. h ear pn,tcct!

l the system from the damage Bild

r,-1 : ..__
.:t.alllllt• ~
.. ~I -• In. dais way. ,witc g . t the elementary introduction to switch ~
shall prescn
..Jo.•Nl"r ... - ......__
···-··•J\Y\Y ,.,,....,. "'du• --r-·• .... . •.....
~ l&lat•• . ·
1 m,t,•ctin~ the ,•/ectrical circuits and equ·'P~,.,
n., ,,_,, switchin , contmllmg ''"' la
., r. . ·emed with switching and interrupting
......_ swih'h.-.ar equipment is essenually dc~l~tc s The tumbler switch with ordinary fucu~ts
• ....- ~"•ie- t" o con 1tton. · se 1s •'--
eilhel' wader nonnaJ or abnonnal opera 10e and protect lights and other equipment in h .."
• d .s used to contro
simplest fonn of sw1tchge3-: an 1 .L
I . H RC )f
• h- pturing capacity ( . . .
. orne
use m conjuction . s,
o8kes e~. For circuits ofh1gher rating.~ htgan;1protecting the circuit. However, such a SWitc~•tha
swildl may serve the purpose of controlbng (3 .3 kV) for two reasons. Firstly when gear
cannot be used profitably on high voltage systemntly there is interruption of service ;o the cua fuse
. · t lace it and conseque storn-
blows. 1t takes sometime o rep . pt large fault currents that result from the faul
ers. Secondly. the fuse cannot successfully mterru ts on \
high ,·oltage system.
st
r10es and other equipments operate at high voltages .
\\'ith the advancement of power ~Y ~m, the system heavy current flowing throu hand
I urrents When a short circmt occurs on ' g the
cMI?' arge c . .d ble damaoe. In order to interrupt such heavy fault currents, auto.
equipment may cause consi era O
d A circuit breaker is a switch
· matic circuit breakers (or simply circuit breakers) are use · .. _g~ar Which
. al . •t der both normal and abnormal conditions. Even m instances
can open or close an e Iectnc c1rcu1 un . b
where a fuse is adequate, as regards to breaking capacity, a circmt ~reaker may e preferable. It is
• •t b reaker can close ci·rcui·ts, as well as break them without replacement. and thus has
cause a c1rcm
be
wider range of use altogether than a fuse.
16.2 Essential Features of Switchgear
The essential features of switchgear are : ·
(i) Complete reliability. With the continued trend of interconnection and the increasing
capacity of generating stations, the need for a reliable switchgear has become of paramount impor-
tance. This is not surprising because switchgear is added to the power system to improve the reliabil-
ity. When fault occurs on any part of the power system, the switchgear must operate to isolate the
faulty section from the remainder circuit.
(ii ) Absolutely cert!\in discrimination. When fault occurs on any section of the power system,
the switchgear must be able to discriminate between the faulty section and the healthy section. lt
should isolate the faulty section from the system without affecting the healthy section. This will
ensure continuity of supply.
(ii{) Q_uick operation. When fault occurs on any part of the power system, the switchgear must
operate_ qu1_ckly so that no d31?age is done to generators, transformers and other equipment by the
short-crrcu1t current~. If fault 1s not cleared by switchgear quickly, it is likely to spread into healthy
parts, thus endangenng complete shut down of the system. ·
(iv) Provision for manual cont roI• A sw1tc · h J In
. gear must have provision for manual contro ·
h
case t e e Iectncal (or electronics) t 1f - · . thr0 ugh
manual control. con ro ai1s, the necessary operation can be carried out

(v) Provision for instruments Th . . . . uu-ed·

These may be in the 11&0 f ·• ere must be prov1s1on for mstruments which may be req and
rm o ammeter or It rrent
voltage transformers 11&or c . vo meter on the unit itself or the ne·c essary cu
onnectmg to the · · 1
16 3 mam switchboard or a separate instrument pane·
~ Switchgear Equipment
Switchgear . . . urrents
covers a wide range of
' equipment concerned with switching and interrupting c
 111 to Switch ear
·
· 1udes switches
.-,a} and. abnormal conditions · It me • • breakers relavs and
fuses circuit
th no,••·
~ bO . h of . these ·
devices ·
·is given '
below.' However,
' find
·_..,-_ a111Jiprnent· A bnef h account
'J
b the reader may the ·
-,.,-di cussion on t em mt e su sequent chapters.
r,.tailed SW s itches. A switchdis a device wh ic · h is · used to open or close an electrical circuit . in a
1,nient way· It can be use under full-load 1 · • • • ·
f . or no- oad conditions but 1t cannot mterrupt the fault
.nnvents• ,~Then the contacts o a switch are · d , an •arc 1s . produced in the au . between the·
~v vv
11 • t " . opene
..ttt . . •.1
,n., ·sis part1cu1ar y rue 1or ctrcuits of h.igh vo1tage and large current capacity.
. • The switches·
CU'r cts• 1 ,,1
.1111tll •fied mto (i) air switches (ii) ·1 · h
0 1 sw1tc es. The contacts of the former are opened m .
. air
"" i,e cJass1 . .
r11aY f the latter are opened m 011.
dthato k . h I . .
aJI (i) A'ir• bred swztc . tis an .air switch a nd 1s · des1gned· . . · under load. In order to
to open a circuit
· ench the arc that occurs on opemng
·. such a s ·t h • . .
Wt c , special arcmg horns are provided. Arcmg horns
,
qu .
are pieces Of metals between which arc is forme
d durmg · • operation.
· openmg • ·
As the switch opens,
nd
these horns ar~ spre:: f~h~ a farther apart. Consequently, the arc is lengthened, cooled and
interrupted.. Air-b~e sw_itc es are generall_y used outdoor for circuits of medium capacity such as
unes supplying an mtluStnal load from a_mam transmission line or feeder. ·. .

I--
=
-~

.IA-1111!111"· .11----------~~~
Air - break Switch Isolator S~itch

(ii) Isolator or disconnecting switch. It is essentially a knife switch and is designed to open a
circuit under no load. Its main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not
intended to be opened while current is flowing in the line. Such switches are generally used on both
sides of circuit breakers in order that repairs and replacement of circuit breakers can be made without
any danger. They should never be opened until the cir~uit breaker in the_same circuit has been opened
and should always be closed before the circuit breaker is closed.
(iii) Oil switches. As the name· implies, the contacts of such switches are opened under oil,
u~uaUy transformer oil. The effect" of oil is to cool and quench the arc that tends to form when the
1:
c1rcuit is opened. These switches are used for circuits of high voltage and large current carrying
capacities.
thr 2, _Fuses. A fuse is a short piece of wire or t?in s~p whic~ m~lts when excessive current flows
ough 1t for suffici t t· It is inserted in senes with the crrcmt. to be protected. Under normal
ope en 1me. 1 . • Th " •
rating condit' th fu ent it at a temperature below its me tmg pomt. ere1ore, 1t
c~...: 10ns, e se e1em . . . d
...l,es the no d •th t overheating. However, when a short .crrcmt .or overloa.
0cc rma11oa current w1 ou .
llrs, the curr hr h f ent increases beyond its rated capacity. This raises the
te ent t ough t e use e1em . . . .
lllperature d h ·( blows out) •disconnect~ng the crrcmt protected by 1t. In
1
an t e fuse element me ts or '
Gener ll ( ductance and capacitance). The sudden change of current
in th a .Y, the load contains reactive elemen_ts ~ . f large induced e.m.f. (several thousand volts)
Whice circuit due to breaking res~l~s in the p u;~: :c~s. causing a spark.
h ruptures the insulation of air mbetween the .
 this wa., a fuse ....-nhl!l!ts the machines and equipment from damage due to
J• ya ...• - • d· e,tees81·
worthwhile to note that a fuse performs both . detection an mterruption funct·tons \'e
. t h' h
3. Circuit breaken. A circuit breaker 1s an equipmen It w· 1c can open °rc1·
d ·t·
11
all conditions vii. no load. full load and fau l t con • _ons. is so designed that ~ea •
It can 1._
manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions'•th . . b automatically Under
and ..
.For the latter operation a relay circuit is used WI") ahcrrcuit't reaker. Fig. 16. 1 (,). shfault
' 61(
a typical oil circuit breaker whereas Fig. 1 • 11 s ows I s control by a rel . ows the
~~er essentially consists of ?1oving and fixed contacts encl~sed in strong m:ia1Cll'cuit. 'l1ie"'-,
tanic 11:ldj S
~
m 011, known as transformer 011. .
Under normal operating conditions, the contacts remam closed and the circuu .
· d' · th f · h br11>..L
full-load current continuously. In this con 1t1o_n, _e e.m. • m t e secondary w· ~er .
transformer (C. T.) is insufficient to operate the tnp coil of the breaker but the c IndlJlg ~ \
(and hence the circuit can be opened) by manual or remote control. When a fau~ntacts can be~
overcurrent in the C.T. primary winding increases the secondary o~curs,ththe~~
• e.m.f. This energ1ses ·
th e breaker and movi?g contacts ~e pulled ?o~n, thus operung the contacts and he e trip~
The arc produced dunng the opemng operation 1s quenched by the oil. It is inte ~ce the~
relay performs the function of detecting a fault whereas the circuit breaker do reSting to noteai_
interruption. es _the actual CttCQi

Terminal
connections Bus-bar

Air
cushion -+--+-•
C.B.
r- ~-~ -
'
" ' ---y-,~ II
I I
I
I
I
C.T. I
---·---------------
---------------------
----------------------
I
I
Moving ---------------------
----------------~-----
contact -----
----------·-------·--
---- -----------------
--- ---------------
-·---·---------
J
Relay coil
Transformer
oil (i) (ii)
Fig.16.1
~• . ~elays. f':- rela~ is a dev!~e which detects the fault and supplies infonnation to the b~
for crrcmt mterruptlon. Fig. 16.l (u) shows a typical relay circuit. It can be divided into three parts YI£
(i) _ ~he ~rimary winding of a *current transformer (C.T.) which is connected in series wilh~
. . crrcmt to be protected; The primary winding often consists of the main conductor itself•
.. ) The second
(n . · · of C .T. connected to the relay operaun·gcoi'..L111,
circuit is the secon·d ary wmdmg
(ni) The • third circuit is the tnppmg
. b ak • • which
· · crrcmt . consists of a source of ·suppIY, trip coil .
, ·
crrcu1t re er and the relay stationary contacts. dtbl
Under normal load condition· h · • 111all an
current flowing in the rel ~• t e e.m.f. of the secondary winding of C.T. is s . keeP'dll
trip coil of the circuit bre:e~~:atmg _coil is insufficient to close the -relay contact~- r:;erreo!P
closed and it carries the tnergised. Consequently, the contacts of the circuit br tbfOugbtbl
• · . . O orma oad current. When a fault occurs, a large current flows . '1
1
The c1rcu1t to be protected carries 1 · t0 a ,111iabl'
for relay operation with the hel af arge current (normal or fault current) and is reduced
- P O a current transformer.
 f C.T- Th is inc rea se s th e se
.id9,t'J ~ relay co nta cts are clo
'i 'fbe f the cir cu it breaker.
Cll"'iacts O
condary e
se d an d the
.
tri;· ·
f
~d hence the current throu
co i of the circuit breaker gh the rel .
is eneroiseda; operatmgth
"'° eus-Bar Arrangements ae,a ~o open e
16,A umber of ge ne rat or s or fee
..n,enan de rs op era f
"" tricallY, bus-bars are us ed mg at the same v lta h
as the co mm on ele ctr
~fl, alled tubes an d op
.i.in W era te at co ns tan t vo lta ge u., ical co m o ge • ave to be directly connected
h . nent. Bus-bars are co
.....- sed for po we r sta tio•
ns and sub-stations. Al · ne s all dispo
cuss · pp er rods or
111ents uin single-phase fo r sim l th d" some im portant bus-bars arrange-
plicity. e iagrams.refer to 3-phase
shown .
(1} s1ng)e Bus~ bar Sys . . arrangement but are
te ~. Th e sm gle bus-
steIIl has the srm ple st de sig _ _
t,ar 5Y n an d is us ed fo r
wer stations. I t .1~. 1
a so us e m d .
Po . ns having rel ati ve ly fe w sm all ou tdo or
ou tgo ing or inc om -
~n;eeders and lines. Fi g. 16
!Dg .2 sh ow s the single
bus-bar system fo~ a t~ pic . al
po we r station. .The
generators, ou tgo mg lm es an Isolators
d tra ns fo rm ers are
connected to the bu s-b ar . Ea
ch ge ne rat or and
feeder is controlled by a cir cu -r- --. 1- --- -.- -_ _, JL
it breaker. Th e iso- ... .._ _ Single
1ators permit to iso lat e ge ne rat
or s, feeders an d cir- bus
cuit breakers from th e bu s-b
ar fo r maintenance.
Toe chief advantages of thi s
ty pe of arrangement
are low initial co st, less m ain ten
an ce an d simple
operation.
Disadvantages. Si ngle bu s-b ar
sy ste m ha s the
following three pr inc ipa l disa
')
(l The bu s-b ar
ortested without de -e ne rgisin
dv an tag es :
ed
g th e wh ole sy ste m.
.
ca nn ot be cle an ed , repair Transformers .
4 T· T
(iD If a fault oc cu rs on th e Fig. 16.2
bu s-b ar itself, there is comp
(iiij Any fault on th e sy let e int err uption of supply.
currents. ste m is fed by all
the generating capacity, res
ulting in ve ry lar ge fau lt
· ·
. (2) Single bu s- ba r sy ste m
wi th Sectionalisation. In lar
~ts are installed, it is a co mm ge generating stations wh ere
on pr ac tic e to sectionalise se ve ral
~s~bar Will not ca us e co mp let the bu s so that fault on any se cti
e sh ut do wn . This is illustrated in Fi on of th e
vided into two se cti on s co nn g. 16.3 which sh ow s the bu
ec ted by a cir cu it br ea ke r s-b ar
:c :~ ed for this arr an ge me and isolators. Th ree princ
nt. Fi rst ly, if a fault occu ipa l ad va ntages
ftede isolated wi th ou t aff rs ~n any section of ~e bus-b
ec tin g th e su pp ly to oth er ar, tha t se cti on
· ~•the fault cu rre nt is mu sec~ons.. Secondly, if a ~a
ch **lo we r th an wi th unsec ult o~curs on an y
~U lt breakers of t1onahsed bus-bar. Th is pe
ij1e bu b 1ow er ca pa ci.ty m . th .i:eeders. Thirdly, rep nm ts th e us e of
Plete s- ar can be ca rri ed ou t e1
1 airs and maintenance of an
by de-en erg isi ng tha t sec y se cti on of
tion only, elirrunatmg the po "bill f
• • •
shut-dow ssi ty o co m-
I,,. It is Wonhn.hil . .
""th
tit at Uncou wr e to ke ep m m m d th at a crr . ·t br ea ke r should be us
cui ed as the sectionalising sw
doCUit break p _ing of th e bu s-b
ar s ma y
. d t safely du nn .
g load trans1.i:er. Moreover, th
itc h
Ile Whil er Its elf sh ou ld be pr be c~ e ou bo th sides so that its maint e
ov id ed wi th iso lat ors on en an ce ca n be
, e the bu s-b ars ar e ali ve .
l'hc tcnn b .
" 'he c:ou us is derived from the . .n co
word omn1bu 9, mearu g llector of things. 'Thus, electrical bus-bar la
btcauscector of electrical energ . . · ·
y at one location.
1 fee
der fault is fed from one sec .
tion only.
 _J--1.._ _ _ _J. .1 -_ T1_s0_1a...~ ----@.ID--
l
J
J
1 Fi g. 16 .3
1
(3 ) Duplicate bus-
bar system. In large
nance should in~erfe stations, it is im po rt
re as little as possible an t th at breakdowns
w ith and .
tive, duplicate bus-ba
a "~ ai n bu s- ba r" a~
r system is used in im
d a "spare" bus-bar (s
contin~ity of supply
p01tant stations . Su
. In order to achieve
ch a sy st em consists
thi:::
oftwobus.t.a,
to either bus-bar with ee Fig. ~ 6.4). E~ch
the help of bus coup ge ner~tor _and ~eeder m is
ler which consists of ay b ec o ~
In the scheme show a ci rc ui t breaker and
in Fig. 16.4, service n Main -~---~r----,--- isolators.
te rr up te d du ri ng sw
is ~n-
itch Spare- -; -- .. -- -r -- -1 .. .. .- -- '- -:
-~ - - - - -- . -• ec
:r -- 1 --+ - t --...

~
ov er from one bu s ...::1--. a
to an-
other. However, if it
were
desired to switch a ci
rcuit
from one to another
with-
ou t interruption-of se
~
rvice,
there would have to be
two Bus
circuit breakers per ci
rcuit.
Such an arrangemen

~
t will
be too expensive.
Advantages
Fi g. 16 .4
(i) If repair a~d m
aint enance it to be carrie
as the entire load can d on th e m ai n bu s, th
·,·) T h . be transferred to th e supply need not be in
(' e te st ' b t~
k • h of fem g eder c· · b e sp ar e us .
.
eepmg t e mam bus- ircmt reakers ca n be do ne by pu df
(iii) If a fault occu
bar undisturbed. tt in g th em on spare bus-l,ar,
transferring itrs on the bus-b
to the th b ar, the . . . •
0 er contmuity of su pp ly . rn ai n~
us-bar. to th e circuit can be
16.5 Switchgear
Th . Accommod ti
e mam components of a on
ment transformers It a switch ear . . . .
is nee g are circuit br ea . .
a way so as to safegu . essary to house th ke rs sw itc he s bus- . ents and
ard personnel durin . ' bars, mstrUIIl tion5
e s~ 1t ch ge ar in ' d ub-sta
g operation an d m ai po w er stations an s tbattbC
nt en an ce an d to ensu
re
 uon of the gear are confined to a limited re i .
-pP.
·"'/ sec ar may be broadly classified into (z') tdog on. Depending upon the vottap.u, be
s'llltc
bge
e For voltages beyond 66 kV
0u
.
• d
or type ( 11' i) 10
oor type.
-' or O'P • , switchgear eq • . .
011t"'cll voltages, the clearances between cond . Utpment 1S mstalled outdoor. lt ii
1 ~ tot so transformers and others equipment b/ctors and the space required for switches.
r.:1 ~ers, ·pment indoor. come so great that it is not economical to
~ ~~ .

Fig.16.S
'. Fig. 16.5 shows a typical outdoor sub-station with switchgear equip~ent. The circuit brealc~rs·,
!isolators, transfon:ners_ a nd bus-bars occupy considerable space on account of large electrical clear- .
anceassociated with high voltages. .
(ii) btdoor type. For voltages below 66 kV, switchgear is generally installed indoor because of
!(()oomic considerations. The indoor switchgear is generally of metal-clad type. In this type of
roostruction, all live p arts are completely enclosed in an earthed metal casing. The primary object of
Ibis practice is the definite localisation and restriction of any fault to its pl~ce of origin.

16.6 Short-Circuit
I
! Whenever a fault occurs on a netwo rk such that a large current flows in one or more phases, a short-
: circuit is said to have occurred. ·
. When a short circuit occurs, a heavy current called short circuit current flows through the circuit.
lbiscan be beautifully illustrated by referring to Fig. 16.6 where a single phase generator of voltage •
~an~ internal impedance z. is supplying to a load Z. Under normal conditions, the current in the
CJrcu_it is limited by *load i~pedance z. However, if the load terminals get shorted due to any reason,
impedance is reduced to a very low value ; bemg
· Z·
~ec1rcuit · ·
,~:
1111
scase A z • fl
im .----r-----....,-- ..,
~Ugh th ~ i _is ve~y-small, therefo~e, ~ large curre~t ows
~hi! e circuit. This 1s called short-crrcmt .current. It 1s worth-
01•er/elo ma1ce a d'1stmction
· • · · 't and an z; _,
between a *ll•short-czrcut v
. oad nn.. ·
~ledu • '' nen a short-circuit occurs, the voltage at fault pomt
~ug~ to zer.o and current of abnormally high magnitude flows
O'terloa;he network to the point of fault. On the other hand, an
~inip0means that loads greater than the designed values have · Fig· 16·6 .
-~ sect on th d' · the voltage
~ eoverload . e system. Under such con it1ons, ervoltage conditions may extend for some
, lance beyo Point may be low, but not zero. The u nd h tern The currents in the overloaded
~ · nd the overload point into the remainder oft e sys ·
" ~ llltcrnlll. ~ - --- . ll .
Ole that irnpedance Zi of the generator is generally sma hort circuit current.
Patb of current is shortened and hence the name s ·
 tiall tower than that in the case of a
equipment are high but are substan shon-c:U'tui
~ 'tin the power system is the result of l
Causes of short-circuit. Ashort:rc :~s
ed due to internal and/or external e{f: 80
mal conditions in the system. It ma Ille ~
(i) Internal effects ~ ~aused by
y b~akdown of equipment or transm
t r transfo
ission 1 :'8·
ration of insulatton 10 a g~nera 0•:Uprop rmer etc. Such troubles inay beea, fr°"
• 1 · · dequate design or 1 er installation. _ due to
. msu anon, ma . . uit . .
(ii) Extemal effects causing sh? inc lud e ins ulation failure due to light..:_
1 di rt circ ssive heating· mechanical dam
age by..llllg 8Ure
, oa ng of equ•ipmentWh causing exce
en a short-circuit occurs ' Public
EtTects of short ctrc~it,
4 , the current in the system . etc.
abnormally high value while the syStem lt e decreases to a low value. in
vo ag · · .
(i) The heavy current due tO short-circuit causes excessive heatmg which may
. . h circ d .
explosion. Somettmes s ort- uit takes the form of an arc an causes conside result in
F
system. or exa e, 1 an .
arc on a transmission I· r ne not cle are d qui ckly w·11 b
rable d
8Inage
severely causing mp . .
it to break, resultin 1 · ·nterruption of the line i . urn the
g m a ong time i
(ii) The low voltage created by the ·
fault has a very harmful effect on the
power system. If the voltage remains low service rendered
for even a few seconds, the consumers,
down and generators on the power sys motors may ~li
tem may become unSlable.
Due to above deterimental effects of sho
rt-circuit, it is ~~sirable ~d necessary
Ill
faulty section and restore normal voltag to discollllect
e and current conditions as quickly as
possible. '8
16.7 Short-Circuit Currents
Most of the failures on the power system
lead to short-circuit fault and cause hea
the system. The calculations of these vy currenttoftow·
short-circuit currents are important for
(i) A short-circuit on the power sys the following ~
tem is cleared by a circuit breaker or
therefore, to know the maximum pos a fuse. It is necesa,.
sible values of short-circuit current so
of suitable rating may be installed to that switc!fa
interrupt them.
(ii) The magnitude of short-circu
it current determines the setting and
location of protective system. sometimes thetypeslll
(iii) The magnitude of short-circuit
current determines the size of the pro
must be inserted in the system so that the tective reactors WIil
circuit breaker is able to withstand the
(iv) The calculation of short-circu fault cm
it currents enables us to make proper
ated apparatus (e.g. bus-bars, current selection oftheao
transformers etc.) so that they can with
that arise due to the occurrence of sho standthef\1111
rt circuits .
16.8 Faults in a Power System
A fault ~~urs when two or more con
ductors that normally operate with a
con~ct with each otper. These faults potential difference~i
may be caused by sudden failure
accidental damag~ or short-circuit to of a piece of eq~~
overhead lines or by insulation failure
surges.. Irre~pecttve of the causes, the resulting ~omli'
categones vzz. faults in a 3-phase system can be
classified into tw
(i) Symmetrical faults (ii) Unsym ·
metrical fault .
(i) Symmetrical faults
faults currents with 1200 dis That f
i . s ·ents (Le,
a~lt which gives rise to symmetric
symmetrical fault is whe !t: me nt al fault curr on~
) is called a symmetrical fault. The
neously into a short-circu~ c di~ thre most conun etbef .
e conductors of a 3-phase line are
is discussed in chapter . on hon. brought ~~rnettic8l
17 !h e method of calculating fault cur
rents for s,....-- •
(ii) Unsymmetrical faults Th
equal line currents with unequal ·d. i°se
faults which give rise to unsymme . urren15 ~
faults may take one of the t 11 _isp tncal c uOS
acement)
o owmg forms : are called unsymmetrical faults. Tbe
 $Wl1'Ch
.
line-to-ground fault (b) Line-to-1inef
iJISe
1 1
) S ...,8 ; 0 rity of faults on the power system are
au t (c) Double lin
e-to-&n>und fault.
...eat,•• :i • f . Of
ipe»-- -bort-circutt rom one lme to ground unsymmetn al
~CP" ~~ coinPonents" method. This is fully. -:;e calculations of su:h r~l; the moat COIIIIDOu
iscussed in ch au t currents are made by
· apter 18
. H~-nn · ·
he blanks by Inserting appropriate w d ·
.:,11J Ill t . or s/figures
l• J'P A fuse is a .......... : device. •
({) A cifCuit b1:aker ~s a ........... device.
(~1 An isolator is designed to open a circuit und
,un W}len a swi·tch is opened• .. ·....., .·. is· produ er
~ d .......... .
(M al . ce . .
Under norm operatmg conditions, the conta t f · ;
(~'I) ~rnder fault conditions, ........... supplies i'n&10 cs~ tbe circuit breaker remain
(vi, u · rrnatton to th · · ...........
, If a fault occurs on the bus itself in a single b -b st
e ~rrcuit breaker to open.
(V!!n0 The sectionalised bus-bar system gives usf arl sy em, then there is complete ...........
(v111, • •• .. ·.. ....... au t current than th f .
(IX) for greater flexibiht~, ..........._bus-bar system is used. at o unsectionalised bus-bar.
The outdoor type switchgear 1s generally used tior vo1tages beyond kV:
(X)
l, Pick up the correct words/figure~ from hl'ackets and fill in the blank~:......... ·
(IJ A fuse performs .......... . functions.
. b ak
. rf (both detection and interruption, interruption)
(_iO The crrcmt re er pe orms ...........
. function
. · .
(detection, circuit interruption)
(ill) for voltages b eyon d 66 kV, switchgear equipment is installed .......... .
(indoor, outdoor)
(iv) Bus-bars operate at ........ ... voltage. (constant, variable)
(v) Isolator is an .... ....... switch. (air, oil)

ANSWERS TO S~Lf;.TEST
I, (ij protective (ii) circuit interrupting (iii) no load (iv) arc (v) closed (vi) relay (vii) shut down
(viii) lower (ix) duplicate (x) 66
l. (i) both detection and interruption (ii) circuit interruption (iii) outdoor (iv) constant (v) air
.. -
CHAPTER REVIEW TOPICS

1. What do you understand by switchgear ?

2• Discuss the various types of switches.
3• What is the difference between
(i) a switch and circuit breaker
~ (ii) a fuse and circuit breaker ?
Eiscuss the different types of bus-bar arrangements.
s• D •tchgear
' xl · · hi h-voltage sw1 ·
Pam the various ,:nethods of acconunodatmg g
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. \J.7L
••nat . . ·
l. Wti are the !mutations of a fuse ?
1 Ydo
~. 'What . we use C .T. m · ' t?•
. the relay circ01
4, 'Why ~s the necessity of bus-bar? . ·t breaker?
S, \Vii O We use isolators on both sides of the crrcui tem and why ?
6 Yare i d? nt in pawer sys .
· ~ h so1ators not opened on loa · are more freque •bility of sbort-cirelllt or
'· Sllddc faults - symmetrical or unsynunetrical - _e_re_ Po_s_si_ ~ - - - - - -
al c;uurre:n=t~. ~ls~tb
en1y . 20 +:nteS the norlll
over1Qad ?a crrcuit carries a current l,ll.. ~-- •