A.

Review of Related Literature

The target area falls within the location of Barangay Rizal Surigao City. The

measurements required in the streamflow analysis study is based upon Volunteer Monitoring

Factsheet Series (2006) and the Study on Flood Control Project Implementation System for

Principal Rivers in the Philippines Hydrological Observation Report (2004).

Measurements

Determining Stream Flow (Area x Velocity = Flow)

According to the Volunteer Monitoring Factsheet Series (2006). The method used in

crucial stream flow is thought as a velocity-area approach. The goal is to spot the amount of the

water in a very 20-ft. (at least) section of stream by crucial each the stream’s rate and therefore

the space of the stream section. First, live the dimension of the stream,Then by multiplying the

typical depth by the dimension, it enables to verify the typical cross-sectional space (ft2) of the

stream. Water rate (ft/sec) is set just by activity the quantity of seconds it takes a float to go the

length of stream. Since water rate varies at totally different depths, (surface water moves

additional quickly than below ground water as a result of water moving against rough bottom

surfaces is over-involved by friction) you'll got to multiply rate by a correction issue to regulate

the measuring account for the result of friction. The particular equation used to see flow is this:

Flow=Area x Corrected rate. This technique was developed and tailored from many sources.

Measuring and Calculating Stream Flow

Site Location

1. At the observation site, find a straight section of stream that is a minimum of twenty feet long

and incorporates a uniform dimension. The water ought to be a minimum of half a dozen inches

deep, and have some movement. Unimpeded runs or riffles area unit ideal sites to decide on.
2. Measure twenty feet on the length of your chosen stream section along with the mensuration

tape and mark each the up and downstream ends of the section with flagging.

Width and depth measurements

1. Working with a partner, measure stream dimension (wetted edge to wet edge) by extending a

measure tape across the stream at the midway purpose of your marked stream phase. Record the

dimension in feet on your recording type. (Tape measure graduated in tenths of feet can build

calculations easier.)

2. Secure the measuring tape to each shore in order that the tape is taut and on top of the surface

of the water. You would possibly decide to attach the tape or a length of string to 2 stakes

secured on opposite banks to make a transect line across the stream if it's impractical to secure

the tape using shoreline vegetation.

3. Using your yardstick or pre-marked (in tenths of feet) D-frame net pole, measure the water

depth (ft) at one-foot intervals across the stream wherever you measured dimension (and secured

the measurement tape). Make certain to measure depth in tenths of feet, not in inches (See

conversion chart from inches to tenths of feet on data recording form). Record depth

measurements (ft) on the recording type.

Velocity measurement

1. Velocity is measured by tracking the time it takes a floating object to move the marked 20-foot

length of stream. It requires to time the floating object (in seconds) a complete of five times,

Repeating the measurements across the stream, in each slower and faster areas, can facilitate to

ensure the closest approximation to the stream’s true velocity. This successively can build the

flow calculations additional correct.

2. Position the person who will release the float upstream from the upper flag.
Position the timekeeper on the stream bank (or out of the flow path) at the downstream flag with

the stopwatch. Position the one who can catch the float downstream from the timekeeper (Note:

Unless rate is incredibly quick, the timekeeper should be able to catch the float with a net once

they need finished temporal order its run down the stream).

3. The float-releaser will gently drop the float into the stream a few feet upstream from the upper

flag, and will alert the timekeeper to begin timing as the float passes the upstream flag (the float

ought to have time to urge up to hurry by the time it passes the higher flag into the marked length

of stream).

4. The timekeeper should stop the stopwatch as the float passes the downstream flag and retrieve

the float using the net.

5. Record the float time for the first trial on the recording form.

6. Repeat steps 7-9 for each of the remaining float time trials in different sections of the stream.

Record the float time (seconds) for every trial on the recording type.

Calculating stream flow

1. To determine the average depth at the site; First, find the sum of your depth measurements.

Then divide the total of the depths by the amount of depth measurements (intervals) you created.

Record the typical depth (ft) within the acceptable location on your recording type.

2. Next, multiply your average depth by the stream dimension. This is the average cross-

sectional area (ft2) of the stream and records this in the appropriate box on your recording form.

3. Determine the average float time by first determining the sum of float times measured.

Then divide the sum of the days by the amount of float time measurements taken.

Record this average float time (seconds) on your recording kind.

4. Divide the length of your stream section (e.g., twenty feet) by the typical float time (seconds)

to work out the typical surface rate at the location.

Record the typical surface rate (ft/sec) on your recording kind.

5. Verify the correction issue below that best describes the lowest of your stream and multiply it

by the typical rate activity to account for the results of friction with the stream bottom on water

velocity.

Record your corrected average surface rate on your recording kind.

a. Correction issue for rough, loose rocks, course gravel or weeds: 0.8

b. Correction issue for sleek mud, sand, or bedrock: 0.9

6. Multiply the typical cross-sectional space (ft2) by the corrected average surface rate (ft/sec) to

work out stream flow. Record stream flow (ft3/sec or cfs).

Float method

In Irrigation reference manual (2008). The surface float method measures the time required for a

buoyant object to float along the surface of a stream over a given distance. If the object is only

partially submerged, and there is no wind, the object’s velocity should equal the water velocity at

the water surface. For the surface float method, a water-fillable plastic fishing float (Tough

Bubble) was used as the floating object and a floating fishing line was strung through the float

for easy retrieval. Weights were tied to a 1.26-meter hiking pole that was placed along the

bottom of the flume parallel to the direction of flow and that served as a reference distance. A

measurement was made by dropping the float at the upstream end of the reference distance and

using a stopwatch to record the time it took for the float to travel to the downstream end of the

reference distance. The surface velocity was calculated by dividing the reference distance by the
time of passage. The rate of flow passing a point in a ditch or other open channel can be

determined by multiplying the cross sectional area of water by the average velocity of the water.

Normally, the cross sectional space will be determined by direct mensuration of the channel

dimensions.

The velocity will be calculable by temporal arrangement the passage of atiny low float through a

measured length of channel.

The procedure for estimating rate of flow by the float methodology is as follows:

1. choose a straight section of ditch with fairly uniform cross sections.

The length of the section can depend upon this, but 30 meters usually will be adequate.

A shorter length may be satisfactory for slow flowing ditches.

2. build many measurements of depth and breadth at intervals the trial section to hit the typical

cross sectional space. The area should be expressed in terms of square meters.

3. Place a small float in the ditch about a meter upstream from the upper end of the trial section.

Determine the number of seconds it takes for the float to travel from the upper end of the trial

section to the lower end. Make several trials to get the average time of travel.

The best floats area unit tiny rounded objects that float submerged.

They are less apt to be affected by wind or to be slowed by striking the side of the channel.

Among small objects that make good floats are a long necked bottle partly filled with water and

capped, a rounded block of wood, or an orange.

4. Determine the velocity (or speed) of the float in units of meters per second by dividing the

length of the section (in meters) by the time (in seconds) required for the float to travel that

distance.
5. Determine the average velocity of the stream. Since the velocity of the float on the surface of

the water will be greater than the average velocity of the stream, the float velocity must by

multiplied by a correction coefficient to obtain a good estimate of the true average stream

velocity. The correction factor varies with the type of float used and with the shape and

uniformity of the channel.

With floats that sink concerning two to five cm below the water surface, a coefficient of about

0.80 should be used for most unlined farm ditches. A constant of zero.85 is acceptable for sleek

uniform unlined ditches. With floats that extend two thirds or more of the water depth below the

surface, the coefficient should be about 0.85 for unlined ditches and 0.90 for lined ditches.

6. Compute the rate of flow. The rate of flow is obtained by multiplying the average cross

sectional area (item 2) by the average stream velocity (item 5). The accuracy of these estimates

of flow rates is dependent upon the preciseness with which average cross sectional areas and

float velocities have been determined and upon the selection of the proper correction coefficient.

The method is not accurate enough for conveyance loss measurements.

Slope-Area Method

According to Stream discharge measurement (2009).This technique differs from the

Area–Velocity technique in this the mean rate V of the stream flow is decided indirectly by

hydraulic formulae instead of directly from floats, Pivot

tube, or current meter readings. Several formulae are used over the past century to calculate V,

all through empirical observation derived from observations of actual stream (or channel) flow or

simulations with models.

The original hydraulic formula by Antoine de Chezy gives the velocity of stream flow as

Chezy's formula V = C √RS = (3)

Where:

V is the velocity of the stream flow (m/s)

C is a coefficient dependent on the "roughness" of the stream bed and derived from empirical

studies

R is the hydraulic radius (m) and is equal to the cross section area A divided by the wetted

surface perimeter p of the channel cross section,

R = A/p.

S is the slope of the water surface in the stream or channel, or of the energy gradient, or of the

channel bottom; these lines are regarded as parallel for steady, uniform flow. If a section of

channel is straight, the difference in height h Δ between two cross sections, divided by the slope

distance L between the two sections is the slope.

Chezy's original formula, developed from wooden models simulating flow in channels, was

"improved" by Darcy (1803-1858), Bazin (1829-1917), Ganguillet & Kutter (in a paper in 1869)

and Robert Manning (1816-1897). Information about these early hydraulic engineers is given

below and an interesting history of Water Engineers can be found at Manning's formula,

originally presented in the paper of "On the Flow of Water in Open Channels and Pipes" written

in Transactions of the establishment of Civil Engineers of Eire, 1891 is presently generally

adopted for the computation of rate of flow in channels (or streams). Manning's formula is used

for computation of flow in pipes that are not flowing under pressure.

Manning's formula V = k/n R2/3 S1/2 (4)

Where:

V is the velocity of the stream flow (m/s)

 k is a factor depending upon the system of measurement units; k = 1 for SI (Metric) units

and k = 1.486 for English units.

n is a coefficient dependent on the "roughness" of the stream bed (or channel).

Tables of n to be used in Manning's formula are determined for various channel/stream/pipe

surfaces.

R is the hydraulic radius (m) and is equal to the cross section area A divided by the

wetted surface perimeter p of the channel cross section, R = A/P.

S is the slope of the water surface in the stream or channel, or of the energy gradient, or

of the channel bottom; these lines are regarded as parallel for steady, uniform flow. If a section

of channel is straight, the difference in height h Δ between two cross sections, divided by the

slope distance L between the two sections is the slope S = h/L.