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TELECOM BILLING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Telecom Billing Interview Questions

Are you ready to face the interview for Telecom billing jobs? Do not panic wisdom
jobs assist you with interview preparation? If you are not sure about the questions
that are asked by the interviewer then go through wisdom jobs interview questions
and answers page to crack the interview. Telecom billing is the billing software
with a set of communication providers that are responsible to collect consumption
data, calculate billing invoices and produce bills to the customers and manage
their debt collection. You find various job positions like billing associate,
billing clerk, billing executive, billing director etc. If you are interested to
work as billing assistant you need to create and send invoices and update records
with new payments and customer information. So, to get ready for the interview
below are the given telecom billing job interview questions and answers which will
surely make you to reach greater heights.
TELECOM BILLING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE - TELECOM BILLING

� Previous TopicsETL Test Scenarios are used to validate an ETL Testing Process.
The following table explains some of the most common scenarios and test-cases that
are used by ETL testers.
Test Scenarios Test-Cases

Structure Validation
Telecom Domain Testing: Protocol Testing And Telecom Testing Tools
Last Updated:November 10, 2019
Basic knowledge of Telecom Domain for Testers: Learn Telecom Testing (Protocol
Testing) with the best Telecom Testing Tools
Before moving deeply into Telecommunication (Telecom) domain, let us first

understand what a Domain is and why Domain Knowledge is important in the Software
Industry?
In those days, testing done was only specific to an application and there was no
much involvement of domain in it. But nowadays, with the advancement in technology,
demand, client expectation, etc., it is highly important to have the specific
domain knowledge to test a specific application.
Telecom testing
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What You Will Learn: [show]
Introduction
Domain knowledge is much essential for a tester because testers having domain
knowledge can test their respective software applications better than the others
who have little or no knowledge of the domain.
Domain means a specific industry like Banking, Insurance, Telecom etc. Usually
while developing any project or a software, domain knowledge is critical as the
entire software is dependent on the business logic for that specific industry.
Business logic is different for each industry, hence we require a domain expert who
is a master of the subject and knows the in-and-out of the project.
Advantages of Having Domain Knowledge

Domain knowledge is relatively important for testing any project.
The list given below shows the various advantages involved in having domain
knowledge:
#1) Reduces Training Time

If a tester has domain knowledge then only minimal training is required for them
and this, in turn, will save the cost and time of the project.
#2) Productivity
Any organization having testers with domain knowledge will be productive as testers
can understand any problem specific to their domain expertise very easily and
provide the exact solution to the problem by reducing the analysis time.
This will increase the productivity of the project as well as the organization.
#3) Good understanding of User Interface & back-end processing

A tester with an intense knowledge of domain can suggest the user interface (UI) of
an application from the end-user point of view. Also, they can identify the defects
at the early stage of testing with the help of their knowledge of back-end system.
If a tester has domain knowledge then they can think out of the box and can write
unique test cases which may raise valid questions on the current workflow of an
application.
#4) Knowledge of Technical Terms of the domain

Usually, a developer uses technical terms during a discussion, hence domain
knowledge will be helpful for a tester during such discussions. This will be an
added advantage to the testing team as well.
If a tester has domain knowledge then they can review the test cases technically
and suggest technical changes in the test case flow as per the business
requirement.
#5) Understanding of Business Processes and Rules

Testers with domain knowledge can participate in discussion with the business team
and development team. Their knowledge will play a vital role while representing an
organization in front of the client. Such testers having a detailed knowledge of
the domain processes and rules can easily spot issues in the requirement document.
#6) An Asset to the Organization

Testers with domain knowledge can play the role of a trainer to the new joiners in
the organization. This again saves costs for project and organization which
otherwise may require a special trainer for coaching.
Overview of Telecom Domain

Telecom industry is becoming a top performing industry in the last few years.
This industry has a unique set of challenges from the technology front and the
customer demands due to its wide range of sectors. Telecom industry consists of a
set of sectors like wireless communication, satellite communication, Internet
Service Provider etc.
Telecom industry builds, maintains and operates telecommunication network and

thereby makes communication possible globally through internet or phone for a human
being and this service plays a vital role in anyone�s life.
Business Processes in Telecom Industry

A good understanding of the business processes in a must for testing a telecom
project. This will help to test an end to end telecom application.
Telecom services are based on the below two systems:
#1) Operations Support Systems (OSS):

OSS supports back-office activities like telecom network, provisioning, maintaining
customer service, Inventory etc. Sometimes it also called as Operational Support
Systems.
#2) Business Support Systems (BSS):

BSS deals with Customer Relationship Manager (CRM) and processes such as generating
invoices, IVR�s Call Centers, taking orders, processing bills, collecting payments,
etc. Basically, customer-facing activities are involved in Business Support
Systems.
OSS and BSS are related to each other and that is explained clearly in the below
diagram:
OSS and BSS
BSS and OSS are separated as shown in above diagram in which passing the customer
data or request from the BSS to OSS and provides the required set-up, later
activation is done by the OSS and again details are passed on to the customer-
facing application from the BSS.
Understanding the following business processes in the Telecom industry is essential

while testing any telecom application:
#1) In the Telecom Industry, it�s the provider who wants to increase his customers
and for that purpose, the Telecom Service Provider (TSP) approaches to the
customers to provide a new service and checks if the customer is really interested
in his service.
#2) If a customer feels that the service is good and wants to go with a specific
service then the customer generates an inquiry. Here, basically, the customer is
more interested in the quotation of the service or plan.
#3) Once the customer is satisfied with the initial details and quotes provided by
the service provider then the customer orders a service to the TSP.
#4) Now its the service provider�s responsibility for technical evaluation as if
the service can be provided in that area or not, all requirements of a customer can
be fulfilled or not etc. After the successful evolution, TSP actually starts
working on the execution of the service request to the customer.
#5) TSP always tracks the order status, due to any reason if the order
implementation stops then the TSP takes priority to resolve the issue and continues
to give service to the customer. After all, in today�s world, customer satisfaction
holds the key to success.
#6) After successful implementation, client or customer starts using the services
and of course, billing also starts from the service provider�s end. The billing
will be generated as per the quotation provided earlier to the customer.
#7) For any technical problems, service assurance team will always be available to
support the customer service.
Telecom business process stated above is explained in detail using the below
diagram:
(Note: Click on the below image for an enlarged view)
Customer service representative
[image source]
Protocol Testing
In telecommunication, protocol means a set of rules which need to be followed when
two connections communicate with each other and these protocols exist at different
levels.
In the Telecom industry, Protocols are classified into two categories as shown
below:
#1) Routed Protocols:

In the Telecom industry, the user sends data from one network to another and this
data contains files, e-mails etc. Using this Routed protocols, the user can send
such data to a different network at a different location.
#2) Routing Protocols:

Different types of data can be transferred using Routers. Routing protocols are
used to decide the route of the routers and are used between the routers only.
Types of Protocols
Given below are the various types of Protocols:
#1) Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet protocol (TCP/IP):
This protocol is used to send information through the internet using packets.
#2) File Transfer Protocol (FTP):
It is used to transfer a file from one network to another network.
#3) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP):
During e-mail communication, this type of protocol is used to send & receive
emails.
#4) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
It is used to transfer HTML pages in an encrypted form.
#5) Layer 2 Protocol:
It is a Data Link Layer protocol. E.g. Ethernet, Token Ring.
It is a Network Layer Protocol. E.g. Internet Protocol.
Protocol Testing Process

Protocol Analyzer and Simulator are required for protocol testing. Here, analyzers
and simulators are required for testing the Switching application.
Protocol Analyzer checks the decoding of calls & Session Analysis and the Simulator
simulates different elements of the networking system.
Protocol Testing is carried out by the Device Under Test (DUT) to other devices
like switches, routers and configuring protocol in it.
In protocol testing, we check whether we get the packet X and when we expect it is
called �Correctness�. We also check the �Latency time� i.e. how much time a packet
takes for transit. �Bandwidth� is checked by using how many packets can be sent per
second.
The use case diagram given below will help you to understand the Protocol Testing
process:
Protocol Testing process
Sample Test Case for Protocol Testing

Show entriesSearch:
Step No Step description Expected Result
Step 1 Start the communication process Communication should be established
successfully
Step 2 On the command prompt, enter the command as �Ping-w� �Transmit
successful� message should be displayed
Step 3 To count the echo request, provide command as �Ping-n� System
should start pining and a message should be displayed as �Transmit successfully�
Showing 1 to 3 of 3 entriesPreviousNext
There are different activities that are to be performed while providing service to
the customers in the telecom industry.
The below details will show which department is responsible for which activities:
Show entriesSearch:
Telecom Department Activities associated with the department
Pre-sales It takes care of all the sales related activities like advertisements,
different kind of services, discounts applicable for each service, promos etc
Ordering This department deals with of any order such as an order for a new
connection or discontinuing of existing connection
Provisioning When Telecom Service Provider (TSP) approaches to the customer
for any new service and customer placed a request to start the service then
�Provisioning� department actually provides required connection to the customer
Billing When an order has been completed successfully by ordering and
provisioning team and the customer starts using the actual service then billing
also starts. In this department, all activities related to the billing take place
Service Assurance While using service if the customer has any technical problem
then this department comes into the picture. There is always team available for
issue resolution for the customer. In case of any technical failure, this team
resolves the problem
Inventory System Inventory system keeps all data like from customer inquiry, order
placed successful implementation of the order, customer satisfaction history,
customer�s issues, resolution of issues etc. This system acts as a storehouse of
all information
Testing Types Performed on Telecom Software or Project
The types of testing that are given below are performed on a Telecom software.
#1) Conformance Testing:

Conformance testing is a formal way for testing standards. Telecom testing is
spread across various network elements, protocols, and devices developed by
different organizations. These elements often refer each other and nowadays it is
important to ensure if the relevant data standards between two network systems are
maintained.
In Conformance testing, the following testing is performed:
Electrical interface compatibility

Conformance of transport layer
Conformance of protocols
#2) IVR Testing:
An IVR is �Interactive Voice Response� system which is the most important one in
telecom testing. IVR consists of different menus and each menu has different
choices. This type of testing is usually carried out over the phone. The user has
to dial the specific customer care number and the call will get transferred to the
customer care agent based on the choice selected by the user.
This type of system requires a comprehensive testing so that the users are not
confused about the options in the system and they are able to complete their
transaction hassle free. IVR system can be verified using voice and DTMF (Dual-tone
multi-frequency) response.
For Example, the steps mentioned below are involved to get the saving account
balance of the customer:
The user dials IVR line and hears welcome prompt and menu option.
IVR prompts for verification.
The user enters his or her credentials using DTMF system.
IVR plays menu options and press 1 for account information, 2 for funds transfer.
User inputs 1, for his account information.
IVR plays press 1 for the latest balance or 2 for the last 3 transactions.
The user enters 1 using DTMF.
IVR prompts for the customers latest available balance.
Further reading => IVR Testing detailed process
#3) Interconnection Testing:

The name itself explains that testing of connection of two separate networks or
their elements. The basic idea behind this type of testing is to check if the
connected elements communicate with each other properly and there is no technical
fault.
#4) Interoperability Testing:

Interoperability Testing means testing the devices developed by multiple
manufacturers and if these devices are interacting with other software and
equipment properly or not.
For Example, in interoperability testing, mobile phones are tested against the
requirement of different networks and they should work properly. Also, different
mobile networks must work properly with different mobile phones. This type of
testing can reveal the problems which conformance testing could not be able to
identify.
#5) Performance Testing:

Performance testing is the verification of a device under test which meets an
acceptable level under maximum load. Performance testing allows the device to
identify its capacity with maximum communication traffic.
#6) Security Testing:

Security testing is to penetrate the network and application using different tools
and technology and check if the system is free from vulnerability. This is also
used to test if any security breaches happened and if so then how much loss would
occur for the organization or to the product.
Security testing is also used to test how good security practice is implemented for
the product and how good the system is configurable.
Automation of Telecom Process

Due to the growing demand from the buyers and growing capabilities in the
technological field, testing is exponential for service providers and
telecommunication manufacturers. This is achieved by using automation framework for
an end to end testing which will increase the profitability.
Different testing types can be automated using automation framework like device
testing, network testing, system testing etc which in turn will increase the test
coverage and reduce the time for execution.
The robot-based framework is used for telecom-based testing. Robot Framework is a

test automation framework for acceptance testing. Robot framework is an open source
software and the libraries required with Robot framework for telecom testing are
also open sources.
An automated telecom solution provides consistent testing which can be customized

based on the project requirements.
Usually, Telecom Service Provider (TSP) takes around 6 to 8 months to complete all
the activities manually. These manual efforts introduce few error-prone results.
Automation in Telecom industry reduces the errors drastically and completes the
entire process flow within a short period of time.
Automation process guarantees the correct execution of telecom process flow which
gains the confidence of the customer.
Tools used during Telecom Testing Project
Given below are few tools that are used in telecom testing.
Show entriesSearch:
Tool Used in / Useful for
Wireshark / Ethereal It is an open source tool. It used in Protocol testing for
network troubleshooting, analysis.
Nethawk It is used for SS7 protocol testing
Etherpeek Used for IP testing
Glomosim simulator It is used to simulate wireless and wired network systems
Abacus5000 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) testing
Test Mobile System (TMS) It is a basic tool to perform wireless network drive
testing, analysis and monitoring
CDMA Air Interface Tester (CAIT) It is a network optimization tool used for
minimize the call drop and increase the coverage
Communication Network Tester (CNT) It is used for detecting terminals quickly and
rescue of multiple terminals
Note: Mentioned above are only a few tools that are used in telecom testing. There
are other varieties of tools as well that are used in telecom testing but here the
list is very limited and short.
Sample Test Case in Telecom testing

There are various testing types available in telecom testing as mentioned in the
above section. However, in this article, we will be covering the sample test case
of one of the functionality Billing System which includes various steps for
testing.
There are few pre-requisites that must be completed before the start of the test
like connection should already establish and the customer must have offered
different services etc.
Show entriesSearch:
Step 1 Validate that customer�s telephone number is registered under telecom
operator Customer�s telephone number should be registered with telecom operator
Step 2 Validate that the number is working and given number is of expected
number of digits (usually for mobile number, the digits are of 10 digits)
Telephone number should be of 10 digits and should be working
Step 3 Validate that the generated bill contains all accurate details of calls
with date and time The generated bill should contain accurate details of call
with respective date and time
Step 4 Validate that customer has paid all existing bills, if not then show it
on the front screen as per business requirement Existing un-paid bills should be
displayed on front screen
Step 5 Validate that if customer already paid some excess bill then the excess
amount should deduct from current bill and then display remaining bill to the
customer Current bill displayed to the customer should deduct excess amount paid
in last bill and the remaining bill should be displayed to the customer
Step 6 Validate that bill is generated only for those services which are
active on the customer�s number Bill should be generated for services which are
activated by customer
Step 7 Validate that if any of the service is stopped in-between the billing
cycle then bill should be generated for that service up to active date and not for
entire billing cycle Bill should be generated based on the pro-rata basis
Step 8 Validate that if any of the free service activated on the number then
it should be excluded from the billing usages Services which are free to the
customer should be excluded from the billing
Conclusion
The telecom industry includes various fields like network, protocols, wired
communication, wireless communication, broadband connection etc.
Hence in order to test such wide range of fields, one must have knowledge of the
domain and different kind of tools that are being used to carry out effective and
in-depth testing.
This article will give all the basic information about telecom domain to those who
are a newbie to the telecom domain.
Happy Reading!!
Recommended Reading
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How Domain knowledge is Important for testers?
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Tools)
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It involves validating the source and the target table structure as per the mapping
document.
Data type should be validated in the source and the target systems.
The length of data types in the source and the target system should be same.
Data field types and their format should be same in the source and the target
system.
Validating the column names in the target system.
Validating Mapping document

It involves validating the mapping document to ensure all the information has been
provided. The mapping document should have change log, maintain data types, length,
transformation rules, etc.
Validate Constraints
It involves validating the constraints and ensuring that they are applied on the
expected tables.
Data Consistency check
It involves checking the misuse of integrity constraints like Foreign Key.
The length and data type of an attribute may vary in different tables, though their
definition remains same at the semantic layer.
Data Completeness Validation
It involves checking if all the data is loaded to the target system from the source
system.
Counting the number of records in the source and the target systems.
Boundary value analysis.
Validating the unique values of primary keys.
Data Correctness Validation
It involves validating the values of data in the target system.
Misspelled or inaccurate data is found in table.
Null, Not Unique data is stored when you disable integrity constraint at the time
of import.
Data Transform validation
It involves creating a spreadsheet of scenarios for input values and expected

results and then validating with end-users.
Validating parent-child relationship in the data by creating scenarios.
Using data profiling to compare the range of values in each field.
Validating if the data types in the warehouse are same as mentioned in the data
model.
Data Quality Validation
It involves performing number check, date check, precision check, data check, Null
check, etc.
Example - Date format should be same for all the values.
Null Validation
It involves checking the Null values where Not Null is mentioned for that field.
Duplicate Validation
It involves validating duplicate values in the target system when data is coming
from multiple columns from the source system.
Validating primary keys and other columns if there is any duplicate values as per
the business requirement.
Date Validation check
Validating date field for various actions performed in ETL process.
Common test-cases to perform Date validation -
From_Date should not greater than To_Date
Format of date values should be proper.
Date values should not have any junk values or null values
Full Data Validation Minus Query
It involves validating full data set in the source and the target tables by using
minus query.
You need to perform both source minus target and target minus source.
If the minus query returns a value, that should be considered as mismatching rows.
You need to match the rows in source and target using the Intersect statement.
The count returned by Intersect should match with the individual counts of source
and target tables.
If the minus query returns no rows and the count intersect is less than the source
count or the target table count, then the table holds duplicate rows.
Other Test Scenarios
Other Test scenarios can be to verify that the extraction process did not extract
duplicate data from the source system.
The testing team will maintain a list of SQL statements that are run to validate
that no duplicate data have been extracted from the source systems.
Data Cleaning
Unwanted data should be removed before loading the data to the staging area.
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Telecom Billing Introduction

Next Topics �
Telecom Billing Products & Services
Telecom Billing Tariff Planning
Telecom Billing Customer Acquisition
Telecom Billing Interview Questions Interview Questions All Tutorials All Tutorials
All Tutorials Job Search
What is the architecture of billing system and what are the billing system
requirements?
Below diagram depicts the typical architecture of a Billing System
billing-system-architecture
Here, there are two possibilities

CRM (Customer Relationship Management)/OMOF (Order Management and Order
Fulfillment) system associates with the billing system and billing system
associates with the provisioning system to stipulate the services and network
inventory system as well to assign phone numbers or IP addresses, etc.
Second possibility could be that the CRM/OMOF system itself associates with
provisioning system to stipulate the services and network inventory system as well
to assign phone numbers or IP addresses, etc.
Typical Billing Process
Considering the above system architecture: ? when a call is ended, mediation system
will gather the usage data from the network switch and it will build a call-detail
record (CDR). This CDR should contain 'A' party number and 'B' party number, start
and the end date & times.
CDR will then be stored until it is rated. To rate a call, CDR will be examined to
check if the call is, for example, an 800 number, a local call covered by a local-
area calling plan, international call or a toll call. Information such as time of
the call will be placed and city code or country codes will be used for calculating
the rate for the call.
When each call is rated, this information will then be stored until the invoice is
run, usually once a month. When the invoice is run, other nonusage charges like
discounts or monthly fees will be applied to the bill or sometime called invoice.
There can be a rating time discount or billing time discount, different payments
done by the customers, different adjustments given, all these information
contribute in the final invoice generation.
This information will then be converted into a format which is printed in a

readable form. Finally envelope will be printed, stuffed with enclosures and mailed
to the end customer.
Billing System Requirements

Billing system consists of a series of independent applications which when run
together will be known as the billing system. A good billing system should provide
below major functionalities with a depth of flexibility
Customer-interface Management ? billing system should handle customer-initiated

contact, manage outbound customer contact and manage the contact life cycle.
Order Management ? It is a basic functionality which is available in a typical
billing system. Billing system should be competent enough to capture product &
service order and manage the order-entry life cycle, and oversee the order-
completion life cycle.
Sales and Marketing ? A satisfactory billing system is capable of answering
customer's query, handling commissions, providing sales support, tracking
prospects, managing campaigns, analyzing product performance and acquiring multiple
dwelling units.
Rate Plans and Rating ? Billing system should be capable of managing a variety of
products and services, different rate plans linked with those products and services
and should provide flexible ways to rate the usage generated by those products and
services.
Discounting ? Billing system should be capable of providing various types of
discounts on different usages and rentals.
Invoicing ? System should perform billing inquiry, generates bills, processes
deposits, performs account administration, maintains tax and fee information and
processes financial information.
Credit Control & Collection ? Billing system should control usage and revenue by
assigning different credit classes to different customers. System should support
payment collection and apply them on different invoices.
Multilingual Support ? Multilingual support includes providing invoices and
customer care services in multiple languages.
Multiple Currencies ? Multiple currencies used in different countries cause
difficulties to the billing system because the billing and customer care system
should be capable to record and process in units of multiple currencies.
Partner revenue management ? Partner revenue management is the sharing revenue
among carriers which provide services to each other's customers.
Problem Handling ? A billing system should also be capable of managing trouble-
ticket entry, coordinate trouble-ticket closure, and track the resolution progress
of a trouble ticket.
Performance Reporting ? A satisfactory system should provide performance reporting,
ensure quality-of-service (QoS) reporting, create management reports, and generate
regulatory reports.
Installation and Maintenance ? System should also provide workforce scheduling and
manage the activities performed at the customer premises.
Auditing & Security ? Billing system should perform data audits and integrity
checks because a secure system is always wanted by an operator.
Apart from the above functionalities, a good billing system should
Accelerate time-to-market for new service launches.

Enable convergent view of customers and products.
Support cost-efficient architectural scalability.
Enable partner relationship management and settlement.
Reduce total cost of ownership.
What is Next?
In the next chapter, we will try to cover the entire process starting from defining
products and services, associating plan and tariffs with those products, acquiring
customers (selling products to the end customers), capturing usage generated by
those customers, rating and billing of the usage to send a final bill to those
customers.
� Previous Topics
Next Topics �
Telecom Billing Related Interview Questions
Mobile Plant Operator Interview Questions Telecommunication Project Management
Interview Questions
Tele Sales Interview Questions Telecom Analytics Interview Questions
Telemarketing Interview Questions Telephone Etiquette Interview Questions
Voip Telephony Interview Questions
Telecom Billing Related Practice Tests
Mobile Plant Operator Practice Tests Telecommunication Project Management
Practice Tests
Tele Sales Practice Tests Telemarketing Practice Tests
Telephone Etiquette Practice Tests
Telecom Billing Tutorial
Telecom Billing

Telecom Billing System Architecture
Telecom Billing Usage Capturing
Telecom Billing Rating Processes
Telecom Billing Processes
Telecom Billing Discount Application
Telecom Billing Invoice Generation
Telecom Billing Credit Control
Telecom Billing Collection Process
Telecom Billing Payment Processing
Telecom Billing Disputes & Adjustments
Telecom Billing Reports Generation
Telecom Billing Pre-paid Vs Post-paid
Telecom Retail Billing
Telecom Interconnect Billing
Telecom Roaming Billing
Telecom Mvno Billing
Telecom Convergent Billing
Telecom Billing Support & Maintenance
Telecom Billing System Interfaces
Telecom Billing Interview Questions
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Telecom Billing Jobs
All Interview Questions

Question 1. What Do I Need To Do In Order To Change The Org Number For Certain
Phone Numbers?
Answer :
Submit a Pinnacle electronic "change" request for the affected number/s. If the
org change is to an org code that is not under your area of responsibility, then
you as the current Telecom Coordinator and the Telecom Coordinator responsible for
the new org code must sign and submit a fund/org change request form, found here.
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Telecom Domain Testing: Protocol Testing and Telecom Testing ToolsTelecom Domain
Testing: Protocol Testing And Telecom Testing Tools
Last Updated:November 10, 2019
Basic knowledge of Telecom Domain for Testers: Learn Telecom Testing (Protocol
Testing) with the best Telecom Testing Tools
Before moving deeply into Telecommunication (Telecom) domain, let us first

understand what a Domain is and why Domain Knowledge is important in the Software
Industry?
In those days, testing done was only specific to an application and there was no
much involvement of domain in it. But nowadays, with the advancement in technology,
demand, client expectation, etc., it is highly important to have the specific
domain knowledge to test a specific application.
Telecom testing
Primis Player Placeholder

What You Will Learn: [show]
Introduction
Domain knowledge is much essential for a tester because testers having domain
knowledge can test their respective software applications better than the others
who have little or no knowledge of the domain.
Domain means a specific industry like Banking, Insurance, Telecom etc. Usually
while developing any project or a software, domain knowledge is critical as the
entire software is dependent on the business logic for that specific industry.
Business logic is different for each industry, hence we require a domain expert who
is a master of the subject and knows the in-and-out of the project.
Advantages of Having Domain Knowledge

Domain knowledge is relatively important for testing any project.
The list given below shows the various advantages involved in having domain
knowledge:
#1) Reduces Training Time

If a tester has domain knowledge then only minimal training is required for them
and this, in turn, will save the cost and time of the project.
#2) Productivity
Any organization having testers with domain knowledge will be productive as testers
can understand any problem specific to their domain expertise very easily and
provide the exact solution to the problem by reducing the analysis time.
This will increase the productivity of the project as well as the organization.
#3) Good understanding of User Interface & back-end processing

A tester with an intense knowledge of domain can suggest the user interface (UI) of
an application from the end-user point of view. Also, they can identify the defects
at the early stage of testing with the help of their knowledge of back-end system.
If a tester has domain knowledge then they can think out of the box and can write
unique test cases which may raise valid questions on the current workflow of an
application.
#4) Knowledge of Technical Terms of the domain

Usually, a developer uses technical terms during a discussion, hence domain
knowledge will be helpful for a tester during such discussions. This will be an
added advantage to the testing team as well.
If a tester has domain knowledge then they can review the test cases technically
and suggest technical changes in the test case flow as per the business
requirement.
#5) Understanding of Business Processes and Rules

Testers with domain knowledge can participate in discussion with the business team
and development team. Their knowledge will play a vital role while representing an
organization in front of the client. Such testers having a detailed knowledge of
the domain processes and rules can easily spot issues in the requirement document.
#6) An Asset to the Organization

Testers with domain knowledge can play the role of a trainer to the new joiners in
the organization. This again saves costs for project and organization which
otherwise may require a special trainer for coaching.
Overview of Telecom Domain

Telecom industry is becoming a top performing industry in the last few years.
This industry has a unique set of challenges from the technology front and the
customer demands due to its wide range of sectors. Telecom industry consists of a
set of sectors like wireless communication, satellite communication, Internet
Service Provider etc.
Telecom industry builds, maintains and operates telecommunication network and

thereby makes communication possible globally through internet or phone for a human
being and this service plays a vital role in anyone�s life.
Business Processes in Telecom Industry

A good understanding of the business processes in a must for testing a telecom
project. This will help to test an end to end telecom application.
Telecom services are based on the below two systems:
#1) Operations Support Systems (OSS):

OSS supports back-office activities like telecom network, provisioning, maintaining
customer service, Inventory etc. Sometimes it also called as Operational Support
Systems.
#2) Business Support Systems (BSS):

BSS deals with Customer Relationship Manager (CRM) and processes such as generating
invoices, IVR�s Call Centers, taking orders, processing bills, collecting payments,
etc. Basically, customer-facing activities are involved in Business Support
Systems.
OSS and BSS are related to each other and that is explained clearly in the below
diagram:
OSS and BSS
BSS and OSS are separated as shown in above diagram in which passing the customer
data or request from the BSS to OSS and provides the required set-up, later
activation is done by the OSS and again details are passed on to the customer-
facing application from the BSS.
Understanding the following business processes in the Telecom industry is essential

while testing any telecom application:
#1) In the Telecom Industry, it�s the provider who wants to increase his customers
and for that purpose, the Telecom Service Provider (TSP) approaches to the
customers to provide a new service and checks if the customer is really interested
in his service.
#2) If a customer feels that the service is good and wants to go with a specific
service then the customer generates an inquiry. Here, basically, the customer is
more interested in the quotation of the service or plan.
#3) Once the customer is satisfied with the initial details and quotes provided by
the service provider then the customer orders a service to the TSP.
#4) Now its the service provider�s responsibility for technical evaluation as if
the service can be provided in that area or not, all requirements of a customer can
be fulfilled or not etc. After the successful evolution, TSP actually starts
working on the execution of the service request to the customer.
#5) TSP always tracks the order status, due to any reason if the order
implementation stops then the TSP takes priority to resolve the issue and continues
to give service to the customer. After all, in today�s world, customer satisfaction
holds the key to success.
#6) After successful implementation, client or customer starts using the services
and of course, billing also starts from the service provider�s end. The billing
will be generated as per the quotation provided earlier to the customer.
#7) For any technical problems, service assurance team will always be available to
support the customer service.
Telecom business process stated above is explained in detail using the below
diagram:
(Note: Click on the below image for an enlarged view)
Customer service representative
[image source]
Protocol Testing
In telecommunication, protocol means a set of rules which need to be followed when
two connections communicate with each other and these protocols exist at different
levels.
In the Telecom industry, Protocols are classified into two categories as shown
below:
#1) Routed Protocols:

In the Telecom industry, the user sends data from one network to another and this
data contains files, e-mails etc. Using this Routed protocols, the user can send
such data to a different network at a different location.
#2) Routing Protocols:

Different types of data can be transferred using Routers. Routing protocols are
used to decide the route of the routers and are used between the routers only.
Types of Protocols
Given below are the various types of Protocols:
#1) Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet protocol (TCP/IP):
This protocol is used to send information through the internet using packets.
#2) File Transfer Protocol (FTP):
It is used to transfer a file from one network to another network.
#3) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP):
During e-mail communication, this type of protocol is used to send & receive
emails.
#4) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):

It is used to transfer HTML pages in an encrypted form.
It is a Data Link Layer protocol. E.g. Ethernet, Token Ring.
It is a Network Layer Protocol. E.g. Internet Protocol.
Protocol Testing Process

Protocol Analyzer and Simulator are required for protocol testing. Here, analyzers
and simulators are required for testing the Switching application.
Protocol Analyzer checks the decoding of calls & Session Analysis and the Simulator
simulates different elements of the networking system.
Protocol Testing is carried out by the Device Under Test (DUT) to other devices
like switches, routers and configuring protocol in it.
In protocol testing, we check whether we get the packet X and when we expect it is
called �Correctness�. We also check the �Latency time� i.e. how much time a packet
takes for transit. �Bandwidth� is checked by using how many packets can be sent per
second.
The use case diagram given below will help you to understand the Protocol Testing
process:
Protocol Testing process
Sample Test Case for Protocol Testing

Show entriesSearch:
Step 1 Start the communication process Communication should be established
successfully
Step 2 On the command prompt, enter the command as �Ping-w� �Transmit
successful� message should be displayed
Step 3 To count the echo request, provide command as �Ping-n� System
should start pining and a message should be displayed as �Transmit successfully�
There are different activities that are to be performed while providing service to
the customers in the telecom industry.
The below details will show which department is responsible for which activities:
Show entriesSearch:
Telecom Department Activities associated with the department
Pre-sales It takes care of all the sales related activities like advertisements,
different kind of services, discounts applicable for each service, promos etc
Ordering This department deals with of any order such as an order for a new
connection or discontinuing of existing connection
Provisioning When Telecom Service Provider (TSP) approaches to the customer
for any new service and customer placed a request to start the service then
�Provisioning� department actually provides required connection to the customer
Billing When an order has been completed successfully by ordering and
provisioning team and the customer starts using the actual service then billing
also starts. In this department, all activities related to the billing take place
Service Assurance While using service if the customer has any technical problem
then this department comes into the picture. There is always team available for
issue resolution for the customer. In case of any technical failure, this team
resolves the problem
Inventory System Inventory system keeps all data like from customer inquiry, order
placed successful implementation of the order, customer satisfaction history,
customer�s issues, resolution of issues etc. This system acts as a storehouse of
all information
Testing Types Performed on Telecom Software or Project
The types of testing that are given below are performed on a Telecom software.
#1) Conformance Testing:

Conformance testing is a formal way for testing standards. Telecom testing is
spread across various network elements, protocols, and devices developed by
different organizations. These elements often refer each other and nowadays it is
important to ensure if the relevant data standards between two network systems are
maintained.
In Conformance testing, the following testing is performed:
Electrical interface compatibility

Conformance of transport layer
Conformance of protocols
#2) IVR Testing:
An IVR is �Interactive Voice Response� system which is the most important one in
telecom testing. IVR consists of different menus and each menu has different
choices. This type of testing is usually carried out over the phone. The user has
to dial the specific customer care number and the call will get transferred to the
customer care agent based on the choice selected by the user.
This type of system requires a comprehensive testing so that the users are not
confused about the options in the system and they are able to complete their
transaction hassle free. IVR system can be verified using voice and DTMF (Dual-tone
multi-frequency) response.
For Example, the steps mentioned below are involved to get the saving account
balance of the customer:
The user dials IVR line and hears welcome prompt and menu option.
IVR prompts for verification.
The user enters his or her credentials using DTMF system.
IVR plays menu options and press 1 for account information, 2 for funds transfer.
User inputs 1, for his account information.
IVR plays press 1 for the latest balance or 2 for the last 3 transactions.
The user enters 1 using DTMF.
IVR prompts for the customers latest available balance.
Further reading => IVR Testing detailed process
#3) Interconnection Testing:

The name itself explains that testing of connection of two separate networks or
their elements. The basic idea behind this type of testing is to check if the
connected elements communicate with each other properly and there is no technical
fault.
#4) Interoperability Testing:

Interoperability Testing means testing the devices developed by multiple
manufacturers and if these devices are interacting with other software and
equipment properly or not.
For Example, in interoperability testing, mobile phones are tested against the
requirement of different networks and they should work properly. Also, different
mobile networks must work properly with different mobile phones. This type of
testing can reveal the problems which conformance testing could not be able to
identify.
#5) Performance Testing:

Performance testing is the verification of a device under test which meets an
acceptable level under maximum load. Performance testing allows the device to
identify its capacity with maximum communication traffic.
#6) Security Testing:

Security testing is to penetrate the network and application using different tools
and technology and check if the system is free from vulnerability. This is also
used to test if any security breaches happened and if so then how much loss would
occur for the organization or to the product.
Security testing is also used to test how good security practice is implemented for
the product and how good the system is configurable.
Automation of Telecom Process

Due to the growing demand from the buyers and growing capabilities in the
technological field, testing is exponential for service providers and
telecommunication manufacturers. This is achieved by using automation framework for
an end to end testing which will increase the profitability.
Different testing types can be automated using automation framework like device
testing, network testing, system testing etc which in turn will increase the test
coverage and reduce the time for execution.
The robot-based framework is used for telecom-based testing. Robot Framework is a

test automation framework for acceptance testing. Robot framework is an open source
software and the libraries required with Robot framework for telecom testing are
also open sources.
An automated telecom solution provides consistent testing which can be customized

based on the project requirements.
Usually, Telecom Service Provider (TSP) takes around 6 to 8 months to complete all
the activities manually. These manual efforts introduce few error-prone results.
Automation in Telecom industry reduces the errors drastically and completes the
entire process flow within a short period of time.
Automation process guarantees the correct execution of telecom process flow which
gains the confidence of the customer.
Tools used during Telecom Testing Project
Given below are few tools that are used in telecom testing.
Show entriesSearch:
Tool Used in / Useful for
Wireshark / Ethereal It is an open source tool. It used in Protocol testing for
network troubleshooting, analysis.
Nethawk It is used for SS7 protocol testing
Etherpeek Used for IP testing
Glomosim simulator It is used to simulate wireless and wired network systems
Abacus5000 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) testing
Test Mobile System (TMS) It is a basic tool to perform wireless network drive
testing, analysis and monitoring
CDMA Air Interface Tester (CAIT) It is a network optimization tool used for
minimize the call drop and increase the coverage
Communication Network Tester (CNT) It is used for detecting terminals quickly and
rescue of multiple terminals
Note: Mentioned above are only a few tools that are used in telecom testing. There
are other varieties of tools as well that are used in telecom testing but here the
list is very limited and short.
Sample Test Case in Telecom testing

There are various testing types available in telecom testing as mentioned in the
above section. However, in this article, we will be covering the sample test case
of one of the functionality Billing System which includes various steps for
testing.
There are few pre-requisites that must be completed before the start of the test
like connection should already establish and the customer must have offered
different services etc.
Show entriesSearch:
Step 1 Validate that customer�s telephone number is registered under telecom
operator Customer�s telephone number should be registered with telecom operator
Step 2 Validate that the number is working and given number is of expected
number of digits (usually for mobile number, the digits are of 10 digits)
Telephone number should be of 10 digits and should be working
Step 3 Validate that the generated bill contains all accurate details of calls
with date and time The generated bill should contain accurate details of call
with respective date and time
Step 4 Validate that customer has paid all existing bills, if not then show it
on the front screen as per business requirement Existing un-paid bills should be
displayed on front screen
Step 5 Validate that if customer already paid some excess bill then the excess
amount should deduct from current bill and then display remaining bill to the
customer Current bill displayed to the customer should deduct excess amount paid
in last bill and the remaining bill should be displayed to the customer
Step 6 Validate that bill is generated only for those services which are
active on the customer�s number Bill should be generated for services which are
activated by customer
Step 7 Validate that if any of the service is stopped in-between the billing
cycle then bill should be generated for that service up to active date and not for
entire billing cycle Bill should be generated based on the pro-rata basis
Step 8 Validate that if any of the free service activated on the number then
it should be excluded from the billing usages Services which are free to the
customer should be excluded from the billing
Conclusion
The telecom industry includes various fields like network, protocols, wired
communication, wireless communication, broadband connection etc.
Hence in order to test such wide range of fields, one must have knowledge of the
domain and different kind of tools that are being used to carry out effective and
in-depth testing.
This article will give all the basic information about telecom domain to those who
are a newbie to the telecom domain.
Happy Reading!!
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#1) Reduces Training Time.

#2) Productivity.
#3) Good understanding of User Interface & back-end processing.
#4) Knowledge of Technical Terms of the domain.
#5) Understanding of Business Processes and Rules.
#6) An Asset to the Organization.
Nov 10, 2019
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Question 2. What Is Meant By Mrc And Occ?
Answer :
MRC stands for Monthly Recurring Charges and usually does not vary from month to
month. It reflects charges for telephone, mobile, and voice mail services. OCC
stands for Other Charges and Credits. An entry in this category could represent
labor charges for the installation of a computer, the cost of equipment
replacement, or a credit for phone calls, as a few examples.
Mobile Plant Operator Interview Questions

Question 3. How Do I Access The Monthly Telecom Bills?
Answer :
Only authorized users, for the most part, Telecom Coordinators and budget
personnel, have the ability to access the online bill. The user's NETID and Mesa
password are used to access the system.
Question 4. I Am Going To Be Traveling Internationally. What Are My Options For

Placing Calls To Other Countries While Traveling Internationally, Or Calling Back
To My University Office From Overseas?
Answer :
A faculty or staff member who uses a wireless communication device when traveling
internationally for Mason business should seek approval for international coverage
from his/her Supervisor and then request data and/or a text plan from his/her
wireless communication provider for the duration of the trip. The costs for the
international service should then be included on the Travel Reimbursement Voucher
and the appropriate monthly statement(s) should be attached.
Question 5. If I Am Away From The University, And Need To Call Back To The Office
Or My Department, Can I Make A Collect Call To The University?
Answer :
No, all university telephone numbers have been programmed to block collect calls.
Telecommunication Project Management Interview Questions

Question 6. I Use My Personal Cell Phone For University Business. How Can I Request
A Stipend?
Answer :
Eligibility for a wireless communication device stipend is determined by each unit

based on budget availability and on a position-by-position basis.
Question 7. I Use My Ipad (or Other Wireless Device) For University Business. How
Can I Request A Stipend?
Answer :
Stipends are not available for iPads; however most cell phones can be used as
hotspots for devices like iPads. You should request a stipend for business use of
wireless communication devices to cover any additional cost associated with cell
phone data usage or �hotspot� enabling. Individuals should be mindful of the cost
associated with data plans charged to their department while also receiving a
stipend for a personal wireless communication device.
Tele Sales Interview Questions

Question 8. What Are My Options For Using A Conference Bridge?
Answer :
There are two options for a conference bridge. You can utilize the services of VITA
(Virginia Information Technology Agency), or you can use the self-service
conference bridge offered by George Mason.
Question 9. I Am Unable To Place A Long Distance Call From My Phone?
Answer :
It is possible your phone set is blocked from placing long distance calls. Contact
your Telecom Coordinator to verify the calling capability of your phone set. If
the calling capability needs to be changed, your Telecom Coordinator needs to
submit an electronic Pinnacle "change" request asking that the class of service be
changed for that extension.
Telecom Analytics Interview Questions

Question 10. I Share An Extension And Have My Own Voice Mailbox, But The Indicator
Light Doesn't Work. What Do I Do?
Answer :
Message waiting indicator lights will NEVER come on for those who share an
extension. We recommend that those users check their voice mail at least once each
day.
Question 11. My Phone Rings Too Many Times Before The Call Goes To Voice Mail. How
Do I Change The Number Of Rings On My Phone?
Answer :
Contact your Telecom Coordinator and he/she can request a change to your ring
count.
There are three options: 5 rings, 4 rings and 2 rings.
Telemarketing Interview Questions

Question 12. I'm A New Employee At George Mason University And I Cannot Access My
Voice Mail. What Do I Do?
Answer :
Contact your Telecom Coordinator and have him/her submit a request via our online
system.
Mobile Plant Operator Interview Questions

Question 13. How Do I Forward My Phone To Voice Mail?
Answer :
Single line set: To Activate -- Lift handset, dial *02, hear regular dial tone.
Dial 5-digit extension where calls will be sent, hang up. To Cancel -- Lift
handset, dial *03, hear regular dial tone, hang up.
Multi-line set: To Activate -- Without lifting the handset, press Forward key
(indicator flashes) and dial the 5-digit phone number where calls will be sent.
Press Forward key again (indicator becomes steady). To Cancel -- Without lifting
the handset, press Forward key (indicator goes off). To Reactivate -- To forward to
the number that was previously programmed, press Forward key twice (indicator
becomes steady).
Question 14. How Can I Get My Indicator Light To Work? I Don't Share An Extension.
Answer :
Have your Telecom Coordinator submit an incident ticket through Pinnacle with your
name and telephone number your indicator will be reset and a test message will be
sent into your mailbox to reactivate it.
Question 15. How Do I Get The Date And Time To Play On My Messages?
Answer :
For time stamp information on one message, press seven two and the system will play
the envelope information, giving date and time of call, recorded name of user or
mailbox number (if name has not been recorded). To have the date and time feature
enabled for all messages, have your Telecom Coordinator input a voice mail request
via our online system.
Telephone Etiquette Interview Questions

Question 16. I Share An Extension With A Co-worker And I Cannot Access My Voice
Mail. The Prompt Says I Am Entering The Wrong Security Code.
Answer :
After pressing your message key or dialing extension 3-7900 from your office phone,
you will receive a prompt to enter the mailbox number. You must enter your
individual seven digit mailbox number and then press #. This number usually starts
with 100xxxx or 101xxxx. Then, enter your password followed by #.
Question 17. I Recorded An Out-of-office Greeting And Now I Can't Remove It. What
Do I Do?
Answer :
Access your voice mailbox. If you recorded a temporary greeting, the system will
tell you that a temporary greeting is being used. Press 8 2 3 and, when prompted,
press 7 6 to delete it.
Voip Telephony Interview Questions

Question 18. I Do Not Recognize A Company Listed On My Bill. Who Are They, And Why
Are They Billing Me?
Answer :
Your bill must include the name and toll-free telephone number of any company that
has charged you for its services, along with the charges for those services. If you
don't recognize the company or have questions about the Services for which you've
been billed, call the company to ask for more information about the services. Some
service providers do not bill their customers directly, so they must contract with
local companies to bill for them. These service providers send us your usage data
electronically, and we use that information to bill on their behalf. Increasingly,
telemarketers and scam artists use customers' phone numbers to post unauthorized
and fraudulent charges in the data sent to us for billing. These charges can be for
many things, but the result is that the charges are included in the billing data.
We have no way to monitor its accuracy. The billing rules are intended to make sure
that the format of your bill helps you more easily identify any unauthorized or
fraudulent charges.
Telecommunication Project Management Interview Questions

Question 19. Why Are The Charges From Each Company Listed Separately On My Bill?
Answer :
The TIB rules require that we organize your bill so that charges from each company
billing you for service appear separately.
For example, if you have chosen one long-distance company for your in-region
(intraLATA) long- distance calls and another for your out-of-region and state-to-
state (interLATA) calls, your bill will list the calls with each company
separately.
Question 20. A Company Has Listed Charges On My Bill For Telephone-related Services
That I Do Not Understand, And The Description Is Unclear. How Can I Get Them
Explained?
Answer :
You may find charges on your bill that are not from your local company. The name
and toll-free number of the company charging you for telephone-related services is
listed in the section where those charges appear. You should call that company and
ask for an explanation. You can also dispute the charges and request that the
company remove them from your bill. As your local company, we remind you that as
part of our service commitment, our business office is always available if you have
questions about your bill. If you have any difficulty in contacting the service
providers listed on your bill, or if you're not satisfied with the response they
give you, we' help you resolve the problem.
Question 21. There Is A Statement On My Bill That Says, "this Company Did Not Bill
You For Services In The Previous Billing Cycle." What Does That Mean?
Answer :
In its rules, the FCC ordered that customers be notified of a "new" service
provider any time a bill includes charges from a company that did not bill the
customer for services in the previous billing cycle. However, such notification
applies only to "subscribed" services; i.e., when a service provider has a
continuing relationship with a customer and likely places regular or periodic
charges on your bill. For example, long-distance surcharges, voicemail, Internet
access, and other services that continue until you terminate them, are subject to
the notification rule. On the other hand, services billed on a per- transaction
basis, such as directory assistance, dial-around (10-10) toll calls, and other
"non-recurring" pay-per-call services, are not subject to the notification
requirements.
Question 22. If I Want To Dispute A Charge That Appears On My Bill - And Don't Pay
The Charge While I'm Disputing It - How Will I Know If My Local Service Will Be
Disrupted?
Answer :
We identify all charges on your bill that, if not paid, could result in the
disconnection of your basic local service; such services are listed as "deniable"
charges. Our (STATE PUC) designates the individual charges we must classify as
"deniable," and those charges are identified on your bill. Non-payment of other,
"non-deniable" charges can result in the termination of that specific service, but
will not lead to the disconnection of basic local service. If you don't recognize
the charges, you should call the toll-free number listed on the bill within 60 days
to ensure there is no interruption of the service in question.
Question 23. I Am Confused About Some Of The Toll-free Numbers Listed On My Bill.
Is The Actual Service Provider Always The Appropriate Party For Me To Contact?
Answer :
Some service providers bill you directly. Others use third parties, known as
"billing agents" or "aggregators," to bill for them. Thus, the actual service
provider is not always the appropriate party to contact if you have questions or
problems. In fact, some service providers have contracted with third-party billing
agents or aggregators just to handle inquiry and dispute resolution of the charges
placed on your bill.
The rules require that the toll-free number listed on your bill as the "inquiry
contact" - regardless of whether it's for the actual provider, a billing agent, or
an aggregator - must connect you to someone who has "sufficient knowledge and
authority" to resolve account inquiries and requests for adjustment. The FCC
allows the use of inquiry contacts because of consumer concerns about the
complexity of their bills and because of increased fraud and abuse.
Question 24. Are Service Providers Required To List Their Business Address? How Can
I Contact A Provider If I'm Not Satisfied With The Resolution Reached On The Phone?
Answer :
Service providers are not required to include their business address on each
telephone bill for the receipt of consumer inquiries and complaints. However, they
are required to make their business address available to consumers on request
through their toll-free number.
Tele Sales Interview Questions

Question 25. What Is The Basic Local Service Rate And How Is It Billed?
Answer :
In most cases, the basic local service rate covers your dial tone - the service
connection that allows you to make and receive local (non-toll) calls. Failure to
pay the basic local service rate and applicable taxes and fees will result in
disconnection and loss of service.
Local telephone service is billed one month in advance - and is usually due within
10 days after receipt. Charges for usage, on the other hand, are billed after a
particular service; e.g., long-distance calls, calling-card, wireless, etc. is
used.
Question 26. Why Did The Fcc Authorize Increases In The Federal Slc?
Answer :
As part of its effort to promote competition, the FCC reviewed the rules and
regulations that govern the telephone industry and decided to rebalance rates and
charges. The SLC increases reflect the FCC's belief that end-user customers should
be more directly responsible for the costs necessary to provide them service and
that the "access charges" paid by long-distance companies should be reduced. In
2000, the FCC authorized the first in a series of SLC increases for the large local
companies. Reasoning that rural customers should pay the same levels of subscriber
line charges as urban customers, the FCC expanded the SLC changes to community
based telecom providers in 2001.
Question 27. What Is The Federal Universal Service Charge (fusc)?
Answer :
The "Federal Universal Service Charge" (FUSC), also authorized by the FCC, is not
part of your local service rate; the charge helps to keep rates affordable for all
Americans, regardless of where they live. The amount of the FUSC on your monthly
bill depends on the services you order and the number of telephone lines you have.
Generally, the surcharge is applied per line. In July 2002, the FCC authorized an
increase in the FUSC to $0.46 per month per line. And in July 2003, FUSC charge
became 9.1% of the SLC charge.
The federal government has established national programs to support universal

telephone service. The federal Universal Service Fund assists with the costs of
providing "affordable" telecommunications service to low-income individuals and to
residents in rural, high-cost areas. In addition, Congress has expanded the
program to help schools, libraries, and rural health care providers obtain leading-
edge services, such as high-speed Internet access. All providers of telecom
services contribute to the support of these universal service programs.
Telecom Analytics Interview Questions

Question 28. Where Do The Federal Slc And Fusc Fees Go?
Answer :
The federal SLC and FUSC fees go to federal administrative agencies created to
oversee and manage the funds. The federal SLC fees are re-distributed to local
telephone companies based on our specific costs. These funds enable us, and other
local companies and cooperatives in hard-to-serve, high-cost areas, to recover some
of the costs of the facilities we use to connect your home or business. The FUSC
fees allow us to recover our contribution assessments for the federal universal
service programs. A portion of the funds collected from the Federal Universal
Service Charge is distributed to keep rates in high-cost rural areas at or near the
national average.
Question 29. What Does "universal Service" Mean To Me?
Answer :
For almost 70 years, the nation has made a policy commitment to make telephone
service available to as many Americans as possible - rich or poor, rural or urban.
When Congress passed the Communications Act in 1934, it established the concept of
universal service as a principle to promote the development and reach of the
national telephone network by distributing costs across various services and users
in order to connect all segments of the American public.
Universal service recognizes the economic reality that the cost of providing
telephone service in rural areas such as where Public Service Telephone operates,
is significantly higher than in well-populated, urban parts of the country, but
that the nation as a whole benefits from a network that connects to as many
Americans as possible. We can look on universal service as a system by which
everyone benefits because everyone else has a telephone. Because of universal
service, independent companies serving high-cost rural areas have been assured of
appropriate recognition of their costs, and Americans have been assured of quality
telephone service at reasonable rates, no matter where they live.
Question 30. How Does The Universal Service Support System Work?
Answer :
Traditionally, long-distance carriers paid access charges to local companies for

"access" to the local network to enable customers to make or receive long- distance
calls. These access-charge dollars reflect a legitimate business cost, compensating
local companies for the long-distance carriers' use of our networks. Universal
service support and access charge revenues are essential to community based telecom
providers.
These programs help companies serving rural areas keep local rates affordable and
comparable to rates in urban areas where the population is more densely clustered
and costs are not as high. We continue to rely on this support today, given the
costs of the equipment and facilities necessary to make new and advanced services
available to rural customers.
Question 31. Do All Local Telephone Companies Receive Universal Service Support?
Answer :
No, all local companies do not qualify for this support. While most telecom
providers contribute to universal service, companies that serve large, urban
markets are not likely to qualify for support from the federal Universal Service
Fund. Companies that serve large cities such as Chicago, for example, and other
urban areas usually do not qualify for universal service support. This, through
their SLC and FUCHS payments, customers of the large urban-based companies help
keep local rates "comparable" and "affordable" for those served by community based
providers and other rural companies. This mutual social benefit is the very
objective that universal service was designed to achieve.

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TELECOM BILLING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Telecom Billing Interview Questions

TELECOM BILLING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE - TELECOM BILLING

Test Scenarios Test-Cases

Before moving deeply into Telecommunication (Telecom) domain, let us first

Primis Player Placeholder

What You Will Learn: [show]

Advantages of Having Domain Knowledge

#1) Reduces Training Time

#3) Good understanding of User Interface & back-end processing

#4) Knowledge of Technical Terms of the domain

#5) Understanding of Business Processes and Rules

#6) An Asset to the Organization

Overview of Telecom Domain

Telecom industry builds, maintains and operates telecommunication network and

Business Processes in Telecom Industry

#1) Operations Support Systems (OSS):

#2) Business Support Systems (BSS):

OSS and BSS

Understanding the following business processes in the Telecom industry is essential

Customer service representative

#1) Routed Protocols:

#2) Routing Protocols:

#1) Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet protocol (TCP/IP):

#2) File Transfer Protocol (FTP):

It is used to transfer a file from one network to another network.

#3) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP):

#4) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):

It is used to transfer HTML pages in an encrypted form.

#5) Layer 2 Protocol:

It is a Data Link Layer protocol. E.g. Ethernet, Token Ring.

#6) Layer 3 Protocol:

It is a Network Layer Protocol. E.g. Internet Protocol.

Protocol Testing Process

Protocol Testing process

Sample Test Case for Protocol Testing

#1) Conformance Testing:

In Conformance testing, the following testing is performed:

Electrical interface compatibility

#3) Interconnection Testing:

#4) Interoperability Testing:

#5) Performance Testing:

#6) Security Testing:

Automation of Telecom Process

The robot-based framework is used for telecom-based testing. Robot Framework is a

An automated telecom solution provides consistent testing which can be customized

Sample Test Case in Telecom testing

Validating the column names in the target system.

Validating Mapping document

Data Consistency check

It involves checking the misuse of integrity constraints like Foreign Key.

Data Completeness Validation

Boundary value analysis.

Validating the unique values of primary keys.

Data Correctness Validation

It involves validating the values of data in the target system.

Misspelled or inaccurate data is found in table.

Data Transform validation

It involves creating a spreadsheet of scenarios for input values and expected

Validating parent-child relationship in the data by creating scenarios.

Using data profiling to compare the range of values in each field.

Data Quality Validation

Example - Date format should be same for all the values.