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Abstract—This paper presents design and construction However, the development of microprocessors and the
of a three-phase smart energy meter. The meter is designed to advent of low-cost processors lead to the development of
overcome the defects of mechanical meters such as moving parts. conventional electricity meters. Because electronic devices
The smart energy meter has several advantages over the are free of moving parts, many problems can be avoided, such
mechanical meter including the automatic data collection,
as the changing may be occurs by the consumers and
avoiding the errors occur due to manual readings, real-time
pricing and provides a more reliable system due to the ability of avoiding mechanical errors such as fault of friction, incorrect
an immediate fault detection. The designed energy meter magnitude of flux, creep, sensitivity, temperature effects,
computes the power consumption using a microcontroller speed error, connection errors , and changes in disc resistance
(Arduino Mega) with the help of three AC current sensors and etc[5]. Therefore, digital meters are less affected by the
three AC voltage sensors. The power consumption for each phase problems mentioned above and are more accurate than
can be display on a digital programmed screen. The consumer conventional meters.
value of the power can be sent to the monitoring station with the There are different models of smart meters but the basic
remote transmitting feature. The three phase energy meter was functions are similar [6].The smart meters use a
implemented in the laboratory with a current of up to 20 amps
and a voltage of up to 250 volts. The Calibration of the designed
communications network to provide the distribution
meter has been taken into account to ensure that the consumer is companies with frequent meter readings daily [7]. Smart
spent the real amount of the energy that he uses. meters can inform your electrical distribution company of any
electrical failure you have in real time, allowing distribution
Keywords—Smart meter; Microcontroller; AC current company to address the problem as soon as possible[8].
sensors; AC voltage sensors This paper deals with the design and building a three-
phase smart energy meter. This meter capable to measure
I. INTRODUCTION currents, voltages, powers, power factor and kilo-watt hour
The energy meter is a device that measures the amount of spent by each phase. The paper is organized as follows: The
electrical energy consumed or produced by homes, shops, or problem formulation is discussed in section II, system
machines [1]. The energy meter is either a mechanical architecture explained in section III, the experimental results
(rotary) or electronic measuring device that measures the are shown in section IV and finally, the conclusion is
electrical energy consumed[2]. The amount of the discussed in section V.
consumption power for three-phase system appears either on
a mechanical rotary record number or on a digital screen. II. Problem formulation
Electric power meters manufacturers are still trying their The energy meter or watt-hour meter is designed to
continuous research to provide a developed model of meters measure energy or power consumed over time.
that are more accurate, cheaper and parallel to the
technological progress made in modern smart homes[3]. ൌȗሺͳሻ
Smart meters are designed to provide many features when In power system, the electrical power that consumed by loads
compared to mechanical meters such as self-monitoring, is measured by using a device called the wattmeter.
remote sensing , two ways communication, expanded control According to Blondell's theory [9], the number of wattmeters
and increased consumer choices.[4] Digital meters and smart used for measurement is less by one than the total number of
meters have recently appeared. ,despite this, the wires (K-1). So if the system is three-phase, four wires then
electromechanical meters are still widely distributed in the three wattmeters are used. The power consumption can then
residential areas in Iraq and some Arab countries, which have be measured by placing a single-phase wattmeter in each
recently been trying to replace them with smart energy phase and adding their readings [10] i.e., finding the total
meters. algebraic readings of three watts.
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2017 2nd -AL-Sadiq International Science Conference on Multidisciplinary in IT and Communication Science and Technologies -
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ܶ ݎ݁ݓ݈ܽݐൌ ܹଵ ܹଶ ܹଷ (2) Sampling rate will be =250/100ms =2500 =50 fs. This means
Where that the sampling rate is 50 times the frequency of the voltage
ܹଵ ൌ ܸଵ ܫ כଵ ݂ כଵ or current signal, which makes the sampling process avoiding
ܹଶ ൌ ܸଶ ܫ כଶ ݂ כଶ ሺ͵ሻ aliasing and noise in the readings of the sensors [16]. Taking
ܹଷ ൌ ܸଷ ܫ כଷ ݂ כଷ samples of current values and voltage values or Vrms (Volts)
and Irms (Amp) for each phase as in following equation:
The average power of each phase can be calculated using the
formula: σಿ
భ ሺ௩כ௩ሻ
ଵ ் ܸ௦ ൌ ට
ܹ ൌ ሺ݅ כ ݒሻ݀ݐሺͶሻ ே
்
Where : ൌinstantaneous voltage, σಿ
భ ሺכሻ
ܫ௦ ൌ ට ሺሻ
ே
ൌInstantaneous current,
ܹ
t = time and ݂ൌ
T= period. ܸ௦ ܫ כ௦
By using the technique for sampling the voltage and current
signals[11, 12], the average power can be obtained by the III. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
equation [13]: This section deals with the architecture of the designed
ଵ
ܹ ൌ σே ݅ כ ݒ ሺͷሻ smart energy meter. This meter consists of the voltage
ே ଵ
In order to obtain accurate values for the signal being sensing unit, the current sensing unit, LCD module, automatic
sampled, the sampling rate should be higher than the twice of changeover switch, AC / DC adapter module, transceiver
the highest frequency according to the sampling theory [14, module and microcontroller unit. The sensor values are fed to
15]. Since the power signal is mainly composed of two the microcontrollers (Arduino Mega) to calculate the
signals, voltage and current, the sampling rate must be greater consumed power. The calculated values are sent to the remote
than four times the highest frequency of the signals, and station using the wireless transmitter using the NRF24L01 RF
according to the definition of the sampling rate which equals: Transceiver. The calculated values are displayed on a digital
screen - TFT LCD which adds the flexibility to read the
ܵܽ݉ ݁ݐܴ݈ܽ݃݊݅ൌ
௨௦௦
ሺሻ values and aesthetics of the designer device. Fig. 1and Fig. 2
் show the complete smart energy meter and the schematic
So if the sampling process is over 100 ms (it is an exact diagram.
number of cycles for both 50Hz and 60Hz mains), and the
number of samples is 250 (to divide sample time exactly, but
low enough for the ADC to keep up), then:
243
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2017 2nd -AL-Sadiq International Science Conference on Multidisciplinary in IT and Communication Science and Technologies -
2nd- AIC – MITC – Baghdad – IRAQ
A. Voltage Sensing Unit conduction path generates a magnetic field which the Hall IC
converts into a proportional voltage. Device accuracy is
The Voltage Sensing module contains Three AC Voltage optimized through the close proximity of the magnetic signal
Sensors (ZMPT101B). This module uses a pulse transformer to the Hall transducer. The analog output signal of this sensor
(Fig.3) with a transfer ratio of 1:1 used for isolation purpose,
and it uses a simple op-amp circuit for isolation and stepping Table I . Calibration of ZMPT101B voltage sensor
down the voltage from (0–250) Volt to (0–5) Volt that is used Instantaneous
Fluke meter voltage (V) Error (%)
by the input of the Arduino microcontroller. Calibration of calculation
the sensors for the control of electrical capacity is one of the 10 9.95 0.5
50 49.7 0.6
most important things that must be taken into account in order 100 99.5 0.5
to obtain a high accuracy in devices measurement [17]. The 150 149.9 0.06
sensor calibration is achieved by comparing the sensor 200 200 0.0
reading (Vrms) that calculated by the equation(7) with the 210 209.9 0.047
reading of ordinary voltmeter and the results are shown in the 220 220 0.0
230 229.8 0.086
table (1).
240 239 0.41
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Instantaneous
Fluke meter current (A) Error (%)
calculation Fig.6. Three phase Automatic changeover circuit diagram.
0.45 0.447 0.66
0.81 0.821 -1.35
1.23 1.222 0.65 F. AC / DC adapter module
1.64 1.643 -0.182
2.21 2.211 -0.045
This adapter is used for supply all the electronic parts in
3.25 3.227 0.70
the smart meter with a 5 volt DC. A mobile switching adapter
6.4 6.436 -0.56
module 100 240V-5V / 60Hz is used, which it is output
voltage equal to 5V DC and output current equal to 1 A.
10.81 10.805 0.046
12.22 12.208 0.098
G. The microcontroller unit
16.55 16.541 0.054
18.13 18.122 0.044
The microcontroller unit used in the designed smart meter
19.9 19.864 0.180
is The Arduino Mega 2560.It has 54 digital input/output pins,
16 analog inputs, and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator. It contains
everything needed to support the smart meter.
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2017 2nd -AL-Sadiq International Science Conference on Multidisciplinary in IT and Communication Science and Technologies -
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Fig.7. Testing the accuracy of the smart meter using resistive load
Fig.9. The measuring of the amount of energy spent by load for 12 hours
using different types of loads.
Fig.10. Comparison between the energy spent by the smart meter and the
laboratory readings.
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2017 2nd -AL-Sadiq International Science Conference on Multidisciplinary in IT and Communication Science and Technologies -
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By noticing the experiment results in both experiments we energy meters behavior of induction and electronic types,"
can detected that, the designed smart meter has a high Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin
accurate readings with respect to the laboratory readings and America, TDC'06, 2006.
it provides the ability to read several parameters like the [6]V. Preethi , M. Tech ,and G. Harish, “Design and implementation
of smart energy meter ,” IEEE, Inventive Computation
voltage, the current, the power, the power factor and also the Technologies (ICICT), International Conference , Coimbatore,
energy spent by each phase as well as the total energy. India, Aug. 26-27 ,2016.
[7] M. Kuzlu, M. Hasan, S. Rahman ,and H. Dincer, “Design of
wireless smart metering system based on MSP430 MCU and
V. CONCLUSION zigbee for residential application”, 7th International Conference
This paper deals with the design and implementing a on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), Bursa,
three-phase smart energy meter using Arduino mega Turkey,2011.
microcontroller with current and voltage sensors. By [8] P. Järventausta,"Smart grid power system control in distributed
generation environment ," Elsevier,Annual Reviews in Control
comparison this meter with the laboratory readings we found
34.2 (2010): 277-286.
this meter has a high performance and high accuracy with [9] S. Kusui, N. Yamazaki, and Y. Ikeda."Electronic type polyphase
respect to the laboratory readings. This smart energy meter electric energy meter." U.S. Patent No. 4,217,545, 1980.
has more benefits over the mechanical meter since it can be [10] U.A.Bakshi , and V.U.Bakshi, “ Electrical technology”,
used to measure several parameters like voltage, current, Technical Publications, fourth edition, 2009.
power, power factor, and energy consumption in kWh. By [11] G. N. Stenbakken, “A wideband sampling wattmeter”, IEEE
using this meter, the problem of computing the consumption Trans. on Instrumentation -and Measurement. vol. PAS-103,
energy can be solved since this system reduces the No. 10, October 1984.
measurement staff. The smart energy meter can be used in [12] G. N. Stenbakken, “High accuracy sampling wattmeter ,” IEEE
Transaction on Instrumentation and Measurement. vol. 41.NO.6.
another system for theft detection in electricity and also for
December 1992.
fault detection. [13] H.C. Gjumlich , and J.L. Armas , “Digital power measurement
with non-simultaneous sample pairs ,” Instrumentation and
Measurement Technology Conference, IMTC-91. 8th IEEE,
REFERENCES Atlanta, USA, 1991.
[14] H. Akaike, “Effect of timing-error on the power spectrum of
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