A.

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

1. Copper tubing is the preferred choice of plumbers ------- noncorrosive.

(A) since it is
(B) because of
(C) it is
(D) insofar as

2. ------- "cultural diffusion" refers to the spread of customs or practices from one culture to another.
(A) To phrase
(B) Phrased
(C) To the phrase
(D) The phrase

3. ------- born, a baby kangaroo measures less than three inches in length.
(A) One is
(B) When is one
(C) Is one
(D) When it is

4. ------- daily promotes physical as well as emotional well-being in people of all ages.
(A) Having exercised
(B) Those who exercise
(C) Exercising
(D) For exercising

5. The financial manager's job ------ among the many sources of finance for the best interest rates available.
(A) to shop around is
(B) to shop around it is
(C) is it to shop around
(D) is to shop around

6. Spectrographs ------- possible for phoneticians to analyze the human voice and its speech qualities.
(A) make
(B) make it
(C) makes it
(D) are made

7. Trace minerals are ------- are elements needed in greater quantities.

(A) as important to healthy human tissue as
(B) most important to healthy human tissue
(C) to healthy human tissue as important
(D) important to healthy human tissue

8. Balinese cats, which are a cross between Siamese and long-haired cats, ------- medium length silky coats of fur.
(A) they have (B) have
(C) which have (D) having

9. ----- when a person doesn't eat enough fruit and vegetables.

(A) Depleting gradually, potassium can occur
(B) Gradual potassium depletion can occur
(C) Since potassium can gradually be depleted
(D) Since gradually depleting potassium can occur

10. Anthropologist Guy Swenson ------- that witchcraft beliefs are prevalent in societies in which social groups
interact without formal mechanisms for social control.
(A) he found
(B) found
(C) finding
(D) was found

16. One important agent of erosion is the glacier, which is an accumulated of snow slowly pressed into ice.
A B C D
17. Ethnolinguists study language as it relates to society, culture, and human behaving.
A B C D
18. It has long been known as an entire cluster of galaxies may sometimes lie buried within a vast, dense ball of gas.
A B C D
19. Paleoanthropologists believe that prehistoric man was innate a gentle, cooperative, food-sharing creature.
A B C D
 20. Many corporate advisors feel that companies that provide their employees with recreational time and facilities safe
A B C D
money on health insurance in the long run.

21. Metal and glass containers can be recycled, and several states are currently contemplating mandatory recycling laws
A B C
for either.
D
22. The desire to species preservation is a primary motivator for many kinds of animal behavior, including reproduction.
A B C D
23. In 1987, molecular biologist L. Mark Lagrimini of Ohio State University cloned the gene in that
A B
codes for a type of peroxidase found in tobacco plants.
C D
24. To fit on an ecosystem, an organism must be able to adapt or become a part of it.
A B C D
25. Arteries with poorly blood flow can leave the heart muscle starved for oxygen, a condition that often leads to heart
A B C D
attack.

26. Christopher Columbus first seen Native Americans when he discovered the Caribbean Islands on October 12,1492.
A B C D
27. Alpine Saint Bernards are too good at following the scent of humans, even in snow, that they are used by ski patrols as rescue
A B C D
dogs.

28. The writing of Elizabeth Stoddard was praised by her contemporaries because they was
A B
dramatic and direct, possessing a frankness unlike that of most other writing of the time.
C D
29. Newspapers metropolitan that pride themselves on the quality of their opinion articles often have large staffs to write and
A B C
edit the editorial page.
D
30. Theoretical biologist Aristid Lindenmayer is known for him description of the developmental processes in multicellular
A B C D
structures.

B. READING COMPREHENSION

Questions 1-11
Swans are among the most beautiful of North American waterfowl and have
always enjoyed the admiration and even the protection of bird lovers. Of the six
species in the swan genus, only two are native to North America. The trumpeter
Line swan, the largest of the group, breeds in the northern United States and Alaska,
(5) and was nearly wiped out during the nineteenth century craze for elaborately
feathered hats. The whistling swan, which winters in large flocks on the
Chesapeake Bay, has recently been renamed the tundra swan because it breeds
and summers on the northernmost tundra regions of the continent.
Recently, populations of mute swans—an exotic species introduced to North
(10) America from Europe in the early 1900s—have begun increasing by an alarming
30 to 40 percent annually in some states. Most wildlife biologists today believe the
majestic white creatures, with their tendency to destroy a pond's plant life and
drive away native waterfowl, might create havoc on the scale of the gypsy moth,
starling, or English sparrow.
(15) Both native species of swans are wild and require large areas of uninhabited
summer ground for nesting and feeding. Mutes, however, semi-domesticated
and accustomed to people, can nest in pairs of as many as three or four on one
small coastal pond, which can burden delicate and environmentally essential
brackish waters. Furthermore, mute swans usually form lifelong pair bonds and
(20) after selecting a pond, they make it their permanent home. Wildlife reserve
managers have had little success in relocating mute swans to different ponds after
the pair has established itself in one location.

1. The author's main purpose in this passage is to

(A) interest people in wildlife biology
(B) describe swans of North America
(C) prevent extinction of a swan species
(D) forewarn an environmental problem
2. According to the passage, the main issue concerning
mute swans is that they are 7. Which swan was close to extinction?
(A) not native to North America (A) The mute swan
(B) semi-domesticated (B) The whistling swan
(C) increasing very rapidly (C) The tmmpeter swan
(D) possessive of their habitat (D) The tundra swan

3. The phrase "wiped out" in line 5 is closest in meaning to 8. The phrase "majestic white creatures" in line 12 refers to
(A) miscalculated (A) mute swans
(B) admired (B) trumpeter swans
(C) cleaned up (C) whistling swans
(D) killed off (D) swans in general

4. The phrase "an alarming 30-40 percent" in lines 10-11 9. The word "burden" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
is closest in meaning to (A) isolate
(A) a general 30-40 percent (B) regulate
(B) a worrisome 30-40 percent (C) endanger
(C) an established 30-40 percent (D) beautify
(D) a conservative 30-40 percent
10. From the passage it can be concluded that mute swans are
5. The author states that the native species of swans can live best (A) more numerous than other types of swans
(A) in close contact with people (B) a problem for coastal ponds
(B) in the southern part of the United States (C) welcome in most parts of North America
(C) in unpopulated areas (D) unattractive in appearance
(D) in a similar habitat to mute swans
11. It can be inferred from the passage that the author
6. The passage comments on all features of swans EXCEPT their (A) approves of all swans
(A) life span (B) is concerned about mute swans
(B) breeding and nesting habits (C) is a wildlife biologist
(C) habitats (D) prefers trumpeter swans
(D) origins

Questions 12-18
Writing is arguably the most important invention in human history. The
opportunity for human knowledge to build on other knowledge is severely
limited without the medium of writing. Not only does writing allow a
Line permanence to human thought but also a complexity and scope to human
(5) expression that seem barely possible without it.
The earliest known artifacts that could be considered writing by the loosest
definition are the famous and extraordinarily beautiful 20,000-year-old "cave
paintings" in southern France and northern Spain. The pictures, mostly of animals
but with some human figures, possibly tell some sort of story or may merely be
pictures with expressive, magical, or religious purpose. Other assorted pictures
(10) have been found antedating the rise of the great civilizations of the Near East, but
the earliest artifacts that are clearly writing date from about only 5,500 years ago in
Mesopotamia.
The earliest system of writing is usually attributed to the Sumerians of
Mesopotamia during the end of the fourth millennium B.C. There, officials of such
(15) Sumerian city-states as Uruk had developed a system of recording numerals,
pictographs, and ideographs on specially prepared clay surfaces.
Although the clay blanks used by the Uruk scribes are universally referred to as
tablets, a word with the connotation of flatness, they are actually convex.
Individual characters were inscribed in the clay by means of a stylus made of
(20) wood, bone, or ivory, with one end blunt and the other pointed. The characters
were basically of two kinds. Numerical signs were impressed into the clay; all
other signs, pictographs, and ideographs alike, were incised with the pointed end
of the stylus. The repertory of characters used by the Uruk scribes was large; it is
estimated at no fewer than 1,500 separate signs.

12. This passage mainly discusses (B) it encouraged complexity of thinking

(A) "cave paintings" as an expressive achievement (C) it began in Mesopotamia
(B) early writing systems (D) it allowed human thought to be permanently recorded
(C) the Uruk culture in Mesopotamia
(D) writing instruments of the Uruk scribes 14. The phrase "attributed to" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) blamed on
13. According to the passage, the invention of writing was (B) credited to
important for all of the following reasons EXCEPT (C) characterized by
(A) it allowed for the development of human knowledge (D) replaced by
15. The word "incised" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) painted
(B) erased
(C) cut
(D) embroidered

16. Which of the following terms does NOT refer to something

on which early writing was inscribed?
(A) Clay surfaces
(B) Characters
(C) Clay blanks
(D) Tablets

17. According to the passage, how were pictographs recorded?

(A) They were cut into the clay.
(B) They were painted onto the surface.
(C) They were pressed into the clay.
(D) They were brushed onto the surface.

18. The word "repertory" in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) arrangement
(B) composition
(C) understanding
(D) number