20

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The development of Artificial Intelligence based real time control of induction

motor drives is briefly discussed in this chapter. To provide an efficient, cost-effective
and secure way of testing, the control part of an electric drive is the main purpose of
this type of control[1-2]. Using Artificial Intelligence controller such as Fuzzy,
Artificial Neural Network and ANFIS, controlling the speed of SVPWM based VSI
fed induction motor is the main objective of this work[3-4]. The problems of
conventional PI controller is rectified using artificial intelligent controller by closed
loop v/f control simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK and real time
implementation of VSI based control of induction motor using dSPACE controller. A
brief review of the various real time control techniques of induction motor are given
herein. And also the research progress of various Artificial Intelligence control
techniques as well as different controllers available for hardware implementation of
induction motor drives is reviewed. An overview of development of real time control
of induction motor from conventional to artificial intelligent techniques is also
presented in this chapter.

A few good literature reviews on intelligent control and power electronic drives
were written in this thesis. Some electric drive manufacturers began to incorporate
AI-control in their commercial products. This thesis aims to explore possible areas of
induction motor control that require further investigation and development and
focuses on the application of intelligent control principles and algorithms in order to
make the controller independent of, or less sensitive to, motor parameter changes.
Intelligent control is becoming an important and necessary method to solve difficult
problems in control of induction motor drives. Based on classical electrical machine
and control theory, this thesis has investigated the application of fuzzy-logic control,
neural-network control and ANFIS to SVPWM based induction motor drive.

2.2 MODELING AND SIMULATION OF INDUCTION MOTOR

Modeling and simulation of three-phase induction machine is well documented in

the literature and digital computer solution can be performed using several methods,
 21

such as numeric programming, symbolic programming and the Electromagnetic

Transient Programming (EMTP) (Domijan and Yin, 1994). Under transient
conditions, the performance of induction motors has to be evaluated by a way, as
when driving a load. To determine the effects of pulsating speeds the familiar
equivalent circuit analysis is inadequate, while S. J. Levine’s more complete analysis
is somewhat inconvenient, since the rotating axes assumed lead to involved equations.
The theory of R. H. Park applied to the analysis of salient-pole synchronous machines
is probably, the most convenient approach to be found in the stationary-axis method.

SIMULAB was developed by Andrew C.W. Grace [5], a graphically oriented non
linear simulation package into MATLAB.

PC based simulation package was introduced by P. Biichner & M.H. Nehrir [6]
for studying dynamic behavior of machines, power system & power electronic
components directly from their mathematical models. This DS-88 block oriented
digital software uses integrator blocks, proportional gain blocks & non-linear blocks
which are feedback free blocks.

Several differential types of mathematical models suitable for the induction

motor drive were reviewed and presented by P. Pillay, and V. Levin [7].

Mamadou L Doumbia et. al [8 & 10] used MATLAB/SIMULINK modeling and

simulating complete electrical drive system. This modeling process was applicable to
any kind of drive with mechanical load.

A generalized simulation model of the three-phase induction motor was described

by K. L. Shi et.al [9 & 12] by using the MATLAB/ SIMULINK on the basis of two
axis revolving theory. The simulation model was used for carrying out the transient
analysis of the induction motor.

The use of MATLAB/SIMULINK for AC drive simulation was explained by S.

Ivanov et. al [11]. The simulation results and the experimental results are compared.
The developed models correctness is fully confirmed.

A. L. Orille et. al [13] demonstrated the use of SIMULINK for induction motor
drive subjected to different operating conditions, such as free acceleration, load torque
and other torque characteristics.
 22

The important features of power system blockset were used for simulation of
power systems, power electronics and electrical machine drive system which was
presented by Gilbert Sybille et. al [14].

With PI controller the integration of MATLAB/SIMULINK to real time control

of induction motor was explained by P. A. Spiller et. al [15]. In real time, the
experimental implementation is used for verification of the simulated design of PI
controller.

H.M.B. Metwally et. al [16] suggested new control strategy for speed control of
induction motor with field orientation. The proposed model is tested for 2 HP
induction motor. A comparison between the characteristics for three different methods
namely v/f, direct torque control and field orientation are presented. The comparison
showed that better performance characteristics are obtained using the proposed speed
control strategy.

Ragu Balanathan et. al [17] modelled the loads of induction motor to carrying
out voltage stability analysis in calculating real and reactive power as well as slip. The
Generic Dynamic Load Model (GDLM) is modified and proposed model has been
used to evaluate transient and steady state stability of induction motor loads.

The simulated approach was suggested and furthers the challenges and advances
in simulation tool for complex power electronics system and drives were explained by
P.Bauer et. al [18].

An improved mathematical model for variable speed single phase induction

motors including motor losses is presented by S.Vaez-Zadeh et. al [19]. A single
phase variable frequency supply and an advanced motor test setup are developed to
evaluate the machine model under different supply and operating conditions. The
machine characteristics obtained by the model are in good agreement with
experimental results. It proves the validity of the proposed steady state model in
predicting the motor performances under a wide range of voltages, frequencies and
operating conditions with slightly better results at the frequencies close to the nominal
one.

Derek N. Dyck et. al [20] simulated an induction motor driven with a Pulse
Width Modulation (PWM) techniques. The Induction Motor Modeling (IMM) was
validated by comparison to a time-stepping FE transient simulation of a 12-slot, 13-
 23

bar, four-pole induction motor at 1000 rpm and driven with sinusoidal voltages and
PWM techniques.

V.S.S.P.K. Hari et. al [21] developed a hybrid PWM technique employing five
switching sequences. The developed technique is a combination of continuous PWM,
Discontinuous PWM (DPWM) and advanced bus clamping PWM methods.
Performance of the developed PWM technique has been evaluated and compared with
existing techniques on a constant volts per hertz induction motor drive. It proves that
hybrid PWM is superior in terms of total harmonic distortion in the line current, as
compared to conventional space vector PWM (CSVPWM) and DPWM over a
fundamental frequency range of 32–50 Hz at a given average switching frequency.
The reduction in harmonic distortion is about 42% over CSVPWM at the rated speed
of the drive.

Ali Saghafinia et. al [22] used MATLAB/SIMULINK to simulate adjustable

speed drive of Induction Motor for development of advanced electrical machine
laboratory. Simulation results were used to verify the effectiveness of adjustable
induction motor drive at different operating conditions and over wide range of speed.

Ahmed M. Kassem et. al [23] proposed dynamic modeling and power control
scheme for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) for variable speed wind power
generation. A detailed dynamic model of a DFIG-based, wind turbine and grid-
connected system is presented in the d–q synchronous reference frame. To improve
the controller performance in steady state the Integral Sliding Mode Controller
(ISMC) is used. Its respective performance is compared in terms of power reference
tracking, sensitivity to perturbations in sub synchronous and super-synchronous
modes and robustness against machine parameter variations. The performance
comparison between ISMC with the conventional proportional–integral control is also
presented.

Mario J. Durán et. al [24] implemented Space-Vector PWM With Reduced

Common-Mode voltage for Five-Phase Induction Motor Drives. It proposed two
SVPWM methods that are capable of reducing the peak-to-peak CMV by 40% and
80% compared to standard five-phase modulation strategies.

Obrad Dordevic et. al [25] compared of carrier-based with Space Vector PWM
techniques for three-level five-phase voltage source inverters. Experimental and
 24

simulation results are compared for all PWM methods. The comparison of the PWM
techniques is given in terms of the voltage and current waveforms and spectra, as well
as the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in a whole linear modulation index range,
which is used as the global figure of merit.

Kelin Jia et. al [26] constructs a high-frequency equivalent circuit model for AC
motors in Spice simulation software. A step by step modeling was elaborated and
verified by comparing simulated data with experimental data on a 200 kW induction
motor in the frequency range from 10 kHz to 10 MHz.

Hui Fang et. al [27] investigated the relationship between two-level Space-Vector
Pulse-Width Modulation (SVPWM) and Carrier-Based Pulse-Width Modulation
(CBPWM) in the linear modulation region. Firstly, the relationship between zero
sequence component injected into the modulating functions of CBPWM and zero
vectors’ distribution methods is derived in the linear modulation region. Second, the
principle of SVPWM algorithm based on superposition in the over-modulation region
is analysed. The validity and effectiveness of the theoretical analysis are verified by
simulation and experimental results.

A complete nonlinear system modeling of a VSC-fed induction motor, and a

nonlinear dynamic controller was presented by Antonio T. Alexandridis et. al [28] to
achieve precise motor speed regulation with minimum losses.

Alireza Rezvani et. al [29] developed hybrid fuzzy-neural model for grid
connected photovoltaic system to capture maximum power using
MATLAB/SIMULINK. The proposed intelligent controllers give 99 % efficiency as
compared to P&O, IC, FLC controllers which ranges between 95% to 97%.

2.3 CONTROL APPROACHES OF INDUCTION MOTOR

The scalar controllers that control the magnitude/frequency of voltage or current

are usually used in low-cost and low-performance drives. Open loop
voltage/frequency (v/f) control, closed-loop v/f control, and stator current and slip
frequency control (Bose, 1981) are included in the typical scalar control studies.
When there are no stringent requirements on speed regulation and when the load
torque is constant, it suffices to use a variable-frequency induction motor drive with
open-loop v/f control. Open-loop controllers often referred to as general purpose AC
 25

drives replace applications which require only a gradual change in speed,

(Rajashekara, Kawamura, and Matsuse, 1996).

When the drive requirements include faster dynamic response and more accurate
speed or torque control, it is necessary to operate the motor in the closed-loop mode.
Closed-loop v/f control and stator current and slips frequency control are included in
Closed-loop scalar control. Among the above mentioned control techniques, market
evidence shows that up to the present only two have found general acceptance. They
are the open-loop constant v/f control and the indirect vector control of which the
former is for low performance applications and the latter is for high-performance
applications (Bose, 1993). Recent research trends of induction motor control are
represented by vector control principle, intelligent-based algorithm, and DSP-based
hardware.

For the control of torque and speed of the induction machine, a family of
schemes are described by Robert Joetten et. al [30]. Using measured quantities such
as terminal voltage & current respectively, reasonably good performance was
achieved.

A brief review of power electronics and drives focusing on power semiconductor

devices, converter circuits and control of AC drive, CAD and AI techniques was
presented by Bimal K. Bose [31].

In a comprehensive review of the state of the art in the field of electric motor
drives and control strategies. A new AC drive technology such as high speed, high
efficiency switching devices, new motor structure, converter configuration, control
techniques & new high speed microcontroller has been discussed by Paresh C. Sen
[32].

Finch, J.W [33] et.al discussed scalar to vector control of induction machine in a
review.

Bimal K. Bose [34] has reviewed about the structure and characteristics of IGBT,
SIT, SITH & MCT devices.

With the use of expert system, fuzzy & neural network, emphasizing on the
induction motor drive performance, Bimal K. Bose [35] presented recent trends as
 26

well as comprehensive status of power semiconductor devices, various converter

topologies and AC machine drives,

The use of AI techniques such as fuzzy & neural network that help in simplifying
complex power electronic problems was discussed by M. Ehsani et. al [36].

P. Vas & W. Drury [37], explained the review techniques like the recent trends
for minimum configuration of DSP controlled drives, the future of sensorless, high
performance drive such as Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Vector control. It also
discusses the present and future of electrical machines and variable-speed drives have
been discussed.

O.nApeldoorn [38] has attempted to review different simulation tools for power
electronics.

Thomas M. Jahns [39] has reviewed about basic principles, strengths and
limitations that aid for the development of today’s AC drive.

Thomas M. Jahns & Vladimir Blasko [40], presented a review of the use of IGBT
as predominant power switch and the state of the art of power electronics technology
in both industrial as well as in traction applications.

Sergey Edward Lyshevski et.al [41] proposed an innovative control law to

synthesize and attain the constant and variable voltage-frequency operations from
closed-loop perspectives. An innovative procedure is used to design controllers to
attain the vector control of induction motors. To validate the results, controllers are
designed and tested. Numerical and experimental studies have been performed.

Power semiconductor devices, converters, variable frequency drives, control and

their recent advances and estimation techniques have been briefly reviewed by Bimal
K. Bose [42].

G.K. Singh [43] presented a comprehensive review of research and developments

in the induction motor operation with non-sinusoidal supply waveforms since its
inception. Attempts has been made by author to highlight the current and future
issues involved in the development of induction motor drive technology to impart
good dynamic stability with improved performance.

G. Narayanan et.al [44] investigated space vector based hybrid PWM techniques
for voltage source inverter. Three hybrid PWM techniques are proposed, namely three
 27

zone, five-zone and seven-zone hybrid PWM. The proposed five-zone hybrid PWM
leads to lowest distortion in its class of PWM techniques (open-loop, real-time
techniques with a uniform sampling rate) at any given modulation index for a given
average switching frequency. The PWM techniques lead to about 40% reduction in
line current distortion over CSVPWM at the rated voltage and rated frequency of the
drive. The superior performance of the proposed hybrid techniques over CSVPWM
and existing bus-clamping PWM techniques has been demonstrated theoretically as
well as experimentally.

Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD), such as performance indices, three-phase AC

motor control principles are a few control issues selected by Ion Boldea [45]. The
different control techniques like constant power speed control, motion-sensorless
control of AC drives, variable-speed AC generator control, and linear motor drives
control. Their basics, recent progress and a few directions of ASD research and
industrial development for the near future are also been discussed here.

John W. Finch & Damian Giaouris [46] briefly reviewed various types of
electrical machines used for electric drive applications. The overview of control
techniques such as scalar, vector, Direct Torque Control (DTC) & Sensorless control
methods are also been presented here.

Satean Tunyasrirut et.al [47] presented the comparison of power quality of the
voltage source inverter type Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) and
Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique for adjusting speed of the
induction motor. The overall control system is implemented on dSPACE DSP
DS1104 controller board.

Use of High voltage Silicon Carbide (SiC) for power semiconductor devices is
elaborated by Alex Huang [48].

Nalin Kant Mohanty [49] reviewed recent control techniques for AC machines.
Direct Torque Control (DTC) with Space Vector Modulation (SVM), DTC-SVM with
neuro fuzzy controller and Vector control for slip energy recovery for DFIG were also
presented.

Bimal K. Bose [50] discussed the importance of power electronics in electrical

drive and its control. The trend of power electronics and motor drives along with
some possible research and development areas has been highlighted.
 28

Satean Tunyasrirut et. al [51] demonstrated the performance improvement of a

slip energy recovery drive system for the speed control of a wound rotor induction
motor by a voltage-controlled technique. The slip power is recovered by the help of a
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) based on a Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation
(SVPWM) technique. The overall control system is implemented on DSP DS1104
TMS320F240 controller board. The performance improvement of the proposed
system is tested in comparison with the conventional Scherbius system and the
modified conventional Scherbius system by a 12 pulse converter in conjunction with a
chopper at steady state and at dynamic conditions. A 220 W wound motor is
employed for testing. It is found that the motor speed can be controlled to be maintain
at constant value in the operating range of 450-1200 rpm at no load and full load. It is
also found that the efficiency of the proposed system is remarkably increased since
the harmonics of the input AC line current is reduced while the AC line input power
factor is increased.

R. Ramchand K et.al [52] proposed constant switching frequency current error

space vector-based hysteresis controller for two-level voltage source inverter-fed
induction motor (IM) drives. The proposed new scheme detects very fastly the sector
change thus accurately eliminating the chance of introducing additional fifth and
seventh harmonic components in phase current and provides harmonic spectrum of
phase voltage, which exactly matches with that of constant switching frequency
Voltage-Controlled Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (VC-SVPWM)-based two-
level inverter-fed drives.

Vijay Babu Koreboina et.al [53] modeled and simulated a VSI fed v/f control of
induction motor drive. The simulation results at variable frequency and voltage have
been validated by hardware implementation using PC and add on card. The transient
performance of VSI fed Induction Motor is presented at different load conditions.

PWM methods, namely hysteresis current control, Sinusoidal Pulse Width

Modulation (SPWM) for a four switch low cost IM drive applied by Hossein Madadi
Kojabadi [54]. Simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of
providing balanced three phase output currents and voltages.
 29

M. S. Aspalli et. al [55] dealt with design and hardware implementation of const.
v/f speed control of induction motor for different values of speed and load using
dSPIC30F2010 digital signal controller.

Joel Prieto et. al [56] illustrated a comparative analysis of discontinuous and

continuous SVPWM techniques. The simulation results are verified with the
experimental measurement on a five phase induction motor. On the basis of the
obtained results, it is concluded that, if the same average switching frequency is
considered, continuous SVPWM has the best harmonic current performance (the
lowest current THD) in the range of low modulation index values. A discontinuous
DPWM1 offers the best performance in the high modulation index range.

Rajneesh Mishra et. al [57] investigated the transient performance of v/f control
of Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) fed induction motor drives using
MATLAB/SIMULINK.

A. R. Beig [58] demonstrated the experimental implementation of the

synchronised SVPWM algorithm for the complete operating region of the drive
including the over modulation region and six step operation. The synchronised
SVPWM is applied and tested on a constant v/f induction motor drive powered from a
three-level cascaded H-bridge inverter. The performance of the algorithm at transient
and steady-state conditions has been presented.

M. Nasir Uddin et. al [59] developed FLC based direct torque control to improve
the dynamic performance of induction motor. FLC-based DTC scheme is also
implemented in real time using DSP board DS1104 for a prototype 1/3 hp motor. A
performance comparison of the proposed FLC-based DTC scheme with a
conventional DTC scheme has also been provided both in simulation and experiment.
Comparative results show that the torque ripple of the proposed drive has
considerably been reduced. The dynamic speed response of the proposed FLC-based
DTC scheme has also been found better as compared to the conventional DTC
scheme.

Anaphat Upasan & Yuttana Kumsuwan [60] simulated PI based space vector
modulation-voltage source inverter induction generator. The drive response with the
designed PI-controller has been successfully verified with simulation results.
 30

Gaber El-Saady El-Nobi [61] presented v/f control of induction motor with
different Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques such as Sine Pulse Width
Modulation (SPWM), Third-Harmonic Pulse Width Modulation (THPWM) and
Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) using MATLAB SIMULINK. The
simulation results show that the SVPWM is more efficient as compared to other
PWM techniques.

Mehmet Dal et. al [62] developed electric drive laboratory using

MATLAB/SIMULINK and implemented in hardware using dSPACE
DS1104/DS1103 DSP controller.

M.K. Metwally[63] developed the Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS)-

based speed and stator resistance estimators of IM drives fed by four switch three
phase inverter (FSTPI) in the critical low and zero speed region of operation. The
Simulink model has been implemented using DSP 1103 and the real time system to
validate the results. The estimated speed is used as feedback in a vector control
system.

Dimitar Spirov et. al [64] dealt with the performance analysis of a Hand Power
Tool (HPT). The HPT is being driven by a single-phase collector motor drive fed by a
PWM voltage source soft-switching inverter. A mathematical model of an electro-
mechanic system of a HPT has been worked out. The dynamic model of an electric
motor consists of a system of non-linear differential equations that include the
resistance and dynamic inductance of an armature and field winding and spinning
E.M.F. The proposed drive system is modelled and its performance is simulated in
MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Mohamed Amine Fnaiech et. al [65] presented about measurement-based

controller for induction machines. The proposed method is based on a general
relationship between the frequency response of the closed-loop system and PI
controller parameters. Suitable values of PI controller parameters are then obtained
by equating the closed-loop frequency response and a desired frequency response at a
fixed frequency. The main advantage of the presented method is that the controller
design procedure does not depend on the increasing order and complexity of the plant,
which makes the proposed approach very helpful for the control of motor drive
applications, where information on plant model is not available.
 31

Kevin Lee et. al [66] analyzed the causes of induction motor instability for
constant v/f drives as power levels change. The 2.2 and 15 kW low-voltage IMs and
the 746 kW medium-voltage IM are evaluated to illustrate how the motor parameters
affect the system stability. The effectiveness has been validated by a time-domain
MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation platform and the experimentation of a 15 kW
system with a four-quadrant ASD dynamometer.

Abdul Rahiman Beig et. al [67] presented four basic types of synchronized
Discontinuous PWM (DPWM) sequences that ensure synchronization, three-phase
symmetry and half-wave symmetry. The synchronized DPWM sequences are verified
through simulation and experiment on a constant-v/f open-loop induction motor drive.
The performance of the DPWM algorithm is studied in the entire modulation region,
including the over modulation region, and is compared with that of the conventional
synchronized space vector PWM.

Lachtar Salah et. al [68] presented SVPWM based PMSM. The system supplied
by faults detection structure senses currents. The fault detection based on an adaptive
observer of currents. The decision is made easy as the calculating residues
demonstrate its practical results and efficiency in fault current sensors.

Prado Wellington et. al [69] illustrated comparative study between a traditional

three-phase squirrel cage induction motor and asymmetrical three-phase induction
motor fed by single-phase voltage. For the purpose of study, two engines with the
same power were employed. An investigation of the behavior of various magnitudes
for each machine has been carried out. It was found that the asymmetric motor
features a number of advantages over traditional motors, which makes it an excellent
choice when the application requires the drive loads of high power and do not have an
available three-phase supply.

K. Jardan et. al [70] developed laboratory system for measurement of iron losses
in high speed drives. A novel test method developed for fast and accurate
measurement of iron losses in permanent magnet synchronous machines and a
dedicated laboratory system for performing automatic measurements are presented.

2.4 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR

Despite the great efforts devoted to induction motor control, many of the
theoretical results cannot be directly applied to practical systems. The difficulties that
 32

arise in induction motor control are complex computations, model nonlinearity and
uncertainties in machine parameters. Recently, intelligent techniques are introduced in
order to overcome these difficulties. Intelligent control methodology uses human
motivated techniques and procedures (for example, forms of knowledge
representation or decision making) for system control (Bose, 1997; Narendra and
Mukhopadhyay, 1996). ‘An intelligent control system has the ability to comprehend,
reason and learn about processes, disturbances and operating conditions in order to
optimize the performance of the process under consideration (Astrom and Bjorn,
1995). Intelligent control techniques are generally classified as expert system control,
fuzzy-logic control, neural-network control, and genetic algorithm (Bose, 1993).
Intelligent induction motor control thus refers to the control of an induction motor
drive using the above artificial intelligence techniques. The application of expert
system, fuzzy-logic, neural-network and genetic algorithm in induction motor drive
system have been proposed in the literature (Bose, 1997) [3].

Chuen Chien Lee [71 & 72] presented a survey regarding general methodology
for constructing Fuzzy Logic Controller and addresses the issues regarding the
implementation.

A fuzzy logic controller for a direct self control of an induction machine was
explained by Sayeed A. et. al [73].

The design of intelligent system using fuzzy logic has been presented and
problems related to conventional logic were addressed by Lotfi A. Zadeh [74 & 89].

Gilbert C. D. Sousa et. al [75] illustrated design and implementation of Fuzzy

Logic (FL) to power electronics and drives which include strength and limitation.

A neural network based implementation of space vector modulation of a voltage-

fed inverter has been proposed by Joao 0. P. Pinto et. al [76]. The indirect method has
been fully implemented and extensively evaluated in a v/f controlled 5 HP, 60 Hz,
230 V induction motor drive. The performances of the drive with ANN-based SVM
are presented.

B K Bose [77 & 78] described the application of fuzzy logic and neural network
techniques to power electronics and electrical drives. Some problems and challenges
for practical applications have been discussed.
 33

Won Seok Oh et. al [79] proposed Recurrent Artificial Neural Network (RNN)
based self tuning speed controller for high performance induction motor drives.

Subrata K. Mondal et. al [80] implemented a neural-network based Space-Vector

Modulation (SVM) of a three-level voltage-fed inverter using IC chip is used instead
of DSP. The performance of an open-loop v/f controlled induction motor drive has
been evaluated using ANN-based modulator and compared with conventional DSP-
based modulator.

A novel adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy (NF) based speed control of an Induction Motor

(IM) has been presented by M. Nasir Uddin & Hao Wen [81]. The performance of
NFC based IM drive is investigated extensively at different operating conditions in
simulation.

Sompong Srilad & Satean Tunyasrirutet.al [82 & 88] designed and implemented
v/f control of induction motor. The PI controller is designed using SIMULINK and
implemented in hardware using dSPACE. The experimental results were analyzed and
compared with 0.22 kW induction motor from no-load condition to rated condition.

Fuzzy logic controller for Field Oriented Control technique was simulated and
dynamic performance of induction motor has been studied by V. Chitra and R. S.
Prabhakar [83].

Bimal K. Bose [84] presented a comprehensive discussion on neural network

principle and their applications in power electronics and motor drives.

Modeling and simulation of a self-tuning PI control for induction motors have

been illustrated by Ziqian Liu [85].

M. Nasir Uddin et.al [86 & 87] developed a Self-Tuned Neuro-Fuzzy Controller
(NFC) for speed control of an Induction Motor (IM) drive and implemented through
hardware using dSPACE DSP DS1104. The proposed controller has been designed
for three membership functions for each of the two inputs and no membership
function for the output to reduce computational burden. The effectiveness of the
proposed NFC based IM drive is tested both in simulation and experiment at different
operating conditions.

Seydi Vakkas Ustun, Metin Demirtas [90] dealt with modeling and performance
analysis of the voltage/frequency (v/f) control of induction motor drives. The PI and
 34

ANFIS controller has been realized in hardware through a digital signal processor
controller (dSPIC30F6010).

ANN and FLC based Speed control of vector control of AC motors has been
described by H. Abu-Rub & A. Awwad [91].

R. Arulmozhiyaly& K. Baskaran [92] implemented FLC based real time control

of Induction Motor drive using dsPIC30F4011. The experimental results have been
analyzed and found that speed of Induction Motor can be controlled in normal step
up, step down response.

G. R. Arab Markadeh et.al [93] presented a real-time implementation of

improved emotional controller for a three-phase laboratory IM drive. The controller is
successfully implemented in real time using a PC-based three-phase 2.5-kW
laboratory squirrel-cage IM and FPGA. The implementation of the emotional
controller shows good control performance in terms of robustness and adaptability.
Experimental and simulation results are in close agreement.

An online rotor resistance estimator for induction motor adaptive control was
presented. Godpromesse Kenne et. al [94]. The rotor resistance scheme uses the rotor
speed, the stator current, voltage provided by the controller, time-derivatives of the
stator current and voltage. Experimental results with online variation of the rotor
resistance show that the proposed algorithm gives better performance compared to
others.

G. Durgasukumar et. al [95] proposed a Neuro-Fuzzy based Space Vector

Modulation (SVM) technique for voltage source inverter and its performance is
compared with the conventional based SVM and Neural Network based SVM
methods. Neuro-Fuzzy uses the hybrid learning algorithm for training the network.
Due to this learning algorithm, the required training error can be obtained with less
number of iterations compared to Neural Network. The simulation results obtained are
verified experimentally using a dSPACE kit (DS1104). The simulation and
experimental waveforms of inverter line–line voltages at different switching
frequencies is presented. The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of line–line voltage
with Neuro-Fuzzy, Neural Network and conventional based SVM methods for various
switching frequencies are presented.
 35

Ronald S. Rebeiro et. al [96] presented closed-loop vector control of an Interior

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) drive incorporating two separate
Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLCs). The proposed FLC-based IPMSM drive has been
simulated with MATLAB/SIMULINK [26] and then experimentally implemented
using dSPACE DSP board DS1104 [27] for a laboratory 5 HP IPMSM. The first one
is a Mamdani-type FLC which minimizes the developed torque ripple by varying
online the hysteresis band of the PWM current controller. The second one is an FLC-
based tuned Proportional-Integral (PI) controller where the PI controller actually
serves as the primary speed controller and its gains are tuned by a novel Sugeno-type
FLC. Thus, the limitations of traditional PI controllers are avoided, and the
performance of the drive system is improved.

Hany M. Hasanien et. al [97] presented a novel speed control of switched

reluctance generator by using adaptive neural network (ANN) controller. The
dynamic modeling and simulation of SRG as well as other individual components
including wind turbine, converter and inverter systems is carried out using
PSCAD/EMTDC. The effectiveness of the proposed system is verified with
simulation results using the real wind speed data measured at Hokkaido Island, Japan.

An artificial neural network (ANN) based adaptive estimator is presented by

Suman Maiti et. al [98] for the estimation of rotor speed in a sensorless vector-
controlled induction motor (IM) drive. ANN is applied to overcome such stability
related problem. The proposed method is validated through computer simulation
using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Experimental results from a laboratory prototype using
dSPACE-1104 have confirmed the usefulness of the proposed estimator.

Huimin Li et. al [99] presented the use of the measurement thresholds generated
from the propagation of parametric uncertainty using polynomial chaos theory (PCT)
to validate the sensor measurements of an AC motor drive by means of fuzzy
techniques. If measurements fail the validation check, they are replaced by
reconstructed data to maintain the operation. Reconstruction is performed with a PCT
observer, which also supports the evaluation of the thresholds. The proposed
algorithms have been implemented and tested both in simulation and in real time
experiments on a field oriented controlled induction machine.
 36

Lina J. Rashad [100] proposed the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System for
the speed control of induction motor in addition to PI controller. A 3-phase voltage-
fed Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) inverter is simulated using
MATLAB/SIMULINK. Comparison on performance of PI and ANFIS controllers are
presented here.

The performance of proportional integral controller and fuzzy logic controller

under load torque and reference speed variation is presented by Safdar Fasal & T K
Unnikrishnan [101]. Comparison of the performance of induction motor using fuzzy
and ANFIS is illustrated by Rinu Simon & A. Geetha[102].

Speed estimation of induction motor using neural network using the measurement
of primary variables such as voltage and current was presented by A.Goedtel et. al
[103]. Simulation results and experimental data are presented to validate the proposed
neural network.

Tiago Henrique dos Santosa et.al and T. H. Santos et. al [104 & 105] proposed
an alternative methodology for estimating the speed of a three phase induction motor
driven by a voltage source inverter, using space vector modulation, under the scalar
control strategy based on artificial neural network. The results of simulation are
validated by experimental implementation through DSP.

Simulation of ANFIS based scalar and vector drives in open loop have been
demonstrated by Fabio Limaa [106]. Finally experimental results are presented to
validate the ANFIS open loop estimator using digital acquisition card from National
Instruments (NIDAQ6062E).

M. Nasir Uddin et.al [107] developed self tuned neuro fuzzy controller (NFC) for
induction motor drive system. The self tuned NFC was implemented in hardware
using a digital signal- processor board DS-1104 for a laboratory 1/3-hp motor. The
effectiveness of the proposed NFC-based vector control of IM drive is tested in both
simulation and experiment at different operating conditions. Comparative results
show that the NFC does not decrease the system performance as compared to the
conventional NFC and conventional PI controller. It confirmed that NFC gives better
results as compared to PI controller.

Sakuntala Mahapatra et. al [108] developed a prototype model to control the

speed of an induction motor using PSO-ANFIS hybrid technique using
 37

MATLAB/SIMULINK. PSO-ANFIS speed controller obtains better dynamic

behavior and superior performance of the Induction motor as compared to FLC.

2.5 REAL TIME CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

The computers available commercially have become both increasingly powerful

and affordable, over the last two decades. This, in turn, has led to the emergence of
highly sophisticated simulation software applications that not only enable high-
fidelity simulation of dynamic systems and related controls, but also automatic code
generation for implementation in industrial controllers. Today, electric drives, power
electronic systems and their controls are getting more and more complex, and their
use is widely increasing in all sectors: power systems, traction, hybrid vehicles,
industrial and home electronics, automotive, naval and aerospace systems, etc..
Remarkable impact has been made by DSP, FPGA, dSPACE, etc due to advancement
in Microprocessors, Microcomputers and Microcontrollers on electric motor drives.
Due to advancement of the software tools like MATLAB/SIMULINK with its Real
Time Workshop (RTW) and Real Time Windows Target (RTWT), real time
simulators are used extensively in many engineering fields, such as industry,
education and research institutions. As consequences, the inclusion of real time
simulation applications in modern engineering proves to be highly helpful help for the
researcher and academicians.

Induction motor drive based on microprocessor was developed by Vithal V.

Athani, et. al [109]. The closed loop system includes the inverter for controlling the
speed of 3 phase induction motor.

Bimal K Bose [110] gave a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art motion

control technology in which the salient technical features of electrical machines,
power electronic circuits, microcomputer control, VLSI circuits, machine controls and
computer-aided design techniques have been discussed.

For real-time control applications, Narpat Singh Gehlot et. al [111] developed a
predictor-corrector discrete model of induction motors. A discrete root locus
technique is used to analyze the stability of the model.

Sunil M. Chhaya & Bimal K. Bose [112] discussed Texas Instruments DSP
320C25 for experimental verification of AC drive along with the design of expert
system.
 38

A Benchaib, M Tadjine & A Rachid [113] used sliding mode control for the
control and observation of an induction motor. Digital signal processor (DSP) TMS
320C31140 MHz is the system used to obtain the experimental results for 0.37 kW
induction motor.

A neural network controller was designed and developed by M. Mohamadian et.

al [114] and finally used Texas Instruments TMS320C30 Digital Signal Processor
(DSP) for implementing it in hardware.

The use of SIMULINK for rapid prototyping of a real time control drive by using
DSP has been described by C.D. French et. al [115].

Jaime Fonseca et. al [116] demonstrated design and hardware implementation of

fuzzy logic using standard 16/32-bit microcontroller, for speed control of induction
motor. Both simulation and experimental results are presented and the system
performance is evaluated in comparison with a traditional PI control scheme..

Juan M. Moreno-Eguilaz et. al [117] used neural network and in power

electronic converters harmonic estimation is performed.

Tae-Chon Ahn et. al [118] presented the use of DSP (TMS320F240) for the
Design& development of Neuro fuzzy controller for real time control of induction
motor.

For validation and rapid prototyping of real-time control algorithms for induction
machines Pabu A. Spiller et. al [119] developed MATLAB/Simulink-based software
environment.

Ximing Cheng & Minggao Ouyang [120] used a single DSP controller for
implementation of fuzzy Logic real-time Control System to Induction Traction
Machine.

Simon Abourida et. al [121] used RT-Lab platform for developing a real-time
simulator for electric systems and drives.

On DSP-based rapid prototyping based on DSP was used to develop a real time
laboratory for power electronics and electrical machines by Ned Mohan et. al [122].

Francesco Ricci et. al [123] discussed the use a Field Programmable Gate Array
(FPGA) for presenting modeling, simulation and hardware implementation of
variable-speed drives.
 39

R. Champagne et. al [124 &127] presented use of Motorola MC68332 micro-

controller for real-time simulation of an AC electric drive. A simulated inverter,
motor and load are used for designing, implementation and testing of controller for a
PWM VSI fed induction motor, switching at 4 kHz, in real time.

A real-time motor drive was implemented using RT-Lab by Christian Dufour et.
al [125]. The use of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) and dSPACE, the
programmable logic devices in the electrical drives has been emulated by Ossi
Laakkonen et. al [126].

Sung Su Kim & Sed Jug [128 &142] executed the neural network controller
embedded in a DSP and PID controller in FPGA in hardware. For position control of
robot hand and pendulum the functioning of the proposed controller was quite well.

Senan M. Bashi et. al [129] used microcontroller M68HC11E-9 and investigated

the performance of single-phase induction motor. For the speed control of a single-
phase induction motor with wide speed range can be done with the drive system was
proved from the results of simulation and laboratory.

Christian Dufour et. al [130 & 131] used OPAL-RT simulation tools for
development of RT-Lab real time simulation of electric drive and system.

S. Tunyasrirut [132] used MATLAB/SIMULINK as well as dSPACE to control

speed of wound rotor induction motor and presented the performance of a linear
control technique was implemented on a state feedback. In testing the 0.22 kW wound
rotor induction motor, the experimental results were analyzed and compared with
simulation from no-load condition to rated condition.

Simon Abourida et. al [133] used RT-LAB to design and testing of electric drives
and power electronic systems and discussed Real-Time and Hardware-In-The Loop
simulation.

PC-based Real-Time (RT) simulator of an AC drive was developed by Masaya

Harakawa et. al [134] which was the fastest-ever-reported. The RT simulator was
used to simulate a complete PMSM drive circuit, In a Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL)
application. The real-time simulation cycle being as low as 10μs is the main
invention.
 40

For the control of power electronic systems a digital platform based on the new
trend of FPGA was presented by N. Praveen Kumar & V.T. Ranganathan [135].
Using this boardan open-loop induction motor drive was implemented and the
experimental results are presented.

A. Hazzabl, M. Zerbo et. al [136 & 137] used fuzzy gain adaptation of PI
controller (adaptive FLC-PI) and explained control of an induction motor. Good
performances of the proposed scheme were shown by Fuzzy Simulation and
experimental results when compared to the PI controller with fixed parameters.

Based on parallel and distributed real-time digital simulator, an advanced PC-

Cluster was developed and presented by M. Faruque & Venkata Dinavahi [138]. The
real-time simulator was used to simulate AC drive and the validated results against
an off-line simulation was done using PSCAD/EMTDC. Real-time simulation of the
entire system has been achieved on a step-size of 10 μs with a maximum computation
time of 5.35 μs.

For the real-time simulation of power electronic converters, the use of FPGA
hardware was described by Philippe Le-Huy et. al [139].

On FPGA platform the real-time simulation of DC machine is carried out and

important transient results are presented by K. Jayalakshmi & V. Ramanarayanan
[140].

M. Abdellatif et. al [141] designed and developed Vector PI (VPI) Regulator

implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).

Erkan Duman et. al [143] used a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device
to implement the real-time hardware of three-phase induction motor.

Gustavo G. Parma & Venkata Dinavahi [144] used a FPGA for a complete
induction machine drive and presented a digital hardware realization of a real-time
simulator. The simulated model was implemented for an IGBT based Voltage Source
Converter (VSC).

O.A.Mohammed et. al [145] developed a digital real time Hardware In Loop

(HIL) simulator of electric drive & system for research and education purpose. The
performance was analysed for DC drive and also for Scalar & Vector control of
Induction Motor drive.
 41

Kala Meah et.al [146] used dSPACE to demonstrate rapid control prototyping
Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) motor drive. The simulation results &
dSPACE/actual hardware results are compared here and presented.

Mohd Fakhizan bin Romlie et. al [147] used MATLAB / Simulink and presented
the algorithm to perform the PWM operation. By using the MATLAB/xPC target box,
it was then interfaced with the actual induction motor.

Grzegorz S et. al [148] based on of Scilab/Sciocs and PC described about Rapid

Control Prototyping (RCP) suit RCP was successfully used in servo controller which
is developed on PC platform and embedded ARM processor.

B. Subudhi et. al [149] used dSPACE 1104 for implementation of fuzzy based
vector control of induction motor. The performances of Fuzzy controller and PID
controller were compared.

The problems of the FPGA were solved by Yang Shu, Hui Li & Qian Wu [150]
and implemented in dSPACE to HIL simulation.

Satean Tunyasrirut et. al [151] introduced a modified slip energy recovery drive
system for speed control of a wound rotor induction motor offering improvement of
drive performance, particularly line power factor and overall system efficiency. The
overall control system is implemented on DSP, DS1104’TMS320F240 controller
board. Experimental results are illustrated to validate performance of the proposed
system.

The SVPWM technique in FPGA was analyzed and implemented by Prawin

Angel Michael & N. Devarajan [152]. The SVPWM pulses thus generated through the
FPGA tool is given as switching pulses to the VSI circuit to operate three phase
induction motor.

J.P.Zhao & J. Liu [153] used DSP (TMS320F2812) controller for modeling,
simulation and implementation of hardware v/f control of induction motor.

Stephane Simard et. al [154] used FPGA hardware to design, analyse and
implement vector control of 3-phase AC induction motor.

For performing real-time simulation of dynamic systems, S. Usenmez et. al [155]

focused on the development of an integrated software and hardware platform, using
FPGA for electrical machines in Hardware-In- Loop Simulation (HILS).
 42

By using a dSPACE DS1104 Digital Signal Processor (DSP), Mohamed Jemli et.
al [156] proposed Digital simulation and experimental implementation of an IRFOC
system for Single-Phase Induction Motor.

Simon Abourida & Jean Belanger [157] gives state-of-the-art technologies and
platform for real-time simulation and control of motor drives, power converters and
power systems. The implementation of the real time hardware is done by FPGA.

By using DSP (TMS320F2812) controller, L.J. Xue & J. Liu [158] presented the
simulation and hardware implementation of v/f control of induction motor.

Hardware-in-the-loop-based electronic test bed has been developed for load

simulation by Stefan Grubic et. al[159].The machine–load combination is replaced by
an appropriate mathematical model that is processed on a DSP, a coupling network,
and a test bed inverter. A quasi-LinVerter with significantly reduced output harmonics
is used as testbed inverter, which enables a better dynamic performance. The
speed/load profiles are limited by the output capability of the LinVerter prototype.

M. Abul Masrur et. al [160]designed, developed neural network system and

trained to detect and isolate the most common types of faults: single switch open
circuit faults, post short-circuits, short circuits and the unknown faults. The proposed
structured neural network system has the capability of real-time detection of any of
the faulty conditions mentioned above within 20 ms or less.

Adaptive fuzzy logic controller based on FPGA was designed and implemented
by Aws Abu-Khudhair et. al [161].

R. Arulmozhiyal et. al [162] implemented real time control of Induction Motor

drive by using dsPIC30F4011 with FLC. On the basis of the experimental results and
their analysis, it was found that normal step up, step down response can be used to
control speed of Induction Motor.

Christian Dufour et. al [163] discussed industrial applications of real time

simulation technologies and opportunities that exist to include them in modern
engineering education curricula.

J. Bélanger et. al [164] answered three fundamental questions: what is real-time

simulation; why is it needed and where does it best fit. This introduced the role and
 43

advantages of using real-time simulation and also further summarized the recent
evolution of real-time simulators.

Ying-Shieh Kung, et. al [165] designed and implemented fuzzy based speed
control of PMSM using FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). An experimental
system by FPGA chip, Nios processor and motor driving board was setup to validate
the performance of the proposed speed control PMSM drive.

A three-level 12-pulse Voltage Source Converter (VSC)-fed induction machine

drive is implemented using FPGA by Aung Myaing et. al [166].The simulator also
models a squirrel-cage induction machine, a direct field oriented control system, and a
pulse width modulator to achieve the real-time simulation of the complete drive
system. Using an FPGA as the main computational engine, has proposed a device-
level behavioural model of the IGBT-based VSC that can realistically reproduce the
nonlinear characteristics and losses. The model runs in real time at a time step of 12.5
ns.

Ahmed Rubaai, Paul Young [167] used MATLAB/SIMULINK and dSPACE

DSP proposed implementation of hardware of Fuzzy controller for high
performance motor drives and further compared the Simulation with hardware
results.

M. Abdesh Khan et. al [168] under system uncertainties for speed control of an
indirect field-oriented induction motor drive developed a wavelet based Multi-
Resolution Proportional Integral Derivative (MRPID) controller. In real-time using
the ds1102 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) board, the proposed MRPID controller for
the IM drive is implemented.

K.Vinoth Kumar et. al [169] by using DSP SVPWM technique implemented

three level inverter fed induction machine.

Speed control of Induction Motor compact fuzzy system based on DSP was used
by Marcelo Suetake et. al [170]. By using PI, PID and Fuzzy system for v/f control of
Induction Motor experimental implementation was done. It was concluded that the
performance of fuzzy was better when compared to PI & PID.
 44

By using dSPACE DS 1104 hardware/software, H. Akroum et. al [171] applied

open loop and closed loop v/f controlled Induction Motor Drive and
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment for educational purpose.

A. Myaing et. al [172] carried out comparison between the different models of
the IGBT for real time implementation of electric drive using FPGA. The entire
system included the controller and pulse width modulation (PWM) which is
implemented on a single FPGA using very high-speed description language in real-
time at a fixed time-step of 12.5 ns.

A.Abbou et. al [173 & 175] dealt with modeling and dSPACE implementation of
three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor control using the constant Volts per Hertz
principle and Rotor Flux Oriented Control (RFOC) strategy. A fuzzy PI controller is
used in the speed control loop. Experimental results are compared for two different
controls using a dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board based on digital
processor Texas Instruments TMS320F240 DSP. PI Fuzzy controller gives the system
good performance and good dynamic behavior of the system.

Metin Demirtas et. al [174] proposed Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for
tuning Proportional Integral (PI) coefficients for a Permanent Magnet Brushless
Direct Current (PMBLDC) motor drive. The simulation results are validated using
DSP TMS320F243 controller and shows that system is more stable as compared to
the conventional methods.

Anshul Agarwal et. al [176] simulated variable AC to AC power converter using

MATLAB. Simulation results are presented for both cycloconverter as well as for
cycloinverter. The simulated results are also validated with experimental results by
implementing the trigger controller circuit to generate trapezoidal modulated trigger
signal for matrix converter on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).

Pijus Kanti Sadhu et. al [177] described the development of a low cost, variable
voltage variable frequency sinusoidal power source based on microcontroller, which
is the demand of the day for various applications.

Nordin Saad, M.Arrofiq [178] to control speed of an induction motor a fuzzy-

hybrid control was designed & developed on an industrial controller. By using PLC,
this is implemented through constant v/f ratio control.
 45

A. Abbou et. al [179] using the constant volts per Hertz principle and Rotor Flux
Oriented Control (RFOC) Strategy, a three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor was
modeled and through dSPACE DS1104 controller it was implemented.

For educational purposes, by using dSPACE Pedro Ponce et. al [180] developed
the real time laboratory of induction motor drives. The most important control blocks
used in electric drives are evaluated in this laboratory setup in a short period of time
and complex control schemes such as Space Vector Modulation, Direct Torque
Control and v/f control for electric drives are easily understood and developed.

By using PIC microcontroller 18F4431 Mahmoud M. Gaballah [181]

demonstrated VSI fed induction motor drive based on SVPWM. SVPWM performs
better than any other PWM strategies and has proved from the experimental results
that it takes less computational time, i.e 1.66 times faster as compared to others.

By using Digital Signal Processor (DSP) for Induction Motor (IM) drive using
RTW and dSPACE Real-Time Interface (RTI), Ahmet Tekin et. al [182] developed an
Internet-based remote laboratory.

Abdesslam Lokriti et. al [183] simulated and implemented in real time an IP-self-
tuning controller tuned by a fuzzy adjustor to improve the speed control induction
machine. It was practically implemented on a dSPACE 1104 board with three
different speed controllers (the classical IP, the fuzzy-like-PI and the IP-self tuning),
for a 1.5 KW induction machine.

By using RT lab platform A. Idir & M. Kidouche [184], a real time simulation of
v/f controlled induction motor drive was presented. Demonstration of Rapid
prototyping of high performance machine controller has been done.

H. Akroum et.al [185] by using dSPACE DS1104 the v/f control of induction
motor drive has been designed and implemented.

M.S. Aspalli & Laxmi [186] in closed loop mode by using dsPIC30F2023
controller IGBT inverter fed induction motor drive has been analysed. It has been
shown from the experimental results that for variable frequency control of 3 phase
induction motor, the speed of the induction motor can be controlled by varying
frequency of applied voltage,.
 46

In open loop & closed loop mode Pabitra Kumar Behera et. al [187] simulated
v/f control of induction motor drive and comparison of results was done.

Govindasamy Renukadevi et. al [188] provided detailed analysis of FPGA

implementation of different SVPWM techniques namely medium, large and
combination of large and medium space vectors for five-phase VSI. The SVPWM
techniques are expressed in VHDL coding by using XILINX XC3SD1800A and
implemented in FPGA processor. The performance of a five-phase VSI is analysed
with the pulses obtained from the FPGA processor for the three different SVPWM
techniques. The experimental results are compared and the maximum output voltage
and minimum THD found in the large space-vector technique.

N. Venkataramana Naik et. al [189] presented Fuzzy-2 Direct Torque Control

(F2DTC) and Proportional–Integral Direct Torque Control (PIDTC) of an Induction
Motor Drive (IMD) using Bus-Clamped Space Vector Modulation (BCSVM). A
prototype controller is developed in the laboratory, and the control signals for both
PIDTC and F2DTC are generated by the DSPACE DS-1104 controller. The F2DTC
provides fewer ripples in flux and torque and less current total harmonic distortion
than the PIDTC. Moreover, F2DTC has fast dynamic performance of the IMD as
compared with PIDTC.

Rabi Narayan Mishra et. al [190] designed an adaptive neuro-fuzzy torque

controller applied to induction motor drive via decoupling feedback linearization for
enhancing the dynamic as well as the steady-state performance of induction motor
drive. The execution and effectiveness of controller based linearized induction motor
drive was investigated in MATLAB environment in various operating conditions and
the superiority of the controller is analysed and is contrasted with the conventional PI
controller based linearized induction motor. The system is also implemented on real
time system using DSP 2812 to validate the different control strategies.

Sanjeevi kumar Padmanaban et. al [191] developed a wavelet fuzzy speed

indirect field oriented controller for three-phase induction motor. For experimental
verification, a hardware prototype was implemented and the control algorithm is
framed using TMS320F2812 Digital Signal Processor (DSP). Both simulation and
hardware results presented show close agreement and conformity about the suitability
for industrial applications.
 47

2.6 MAIN OBJECTIVES & CONTRIBUTIONS OF THESIS

2.6.1 Objectives

This research focuses on artificial intelligence based real time control of induction
motor drive and study of the static and dynamic performance of induction motor. The
aim of this research work is to develop necessary simulation programs and models, to
analyze the static and dynamic analysis of induction motor using Artificial Intelligent
controller and their real time hardware implementation. The objectives are,

(a) Speed control of induction motor using Artificial Intelligence Techniques.

(b) Static and dynamic analysis of induction motor using Artificial Intelligent
controllers.
(c) To improve the transient and steady state response of induction motor drive
using Artificial Intelligent Controllers
(d) Real time control of the induction motor drive.

2.6.2 Contributions

In literature so far, Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques such as Fuzzy Logic

(FL), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System
(ANFIS) have been proposed to control the induction motor. Further, using dSPACE,
the AI based real time implementation of the SVPWM based VSI fed induction motor
drive has not been mentioned or presented by any of the authors. The static and
dynamic analysis of induction motor has been explained in the literature.

An experiment is conducted using dSPACE controller on low power prototype of

three-phase VSI based induction motor to validate the effectiveness of proposed AI
technique. By validating simulation results with that of the hardware results, the real
time performance of AI based induction motor is presented.

In the development of the above objectives, the following contributions are made:

(i) Review of literature is thoroughly done.

(ii) By using MATLAB/SIMULINK, Simulation of Induction Motor and

Mathematical Modeling is made.

(iii) For the existing control method, study is done like scalar control (v/f)of
induction motor.
 48

(iv) For small and high rating of motors using conventional controller Induction
motor is simulated.

(v) Induction motor drive is Simulated based on Space Vector PWM VSI .

(vi) In open loop and closed loop mode PI controller is used to simulate v/f
scalar control induction motor.

(vii) Fuzzy Logic, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy
Inference System (ANFIS) are the Artificial Intelligent (AI) controllers
which are designed and developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

(viii) For AI based induction motor drive Static and dynamic analysis is carried
out.

(ix) Under different operating conditions comparative analysis of different AI

techniques are performed.

(x) dSPACE controller is used for Hardware Implementation of the AI control

of Induction Motor.

2.7 CONCLUSION

Literature study on real time simulation techniques of electrical machine-drives

and its applications in modern engineering technologies has been presented. And also
an overview of the various real time control techniques and their application to the
electrical machine and drives are given in the chapter along with this the main
objectives and contributions of the present research work have been discussed.