.
Coarse adjustment : to pull and lower the microscope tube precisely and quickly.

Frame (arm) : as a liaison between the head of the microscope with the base of the
microscope.

Stage clip : to hold the glass object (preparations) so that it is easily moved during
the observation process
(Lavanya et al. 2017)

6. Conclusion
In this experiment, the wet mounts for the samples were prepared by putting the sample on
the microscope slide, dripping dye if necessary, then putting on the cover slip. By adjusting
the magnification and focusing on the view, Rhizopus oryzae can be observed from tempe
and Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be observed from tape and instant yeast by using the
microscope.

REFERENCES
Abramowitz, Mortimer. 2003. “Microscopy: Basics and Beyond.” Molecular Expressions
Microscopy Primer 1:1–50.
B. Respati, S. 2008. “Macam-Macam Mikroskop Dan Cara Penggunaan.” Jurnal
Momentum UNWAHAS 4(2):42–44.
Lavanya, A., S. V. Sowmya, Roopa S. Rao, Dominic Augustine, Vanishri C.
Haragannavar, and Shwetha Nambiar. 2017. “Troubleshooters in Light Microscopy.”
World Journal of Dentistry 8(6):511–18.
Farabee M.J. 2003. https://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBook
Diversity_4.html#Zygomycetes. Accessed online: 16 February 2020.
Favor, Lesli J. 2005. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell structures: understanding cells with
and without a nucleus/by Lesli J. Favor. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.: New York
Lavanya, A. et al. 2017. “Troubleshooters in Light Microscopy.” World Journal of
Dentistry 8(6): 511–18.
Lumen. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/staining-microscopic-
specimens/. Accessed online: 16 February 2020.