Blacktown Boys’ High School

2018
HSC Trial Examination

Mathematics Extension 1
General • Reading time – 5 minutes
Instructions • Working time – 2 hours
• Write using black pen
• NESA approved calculators may be used
• A reference sheet is provided for this paper
• All diagrams are not drawn to scale
• In Questions 11 – 14, show relevant mathematical reasoning and/or
calculations

Total marks: Section I – 10 marks (pages 3 – 6)

70 • Attempt Questions 1 – 10
• Allow about 15 minutes for this section

Section II – 60 marks (pages 7 – 11)

• Attempt Questions 11 – 14
• Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this section

Assessor: X. Chirgwin

Student Name: _________________________________________

Teacher Name: _________________________________________

Students are advised that this is a trial examination only and cannot in any way guarantee the
content or format of the 2018 Higher School Certificate Examination.
BBHS 2018 HSC Mathematics Extension 1 Trial Examination

Section I

10 marks
Attempt Questions 1–10

Use the multiple choice answer sheet provided on page 13 for Questions 1–10.

1 Which of the following is an expression for � sin2 8𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ?

1 1
A. 𝑥𝑥 + sin 16𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
2 32

1 1
B. 𝑥𝑥 − sin 16𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
2 32

1 1
C. 𝑥𝑥 + sin 8𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
2 16

1 1
D. 𝑥𝑥 − sin 8𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
2 16

5
2 Given that 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = + 3.
𝑥𝑥 + 2
The equations of the asymptotes of the graph of the inverse function 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥) are:

A. 𝑥𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦𝑦 = 3

B. 𝑥𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦𝑦 = −3

C. 𝑥𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦𝑦 = −2

D. 𝑥𝑥 = −3 and 𝑦𝑦 = −2

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BBHS 2018 HSC Mathematics Extension 1 Trial Examination

1 𝜋𝜋
3 Which of the following is the range of the function 𝑦𝑦 = cos−1 𝑥𝑥 − ?
2 2

𝜋𝜋
A. 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤
2

B. 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 𝜋𝜋

𝜋𝜋
C. − ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 0
2

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
D. − ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤
2 2

4 How many arrangements in a row of the letters of the word AMPLITUDE are
possible if all the vowels are together in any order?

A. 6! × 4!

B. 5! × 4!

C. 9!

D. 4!

5 In what ratio does the point 𝑅𝑅(8, −1) divides the interval 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, where 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are
(−4, 3) and (5, 0) respectively?

A. −1 ∶ 4

B. −4 ∶ 1

C. 4∶1

D. 1∶4

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BBHS 2018 HSC Mathematics Extension 1 Trial Examination

6 The displacement 𝑥𝑥 of a particle at time 𝑡𝑡 is given by 𝑥𝑥 = 6 sin 5𝑡𝑡 + 8 cos 5𝑡𝑡 . What
is the greatest speed of the particle?

A. 70

B. 50

C. 30

D. 10

7 In the diagram, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is a tangent to the circle at the point 𝑃𝑃, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is a tangent to the
circle at the point 𝑄𝑄, and 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 is a tangent to the circle at the point 𝑅𝑅. Find the exact
length of 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 if 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 6 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.

A. 6 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

B. 9 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

C. 12 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

D. 15 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

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BBHS 2018 HSC Mathematics Extension 1 Trial Examination
𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟
8 Which expression is equal to 𝑛𝑛 ?
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟

𝑛𝑛!
A.
(𝑛𝑛 − 𝑟𝑟)!

𝑛𝑛!
B.
𝑟𝑟!

1
C.
𝑟𝑟!

D. 𝑟𝑟!

9 Let |𝑝𝑝| ≤ 1, what is the general solution of cos 2𝑥𝑥 = 𝑝𝑝 ?

cos−1 𝑝𝑝
A. 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ± , 𝑛𝑛 is an integer
2

𝑝𝑝
B. 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ± cos−1 , 𝑛𝑛 is an integer
2

𝑝𝑝
C. 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ± cos −1 , 𝑛𝑛 is an integer
2

𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + (−1)𝑛𝑛 cos −1 𝑝𝑝

D. 𝑥𝑥 = , 𝑛𝑛 is an integer
2

10 The velocity 𝑣𝑣 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −1 of a particle moving in a straight line is governed by the

equation 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥 − 3, where 𝑥𝑥 is its displacement. Initially, the particle was at
𝑥𝑥 = 7 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. What is the displacement function of this particle?

A. 𝑥𝑥 = 7 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡

B. 𝑥𝑥 = 7𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡

C. 𝑥𝑥 = 3 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡

D. 𝑥𝑥 = 3 + 4𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡

End of Section I

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BBHS 2018 HSC Mathematics Extension 1 Trial Examination

Section II
60 Marks
Attempt Questions 11–14
Answer each question on a SEPARATE writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.

In Questions 11–14, your responses should include relevant mathematical reasoning and/or
calculations.

Question 11 (15 marks) Use a SEPARATE writing booklet.

4𝑥𝑥
a) Solve <2. 2
𝑥𝑥 + 5

b) Find the acute angle between the lines 𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑦𝑦 = 0 and 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − 3 = 0 . 2
Leave your answer to the nearest minute.

𝑑𝑑
c) Find (𝑥𝑥 sin−1 𝑥𝑥 + sin−1 𝑥𝑥) 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

d) The variable point (5 cos 𝜃𝜃 , 5 sin 𝜃𝜃) lies on a curve. Find the Cartesian 2
equation of this curve.

𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃𝜃
e) i) Prove that cot � � = . 2
2 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃

𝜃𝜃 5
ii) Hence find the exact value of cot � � given that sin 𝜃𝜃 = and 2
2 6
𝜋𝜋
< 𝜃𝜃 < 𝜋𝜋 .
2

√3
ln
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝜋𝜋
f) Use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 2𝑒𝑒 to show that � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = . 3
ln
1 1 + 4𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 24
2

End of Questions 11

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BBHS 2018 HSC Mathematics Extension 1 Trial Examination

Question 12 (15 marks) Use a SEPARATE writing booklet.

a) Consider the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = log 𝑒𝑒 (2𝑥𝑥 − 1) + 𝑥𝑥 3 + 1.

i) Show that a root exists between 𝑥𝑥 = 0.6 and 𝑥𝑥 = 0.7. 1

ii) Use one application of Newton’s method, starting at 𝑥𝑥 = 0.6, to find 2

another approximation of this root correct to 3 significant figures.

b) The equation 3𝑥𝑥 3 − 7𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0 has roots 𝛼𝛼, 𝛽𝛽 and 𝛾𝛾. Find the value of:
1 1 1
i) + + 2
𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽 𝛾𝛾

ii) 𝛼𝛼 2 + 𝛽𝛽 2 + 𝛾𝛾 2 2

c) A Mathematics club consists of 20 members, of which there are 11 men and

9 women. A committee of four people is to be chosen randomly.
i) How many committees can there be if there is to be equal numbers 1
of men and women on the committee?
ii) How many committees can there be if, regardless of their gender, 1
the four-member committee must contain the eldest and youngest
member of the club?

1 5 3 16
d) Find an expression for the constant term in the expansion of �𝑥𝑥 − � . 3
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥

e) Newton’s law of cooling states that the rate of cooling of a body is

proportional to the excess of the temperature of a body above the
surrounding temperature.
The temperature of a bowl of soup satisfies an equation of the form
𝑇𝑇 = 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 where 𝑇𝑇 is the temperature of the soup, 𝑡𝑡 is time in minutes,
𝐴𝐴 and 𝑘𝑘 are constants, and 𝐵𝐵 is the temperature of the surroundings.
The bowl of soup cools from 96°𝐶𝐶 to 88°𝐶𝐶 in 3 minutes in a room of
temperature 25°𝐶𝐶.

i) Find the exact values of 𝐴𝐴 and 𝑘𝑘. 2

ii) Find the temperature of the bowl of soup, to the nearest degree, after 1
a further 10 minutes have passed.

End of Questions 12

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BBHS 2018 HSC Mathematics Extension 1 Trial Examination

Question 13 (15 marks) Use a SEPARATE writing booklet.

a) The acceleration of a particle moving in a straight line is given by

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥 98
= −
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2 𝑥𝑥 2
when 𝑥𝑥 metres is the displacement from the origin after 𝑡𝑡 seconds. When
𝑡𝑡 = 0, the particle is 4 metres to the right of the origin with a velocity of 7
metres per second.
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 1 2
You may use the result
2
= � 𝑣𝑣 � .
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
14
i) Show that the velocity, 𝑣𝑣, of the particle, in terms of 𝑥𝑥, is 𝑣𝑣 = . 3
√𝑥𝑥
ii) Find an expression for 𝑡𝑡 in terms of 𝑥𝑥. 2

iii) How many seconds does it take for the particle to reach a point 121 1
metres to the right of the origin?
iv) Find the displacement of the particle after 15 seconds. Round your 1
answer to the nearest metre.

b) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is a cyclic quadrilateral in which 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, and 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 is produced to 𝐸𝐸.

Not to
Scale

Copy or trace the diagram into your writing booklet.

i) Explain why ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴. 1

ii) Hence or otherwise, prove that 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 bisects ∠𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 . 2

Question 13 continues on page 10

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BBHS 2018 HSC Mathematics Extension 1 Trial Examination

Question 13 (continued)

c) i) Prove by mathematical induction that for all integers 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 1, 3

1
12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑛2 = 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛𝑛 + 1) .
6
ii) Use this result to show that 22 + 42 + 62 + ⋯ + 1002 = 171700 . 1

iii) Hence evaluate 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ + 992 . 1

End of Questions 13

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BBHS 2018 HSC Mathematics Extension 1 Trial Examination

Question 14 (15 marks) Use a SEPARATE writing booklet.

a) A man standing 100 metres from the base of a high-rise building observes
an external lift moving up the outside wall of the building at a constant rate
of 6.5 metres per second.
i) If 𝜃𝜃 radians is the angle of elevation of the lift from the observer, 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 13 cos2 𝜃𝜃
show that = .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 200

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
ii) Evaluate at the instant when the lift is 40 metres above the 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
observer’s horizontal line of vision.

b) The point 𝑃𝑃(2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝2 ) lies on the parabola 𝑥𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. 𝑆𝑆(0, 𝑎𝑎) is the focus of
the parabola. The normal to the parabola at 𝑃𝑃 meets the 𝑦𝑦-axis at 𝑅𝑅.
i) Given that the equation of the normal at 𝑃𝑃 is 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝3 + 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 1
(DO NOT PROVE THIS). Find the coordinates of 𝑅𝑅.

ii) 𝑁𝑁 lies on 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 so that 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ⊥ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃. Find the coordinates of 𝑁𝑁. 2

iii) Show that, as 𝑃𝑃 moves along the parabola, the locus of 𝑁𝑁 is another 2
parabola. Find the vertex and focus of this parabola.

c) A projectile is fired from the origin 𝑂𝑂 with velocity 𝑉𝑉 and with angle of
𝜋𝜋
elevation 𝜃𝜃, where 𝜃𝜃 ≠ . You may assume that
2
1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 and 𝑦𝑦 = − 𝑔𝑔𝑡𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 sin 𝜃𝜃 ,
2
where 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 are the horizontal and vertical displacements of the projectile
in metres from 𝑂𝑂 at time 𝑡𝑡 seconds after firing.

i) Show that the equation of flight of the projectile can be written as 2

1 2 𝑉𝑉 2
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝜃𝜃 − 𝑥𝑥 (1 + tan2 𝜃𝜃) , where ℎ = .
4ℎ 2𝑔𝑔

ii) Show that the point (𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌), where 𝑋𝑋 ≠ 0, can be hit by firing at two 2
different angles 𝜃𝜃1 and 𝜃𝜃2 provided 𝑋𝑋 2 < 4ℎ(ℎ − 𝑌𝑌) .

iii) Show that no point above the 𝑥𝑥-axis can be hit by firing at two 2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
different angles 𝜃𝜃1 and 𝜃𝜃2 , satisfying 𝜃𝜃1 < and 𝜃𝜃2 < .
4 4

End of Paper

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 2018 Mathematics Extension 1 Trial Solutions
Section 1

1 B 1 Mark
� sin2 8𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
= � (1 − cos 16𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
1 1
= �𝑥𝑥 − sin 16𝑥𝑥� + 𝐶𝐶
2 16
1 1
= 𝑥𝑥 − sin 16𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
2 32

2 C 1 Mark
5
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = +3
𝑥𝑥 + 2
Asymptotes of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) are 𝑥𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦𝑦 = 3
Asymptotes of 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥) are 𝑥𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦𝑦 = −2

3 C 1 Mark
1 𝜋𝜋
𝑦𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥𝑥 −
2 2
Range for:
𝑦𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥𝑥 → 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 𝜋𝜋
1 𝜋𝜋
𝑦𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥𝑥 → 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤
2 2
1 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝑦𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥𝑥 − → − ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 0
2 2 2

4 A 1 Mark
4 vowels, A, I, U, E 4! ways of arranging all the vowels
1 group of vowels and 5 other letters 6! × 4!

5 B 1 Mark
Let the ratio be 𝑘𝑘: 1
5𝑘𝑘 + (−4) × 1
8=
𝑘𝑘 + 1
8𝑘𝑘 + 8 = 5𝑘𝑘 − 4
3𝑘𝑘 = −12
𝑘𝑘 = −4
∴ −4 ∶ 1

6 B 1 Mark
𝑥𝑥 = 6 sin 5𝑡𝑡 + 8 cos 5𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥̇ = 30 cos 5𝑡𝑡 − 40 sin 5𝑡𝑡
Amplitude (greatest speed) = √302 + 402 = 50

7 C 1 Mark
Let 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐; 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 6 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐; 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
(two tangents from an external point have equal lengths)
𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 2 + 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵2 (Pythagoras’ Theorem)
(6 + 3)2 + (3 + 𝑥𝑥)2 = (6 + 𝑥𝑥)2
81 + 9 + 6𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2 = 36 + 12𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2
6𝑥𝑥 = 54
𝑥𝑥 = 9
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 9 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 3 + 9 = 12 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
8 D 1 Mark
𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛! 𝑛𝑛!
𝑛𝑛 = ÷
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 (𝑛𝑛 − 𝑟𝑟)! (𝑛𝑛 − 𝑟𝑟)! 𝑟𝑟!
𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛! (𝑛𝑛 − 𝑟𝑟)! 𝑟𝑟!
𝑛𝑛 = ×
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 (𝑛𝑛 − 𝑟𝑟)! 𝑛𝑛!
𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑟𝑟!
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟

9 A 1 Mark
cos 2𝑥𝑥 = 𝑝𝑝
2𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ± cos−1 𝑝𝑝
1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ± cos−1 𝑝𝑝
2

10 D 1 Mark
When 𝑡𝑡 = 0, 𝑥𝑥 = 7
Only B or D are possible.
In D,
𝑥𝑥 = 3 + 4𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣 = = 4𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥 − 3
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥 − 3
Section 2

Q11 a) 4𝑥𝑥 2 Marks

<2 𝑥𝑥 ≠ −5
𝑥𝑥 + 5 Correct solution
4𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 5) < 2(𝑥𝑥 + 5)2
4𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 5) − 2(𝑥𝑥 + 5)2 < 0 1 Mark
(𝑥𝑥 + 5)�4𝑥𝑥 − 2(𝑥𝑥 + 5)� < 0 Correctly identifies 5
(𝑥𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥𝑥 − 10) < 0 and −5 as important, or
(𝑥𝑥 + 5)(𝑥𝑥 − 5) < 0 equivalent merit
−5 < 𝑥𝑥 < 5

Q11 b) 𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑦𝑦 = 0 2 Marks

1 Correct solution
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
5
1 1 Mark
𝑚𝑚1 =
5 Correctly identifies the
2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − 3 = 0 gradients of both lines
𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑥 + 3 and attempts to
𝑚𝑚2 = −2
substitute into the
formula
1
− (−2)
tan 𝜃𝜃 = � 5 �
1
1 + × (−2)
5
11
tan 𝜃𝜃 =
3
𝜃𝜃 = 74°44′ 41.57′′
𝜃𝜃 = 74°45′ (nearest minute)

Q11 c) 𝑑𝑑 2 Marks
(𝑥𝑥 sin−1 𝑥𝑥 + sin−1 𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Correct solution
𝑑𝑑
= �(𝑥𝑥 + 1) sin−1 𝑥𝑥�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 Mark
𝑥𝑥 + 1 Differentiate sin−1 𝑥𝑥
= sin−1 𝑥𝑥 +
√1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 correctly

Q11 d) 𝑥𝑥 = 5 cos 𝜃𝜃 2 Marks

𝑥𝑥 Correct solution
cos 𝜃𝜃 =
5
𝑦𝑦 = 5 sin 𝜃𝜃 1 Mark
𝑦𝑦
sin 𝜃𝜃 = Makes significant
5
progress to eliminate 𝜃𝜃
sin2 𝜃𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃𝜃 = 1
𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 2
� � +� � =1
5 5
𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 2
+ =1
25 25
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 25

Q11 e) i) Let 𝑡𝑡 = tan 2

𝜃𝜃 2 Marks
2𝑡𝑡 Correct solution
sin 𝜃𝜃 1 + 𝑡𝑡 2
= 1 Mark
1 − cos 𝜃𝜃 1 − 𝑡𝑡 2
1− Correct substitution of 𝑡𝑡
1 + 𝑡𝑡 2
sin 𝜃𝜃 2𝑡𝑡 formula
=
1 − cos 𝜃𝜃 1 + 𝑡𝑡 − (1 − 𝑡𝑡 2 )
2
sin 𝜃𝜃 2𝑡𝑡
= 2
1 − cos 𝜃𝜃 2𝑡𝑡
sin 𝜃𝜃 1
==
1 − cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑡𝑡
 sin 𝜃𝜃 1
=
1 − cos 𝜃𝜃 tan �𝜃𝜃 �
2
sin 𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃
= cot � �
1 − cos 𝜃𝜃 2

Q11 e) ii) 𝜋𝜋 2 Marks

< 𝜃𝜃 < 𝜋𝜋
2 Correct solution
5
sin 𝜃𝜃 =
6 1 Mark
√11 Find the correct exact
cos 𝜃𝜃 = −
6 value of cos 𝜃𝜃
𝜋𝜋 𝜃𝜃 𝜋𝜋
< <
4 2 2
𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃𝜃
cot � � =
2 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃
5
𝜃𝜃 6
cot � � =
2 √11
1 − �− 6 �
5
𝜃𝜃 6
cot � � =
2 6 + √11
6
𝜃𝜃 5
cot � � =
2 6 + √11

Q11 f) ln
√3 3 Marks
2 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
𝐼𝐼 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Correct solution
ln
1 1 + 4𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
2
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 2𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 2 Marks
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Correct primitive
function
√3
𝑥𝑥 = ln , 𝑢𝑢 = √3 1 Mark
2
1 Obtains 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 = ln , 𝑢𝑢 = 1
2 and correct boundary
values in terms of 𝑢𝑢
√3 rather than 𝑥𝑥
1 ln 2 2𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
𝐼𝐼 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 ln1 1 + (2𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 )2
2
1 √3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐼𝐼 = �
2 1 1 + 𝑢𝑢2
1
𝐼𝐼 = [tan−1 (𝑢𝑢)]1√3
2
1
𝐼𝐼 = �tan−1 √3 − tan−1 1�
2
1 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝐼𝐼 = � − �
2 3 4
𝜋𝜋
𝐼𝐼 =
24

Q12 a) i) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = log 𝑒𝑒 (2𝑥𝑥 − 1) + 𝑥𝑥 3 + 1 1 Mark

𝑓𝑓(0.6) = log 𝑒𝑒 (2 × 0.6 − 1) + 0.63 + 1 = −0.3934 … Correction solution
𝑓𝑓(0.6) < 0
𝑓𝑓(0.7) = log 𝑒𝑒 (2 × 0.7 − 1) + 0.73 + 1 = 0.4267 …
𝑓𝑓(0.7) > 0
Since there is a sign change, and the function is continuous for
0.6 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 0.7, therefore there exist a root between 0.6 and 0.7.
Q12 a) ii) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = log 𝑒𝑒 (2𝑥𝑥 − 1) + 𝑥𝑥 3 + 1 2 Marks
𝑓𝑓(0.6) = log 𝑒𝑒 (2 × 0.6 − 1) + 0.63 + 1 Correct solution

2
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = + 3𝑥𝑥 2
2𝑥𝑥 − 1 1 Mark
2 Correct differentiation
𝑓𝑓 ′ (0.6) = + 3 × 0.62
2 × 0.6 − 1 of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) and substitution
of 0.6
𝑓𝑓(0.6)
𝑥𝑥 = 0.6 −
𝑓𝑓 ′ (0.6)
log 𝑒𝑒 (2 × 0.6 − 1) + 0.63 + 1
𝑥𝑥 = 0.6 −
2 2
2 × 0.6 − 1 + 3 × 0.6
𝑥𝑥 = 0.6355 …
𝑥𝑥 = 0.636 (3 significant figures)

Q12 b) i) 3𝑥𝑥 3 − 7𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0 2 Marks

𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 + 𝛾𝛾 = 0 Correct solution
7
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 = −
3 1 Mark
2 Obtains correct sum
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 =
3 and product of roots
1 1 1 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
+ + =
𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽 𝛾𝛾 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
7
1 1 1 −3
+ + =
𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽 𝛾𝛾 2
3
1 1 1 7
+ + =−
𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽 𝛾𝛾 2

Q12 b) ii) 𝛼𝛼 2 + 𝛽𝛽 2 + 𝛾𝛾 2 = (𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 + 𝛾𝛾)2 − 2(𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽) 2 Marks

7 Correct solution
𝛼𝛼 2 + 𝛽𝛽 2 + 𝛾𝛾 2 = 0 − 2 × −
3
14 1 Mark
𝛼𝛼 2 + 𝛽𝛽 2 + 𝛾𝛾 2 =
3 Correct manipulation of
the algebraic expression

Q12 c) i) Choosing 2 men from 11 men and 2 women from 9 women 1 Mark
11
𝐶𝐶2 × 9𝐶𝐶2 = 1980 Correct solution

Q12 c) ii) 2 member has already been set, so only choosing 2 people from the 1 Mark
left over 18 people. Correct solution
18
𝐶𝐶2 = 153

Q12 d) 3 16
16 3 Marks
�𝑥𝑥 − � = � 16𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 (𝑥𝑥 5 )16−𝑘𝑘 (−3𝑥𝑥 −1 )𝑘𝑘
5
Correct solution
𝑥𝑥
𝑘𝑘=0
16 16
3 2 Marks
�𝑥𝑥 5 − � = � 16𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥 80−5𝑘𝑘 (−3)𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥 −𝑘𝑘 Attempts to solve 𝑘𝑘 by
𝑥𝑥
𝑘𝑘=0
16 matching up the correct
3 16 terms in the expansion
�𝑥𝑥 5 − � = � 16𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 (−3)𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥 80−6𝑘𝑘
𝑥𝑥
𝑘𝑘=0
1 Mark
Constant term in the expansion of: Obtains the correct
1 3 16 expression for the
�𝑥𝑥 − � → 𝑥𝑥 −2 × 𝑥𝑥 80−6𝑘𝑘 = 𝑥𝑥 0
5 binomial expansion
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥
 −6𝑘𝑘 = −78
𝑘𝑘 = 13
Constant term is 16𝐶𝐶13 (−3)13

Q12 e) i) 𝑇𝑇 = 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 2 Marks

Correct solution
𝑡𝑡 = 0, 𝐵𝐵 = 25, 𝑇𝑇 = 96
96 = 25 + 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 0 1 Mark
𝐴𝐴 = 71 Obtains the correct
value for 𝐴𝐴 or 𝑘𝑘
𝑡𝑡 = 3, 𝐵𝐵 = 25, 𝑇𝑇 = 88
88 = 25 + 71𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘×3
63
= 𝑒𝑒 −3𝑘𝑘
71
63
ln = ln 𝑒𝑒 −3𝑘𝑘
71
63
−3𝑘𝑘 = ln
71
1 63
𝑘𝑘 = − ln
3 71

Q12 e) ii) Further 10 minutes 𝑡𝑡 = 3 + 10 = 13 1 Mark

1 63 Correct solution
−�− ln �×13
𝑇𝑇 = 25 + 71𝑒𝑒 3 71
𝑇𝑇 = 67.29 …
𝑇𝑇 = 67°𝐶𝐶 (nearest degree)

Q13 a) i) 𝑑𝑑2 𝑥𝑥 98 𝑑𝑑 1 2 3 Marks

2
=− 2= � 𝑣𝑣 � Correct solution
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
1 2
𝑣𝑣 = � −98𝑥𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 2 Marks
1 2 −98𝑥𝑥 −1 1
Correct integral for 𝑣𝑣 2
𝑣𝑣 = + 𝐶𝐶 2
2 −1 and attempt to find 𝐶𝐶
196
𝑣𝑣 2 = + 𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 = 4, 𝑣𝑣 = 7 1 Mark
196 Express
72 = + 𝐶𝐶 1 2
4 𝑣𝑣 = � −98𝑥𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐶𝐶 = 0 2

196
𝑣𝑣 2 =
𝑥𝑥
14
∴ 𝑣𝑣 = (𝑣𝑣 > 0)
√𝑥𝑥

Q13 a) ii) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 14 2 Marks

𝑣𝑣 = =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √𝑥𝑥 Correct solution
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 14
= 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 Mark
𝑥𝑥 2 Correct expression for 𝑡𝑡
1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 and attempt to find 𝐶𝐶
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 14

1 1
𝑡𝑡 = � 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
14
3
1 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑡𝑡 = × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
14 3
2
1 3
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝐶
21
 𝑡𝑡 = 0, 𝑥𝑥 = 4
1 3
0= × 42 + 𝐶𝐶
21
8
𝐶𝐶 = −
21

1 3 8
∴ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥 2 −
21 21

Q13 a) iii) 𝑥𝑥 = 121 1 Mark

1 3 8 Correct solution
𝑡𝑡 = × 1212 −
21 21
𝑡𝑡 = 63 seconds

∴ It took 63 seconds for the particle to reach a point 121 metres to

the right of the origin.

Q13 a) iv) 𝑡𝑡 = 15 1 Mark

1 3 8 Correct solution
15 = 𝑥𝑥 2 −
21 21
8 1 3
15 + = 𝑥𝑥 2
21 21
3 323 1
𝑥𝑥 2 = ÷
21 21
3
𝑥𝑥 2 = 323
2
𝑥𝑥 = 3233
𝑥𝑥 = 47.07 …
𝑥𝑥 = 47 𝑚𝑚 (nearest metre)

∴ The particle is at 47 metres to the right of the origin after 15

seconds.

Q13 b) i) ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to its 1 Mark
opposite interior angle) Correct solution

Q13 b) ii) Let ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝜃𝜃 2 Marks

∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is an isosceles triangle (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) Correct solution
∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝜃𝜃 (Equal base angles of isosceles ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)
∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝜃𝜃 (Angles in the same segment) 1 Mark
∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (shown in the previous part) Identify ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝜃𝜃 and provided correct
reasoning
∴ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 bisects ∠𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵.
Q13 c) i) 1 3 Marks
12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑛2 = 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛𝑛 + 1)
6 Correct solution

1. Prove statement is true for 𝑛𝑛 = 1. 2 Marks

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 12 Makes significant
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 1 progress in proving the
1 statement involving
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = × 1 × (1 + 1) × (2 × 1 + 1)
6 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑘𝑘 + 1
1
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = × 2 × 3
6 1 Mark
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 1
Establishes result for
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑛𝑛 = 1
∴ Statement is true for 𝑛𝑛 = 1

2. Assume statement is true for 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑘𝑘 (𝑘𝑘 some positive integer)

1
𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒. 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑘 2 = 𝑘𝑘(𝑘𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘𝑘 + 1)
6

3. Prove statement is true for 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑘𝑘 + 1

1
𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒. 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑘 2 + (𝑘𝑘 + 1)2 = (𝑘𝑘 + 1)(𝑘𝑘 + 2)(2𝑘𝑘 + 3)
6

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑘 2 + (𝑘𝑘 + 1)2

1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝑘𝑘(𝑘𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘𝑘 + 1) + (𝑘𝑘 + 1)2
6
1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = (𝑘𝑘 + 1)[𝑘𝑘(2𝑘𝑘 + 1) + 6(𝑘𝑘 + 1)]
6
1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = (𝑘𝑘 + 1)[2𝑘𝑘 2 + 𝑘𝑘 + 6𝑘𝑘 + 6]
6
1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = (𝑘𝑘 + 1)[2𝑘𝑘 2 + 7𝑘𝑘 + 6]
6
1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = (𝑘𝑘 + 1)(𝑘𝑘 + 2)(2𝑘𝑘 + 3)
6
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

∴ Statement is true by mathematical induction for all integers 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 1.

Q13 c) ii) 22 + 42 + 62 + ⋯ + 1002 1 Mark

= 22 (12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 502 ) Correct solution
1
= 4 × × 50 × (50 + 1)(2 × 50 + 1)
6
= 171700

Q13 c) iii) 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ + 992 1 Mark

= (12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ . +992 + 1002 ) − (22 + 42 + 62 + ⋯ + 1002 ) Correct solution
1
= × 100 × (100 + 1) × (2 × 100 + 1) − 171700
6
= 166650

Q14 a) i) ℎ 2 Marks
tan 𝜃𝜃 =
100 Correct solution
1
sec 2 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑ℎ
100 1 Mark
Obtains the correct
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= expression of in
𝑑𝑑ℎ 100 sec 2 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 cos2 𝜃𝜃 terms of 𝜃𝜃
=
𝑑𝑑ℎ 100
 Or
ℎ
𝜃𝜃 = tan−1
100
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 100
=
𝑑𝑑ℎ 1002 + ℎ2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 100
=
𝑑𝑑ℎ 100 + 1002 tan2 𝜃𝜃
2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 100
=
𝑑𝑑ℎ 100 (1 + tan2 𝜃𝜃)
2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
=
𝑑𝑑ℎ 100 sec 2 𝜃𝜃
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 cos2 𝜃𝜃
=
𝑑𝑑ℎ 100

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑ℎ

= ×
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 cos2 𝜃𝜃
= × 6.5
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 100
2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 13 cos 𝜃𝜃
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 200

Q14 a) ii) When ℎ = 40 2 Marks

40 Correct solution
tan 𝜃𝜃 =
100
1 Mark
�402 + 1002 Obtains the correct
= √11600 value for cos2 𝜃𝜃
= 20√29

100
cos 𝜃𝜃 =
20√29
10000
cos2 𝜃𝜃 =
11600
2
25
cos 𝜃𝜃 =
29

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 13 cos2 𝜃𝜃
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 200
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 13 25
= ×
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 200 29
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 13
= 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 232

Q14 b) i) At 𝑅𝑅, 𝑥𝑥 = 0 1 Mark

𝑥𝑥 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝3 + 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Correct solution
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝3 + 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝2 + 2𝑎𝑎
∴ 𝑅𝑅(0, 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝2 + 2𝑎𝑎)

Q14 b) ii) 𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇 (gradient of the tangent at 𝑃𝑃) 2 Marks

𝑥𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Correct solution
𝑥𝑥 2
𝑦𝑦 = 1 Mark
4𝑎𝑎
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥 Obtains the correct
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4𝑎𝑎 equation of 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑎𝑎
2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇 =
2𝑎𝑎
𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑝𝑝
 Equation of 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥 − 0)
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑎𝑎

Sub into 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝3 + 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 to find 𝑁𝑁

𝑥𝑥 + 𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑎𝑎) = 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝3 + 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑝𝑝2 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝3 + 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥(1 + 𝑝𝑝2 ) = 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝3 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝑝𝑝2 + 1)
𝑥𝑥 =
𝑝𝑝2 + 1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑝𝑝 × 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑎

∴ 𝑁𝑁(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑎)

Q14 b) iii) 𝑁𝑁(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑎) 2 Marks

𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Correct solution
𝑥𝑥
𝑝𝑝 =
𝑎𝑎 1 Mark
Obtains the locus of 𝑁𝑁
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥 2
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 × � � + 𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥 2
𝑦𝑦 = + 𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎2
2

𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎2
𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎)
∴ Locus of 𝑁𝑁 is another parabola with vertex (0, 𝑎𝑎), the focal length is
𝑎𝑎 5𝑎𝑎
, focus �0, �
4 4

Q14 c) i) 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 … … (1) 2 Marks

1 Correct solution
𝑦𝑦 = − 𝑔𝑔𝑡𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 sin 𝜃𝜃 … … (2)
2
1 Mark
From (1) Substitute
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡 =
𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃
into 𝑦𝑦 and attempts to
Substitute into (2) simplify
1 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = − 𝑔𝑔 � � + 𝑉𝑉 � � sin 𝜃𝜃
2 𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃
𝑔𝑔𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝜃𝜃
𝑦𝑦 = − 2 2
+
2𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃
𝑔𝑔𝑥𝑥 2 sec 2 𝜃𝜃
𝑦𝑦 = − + 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝜃𝜃
2𝑉𝑉 2
2𝑔𝑔𝑥𝑥 2 sec 2 𝜃𝜃
𝑦𝑦 = − + 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝜃𝜃
4𝑉𝑉 2
2𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 2 sec 2 𝜃𝜃
𝑦𝑦 = 2 × − + 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝜃𝜃
𝑉𝑉 4
2 2
1 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝜃𝜃 𝑉𝑉 2
𝑦𝑦 = × − + 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝜃𝜃 � = ℎ�
ℎ 4 2𝑔𝑔
2 (1 2
𝑥𝑥 + tan 𝜃𝜃)
𝑦𝑦 = − + 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝜃𝜃 (sec 2 𝜃𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃𝜃)
4ℎ
1 2
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝜃𝜃 − 𝑥𝑥 (1 + tan2 𝜃𝜃)
4ℎ
Q14 c) ii) 1 2 2 Marks
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝜃𝜃 − 𝑥𝑥 (1 + tan2 𝜃𝜃)
4ℎ Correct solution
4ℎ𝑦𝑦 = 4ℎ𝑥𝑥 tan 𝜃𝜃 − 𝑥𝑥 2 (1 + tan2 𝜃𝜃)
4ℎ𝑦𝑦 = 4ℎ𝑥𝑥 tan 𝜃𝜃 − 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 tan2 𝜃𝜃
𝑥𝑥 2 tan2 𝜃𝜃 − 4ℎ𝑥𝑥 tan 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑥𝑥 2 + 4ℎ𝑦𝑦 = 0

Substitute (𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌) into the above: 1 Mark

𝑋𝑋 2 tan2 𝜃𝜃 − 4ℎ𝑋𝑋 tan 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑋𝑋 2 + 4ℎ𝑌𝑌 = 0 Substitute (𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌) and
forms quadratic
This quadratic equation in tan 𝜃𝜃 has two distinct roots if ∆> 0. equation in tan 𝜃𝜃
(−4ℎ𝑋𝑋)2 − 4𝑋𝑋 2 (𝑋𝑋 2 + 4ℎ𝑌𝑌) > 0
16ℎ2 𝑋𝑋 2 − 4𝑋𝑋 4 − 16ℎ𝑋𝑋 2 𝑌𝑌 > 0
4ℎ2 − 𝑋𝑋 2 − 4ℎ𝑌𝑌 > 0 (since 𝑋𝑋 2 > 0)
2 2
4ℎ − 4ℎ𝑌𝑌 > 𝑋𝑋
𝑋𝑋 2 < 4ℎ2 − 4ℎ𝑌𝑌
𝑋𝑋 2 < 4ℎ(ℎ − 𝑌𝑌)

If 𝑋𝑋 2 < 4ℎ(ℎ − 𝑌𝑌), there are two solutions, tan 𝜃𝜃1 and tan 𝜃𝜃2 , for the
equation, two differeng angles, 𝜃𝜃1 and 𝜃𝜃2 can be used to hit the point
(𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌).

Q14 c) iii) Let tan 𝜃𝜃1 , tan 𝜃𝜃2 be roots of 𝑋𝑋 2 tan2 𝜃𝜃 − 4ℎ𝑋𝑋 tan 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑋𝑋 2 + 4ℎ𝑌𝑌 = 0 2 Marks
Correct solution
Product of roots
𝑋𝑋 2 + 4ℎ𝑌𝑌 1 Mark
tan 𝜃𝜃1 tan 𝜃𝜃2 = Obtains the expression
𝑋𝑋 2
4ℎ𝑌𝑌 tan 𝜃𝜃1 tan 𝜃𝜃2 > 1 from
tan 𝜃𝜃1 tan 𝜃𝜃2 = 1 + 2
𝑋𝑋 the product of roots
tan 𝜃𝜃1 tan 𝜃𝜃2 > 1 (𝑋𝑋 2 > 0, 𝑌𝑌 > 0)
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
If both 0 < 𝜃𝜃1 < and 0 < 𝜃𝜃2 < ,
4 4
then 0 < tan 𝜃𝜃1 < 1 and 0 < tan 𝜃𝜃2 < 1, so tan 𝜃𝜃1 tan 𝜃𝜃2 < 1.
This contradicts to the product of roots.

∴ No point above the 𝑥𝑥-axis can be hit from two different angles 𝜃𝜃1
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
and 𝜃𝜃2 satisfying 𝜃𝜃1 < 4 and 𝜃𝜃2 < 4 .