SEWAGE : Sewage is water carried in solution or

suspension, that is intended to be removed from a

community . Also known as WASTE WATER

Requirement of estimation of the sewage discharge is

required otherwise sewers will either prove to be
inadequate resulting in overflow or a size larger than
required resulting in unnecessary wasteful investments.

Therefore theoretically:
Quantity of sewage = Water Supplied to the
(domestic +industrial) contributing area
 In actual practise, its not the precise quantity which
appears as sewage due to the Additions and Subtractions
as follow:

ADDITIONS:

Additions due to unaccounted private supplies:

 Private wells at times are also used as source of water.
 Large scale private industries also have their private
sources of water.
 The unaccounted water quantity can be estimated by
actual field surveys
Additions due to infiltration:
 Sewer systems are usually infiltrated with water seeping
 SUBTRACTIONS:
Subtractions due to water lossess:
 The water loss due to leakages in water system therefore
not reaching consumers only.
Subtractions due to water not entering the sewerage
system:
 The amount of water used which is used by the public for
purposes such as sprinkling the streets, lawns, steam
boilers; water consumed in industrial products such as
beverage etc. is the water which doesn’t enter the
sewerage system.
hence ,
Total water entering = Total water supplied + additions -
subtractions
 DESIGN PERIODS AND FUTURE
FORECASTS
A sewerage scheme involves the laying down of costly
treatment units, which cannot be replaced easily in order to
suffice the growing population and accordingly growing
sewage discharge.

There for a future period is taken for which the provision

made in designing the capacities of the various
components of the sewerage scheme is done. This period
is known as Design Period.

The design period is driven by the following considerations:

 Should not exceed the usable life period of the
components.
 Ease and difficulty that is likely to be faced if expansion
 The rate of interest, if the rate is small a higher value of
design period maybe economically justified and
therefore adopted.
 Additional investments likely to be incurred for providing
additional provisions.
 Anticipated growth of population, of change in landuse
of the area.
FUTURE FORECASTS AND ESTIMATING DESIGN
SEWAGE DISCHARGE
The quantity of sewage that is likely to pass through a
sewer (Q`) at the end of the design period can be
computed by :
Percapita production of sewage(q`) * expected
population at the end of the design period
the population can be forecasted using the population from
the census department and extrapolating using various
methods such as :
The flow of sewage depends on the per capita water
supplied.

The flow in these sanitary sewers fluctuates seasonally,

monthly , daily as well as hourly.

The peak flow occurs will depend upon the flow time in
sewers.

The peak flows will be much larger for smaller lateral

sewers than large sewers ( long distance sewers).

The sewer greatly depends on the population.

The peak is investigated using :

DRAINAGE: The natural or artificial removal of surface
and subsurface water from an area is known as
drainage.

When the rain falls on a certain area, a part of it is

intercepted a part of it is evaporated and the
remaining water flows overland towards the valleys as
storm water.

To design a drainage system, frequency of rain is

taken. The frequency of rainfall adopted in design
should neither be so large as to cause too heavy
investments nor should be so small as to cause very
frequent overflowing drains.
ESTIMATING PEAK RUN – OFF:
The peak run- off that is produced from a catchment depends
upon a numerous factors such as: Type of
The rain run off produced during a Shape precipitati
and size on
monsoon season is generally very high Intensity
of of
say 20-25 times the time of sewage catchment rainfall
basin
Discharge. Also called as Climatic Durati
DRY WEATHER FLOW. conditio on of
ns rainfall

To determine the Peak – run off /Direction of Rainfall

prevailing distribut
drainage discharge RATIONAL storm ion
Soil
METHOD moisture
deficiency
Rational Method is used mostly to
Calculate the peak run off for areas
less than 50 hectares. For areas larger than
that empirical formulas are used.
 RATIONAL METHOD
if a rainfall is applied to an impervious surface at a
constant rate, the resultant run off from the surface would
finally reach a rate equal to the rainfall. This will happen
after a certain gap of time.

Time of concentration: The time period after which the

entire area will start contributing to the run off .

Further it has been established that the maximum run off

will be obtained from the rain having a duration equal to
the time of concentration and this is called the critical
rainfall duration.

The formula was evolved by the efforts of Fruhling of

Germany, Kuichling of America and Llyod davis of
 K= coeff of A= the catch ment
run off area contributing to
runoff is considered
(taken in hectares)
Qp= peak
rate of
runoff in
Qp=(1/36) K.Pc.A Pc= critical
rainfall
cumecs intensity
during critical
rainfall
duration.

COEFFICIENT OF RUNOFF (K): The impervious factor of

run off , representing the ratio of precipitation.

Different surfaces have different Coefficients:

For eg: K=1 for perfectly impervious surface
K= .9 for paved areas and 0.15 for
lawns
TIME OF CONCENTRATION: may be defined as the time
taken for the water to reach the outlet point from the
most remote point of the drainage area.
The time of concentration for a given storm water drain
generally consists of two parts:
 Inlet or overland flow time :
the time taken by the water to flow over the land from the
critical point
up to the point where it enters the drainLmouth.
T = {0.855 3/H}
i

Estimated by:
Ti= inlet time L= Length of H= Total fall of
(in hours) overland flow in level from the
kilometres from the critical point to
critical point to the the mouth of the
mouth of the drain drain in metres
 The channel flow time or gutter flow time (Tf):
The time taken by the water to flow in the drain channel from
the mouth to the considered point . This is attained using:
Tf= length of the drain/ velocity in the
drain

Hence forth,: Tc= Tf + Tic

The intensity of rain expressed in cm/hr is the rate at

which the rain falls, this rate keeps on changing
continuously throughout the storm period.
The intensity of rain can be determined with the help of
automatic rain gauges. These calculate the cumulative
amount of rainfall with time on a graph paper. The rain fall
intervals such as 5 minutes , 10 minutes , 15 minutes etc
are worked out and analysed and converted in to intensity
The rain fall intervals such as 5 minutes , 10 minutes , 15
minutes etc are worked out and analysed and converted in to
intensity duration curves.

An example of intensity – duration

curve
 PEAK DRAINAGE USING EMPIRICAL
FORMULAS
1) Burkli- Ziegler Formula- the oldest empirical formula
used for determining peak run off rate. Followed in
Sweden and the USA
2) Dickens formula: this formula is generally used for
Indian catchments , particularly north India. The value of
C in this formula is ascertained for each catchment and
depends upon the nature of the catchment and intensity
of rainfall. The value of C is generally taken as 11.5 as
has to be increased for hilly catchments and vice versa
3) Ryve’s Formula: similar to dickens formula. Used
majorly in south Indian states. Average C1 o be taken is
6.8.
4) Inglis Formula: Applicable to fan shaped catchments in
Old Bombay state of India.
Question: Assuming that the surface on which the rain falls
is in a district is classified as follows:

TYPE OF SURFACE % AREA RUN OFF RATIO

ROOF 20% 0.9
PAVEMENTS 20% 0.85
PAVED YARDS 5% 0.80
MACADAM ROADS 15% 0.40
LAWNS, GARDENS 35% 0.10
WOODED AREA 5% 0.05

Total area of the district is 36 hectares and maximum rain

intensity is taken as 5 cm/hr. What is the total Run off
Rate?
THANK YOU :p