NETWORK DISTRIBUTION TOPOLOGY

Distribution network classification based on network location to the position of

distribution substation, can be divided into 2 (two) types, there are:

Primary distribution network (medium voltage distribution network).

Secondary distribution network (low voltage distribution network).

Primary distribution network is a network that is located before the distribution substation have a
functions to distribute medium voltage electricity (for example 6 kV or 20 kV). The line can be
in the form of cables in the ground or air ducts / wires connecting the main substation (secondary
transformer) with substations distribution or switching substation (the transformer primary side
is distributed).

Secondary distribution network is a network that is located after the distribution substation have
a functions to supply low-traded electricity (for example 220 V / 380 V). Conductors in the form
of ground wires or air wires connecting from the distribution substation (secondary side of the
distribution transformer) to the consumer or user site (for example industry or homes).

Whereas for the distribution substation itself is a place / facility, where there is a step down
transformer that is a transformer that reduces the voltage from medium voltage to low voltage
(according to customer needs). .

Based on the network configuration, the distribution network system can be grouped into 3
(three) types, namely radial, loop and spindle distribution network systems.

 Radial Distribution Network System

This form of network is the simplest form, widely used and cheap. Named radial
 because of this channel radially pulled from a point which is the source of the network
and branched off to the points of load served, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Radial Distribution Network

The power supply comes from one source point and because of the branching, the load current
flowing along the channel becomes unequal so that the cross-sectional area of the conductors in
this radial shape network is not the same size so that the width of the conductor in the radial
shape network is not the same size because the largest current flows in the network closest to the
substation. So that the channel closest to this substation is relatively large in size and the branch
channels are getting to the end with smaller load currents having smaller conductor sizes. The
specifications of this radial form are:

a. The shape is simple.

b. The investment cost is cheap.
c. The quality of power services is relatively poor, because the voltage losses and power losses
that occur on the channel are relatively high.
d. Continuity of power service is not guaranteed because between the source point and the load
point there is only one alternative channel so that if the channel have a total blackout, there is
the channel area after or behind the point of disturbance during the disturbance has not been
resolved.
To localize the disturbance in this radial form is usually equipped with safety equipment, its
function is to limit the area that have total blackout, there is the area of the channel after or
behind the point of disturbance as long as the disturbance has not been resolved.

 Loop Distribution Network System

This network is a closed form, also called a ring network form. The arrangement of the channel
circuit forms a ring, as shown in Figure 2. which allows the load points to be served from two
directions of the channel, so that continuity of service is guaranteed and the quality of power is
better, because voltage drops and channel power loss are smaller.

Figure 2. loop distribution network

There are 2 types of loop distribution network systems, namely:

a. Open loop form, when equipped with a normally open switch located on one of the
distribution substations, in normal circumstances the circuit is always open.
b. Close loop form, when equipped with a normally close switch located on one of the parts
between the distribution substations, in normal circumstances the circuit is always closed.

This network structure is a combination of two radial network structures, where at the end of the
two networks a breaker and separator is installed. In the event of a disturbance, after the
interruption can be isolated, the breaker or separator is closed so that the flow of lidtrik power to
the parts that are not affected by the interference is not stopped. In general, the conductor of this
structure has the same structure, the size of the conductor is chosen so that it can channel the
entire electrical power load of the loop structure, which is the amount of electrical power load
from both radial structures.

Loop distribution networks have better quality and continuity in power services, but investment
costs are more expensive and suitable for use in crowded areas and require high reliability.

10.3 Spindle Distribution Network System

The spindle distribution network (such as Figure 10.3) is a medium voltage ground cable channel
(SKTM) whose application is very suitable in large city.

Figure 3. Spindle Distribution Network

  Link Delivery Network (Tie Line)
The Spindle System as shown below is a network combination pattern from the Radial and Ring
patterns. The spindle consists of several feeders whose voltage is supplied from the substation
and the voltage ends at a relay substation .

The network system operation is as follows:

a. Under normal condition all open-channel (GH) lines are open so that all SKTMs operate
radially.
b. Under normal condition the express line is not overburdened and connected to rails at the
connection substation and is used as a backup supplier of the connection substation.
c. If one section from the SKTM is interrupted, so the load switch at both ends of the affected
section is opened. Then the substation side sections (GI) get the supply from the GI, and the
substation section gets the supply from the substation through the express channel.

Spindle distribution network system is very suitable to meet the needs include:
a. Increased reliability or continuity of system services.
b. Determine or reduce losses due to interference.
c. Very good for supplying load areas that have a high enough load density.
d. Network expansion is easy to do.
10.4 Short Circuit
According to VDE 0100 3 N g 3 short circuit is defined as :
Short circuit is a connection that occurs due to errors between working voltage parts, as a result
of the absence of a resistance in the current loop where the error occurs.

For the next, short circuit will often abbreviated with the letters s.c.
Causes for short circuit.
a) Caused by translucent / broken insulation because it cannot withstand overvoltages, both
caused by deeper stresses (due to manipulation / switching) or external overvoltages (due to
lightning) or because the insulation is old / obsolete.
b) There are mechanical influences which cause drop off and other phases such as wind, kite or
careless excavations and others.
c) Caused by animals such as rats, bats, hatchlings, snakes and others.

Various types of short circuit.

A. According to the magnitude of the obstacle in the short circuit, it is distinguished:
1) Full short circuit s.c. it is metallic
2) Short circuit of fire arcs. The obstacles of s.c is Constrained by the size of an electric arc
which can be several hundred Ohms.

B. According to the number of phases affected s.c are differentiated:

1) Short circuit 3 (three) phases
2) Short circuit 2 (two) phases
3) a. Short circuit 1 (one) phase, if the connection with zero point / neutral is rigid.
b. Short circuit through Petersen's coil and this is not called s.c but land connection.
4) Double earth connectors (through petersen coils or not) are of s.c 2 (two) phases accompanied
by land links.

C. According to the place of the short circuit, are distinguished:

1) Short circuit that occurs in the generating system. Here what is meant is s.c that occur in
generator clamps (also called s.c pins) and are generally very dangerous.
2) Short circuit which occurs quite close to the generating system. What is meant here is s.c
which may occur on the rails behind the transformer.
3) Short circuit that occurs far from the generating system. What is meant here is s.c that may
occur on electricity networks far from the generating system.

 Impact of Short Circuit Disruptions on Distribution Networks

Short circuits that occur can result in:
1. Reduced voltage in the network system, or even at certain places - the voltage is completely
gone. See Figure 10.4.

Figure 4. Voltage profile in normal operations and h.s

A decrease in voltage (usually accompanied by a voltage shock) that can interfere with network
stability.
2. The occurrence of a short circuit can cause dynamic mechanical influences on electrical
installation components such as rails / insulators, cable cover bricks, transformer coils and
others. It is proportional to the short circuit surge current kwardat.
3. Starting from the occurrence of a short circuit can cause thermic influences that may be high
enough to raise the temperature of the components of the electrical installation to the dangerous
heat-heat such as: Damaging the insulation material - insulation insulation, melting the material –
delivery material, boiling / evaporating oil - transformer oil, power breakers and so on.
4. Can disrupt the continuity of the operation of the network system, because there is a power
breaker that is stimulated and works to remove power outages from a particular current circuit as
a result of the operation of the power breaker may cause the extinguishing.

Therefore, electrical insatalation planning should be calculated and caused by the possibility that
there will be hs with the above effects and effects. At the beginning of the development of the
strong current technique of normal electrical installations. The effect of short circuit has not yet
been realized with the increase in the size of the network system (certain with the power
generation system that is also greater) the influence and its consequences, the short link feels
even greater. Therefore the effects of short circuits must be limited by limiting the length of time
that short circuits occur. This is done for example by installing an overcurrent trellis with a time
component on the power breakers or by using fuses that can break the short circuit in a relatively
short time. By adjusting the time component of realities, a selective safeguard can be obtained,
meaning that termination will only occur in disturbed parts. Besides that Also known as
temporary termination technique, this is based on the experience that not all of the H.s are
permanent, but many are temporary (land connections, electric arcs, bats, etc.).