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where: where:
eo = initial void ratio, (nearest 0.01), sa = axial total stress in kPa (nearest 1),
ef = final void ratio (nearest 0.01), P = applied force in N (nearest 1),
Ho = initial specimen height, cm, and Ma = mass of apparatus resting on specimen, kg (nearest
Hf = final specimen height, cm. 0.01)
A = specimen area, cm2, (nearest 0.01), and
12.2.7 Calculate the initial and final degree of saturation, in g = acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2.
percent, as follows:
12.5 Time-Deformation Properties—From those load incre-
M To 2 M d
initial degree of saturation:S o 5 3 100 (9) ments where time-deformation readings are obtained, two
Ar w ~ H o 2 H s ! alternative procedures (see 12.5.1 or 12.5.2) are provided to
present the data, determine the end-of-primary consolidation
M Tf 2 M d and compute the rate of consolidation. Alternative techniques
final degree of saturation:S f 5 3 100 (10)
Ar w ~ H f 2 H s ! may be used when agreed to by the requesting agency and still
be in conformance with these test methods. The deformation
where:
readings may be presented as measured deformation, specimen
S o = initial degree of saturation, % (nearest 0.1), and height, or axial strain (see 12.6). The following text and figures
Sf = final degree of saturation, % (nearest 0.1). are presented in terms of axial strain. The bold letters in
12.3 Deformation Calculations: parentheses within the following text are linked to the associ-
12.3.1 For each deformation reading, calculate the change ated figures.
in specimen height, in cm, as follows: 12.5.1 Alternative Interpretation Procedure 1—Referring to
DH 5 d 2 d o 2 d a (11)
Fig. 1, plot the axial strain, ´, versus the log time (typically in
minutes) for each applicable load increment.
where: 12.5.1.1 Draw a straight line through the points representing
DH = Change in specimen height, cm, (nearest 0.00025), the late time readings which exhibit a straight line trend and
d = deformation reading at various times in test, cm constant slope (C). Draw a second straight line tangent to the
(nearest 0.00025), steepest part of the axial strain-log time curve (D). The
do = initial deformation reading, cm (nearest 0.00025), intersection of these two lines represents the axial strain (E),
and ´100, and time (F), t100, corresponding to 100 % primary
da = apparatus deformation correction, cm (nearest consolidation. Compression in excess of the above estimated
0.00025). 100 % primary consolidation is defined as secondary compres-
NOTE 20—Refer to 8.1 for apparatus compressibility correction require- sion.
ments.
12.5.1.2 Find the axial strain representing 0 % primary
12.3.2 Represent each deformation measurement in at least consolidation (K) by selecting any two points that have a time
one of the following forms. ratio of 1 to 4 (points G and H in this example). The axial
12.3.2.1 The change in specimen height as computed in strain increment at the larger of the two times should be greater
12.3.1. than 1⁄4, but less than 1⁄2 of the total axial strain increment for
12.3.2.2 Calculate the specimen height, in cm, as follows: the load increment. The axial strain corresponding to 0 %
H 5 H o 2 DH (12)
primary consolidation is equal to the axial strain at the smaller
time, less the difference in axial strain (I = J) between the two
12.3.2.3 Calculate the void ratio as follows: selected points.
H 2 Hs 12.5.1.3 The axial strain (L), ´50, corresponding to 50 %
e5 (13) primary consolidation is equal to the average of the axial
Hs
strains corresponding to the 0 and 100 %. The time (M), t50,
12.3.2.4 Calculate the axial strain, in percent, as follows: required for 50 % consolidation may be found graphically from
DH the axial strain-log time curve by observing the time that
´5 3 100 (14) corresponds to 50 % of the primary consolidation on the curve.
H0
12.5.2 Alternative Interpretation Procedure 2—Referring to
12.3.2.5 Calculate the final height differential as follows: Fig. 2, plot the axial strain, ´, versus the square root of time
H d 5 H f 2 H et (15) (typically in minutes) for each applicable load increment.
12.5.2.1 Draw a straight line through the points representing The time for 50 % consolidation (I), t50, corresponds to the
the early time readings that exhibit a straight line trend (A). intersection of axial strain-square root time curve and the 50 %
Extrapolate the line back to t = 0 and obtain the axial strain strain ordinate.
ordinate representing 0 % primary consolidation (B). 12.5.3 Compute the coefficient of consolidation for each
12.5.2.2 Draw a second straight line through the 0 % applicable load increment using the following equation and
ordinate so that the abscissa of this line (C) is 1.15 times the values appropriate to the chosen method of interpretation:
abscissa of the first straight line through the data. The inter-
section of this second line with the axial strain-square root of THD2 50
cv 5 (17)
time data curve gives the axial strain, ´90, (D), and time, t90, t
(E), corresponding to 90 % primary consolidation. where:
12.5.2.3 The axial strain at 100 % consolidation (F) is 1⁄9
cv = coefficient of consolidation, cm2/s (3 significant
more than the difference in axial strain between 0 and 90 %
digits),
consolidation. The time of primary consolidation (G), t100, may
T = a dimensionless time factor: for method 12.5.1 use
be taken at the intersection of the axial strain-square root of
50 % consolidation with T = T50 = 0.197, for
time curve and this axial strain ordinate. The axial strain (H),
method 12.5.2 use 90 % consolidation with T
´50, corresponding to 50 % consolidation is equal to the axial
= T90 = 0.848,
strain at 5⁄9 of the difference between 0 and 90 % consolidation.
D2435/D2435M − 11
1 5 0.0288 19.0212 0.15 1.228
2 10 0.0557 18.9943 0.29 1.225
3 20 0.1133 18.9367 0.59 1.218
4 40 0.2139 18.8361 1.12 1.206 0.2696 18.7804 1.42 1.200 52 3.34E-01 10 3.34E-01
13
5 80 0.3867 18.6633 2.03 1.186 0.5355 18.5145 2.81 1.169 144 1.17E-01 30 1.17E-01
6 160 0.8560 18.1940 4.49 1.131 1.5439 17.5061 8.10 1.050 516 2.93E-02 102 2.93E-02
7 320 2.3496 16.7004 12.33 0.956 2.8317 16.2183 14.86 0.900 282 4.59E-02 53 4.59E-02
8 640 3.4392 15.6108 18.05 0.828 3.8223 15.2277 20.06 0.784 156 7.32E-02 31 7.32E-02
9 1280 4.3440 14.7060 22.80 0.722
10 320 4.2553 14.7947 22.34 0.733
11 80 3.9300 15.1200 20.63 0.771
12 20 3.5131 15.5369 18.44 0.820
13 5 3.0981 15.9519 16.26 0.868
D2435/D2435M − 11
REFERENCES
(1) Casagrande, A., “The Determination of the Pre-Consolidation Load (6) Winterkorn, H. F. and Fang, H. Y. eds. Foundation Engineering
and its Practical Significance,” Proceedings 1st ICSMFE, III, 1936, p. Handbook, Chapter 4, Von Nostrand Reinhold Co, New York, NY,
60. 1975 .
(2) Taylor, D. W., Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons, (7) Holtz, R. D. and Kovacs, W. D. An Introduction to Geotechnical
New York, NY, 1948. Engineering, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1981.
(3) Burmeister, D. M. “The Application of Controlled Test Methods in (8) Yong, R. N. and Townsend, F. C. Eds.“ Consolidation of Soils: Testing
Consolidation Testing,” ASTM STP 126, p. 83, ASTM 1951 . and Evaluation,” ASTM STP 892, ASTM, 1986.
(4) Schmertmann, J. H. “The Undisturbed Consolidation Behavior of (9) Bishop A.W. and Gibson, R.E., “The Influence of the Provisions for
Clay” Trans. ASCE, 120, pp. 1201 through 1233, 1955. Boundary Drainage on Strength and Consolidation Characteristics of
(5) Leonards, G. A. “Engineering Properties of Soils,” Chapter 2 in
Soils Measured in the Triaxial Apparatus,” Laboratory Shear Testing
Foundation Engineering by Leonards, G. A., ed. McGraw-Hill, New
of Soils, ASTM STP No 361, pp. 273 -328, ASTM 1963.
York, NY, 1962.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to these test methods since the last issue,
D2435–04, that may impact the use of these test methods. (Approved May 1, 2011)
(1) Throughout Standard extensive edits for clarification. (14) Section 5.4 and 5.5 changed wording relative to requesting
(2) Renumbered Notes. agency.
(3) Sections 1.1.1 and 1.1.2 added clarification to each method. (15) Section 5.6 added clarification on inundation.
(4) Section 1.2 and beyond change undisturbed to intact. (16) Section 6.1 move note 4 information in standard.
(5) Section 1.2 added saturation and last sentence. (17) Section 6.2 and beyond put dual units in brackets.
(6) Section 1.3 specify default test conditions. (18) Section 6.2 and beyond use axial deformation as height
(7) Added Section 1.4 on saturation. measurement.
(8) Section 1.5 change unit specification. (19) Section 6.2 change in ring specification.
(9) Section 2.1 add reference to D 4753 and D 6027. (20) Section 6.2.4 change specimen ring specification.
(10) Section 3.2 add definitions of terms specific to standard. (21) Add Note 6.
(11) Section 3.2 added all definitions in this section. (22) Section 6.3 change porous disk specification.
(12) Section 4.1 and beyond change method to methods. (23) Change note 7.
(13) Section 4.1 added discussion relative to saturation. (24) Change note 8.
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