MODULE 1: OVERVIEW OF THE

PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS

• BACKGROUND AND INPORTANCE OF

POC IN PKOs

• WHAT IS POCs (DEFINITION)

• REASONS FOR VIOLENCE

• WHAT IS PROTECTION

• RESPONSIBILITIES TO
PROTECT CIVILIANS

• IMPORTANCE OF POC

• FAILURE TO PROVIDE
PROTECTION TO CIVILIANS

• LEGAL ASPECTS
1. BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE OF POC IN
PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS
Evolution of peacekeeping and POC over time

EVOLUTION FROM TRADITIONAL TO

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL PEACEKEEPING

 RWANDA (1994), BOSNIA (1995)

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, UNSC,

DPKO AND HUMANITARIAN
COMMUNITY

UNAMSIL (1999) AND PRIORITIZATION

OF POC BY THE UNSC (2009)
 CURRENT MISSIONS WITH POC MANDATES
9 missions with POC mandate:

UNIFIL (1978) UNIFIL (2006)

MONUC (1999) MONUSCO (2010)

UNMIL (2003

MINUSTAH (2004)

UNOCI (2004)

UNAMID (2007)

UNMISS (2011)

UNISFA (2011)

MINUSMA (2013)
2. WHAT IS POCs (DEFINITION)
BASED ON THE LANGUAGE USED BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL IN POC
MANDATES, THE PHYSICAL PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS IN UNITED
NATIONS PEACEKEEPING CAN BE DEFINED AS “ALL NECESSARY
ACTION, UP TO AND INCLUDING THE USE OF FORCE, AIMED AT
PREVENTING OR RESPONDING TO THREATS OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
AGAINST CIVILIANS, WITHIN CAPABILITIES AND AREAS OF
OPERATIONS, AND WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO THE RESPONSIBILITY OF
THE HOST GOVERNMENT TO PROTECT ITS CIVILIANS.”
WHY DO ARMED GROUPS PERPETRATE ATTACKS
AGAINST CIVILIANS ?
CONFLICT RELATED SEXUAL VIOLENCE HAS ALSO BEEN
USED DELIBERATELY AND SYSTEMATICALLY AS :
A MEANS OF PUNISHMENT AND TERRITORIAL CONTROL HUMILIATING
OPPOSITION FORCES/POPULATION, IMPREGNATING THE WOMEN OF
A PARTICULAR ETHNIC OR RACIAL GROUPS WITH THE CHILDREN OF
THEIR ENEMIES AS A FORM OF GENOCIDE.
USE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AS A TACTIC OF WAR TO HUMILIATE,
DOMINATE, INSTILL FEAR IN DISPERSE/FORCIBLY RELOCATED CIVILIAN
MEMBERS OF A COMMUNITY/ETHNIC GROUP.
CRIME OF IHL COVERED BY THE STATUTE OF THE INTL CRIMINAL
COURT THROUGH WAR CRIMES, GENOCIDE, CRIMES AGAINST
HUMANITY

IS BROADER IN SCOPE.
IT INCLUDES ALL FORMS OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE COMMITTED
WITHIN ANY GIVEN CONTEXT SUCH AS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND
FEMALE GENITALE MUTILATION.
WHICH IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OPPORTUNISTIC VIOLENCE
AND STRATEGIC VIOLENCE ?
OPPORTUNISTIC VIOLENCE IS AN INDISCRIMINATE VIOLENCE RESULTING FROM THE
LACK OF LAW AND ORDER

HOW IS CONFLICT RELATED SEXUAL VIOLENCE DEFINED?

USE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AS A TACTIC OF WAR

IS SEXUAL AND GENDER BASED VIOLENCE A BROADER CONCEPT

COMPARED TO CONFLICT RELATED SEXUAL VIOLENCE OR IS IT
THE SAME?
IS BROADER IN SCOPE AND INCLUDES ALL FORMS OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE
COMMITTED WITHIN ANY GIVEN CONTEXT

IS IT POSSIBLE THAT OPPORTUNISTIC VIOLENCE

AND STRATEGIC VIOLENCE OFTEN HAPPEN
CONCURRENTLY OR NOT?
ABSOLUTELY YES
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OPPORTUNISTIC AND STRATEGIC
VIOLENCE LIES THE INTENT BEHIND IT

(RAPE MIGHT TAKE PLACE BECAUSE A PERPETRATOR ENCOUNTERS

A WOMAN IN AN ISOLATED AREA - HE PERCEIVE AN OPPORTUNITY –
OR IT CAN RESULT FROM DELIBERATE PLANNING AS PART OF A
GREATER STRATEGY TO HARM OR ETHNICALLY CLEANSE A
COMMUNITY)

THE REPEATED FAILURE TO PROTECT CIVILIANS

FROM EVEN SMALL ATTACKS CAN RESULT IN A
LOSS OF LEGITIMACY IN THE EYES OF LOCAL
POPULATION
- RIGHTS BASED APPROACH
- PHYSICAL PROTECTION FROM HARM
- STABILIZATION AND PEACEBUILDING AS DURABLE
FORM OF PROTECTION
RIGHTS BASED APPROACH:
ENCOMPASS ALL ACTIVITIES AIMED AT OBTAINING FULL RESPECT FOR
THE RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN ACCORDANCE WITH INTL
HUMANITARIAN LAW, HUMAN RIGHTS AND REFUGEE LAW

PHYSICAL PROTECTION FROM HARM

PROTECTION FROM PHYSICAL VIOLENCE ( BOTH ATTACK AND THREAT
OF ATTACK) THE MOST VISIBLE AND TANGIBLE TYPE OF PROTECTION.
UNIQUE TO PEACEKEEPING

STABILIZATION AND PEACE BUILDING AS DURABLE FORMS OF

PROTECTION
THE BEST WAY TO PROTECT CIVILIANS IS BY CREATING A SECURE,
PEACEFUL ENVIRONMENT FOR THEM TO LIVE IN. (LONG-VIEW OF
PROTECTION) S.A.S.E.
PHYSICAL PROTECTION FROM HARM
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE MILITARY AND POLICE PKs

PHYSICAL PROTECTION INVOLVES THE ANTICIPATION AND

MITIGATION OF HARM
VULNERABLE PERSONS CAN BE PART OF THE SOLUTION

THIS REQUIRES EFFECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS MONITORING

PROACTIVE POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT

PHYSICAL PROTECTION STRENGHTENS THE «RIGHTS BASED»

APPROACH REINFORCING THE LEGITIMACY OF THE MISSION IN THE
EYES OF POPULATION.THEREFORE

IT STRENGHTENS THE ABILITY OF THE MISSION TO ACHIEVE

LONG TERM STABILIZATION OBJECTIVES
WHO PROVIDES PROTECION TO CIVILIANS (AND WHERE DO
PEACEKEEPERS FIT?)
THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT (R2P) ALSO AIMS AT ADDRESSING
INSTANCES OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE, BUT WITH A SPECIFIC FOCUS ON
MASS ATROCITIES :
• GENOCIDE,
• WAR CRIMES,
• CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
• ETHNIC CLEANSING.
WHILE THE R2P FRAMEWORK SHARES SOME LEGAL AND CONCEPTUAL
FOUNDATIONS AND EMPLOYS SOME COMMON TERMINOLOGY WITH
POC, THEY ARE DISTINCT.

MOST IMPORTANTLY, R2P MAY BE INVOKED WITHOUT THE CONSENT

OF THE HOST STATE, SPECIFICALLY WHEN THE HOST STATE IS FAILING
TO PROTECT ITS POPULATION.
R2P THUS ENVISAGES A RANGE OF ACTION THAT GOES BEYOND THE
PRINCIPLES OF PEACEKEEPING, WHICH REQUIRE THE CONSENT OF THE
HOST STATE.
POC and R2P share the same concern / civilian suffering from mass human/induced violence/
but each has its own nuances and limitations.

R2P POC
In the case of POC, the main limitation is that the concept
emerged as relevant to situations of armed conflict only.
It does not cover all violations of human rights, nor does If there is no armed conflict — where civilians are defined
it cover suffering from natural disasters — as horrible as as the opposite of combatants — POC transforms itself to
these might be. protection of citizens in time of peace, covered by the
well-developed and comprehensive body of human
rights.
The threshold between what falls within R2P, and what The protection of civilians in time of war — is more
does not, lies in the determination of atrocity crimes: limited than the protection of citizens in time of peace,
genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes. These and also more limited than the protection of all non-
have to be systematic and planned, as such. combatants in time of war.
On another hand, R2P is narrower than POC and would POC is narrower than R2P — if all war crimes trigger R2P,
not apply in every armed conflict, but only in those in not all war crimes would fall under POC — as some war
which mass atrocities have been systematically planned crimes are not committed against civilians, but against
as part of the war strategy. wounded or captured soldiers.
To summarize: in many situations, the two circles of R2P and POC can overlap — for example, when war crimes
against civilians or crimes against humanity (including ethnic cleansing and genocide) are committed during armed
conflict. A situation that would fall under POC, but not R2P, is the protection of civilians threatened by escalating
armed conflict if mass atrocities are not planned and committed. And a situation that would trigger R2P, but not POC,
is a threat from mass atrocities planned outside an armed conflict.

http://unu.edu/publications/articles/siblings-but-not-twins-poc-and-r2p.html
Dr. Vesselin Popovski of the UNU Institute for Sustainability and Peace /article 2011/11/01
The comparison between the legal sources for R2P and POC can be illustrated as follows:
R2P
1949 Geneva Conventions and their
Additional Protocols (war crimes)
1948 Genocide Convention (genocide)
1998 Rome Statute for ICC (crimes against
humanity, forceful deportation)
Domestic Law (Pillar One); Bilateral, Regional
Law (Pillar Two)
UN Charter, Chapter VI, VII, VIII measures
(Pillar Three)
Relevant Human Rights Laws – for example,
non-discrimination of ethnic minorities
POC
1949 Fourth Geneva Convention (POC),
domestic and international humanitarian
law, jus in bello traditions
UN Security Council Resolutions: thematic
(Res. 1894) and country-specific mandates
to POC
Refugee Laws (1951 Convention, 2009 AU
Convention on IDPs)
Ottawa protocol banning land-mines
2010 Convention on Cluster Munitions
Relevant Human Rights Laws – for example,
prohibition of recruitment of children in
armed forces

http://unu.edu/publications/articles/siblings-but-not-twins-poc-and-r2p.html
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is a political
commitment made by states affirming their responsibility
to protect populations from four mass atrocity crimes:

 Genocide
 War crimes
 Crimes against humanity
 Ethnic cleansing

it is based on a presentation byGLOBAL CENTRE FOR THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT

 R2P’s Three Pillars

 Pillar 1: Every state has the primary responsibility to protect

their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic
cleansing and crimes against humanity;

 Pillar 2: The international community has the responsibility

to encourage and provide assistance to individual states in
building capacity to meet that responsibility;

 Pillar 3: If a state is manifestly failing to protect its

populations, the international community must be preprared
to take appropriate collective action, in a timely and
decisive manner and in accordance with the UN Charter.
it is based on a presentation byGLOBAL CENTRE FOR THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
 Definition of the Crimes: Genocide
“acts committed in a deliberate attempt to destroy in whole or in
part a national, ethnic, racial or religious group”

This includes such acts as:

 Killing members of the group
 Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the
group
 Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life
calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or
in part
 Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the
group

it is based on a presentation byGLOBAL CENTRE FOR THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT

 War Crimes
“acts which constitute grave breaches and other violations
of the laws and customs of armed conflict, including those
in violation of the Geneva Conventions”

This includes such acts as:

 Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian
population as such or against individual civilians not
taking direct part in hostilities
 Attacking or bombarding, by whatever means, towns,
villages, dwellings or buildings which are undefended
and which are not military objectives
 Employing poison or poisoned weapons
it is based on a presentation byGLOBAL CENTRE FOR THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
 Ethnic cleansing

No formal legal definition; ethnic cleansing involves the

systematic forced removal of distinct minority groups
from a given territory, often with the intent of making it
ethnically homogeneous.

This includes such acts as:

 Forced migration (deportation, population transfer)
 Intimidation
 Mass murder

it is based on a presentation byGLOBAL CENTRE FOR THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT

 Crimes Against Humanity

“acts committed as part of a widespread or systematic

attack directed against a civilian population”

This includes such acts as:

 Murder
 Torture
 Enslavement
 Forcible transfers of populations
 Rape and sexual violence
 Persecution
it is based on a presentation byGLOBAL CENTRE FOR THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
 List of Crimes/Events:
IN OUT IT DEPENDS
Torture Coupe d’état Murder (depends upon
Widespread or systematic
Enslavement Deadly flood Rape and sexual slavery
(depends upon wis. or sys.
Mass deportation Deadly famine Forced pregnancy (depends
upon widespread or sys.
Enforced disappearance Earthquake Destruction of cultural Heritage (d.
upon w. or s. and/or intent)
Use of poisonous weapons Systematic mass corruption Forcible displacement
(depends upon wides. or sy.)
Child recruitment in conflict Massive pollution Violent responses to protest
(depends upon the tactics used)
Summary executions Endemic Poverty

Deliberate blocking of Ebola outbreak

humanitarian aid
Apartheid Nuclear proliferation

Attack direct against any Piracy

civilian population
Targeted killings of members of
another ethnic group
Political instability
Authoritarian regimes
Repressing political freedom
Environmental catastrophes,
Such as major oil spills

it is based on a presentation by GLOBAL CENTRE FOR THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT

 POC FRAMEWORK
1. HOST STATE AND UN PEACEKEEPER RESPONSIBILITIES.
2. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAWS.
3. COMMUNITY-BASED POC.
4. POC INVOLVES THE ENTIRE MISSION
5. GENDER DYNAMICS
6. SEXUAL VIOLENCE
7. CHILD PROTECTION
8. CONDUCT AND DISCIPLINE OF UN PEACEKEEPING PERSONNEL.
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS RESTS FIRST AND
FOREMOST WITH HOST GOVERNMENT AND HOST STATE SECURITY
INSTITUTIONS- GA RESOLUTION 46/182
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE MUST BE PROVIDED IN ACCORDANCE WITH
THE PRINCIPLES OF HUMANITY, NEUTRALITY AND IMPARTIALITY.

THE SOVEREIGNTY, TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY AND NATIONAL UNITY OF

STATES MUST BE FULLY RESPECTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CHARTER
OF THE UNITED NATIONS. IN THIS CONTEXT, HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE
SHOULD BE PROVIDED WITH THE CONSENT OF THE AFFECTED COUNTRY
[…]

EACH STATE HAS THE RESPONSIBILITY FIRST AND FOREMOST TO TAKE

CARE OF THE VICTIMS OF NATURAL DISASTERS AND OTHER EMERGENCIES
OCCURRING ON ITS TERRITORY.

STATES WHOSE POPULATIONS ARE IN NEED OF HUMANITARIAN

ASSISTANCE ARE CALLED UPON TO FACILITATE THE WORK OF THESE
ORGANIZATIONS IN IMPLEMENTING HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE […]
THE UN HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR)
IT WORKS IN URBAN AREAS,HOST COMMUNITIES AND REFUGEE
CAMPS OR IDP SITES IOT PROMOTE /PROVIDE
LEGAL/PHYSICAL PROTECTION AND MINIMIZE THE
THREAT OF VIOLENCE TO DISPLACED PEOPLE

THE UN OFFICE FOR THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS

(OHCHR)
IT IS ENGAGED IN MONITORING HRs SITUATIONS AND
IMPLEMENTING PROJECTS SUCH AS TECHNICAL TRAINING AND
SUPPORT IN THE AREAS OF ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE,
LEGISLATIVE REFORMS AND HUMAN RIGHTS
EDUCATION
THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS (ICRC)
IT IS THE GUARDIAN OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
PROTECTING LIVES AND DIGNITY OF VICTIMS OF
ARMED CONFLICTS AND OTHER SITUATIONS OF VIOLENCE AND
TO PROVIDE ASSISTANCE
UN OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS
(OCHA)
IT MOBILIZES AND COORDINATES HUMANITARIAN
ACTION IN PARTNERSHIP WITH NATIONAL AND
INTERNATIONAL ACTORS IOT ALLEVIATE HUMAN SUFFERING,
AN ADVOCATE FOR THE RIGHTS OF PEOPLE IN NEED, AND PROMOTES
PREVENTION AND FACILITATE SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS
UNICEF ( UN’s CHILDREN FUND)
ENGAGES IN CHILD PROTECTION ACTIVITIES,
PREVENTING AND RESPONDING TO VIOLENCE, EXPLOITATION AND
ABUSE. THEY MONITOR AND REPORT ON IHL AND HUMAN RIGHTS
VIOLATIONS PERPETRATED AGAINST CHILDREN IN CONFLICT

INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs INGOs)

NON STATE ACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PROVISION OF PROTECTION RELATED
SERVICES.
-HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE
-HUMAN RIGHTS MONITORING AND REPORTING
-REHABILITATION AND REFORM OF JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS.
 PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY DOES
ACTION
LIES WITH THE HOST IT HAVE YES TAKEN
CAPACITY ?
COUNTRY GOVERNMENT

NO
INITIATES,
WHERE LOCAL CAPACITIES ARE
COORDINATES OVERWHELMED, INTERNATIONAL AND
AND DELIVERS NATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ACTORS
HUMANITARIAN (UN AGENCIES, CRC, NGOs) ARE INVOLVED
ASSISTANCE

UN PKO RESPONSIBILITY:
TO PROVIDE A SAFE AND SECURE ENVIRONMENT
IS THE BASIS OF
MISSION
POC STRATEGIES
 THE UN SC RESOLUTIONS

ALL PEACEKEEPERS ARE EXPECTED CIVILIAN, MILITARY AND POLICE

TO PROMOTE PROTECTION COMPONENTS HAVE TO WORK
THROUGHOUT THEIR AND PLAN TOGHETER IOT
OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONS. DELIVER EFFECTIVE PROTECTION
FAILURE TO PROVIDE PROTECTION TO CIVILIANS

WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES

WHEN PEACEKEEPERS ARE NOT
ABLE TO PROTECT CIVILIANS
FROM PHYSICAL VIOLENCE?
 WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCIES WHEN PKs
ARE NOT ABLE TO PROTECT CIVILIANS FROM HARM?
THE FAILURE TO PROTECT HAS:
• HUMAN COST
• POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSEQUENCIES

ABOVE ALL
FAILURE TO PROVIDE PROTECTION TO CIVILIANS

STRATEGIC LEVEL
International
(UNHQ, UN SC,
support
International
Community)

Tactical issues
TACTICAL Regarding
Host nation OPERATIONAL LEVEL Operations
Consent LEVEL ( Mission and security
Credibility (UN Field Components
Legitimacy Mission) and down)
PERPETRATORS INTREP ON BLOODY PANTHERS
SUBJECT: UPDATE
OF VIOLENCE «BLOODY PANTHERS» HEADED BY BOTSOKATA ILA ANTOINE ARE
• BANDITS, INCREASING THEIR SMUGGLING ACTIVITY ALONG THE MOGAVE
• MEMBERS OF RIVER. HIS GROUP OF AROUND 200 INDIVIDUALS HAS BEEN
REPEATEDLY ACCUSED BY KORI TO BE LINEKD WITH WITH FALIN IOT
INFORMAL ARMED MAINTAIN UNSTABLE CLIMATE IN KORI AREA.
GROUPS, HIS GROUP IS SUPPOSED TO BE CONNECTED WITH BLACK BULLS ,
• THE SECURITY FORCES WHO SUPPORT OGAVO AND DO THE «DIRTY WORK» WITHOUT
OF THE HOST STATE EXPOSING THE FORMER PRESIDENT. RECENTLY A STOCK OF LIGHT
WEAPONS INCLUDED RPGs AND MACHINE GUNS AS WELL AS HAND
OR OF FOREIGN, BOMBS HAS BEEN STOLEN BY A CARANA ARMY STORE HOUSE IN
• INVADING STATES KALSA. INFO GATHERING INDICATE IT HAS BEEN A COVERED
OPERATION CONDUCTED BY BLACK BULLS WITH CARANA ARMY
SUPPORT BUT AT THE MOMENT NO EVIDENCE HAS BEEN PROVED.
SOME WEAPONS HAVE BEEN RECOVERED SOME DAYS LATER IN A
HIDDEN PLACE ALONG MOGAVE RIVER. TWO INDIVIDUALS HAVE
BEEN ARRESTED. ONE OF THEM IS ALAN MUSAKAWA RECOGNISED
AS A MEMBER OF BLOODY PANTHERS.
THIS ESCALATION HOWEVER MIGHT POSE A SEVERE THREAT ALONG
MOGAVE RIVER SHOWING A CONCERNING CHANGE IN BLOODY
PANTHERS ACTIVITY WHICH SEEMS TO SWITHC TO A SORT OF
EXTERNAL POLITICAL SUPPORT TO OGAVE RATHER THAN MERELY
ORGANISED CRIME.
WHILE BANDITRY AND A LACK OF RULE
OF LAW DO MAKE CIVILIANS MORE
VULNERABLE, INCREASINGLY
CIVILIANS HAVE BECOME THE
DELIBERATE TARGET OF
VIOLENCE NOT JUST THE
ACCIDENTAL VICTIMS IN
CONTEXT OF ARMED
CONFLICT.
• OPPORTUNISTIC VIOLENCE
VIOLATIONS TARGETED ON THE BASIS
OF OPPORTUNITY,
INDISCRIMINATE VIOLENCE RESULTING
FROM THE LACK OF ORDER AND LAW
PREVALENT IN CONFLICT AND EARLY
POST CONFLICT SITUATIONS
• STRATEGIC VIOLENCE
VIOLENCE TARGETED AT SPECIFIC
INDIVIDUALS OR COMMUNITIES TO
FURTHER THE STRATEGIC AIMS
OF PERPETRATORS
POC AS IT RELATES TO PK IS FRAMED IN THE OPERATIONAL CONCEPT
OF THE POC IN UN PKOs.

THE OPERATIONAL CONCEPT MAKES REFERENCE TO THREE BROAD

APPROACHES TO POC SINTHETISED IN THE THREE TIERS:
-RIGHTS BASED APPROACH
-STABILIZATION AND PEACE BUILDING AS DURABLE
FORMS OF PROTECTION
-PHYSICAL PROTECTION FROM HARM
THE THREATS FACING CIVILIANS INCLUDE:
• LARGE SCALE ATTACKS ON COMMUNITIES THAT
AFFECT MANY PEOPLE AND INDIVIDUAL VIOLATIONS.
PKs ARE MANDATED TO PROTECT CIVILIANS FROM ALL TYPES OF
VIOLENCE
ALL PKs -WETHER CIV, POL, MIL – ARE EXPECTED:
• TO PROMOTE PROTECTION THROUGHOUT
THEIR OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONS
FAILURE TO PROTECT WILL CAUSE CIVILIANS TO LOSE THEIR
TRUST IN THE PKs AND WILL LEAD TO A LOSS OF LEGITIMACY
FOR THE PK MISSION AS A WHOLE.