Visayas State University

College of Engineering
Department of Geodetic Engineering
Visca, Baybay City, 6521-A, Leyte, Philippines
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GEng 112c – General Surveying II

Laboratory Exercise No. 1

Baseline Measurement
Establishment of Horizontal Control by Triangulation

Name: Avila, Ken U. Date Performed: 23 Aug. 2018 Score: _________

Course and Year: BSCE-3 Date Submitted: 28 Sep. 2018

l. Introduction
Control surveying is referred to as the determination of the precise position of
a number of stations which are distributed over a large area. The established stations
of the system serve as the basis for originating or checking other subordinate surveys
for engineering projects such as topographic and hydrographic mapping; planning,
design and layout of highways and railroads, delineation of property or political
boundaries. Control surveys can be divided into two general type which area laid out
in the form of nets covering the areas to be surveyed: Horizontal and vertical controls.
When a large area is to be surveyed and where the methods of traversing would
not be expected to maintain a uniform high accuracy over the entire area, triangulation
as a form of horizontal control is specified. Triangulation surveys consists of networks
of geometric figures with almost all of the angle measured directly in the field and with
relatively few of sides measured. The positions and elevations of widely separated
points are determined. The lengths and directions of the lines joining these distant
points also need to be determined. With triangulation more than one route can be used
in moving through the system to calculate desired lengths.

ll. Objectives

(a) To gather data for a low order triangulation system consisting of a chain of
single triangles.
(b) To learn how to apply the approximate method of adjusting a triangulation
system and how to determine lengths of its unknown sides.

lll. Instruments and Accessories

Engineer’s Transit, Compass, Stadia Rod, Chaining Pins, and Hubs or Pegs.
lV. Procedure:

Stations A, B, C, D were established at a designated location on the field using

pegs or hubs. Line AB and CD were both assigned as a baseline and check base
respectively. The baseline and check base were measured on both directions at a
nearest 10mm, and it had no discrepancies. These measurements are used to check
if the data acquired are precisely measured.

The instrument was then set-up on station A to measure the azimuth

counterclockwise to station B, where the Vernier circle was set to zero on the magnetic
north. The observed value was measured two times to get the average angle
measurement of the azimuth. After measuring the azimuth, the Vernier was set to zero
on station B from station A measuring the angle counterclockwise targeting station C
to get the internal angle between line AC and AB.

Repeating this process on different stations will lead to accumulation of data

where these data are used to check if the baseline and check base measured are
approximately the same and the angle between them are precisely measured.

V. Results and Discussion

Table 1: Data for Station Adjustment

STATION ANGLE MEASURED CORRECTION ADJUSTED
VALUE VALUE
A a 42-29-00 42-28-54.67
b 37-39-16 5.33” 37-39-10.67
c 279-52-00 279-51-54.67
Sum 360-00-16 360-00-00
B d 57-27-21 57-27-12.33
e 37-14-05 8.67” 37-13-56.33
f 265-19-00 265-18-51.33
Sum 360-00-26 360-00-00
C g 47-39-16 47-39-16
h 62-42-15 0 62-42-15
i 249-38-29 249-38-29
Sum 360-00-00 360-00-00
D j 32-24-22 32-24-07.33
k 42-24-22 14.67” 42-24-07.33
l 285-12-00 285-11-45.33
Sum 360-00-44 360-00-00
Table 2: Angle Condition
ANGLE VALUE FROM 1st Condition 2nd Condition 3rd Condition
STATION (sum=360) (sum=180) (sum=180)
ADJUSTMENT
a 42-28-54.67 42-29-02.21 42-29-03.59 42-29-03.59
b 37-39-10.67 37-39-18.21 37-39-16.84 37-39-16.84
d 57-27-12.33 57-27-19.87 57-27-18.50 57-27-18.50
e 37-13-56.33 37-14-03.87 37-14-02.50 37-14-02.50
g 47-39-16.00 47-39-23.54 47-39-22.17 47-39-22.17
h 62-42-15.00 62-42-22.54 62-42-23.92 62-42-23.92
j 32-24-07.33 32-24-14.87 32-24-16.25 32-24-16.25
k 42-24-07.33 42-24-14.87 42-24-16.25 42-24-16.25

Table 3: Side Condition

ANGLE Angle Condition Log sin(θ) Log sin(θ+1”) Difference
(Final)
a 42-29-03.59 0.1704463068 0.1704440078 22.990
b 37-39-16.84 0.2140291827 0.2140264540 27.287
d 57-27-18.50 0.0741876256 0.0741862819 13.436
e 37-14-02.50 0.2181928973 0.2181901268 27.705
g 47-39-22.17 0.1312874539 0.1312855351 19.188
h 62-42-23.92 0.0512592777 0.0512581913 10.864
j 32-24-16.25 0.2709216635 0.2709183463 33.172
k 42-24-16.25 0.1711078357 0.1711055302 23.055
Ʃlog sin (a,d,g,j) 0.6468430498 Sum1 88.787
Ʃlog sin (b,e,h,k) 0.6545891935 Sum2 88.911

Table 4: Final Adjusted Values of Angles

ANGLE Final Value
A 42-29-04.03
B 37-39-16.40
D 57-27-18.94
E 37-14-02.06
G 47-39-22.61
H 62-42-23.48
J 32-24-16.69
K 42-24-15.81
Sum 360-00-00

These are data accumulated during the field activity. Table 1 shows that the data
gathered are erroneous and needs to be corrected using Approximate method:
station adjustment and figure adjustment. After distributing its errors, Table 2 and
Table 3 shows a Quadrilateral adjustment where these two table are related to each
other as well as Table 1. This signifies that Table 1 needs to be adjusted using the
two conditions: angle and side condition. After computing and distributing its errors
and taking the logarithms and logarithms of sine, as shown on the Table 3. The
correction made on Table 3 was applied on Table 4 to have a sum of 360 for
quadrilaterals.
Vl. Conclusion

Horizontal control surveys consist of a network of points which are used as

reference framework for other types of surveys. The calculation made on the control
point must be in high precision for it to be used as a reference for control networks.
These control networks can be referenced by a plane coordinate axes, for it can
accurately pinpoint a missing control point. All control networks conform with a
control point.
Using triangulation method on horizontal control survey, approximate method
and quadrilateral adjustment are used to determine the errors on the data, where
trigonometry is used.

Vll. Sketch

Vlll. References:

La Putt, J. (1986). Higher Surveying 2nd Edition. P.O. Box 228, Baguio City,
Philippines: Baguio Research and Publishing Center.