The B u s

rea u of M ine i n carry i n g ou t on e of t h e p rov i s of i t s

i on s or ga n i c a ct

to d i s
s e m i n a t e i n f or m a t i on c on c e r n i n g i n v e s
t i ga t i on s bp ri n t s
,

m ade a l i m i ted
free e d i t i on of e a ch of i ts
Wh en th i s e d i t i on i s
pu b l i ca t i on s
s
e xh a u t e d cop i e s

th rough t h e S up eri nt en d en t of D ocu m e n t s

b
m a y e ob t ai n e d a t c os
.

t pri ce on ly
Gov er n m e n t Pri n t i n g Offi ce W a s
, h ,

i n gt on , D C
ri n ten d en t of D ocu me n t s is
b s
. .

T h e S up e n ot a n Offic i a l of t h e B u rea u f M in e
ss s
en t ir el y ep ara t e offi ce a n d h e s h ould e a dd re s s
o .

Hi i an , ed

S U PE R INTE NDE NT OF D OCU M E N T S ,

Gov ern m en t P ri n tin g 0 175 96 ,
Wa s
h in g t on , D . C .

T he s s
gen era l l a w u n d er wh i ch pu b l i c a t i on a re d i tri b ut e d p roh ibi t t h e g i v i n g s
s
of more th a n on e c opy of a pu b l i c a t i on t o on e p e r on T h e p ri c e of th i pu b l i ca s
s s
.

t i on i 1 5 c en t .

s
F ir t e d i ti on . Oc to ber, 1 91 6 .
 C O N TE N T S .

I n t od u ct i on

C u s
as as
a
ph y x ia t i b y b l a s
of t fu r a c s
s
e on -
n e ga
D t ti on of

T s t s c arb
e ec ga
f or m xid
s
e on on o e

D t ti by c l r
on of ga d r
y mpt ms p i si g
e ec o o or o o

S of

Plac s d a g r
o o on n

of

s
e n e

h
Bo m a tl and

id ts h s
n e

A cc tl p i p th e
Pr c a ut i s g i g b us
en on u e e

tl p i p
in on t h e

Ch a g i g b s h pl a t s
e on o n e e

ard s
n n o e

S af
ur ac s
e gu

F ta k
p airi g c l i g pl a t s
n e c

U s w a t h rs
Re n oo n e

e of

S a f gu ar d s
c e

G ar d d s t airs l a dd rs
e

and

s gri d rs gall ri s
u e e

U e of fl oo f or e e

V nt i l a t i ar r f
Pa ck i g h l s s
e on n e oo

h ll
t ps
in
l as
n o e e

Bt fu r a -
n ce o

N d w a tch r

b
of

Pr a ut i s i l i g
ee e

in o
s sw
ec on n

M h uld a ll w d wh
n ot fu r t op a ce i lo h a n gi n g
s b ll s
en o e o e on en n or

p t i g h pp r
In ec n o e and e

Cl ea n i n g t h e t op
S a fegu ar d s
P ull in g ou t b ugg i e s
Pre v en t i on of ga s l ea k a ge a b out h opp er a n d we ll
A t ol d fu rn a c e t op s
Try h ol e s
L i f e l i n es
E me r ge n cy s t re t ch er
A l arm gon g
P l a tform s a n d rai l i n g s

L ock ed g a t e s a t foot of s t air t o t op s

I llu m i n a t i on of fu r n a ce
R e p airi n g fu r n a c e l i n i n g a t t h e s t ock l i n e s
Us e of we ari n g pl a t e s

H ot b l a st s t ov e s
Ca u s es a n d e x a m pl e s s
-

of a ph y x ia t i on

Preca ut i on s i n cl e a n i n g a n d rep airi n g s t ov e s

L ock i n g v a lv e s
Prov i d i n g a gai n s t ga s l ea k s from b u r n ers
Wh e n t o k eep ou t of a s t ov e
S up er v i si on of c re w "
4 CON E N S T T .

P l a ces of d a n ge r—C on t i n u e d

H ot b l a st s t ov es —Con t i n u ed
.

M e th od s
-
.

of v e n t ila t i on

F orem a n s h ould s e e th a t m en a re ou t b e fore tu rn i n g s

Ga s fire d b oi l e rs
on ga

Preca ut i on s i n cl e a n i n g t h e b oi l e r or s
-

e tt i n g

L ock i n g t h e b u r n er
Prov i d i n g a gai n s t l ea k s
E n t e ri n g t h e b oi l e r s e tt i n g

A cc i d e n t s from a s ph y x ia t i on o ut s i d e of b oi l er s
_ _

S a fe gu ard s
Ga s m ai n s
R e p airi n g of ft a k e s a n d d ow n c om e r s
_ _

R ep airi n g du s t c a tch e rs
R ep airi n g m ai n s
T h e goggl e v a lv e
I n cl os ed s l i d e v a lv e a n d b ell v a lv e s s
“

W a t er s e a l v a lv e s

Wh ere v a lv e s
-

a re n ee d e d

S e lf cl e a n i n g m ai n s
C l e ari n g m ai n s s
-

of ga

du s
"

W et t i n g
'

d own t h e t
B ulkh e ads
s
M a n h ol e
W a lk s rai l i gs and

G s scru b b rs sl a i g b u il d i gs
n

a nd

D a g rs fr m s
a e ga
-
c e n n n

l a i g q u i pm t
a f gu ard s
n e o ga
-
c e n n e en

S
ai l d s t airs s a f t y l a dd r s
e

R e an d e e

V t ilat i
a l s v a lv s
en on

Se and

S p ara t m t r h u s
e

xh a u s
e e o o o e

t r
E e

ig al r m S
ul s p r t ct s was h r p ra t rs
n oo

R to
Pr c a ut i s t ri g i cl s d pl a c s
e o e ga -
e o e o

i n en
G sg i r ms
e on e n n o e e

Pr v i d i g a gai s
a -
en ne oo

t l a k a g fr m g i
sgi basm t ss st i al
o n n e e o en ne

t i l at i
Ve n on of

a t a l a c i d t fr m xh a u s t ga s s
ga
-
en ne e en e en

F
Oth r pl a c s d a g r
c en o e e

of

ra l p r c a ut i s
e e n e

G
M th d s c arr y i g
on

h a z ard u s
ene e

of w rk
s da g r s ig s
e o n on o o

T he u e of

s p i si g
n e n

Tr a t m t f or ga
s as
e en o on n

Tr a t m t uff c a t i
f or phyx ia t i on a n d

s rs us c i ta t i d v i c s
e en o on

U e of

u b l i c a t i s m t a llu rgy m i ra l t ch l gy
e on e e

P on on e mi ,
a cc i d ne e no o , a nd n e- en t p re v e n

I n dex
 I LLU S TR A T I O N S .

P L A TE I i ew a t ba s
V e of fu rn a c e s h owi n g b u stl e p i p e pl a tform
A s t ep s t o fu r n a c e t op ; B l ock e d g a t e a t b ott om of s
-
.
,

II .
, ,
t air t o
fu rn a ce t op
III F u r n a ce t op
I V T op fill e rs du mp i n g ore s s
.

. h owi n g ol d ty l e of fu rn a c e fill e d
,

by h an d
s
V E m er ge n cy t re tch e r a n d t a ckl e s on t op of b l a s t fu rn a ce s t ov e
V I F irs s
-
.

t ai d cr e w l oweri n g a ph y x ia t e d m an from fu rn a ce t op i n
cy s
-
.

an e mer g en tre tch er

V I I A M e t h od of l ock i n g v a lv e s on h ot b l a s t s t ov e ; B s a fe ty l ock
a tt a ch e d t o op e ra t i n g wh ee l of h ot b l a s
-
.
, ,

t v a lv e
VI I I A V l eg s e lf cl e a n i n g ga s m ai n ;B rai l i n g on h i gh ga s
-

m ai n
F I GU RE 1 D ia g ra m s h owi n g t ra v e l of g a s es from b l a s t fu rn a c e t o s t ov e s
- -
.
, ,

a n d wa h e r s s
.

2 D ia gra m s h owi n g t ra v e l of fu rn a ce ga s es t o b oi l e r h ou s
T he i s en wa s

s
. e ,

h er a n d b l ow i n g e n g i n e
3 S a fe t y wh i s tl e f or t airwa y t o b u s
,

tl e p i p e
S k e tch s h owi n g gen e ra l arra n geme n t of v a lv e s
.

f or b u rn e r

"
A rra n gemen t of du s t ca t ch e r w i th H am f el d t v a lv e
A rra n ge m e n t of v a lv e s f or i s ol a t i n g ga s m ai n s
9
9

s
baffl e wa h er a n d wa t e r s v a l ves
9
1
A rra n gem e n t of ea l

s
7
-
on

cr u b b e r
0
M e th od of e q u i pp i n g M ull e n w a s h e r w i th m u s h room v a lv e
D ia gra m of f a n a n d wa t e r s e a l v a lv e s
9

0
$
S ch a e fe r m e th od of ar t i fic ia l re s
-

10 p ira t i on E xp ira t i on
S ch a e fe r me th od of ar t i fi c ia l re s s
. .

11 . p ira t i on I n p ira t i on
.
 ASPHYXI ATI ON FROM BLAST FURNACE GAS -
.

B y F RE DE R I CK H W I L L COX
. .

T
I N R OD U C T I ON .

s ss s s s s
Thi r e port i i u e d b y th e B ur e a u of Min e in pur ua n c e of i t
s ss s
b b
m
e nd e avor t o i n cr e a e a fety an d e cien cyin m etallurgi cal i n du
s ss
tr i e ss ss s s
I t di cu e t he n a tur e an d cau e of p oi o n ing from b la t
s s s
.

b
furn a c e ga i t em i z e t h e plac e s wh e r e ga may e e xp e cte d to e
s s ss s s s
,

en cou n t e r e d , ugg e t a f egua rd and poi n t out th e p r ecautio n to

ss s s
e tak e n i n wor king a b out g a e ou pl a c e Acknowl e dgm en t i h e r eby
s
.

m ad e to comp an i e who h a v e e xt en d e d th e opportun ity of e xa m

s
i n i n g th e i r plants an d f urn i h e d i n form a t i on in r ega rd to th e i r
p ra ctic e
s ss s s s
.

b
B la t furn ac e ga i p e cul i a r i n that i t i v e ry p oi on ou an d un d e r
s s s
-

c e rtain conditio n a s wh en it h a b een cl e an e d , i without color or

ss ss
,

odor by which i t m ay e d et ect e d Ga i p ractically a lw a y p r e en t

s ss
.

ab out t he top an d botto m of th e furnac e fre qu en tly i n uch mall

s s ss s
,

p roportion that i t i n ot e v i d en t to th e phy ical en e , b ut a t the

s s ss "°

a m e tim e in u cien t volum e to cau e a phyxiation if b r e ath e d for

s s
20 or 30 m inut e ss "

P roportio n S l ci en t to cau e a phyx i atio n or

s
s s s
s
.

ga i n g al o occur w i th mor e or l e f re qu en cy all a lon g t he route

s s
o f th e ga ss ( fig 1 and a t t h e tov e an d b oil e rs wh en th ey a re
ss s s
.

tak en off f or cl e a n i n g o r r e pa i r i n id e of gas mai n , downcom e r

s s s s s
, ,

a n d oth e r p a rt of th e ga main yst em a t an d or goggl e valv e , an d

s s
-

duri n g r e p ai r to th e cha rgi n g e quipment an d tock l in e T he ih

s s s
.

b
cr e a i n g application of furn ac e ga to ga driv en b low e rs an d gen
s s s ss
-

e ra t or has i n troduc e d a dd i tio n al e quipm en t uch a tow e r w a h e r

s s s s
,

b
fan an d oth er cl e ani n g de v i c e t h a t al o mu t e e n te r e d from tim e
s s s
,

to ti m e f or cl e an i n g and r ep air At al l t he a b ove pl a ce th e r e i

s s s s s s
.

alw ay the po i bility that ga m ay e p r e e nt wh e r e th e cr ew

s
have to work , e i th e r fro m l e ak a ge , i n u ffic ien t v en tilat i on o r from
ss s s ss
,

e mi ion of ga r eta i n e d in th e b rickwork fl u e du t o r d epo it in

s s s ss ss
, ,

t h e a ppa ratu Though poi on i n g b y bla t furn ac e ga u ually re ult

s s s s s
-
.

in nothi n g mor e er i ou than i llne s and e ve r e h e adach e , i t may cau e

s ss s
unco n ciou n e s
a n d e v e n d e ath a n d r e alizatio n of t he dange r
s s sss
,

b
a n d a tr i ct o b e rva n c e of e v e ry pr e cautio n i e en tial in u n d e rtak i ng

s s s
a n yw ork i n an at m o ph e re contam i n at e d by furn ac e ga or in en d
s
,

in g m en i n to co n fi n e d plac e fro m whi ch it would e d ifficult to

s s
,
"

e ca p e i n proximity to mat e rial e mitting ga

,
or di i cu lt to v entilat e .
AS PH YXIA TI ON F R OM BL AST
-
F U RN A CE GA S .
 T T
I N R ODU C I ON .
10 AS PHYX I A TI ON F R OM B L AS T -
F U R N A CE GA S .

CA U S E S O F AS PHYX I A T I ON BY BLAS T - F U R NA C E GA S .

s B la t fu rnac e gas co n ta i n s 20 t o 30 p er cen t by volu m e

f ca rbon
T h poi s o ou sff ct of ca rb
o

is
-

mo oxid mo oxid m
cau s d by i s
n e . e n e e on n e on an

p culia r pow r to co m bi with ht d colori g mat t

— h h m oglobi — f h blood Thi sd colori g matt r al s
e e e ne e re n

t er t o o t
combi s
e e n e

with h oxyg i h air br ath d i to h lu gs d dis

. re n e

t t t
tribut s
ne e en n

to h diff r t p a rt s
e e e n e n an

h oxyg t of h body T h a ffi ity t t

of h corpu s cl s
e e en

0 tim ss
e e en

for carbo mo oxid is

e . e n

t about gr at 25
sfor oxyg ;co s
e e n

qu tly wh n t h blood is atu rat d w ith thi s

s
n e e a e

g s
en n e en e

w ill it xp l car b m oxid s

a e e

it w ill tak up oxyg n ot en , n or on

lo g s th r is ough of it i n h i to p r v t comb i atio with

a e e e on e o

b
e e t
is
n a en e a r e en n n

oxyg Th r for w h a m br athi g a i r co ta i i g ca rbon

mo ox i d h blood will co ti u to ab s d i j us
en . e e e, en an e n n n n

tor it t that d
gr it w ill d cr a sh pow r o f h blood t o s
n e e n n e ,
an n e

upply h body with t t t

phy s
iologi sts
e e e e e

Mo s
ee e e

oxyg mai tai tha t carbo m o oxid h s

t
oth r poi s apart from d p riv i g h ti s u s s
n

s
en . n n n e a no

onous fi of h
’

ect t t
sary s
e e e n e e e n ece

upply of oxyg
m ak s h followi g s
en .

Halda ne tat m t “
e t e n e en

T he b l ood of a m a n w i ll t a k e up ab out 2 p i n t s of carb on m on ox i d e A man

a t res t b re a th es 1 0 or 1 2 p i n t s p er m i n ut e a n d e xp eri m e n t s h ow s
.

th a t of t h e
c arb on mon ox i d e i n h a l e d ab out 60 p er c e n t i s ab s
,

orb e d b y t h e b l ood If a .

m an would bre a th e air c on t ai n i n g p er c e n t of carb on m on ox i d e h e w ould

ab s p i n t p er m i n ut e I t would th en t a k e h im 2 h ou rs t o ab s
,

orb orb a

w h ol e p i n t or t o p r oduc e h a lf s a tu ra t i on of th e b l ood a t wh i ch s t a ge h i s l i mb s
.
;

would b e c om e s o we ak a s t o ca u se th e m t o g i v e w a yw h e n a n e f for t w a s
,

made
‘

t o wa lk A m a n wh o i s wor k i n g h ow e v er br ea th es fr om t wo t o th re e t i m e s
as m uch air a s a m a n wh o i s a t re s t h e n c e h e m i ght ab s
b
.
, ,

orb t h e p i n t w i th i n

e on e h a lf a s
,

a n h ou r W i th p e r c e n t of c arb on m on ox i d e th e t i m e would
p e r c en t on e th ir d a s
-
.

l on g ; wi th l on g e t c -

s s
.
, ,

M em b e r o f t h e B ur e au of Mi n e f ou n d that a i r contai n ing as

s
s
l ittl e a p er c en t of ca r b on mo n oxi d e , wh e n b re ath e d for s ev e ra l
h our s
p roduc e d h e adach e an d v omiti n g with om e m en w h e r e a s
ss
, ,

oth e rs we r e not aff ected " I t eem c e rtain that a i r conta ining m or e
"

th an c n t of carb on m on oxi d e i n ot fit to b r e ath e I t ha s s

ss s
p e r e .

b een e ta b l i h e d that t h e b lood of a man worki n g in an atmo ph e r e

s
that i con tinually vitiat e d by t rac e of ca rbo n m o n oxid e u n d e rgo e s s
ss s
b
a cha n ge wh e reby t h e n umb e r of red blood corpu cl e i n cr e a e a n d
s ss
,

gre a te r tol e ration—a b ility to with ta n d ca rbo n mon oxid e—i e ta b

s
l i h e d an d t h e ha rmfu l e ff ect mitigat e d t o om e e xt en t
s s
j ect of di put e a to wh ethe r thi act i on pr ev en t a n ydeh a ilit at in g
ss
e ff e ct on t h e y t em by ca r on mo n ox i d e ;a n y uch r e ult i rath e r a n
It i a u

b
s
s
s
s
s ss
ss .

b
“ H a ld a ne J S Cau s es of d e a t h i n c oll i ery e x pl os
i on sa n d u n d e rgrou n d fi re s : R e p ort

b
, . .
,

t o t h e S e c re ta ry of S ta t e f or t h e H ome D e p a rt m en t G rea t B ri t a i n 1 906

a n d R ob e rt s W R e l a t i v e e fi e ct s
, , .

B u rrell G A S e i b e rt F M of c a rb on mon

ox i d e ou s ma ll a n i mal s : T ec h P a p e r 62 B u re au of M i n es
, . on I , . .
, , .

1 91 4 p 1 9
.
, , ,
.
.
 DE TE CTI ON OF GA S . 11

ss s s
b
occupational d i e a e tha n an a ccid en t an d i m ent i on e d a aff ordi n g
s s
s s s s
on e cau e of t h e gr e at e r r e i tiv i ty di play e d b y om e m en tha n ot he r

s s ss
.

I n n o ca e can uch t ol e ration of ca rbo n monoxid e e e tabli h e d i n a

sss s
b
man y t e m that h e can work in an atmo ph e r e con ta i n i n g
’

s
p er
c en t of carbon mon oxid e e quiv al ent t o p er c en t of bla t fu rnac e
s s s s
-
,

without uff e ri n g ill e ff e ct P robably tol e ration can n ot tab

s s
g a , e e .

l i hed f or p ropo rt i on gre at e r than p e r c en t ca rbon monox i d e .

DE T E C T I ON OF GA S .

TE S TS F OR CA R B ON M ON OX I DE

s
Me thod f or d ete cti n g t he p r e en c e of c a rb on m on oxid e a re de s
s c rib e d i h T e ch n ical P ap e r 1 1 from which th e followi n g e xtract i ,
a
s
tak en .

T h e a uth or h a s b y t h e ai d of a p or t ab l e ga s an al y s is a pp ara tu m a d e t ests s

of t h e air i n m i n e s a ft er e xpl os i on s a n d fi re s and h as thu s as
-

cer t ai n e d on t h e
s p ot t h e comp os i t i on of th e a t m os ph ere i n t h e wor k i n gsB e ca u s e of t h e t i m e

req u ire d t o m a k e s uch t es ts a n d t h e n ee d of a p er s on w i th s

‘

om e k n owl edge of

ga s
th ey s
te s
-

ts
a n aly s
f or s
is
h ould e A n oth er r ea s
m a ll q u a n t i t i e s
b
app ara tu sch em i c a l t es ts
’
a re n ot m a d e a s

on f or om i tt i n g th em i s
,

of carb on m on ox i d e a re n ot m a d e a s
.
oft e n a s
th a t q u i ck ch em i c a l
succes sfull y
s
“

ch em i c a l t es ts f or m e th a n e c arb on d i ox i d e a n d oxyg e n : P er h a p s t h e b es

b
t
ch e m i ca l t e s t f or carb on m on ox i d e i n th a t oth er ga s es
a , ,

d o n ot i n t e r fere a n d
0

v ery s i m pl e a pp ara tu s i r eq u ir e d i s b y th e u s s
,

l ood d i lut e d w i th w a t er t o
s
e of

a b uff y e ll ow t i n t T h i t e s t i n t h e a u t h Or s is c a p ab l e of d i s
,

s
’

t i n ct l ys h ow i n g a l i ttl e a s p er Cen t of c arb on m on ox i d e i n t h e a t mos

e xp eri e n ce
'
-
.
, ,

ph ere
T h e me th od Of p r oce du re i s as foll ows
.

On e or t wo d r op s of b l ood from t h e fi n ge r a re d i lut e d w i th wa t e r u n t i l eq u a l

p or t i on of t h e s s olut i on p l aced tes t tu b ess h a v e a b uff

b s
i n 1 00 c
y ell ow col or ;on e of t h e tu b e s
0 . .

i t a k e n i n t o t h e m i n e a n d a t t h e pl a c e wh ere t h e
air i s to e te s te d ab out 5 0 c c of t h e b l ood s olut i on i s
,

p ou re d ou t t h e m i n e air
ta k i n g its pl a ce T h e tu b e i s th en c or k e d t a k en t o t h e s
. .
,

u rf a ce a n d ge n tl y
s h a k en f or 1 0 m i n ut esI f t h e air c on t ai n s
.
, ,

c arb on m on oxi d e t h e p i n k c ol or
caus e d b y t h e pre s on ox i d e h e mogl obi n i s
.
,

e n c e of c arb on m d e t e ct ed by c omp ari n g

s
t h e olut i on w i th t h e n orm a l b l ood s ol ut i on i n t h e oth e r t u b e

s s
b
.

ss b
P alladium chlor i d e g i v e a di ti n ct r e actio n with car b on mo n oxid e
ss s s s
s
b
an d i u e d a roa d T he a pp aratu co n i t of a p rot e ct e d gla
’

tub provid d with two cock s ; th s cock s d th g s

.

p d
xami d is
e e e e a re o en e an e a

to introduc d through of th m by ru bb b ul b
u ti l t h a i r filli g h appa ratu s
e e ne

isxp ll d through h s
e on e e a er

co d t t
cock T h tw o cock s th n clos d Th s
n e n e

co d cock i s
e e e e e n

p rovid d
with m an s of introduci g a s
e a re e e e e n

s
. . e

t rip of filt r p ap aturat d with

C ar b o mo oxid i f pr st dark s
e n e er e

p ll dium chlor i d
a a h p ap r e . n n e e en en t e e ,

the mor e quickly t he high e r t he co n t en t o f carbo n mo n oxid e . T he

Bu ll G A i ds d t ct i g c b m xi d f t s m ic m i
fi s d xpl s
i sT c h P p 1 1 B u u of M i s1 9 1 2 p 8
“
rre , . f .
, T he u e of e an d b r or e e n a r on on o e a er ne

b
re

B y
an

R v i w of
e

cci d t sby s
o on :

ph yxi t i o i B lgium du i g 1 906—

e . a er , re a ne , , . .

des
M i es
A re re , .
, e e 1 91 1 a en a a n n e r n : A nn .

d B lg i qu 1 9 1 2 pp 65 t 1 7
n e e e, , . , . .
 b
12 ASP HYX I A TI ON F R OM B L AS T -
F U R N A CE GA S .

a m ou n t c a n e roughly approx i mat e d by the tim e I nt erva l , as shown

in th e tabl e followi n g :

T i me re q u i re d f or re a c ti on wi th ca r b
on m on oxi d e .

M inu te s

s
s
s s
Th e e m ethod of t e ti n g for ca rbon mon oxid e may e us ed to de
s ss s
t eet tra ce of fur n ac e ga in mai n crubb e r or oth e r confin e d place
b s
s s
, ,

b
b e for e en ding m en i n to th em for r e pair or cl e a n i n g and wh ene ve r
s s s ss
,

th e r e i any unc e rta i n ty a to wh eth e r the plac e i fr ee from ga thi

ss
t e t hould e employ e d
s s s sss s
.

Cana ri e will how di ti n ct di tr e in a n at m o ph e r e containi n g

s
s s
.

a mall a p roportion a p e r c e n t of ca rbo n mo n oxid e

“
.

b
DE T E CT I ON OF GA S B Y COL OR OR OD OR .

Ga mays s s
d et ect e d b y i t color , which i due to impalp ab l e fum e
s s
e

s
,

b
or b y th e odor du e to trac e of volatiliz e d cya n i de tar and amid e
s s s
, , ,

or oth e r orga n ic compou n d p rovid e d it h a n ot b een wa h e d P artly

s sss s s s s
.
,

b
wa h e d ga i u ually lightly odorou an d may e vi ibl e b ecau e of
s s s s s s
mi t or fum e Ga that h a b een thoroughly w a h e d h a at tim e
s s
.

n e ith e r color n or odor by wh i ch it m a y e d e t e ct e d a n d i m or e poi o n

s s ss s
ou b e cau e th e ga h a to om e e xt ent , b een co n c en trat e d by cooli n g
s ss s
,
.

T h e ga that e cap e a b out th e bo h has a pa rticula rly r ee king odor

s s s
,

a n d trac e of it impa rt a pro n ou n c e d odo r to th e a tmo ph e r e ;al o that

s
b
abov e th e ma n tl e wh er e it may e cap e through op en i n gs for cool i n g
ss s
,

plat e con n ection h a a v e ry p ron ou n c e d Odor Th e r e i n o Ce rtainty

s s s s
, .

that ga m ay alway e d et ect e d in the ma n y plac e wh e r e it may e

s ss s
cap e or wh e r e it i n ec e ary to work in proxi m ity to it At tim e a
s ss s
.

b
fai n t Odor may indicat e da n ge rou qua n titi e u ffic i en t to cau e u n
s sss s s sss
,

con ciou n e i n fiv e mi n ut e wh e r e a at oth e r tim e a tro n g an

s
,

o dor may e p e rc eptibl e in an atmo ph e r e co n taini n g but a t rac e of

t h e ga s s s
Too much d ep en d upo n th e cha ract e r of th e ga wh eth er it
s s ss
,
.

h a b een confin e d or cl e an e d i t origi n an d on t h e p e r on con c ern ed

ss
, , ‘ ,

to plac e a n yr elianc e on e vid en ce a pp e aling to t h e ense nor can ,

B u rre l l , G s mi c i dsf o d t ct i g c b mon oxi d ft m i

s xpl s
i sT ch B u u f M i s1 91 2 p
a
. A .
, The u e of e an d b r r e e n a r on e a er ne

fi an d p 1 1 ; Bu ll G A
s
Pa 1 1
ts W R l t i v ff ct sf c b
re e o on : e . er re a o ne , , . rre , .

i t
S e b er M m xi d m ll
i m l sT c h
F an d R ob e r I
u f M i s1 91 4 p 1 2
, . .
, on , . e a e e e o a r on on o e on a

an a ; e . Pa p er 62 , Bu re a o ne , , . .
 bs
P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 13

any l i a b l e ru l e or dir e ct i on e mad e in r ega rd to working in ga e ou ss

s ss
re

a i r e xc e pt to k ee p out of it i f it i e ith er sm e ll e d e en or u p e ct e d
s s
, , ,

un le s th e p rop er p r e c aut i on a re taken .

b
S YM PT OM S OF P OI SO N I N G .

s s s s
A b olut ely n o r elia n c e ca n e plac e d in w arn i n g ymptom of ga
s ss s s
poi on in g for tw o r e a o n : Fir t th ey may n ot occur ; e co n d i f th ey
s s
, ,

do occu r th ey may p r ec e d e c ollap e by o bri e f an i n te rval that th e

s s s
,

p e r on has n ot tim e to e cap e from the gas eou a i r A man may hav e
s s s
.

b ee n w orki n g in ai r co n tai n i n g uch a mall p roportion of ga that h e

s s s
f eel no di comfort I f he th en ent e r air conta i n in g a la rge r p ro
s s
.

port i on , or if t he proportion of ga un e xp ect e dly an d u dd en ly in

s
s s s
cr e a e he may b ecause of th e p artly aturat e d con dition of h i b lood
sss s
,

quickly b e com e u n con c i ou ; a l o t he r e aliz at i on of th e p r e enc e

ss s s
of ga b y om e ymptom will usu ally l e a d to udden e x e rt i on with
s
d ee p e r b r e athing wh i ch may und e r c e rta i n c i rcum ta n c es qu i ckly
s s s s sss ss ss
, , ,

r e ult i n l o of co n ciou n e , whil e th e v i ct i m i till i n the ga e ou

s s s s
atmo ph e r e Furth e rmor e th e ymptom a re at t i me ind efi n ite a n d
ss ss s
.

m en d i ff e r gre atly in u c epti b il i ty to ga poi oni n g ;oft en coll a ps e i

sss
not p r e c e d e d by much di tr e or p a in Som e of th e pr e limin a ry
s s sss s s ss
.

b
ymptom a re di m n e o f i ght w e akn e ss of l i mb , dizzi n e
’

ti fi
s
, ,

n eck S light choki n g o r nau ea For som e tim e a fte r re cov e ry th e r e

s s s s
,
.
, ,

may e e v e r e h e adach e , n au e a p n eumon ia , or e p i l epti c e izure

,
.

bs b
PL ACE S OF DANGE R .

T he s s s
place wh e r e ga may u ually e e xp e ct e d th e cau e of ga s s
s
s s s s
,

s
l e ak or p r e en c e of ga a n d th e p r e caution to e tak en a re d e crib e d
,

in t h e followi n g p age .

B OS H A ND M A N TL E .

T he s
u u a l typ e of bronz e cooli n g plat e a n d b a n d e d bo h i n e v e r ss
s s s
s ss
b
tight d it i impo ibl to mak it tight Th b o h i co n tin u

s
s s
g a ,
an e e e .

a l ly l e a ki n g mor e o r l e d e p endi n g t o om e e xt en t on th e w orkin g

s
,

of t he fur n ac e J acket e d or p l ate bosh e may e tight wh en b uilt

s s
,
.

and in the e arly pa rt of t he b la t , b ut a re apt t o d e velop l e ak lat e r

s s
ss
on ; mor eov e r th ey a re not atisf a ctory f or many cla e of ore or
c ok e or f or c e rtain grad es sof i ron T h e ga l e aki n g from t h e plat e
s s s ss s
.

box e or a rch e , b r i ck j oint , an d i n t e r tic e o r Op eni n g i n th e

s s s s
,

r i v et e d or b olt e d b o h j ack et s egm en ts w ee p up th e b o h an d

ss
, ,

accumulati n g u n d e r th e m a n tl e ri e b etw een t h e bustl e pip e a n d

s s
,

mantl e , i n prox i m i ty to the u ua l l ocation of t he w a te wate r trough

s sss
-
,

circl e or w at e r upply pip e and th ree waycocks Ga i al o en

s s
- -
.
,

count e r ed whe n it b ecome n e ce ssa ry t o change a p l at e an d Oft en i

s
esp e c i a l ly trou b l e som e i n working on t h e h i gh er row T he m en in .
14 AS PHYX I A TI ON F R OM B L AS T -
F U RN A CE GA S .

the
s
pip e fitti n g ga n g a re oft en cramp e d b e tw een t h e bu tl e pip e and
,
s
-

bo h an d ubj ec t t o what e ve r a ccu m ula t io n of ga th e r e may e in

s s
s
s
s
s
b
b
t hat vicinity occa ion ally in exc e iv e amou n t a n d of a n e p ecially
s s s s
,

rich an d poi o n ou n atur e a n d u ually of ra n k odor T h e p r e en c e

s s s s
.

b
o f ga at thi poi n t of t h e fur n ac e mu t e acc epte d a on e of the
mi n or a n d i n fr e qu en t haza rd of fur n ac e work a n d on that a ccou n t s
s s s
,

n ee d to e k ept in mi n d a n d all pr ecautio n a n d ca r e e x e rci e d whil e

worki n g th e r e .

A CCI DE N T S ON T H E B U S TL E P I P E
s sm hav b fatally ov rcom
.

s
I n at l e a t thr ee i n ta n c e
bu stl pip sO man w s a bu s
en e e en e e on

f ou d lyi g tl pip platform

d a d I n a oth r ca s s tov t d r i s cha rg s
on

p ti g wat r di s
e e . ne a n n e- e

ults
n

w s d f ll f om t h bu s
n e en e ec

tl pip with fatal r s

e . e e a n e e

p a rtly ov rcom
I t h third ca s of h ca s t hou s
a e e an e r e e e e .

e cr w att mpt d to bri g a m

e on e t e e e e e

p artly ov rcom dow a la dd r from h bu s

n -
n an
,

wh ha d b tl pip t
Two in s
o

ta c s k ow of pip fitt r s
een e e, n e e e e

an d l t him fall e . who w r n e a re n n e e e e

fatally ov rcom whil w orki g t h pip i ng about t h fur ac

g t a d sof g sat th s
on

io s
e

T h num b r of occa s
e e n e e n e .

“ "
wh m
pla c s d s uff r a ight s
e e n en en e o e a e e

h a dach fami lia r to all who work ’

about f ur a c s
e an e n e e a re

n e .

b
P RE C A U T I ON S IN GOI NG ON TH E B U S L E T P IP E .

M en hould s allow e d t o go up on t he bu tl e pip e to e xam in e

n ot s
s s s
e

sb b
t h e w at e r di charg e or valv e without n otifyi n g e i t h e r th e k eep e r
s
, , ,

b ss
on e of t h e tuy er e ga n g or th e furnac e blow e r ; a n d if the j ob i
ss
,

lik ely or p rov e to e a lo n g on e a rra n gem en t hould e m ad e

s
, , ,

for t he m en to r eli e v e e ach othe r I t hould e impr e ed on th e

s s s
.

b
m a n n otifie d that he mu t r em a in on w atch o r i f i t b e co m e n ec e
s ss s s
,

b
a ry for h im to l e ave h i po t that h e mu t arra n ge f or om e oth e r
s s
s
,

man to r e plac e h im I t can n ot e con id e r e d e en tial that t w o

s
.

m en e r e quir e d t o go on t h e bu tl e pip e fo r e ach an d e v e ry j ob

s
.

On e m an who i fa m ilia r with t h e w ork a n d a cqu ai n t e d with t h e

s
s s
s s s ss
b
po ibility of th e r e b e i n g e xc e ive a m ou n t of ga th e re ab out i
s "°

s s s
c ien t p rovid e d alw ay that om e on e h a b een n otifi e d a n d that
s ss s s
s
u ,

t he on e o n otifi e d tay on watch I t hould e i m p re e d on e v e ry

s s s ss s s
.

e m ploy e e that i f h e hould f eel t h e light e t dizzi n e w e a kn e or

s s s s
, ,

oth e r y m pto m of ga poi on i n g whil e worki n g abov e h e ought

s
s s s
to co m e do w n i m m e dia t ely n ot n ec e a rily b ecau e h e i i n i mmi n en t
s ss
,

da n ge r of d e ath for h e i n ot if a watch e r i tati on e d b elo w an d

s ss
,

a rail e d platform ( P l I ) i p rovid e d but to p r e v en t a n ypo ibility

ss ssss
.
,

of his r e c e iv i n g a fall or b ur n through e xc e iv e dizzi n e lo of

s s sss ss
s
,

mu cul a r con trol or u n con ci ou n e A wa tch e r i e en tial N e a rly

s s s s
. .
,

all of th e d e ath fro m ga a t t h e bu tl e pip e ha v e r e ult e d fr om th e r e

s s
b ei n g n o on e in pa rticula r who kn e w th er e w a a n yo n e on t h e bu tl e
pip e .
16 A S P HYX I A TI ON F R OM B L AST -
F U RN A CE GA S .
b
P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 17

y e
t h s To get up on th e p latform th e w at er ten d e r
I ll i n oi St eel Co
s s
.

or oth e r w orkma n mu t op en the gat e which on b ei n g w u n g b ack

s sss s
, , ,

e ng a g e a catch tha t r el e a e a t ea m o r a ir whi tl e or el e ctric go n g

ss s ss
,

which co n ti n u e to ou n d u n til t he m an c om e down an d clo e th e

s s s
gate thu calli n g th e att en tion of e v e ryo n e in t he ca t hou e to th e
s s s s
,

fact that o m e on e i worki n g on th e pip e I f th e ala rm ou n d too

s s s s ss s
.

lo n g o me on e houl d i n ve tigate but it p ri m e purpo e i t o ign al

s
,

th e k ee p e r or hot bla t m a n to watch for th e workma n u n til h e

s s
-

com es dow n Such a d e vic e i r eco m m en d e d a p racticabl e to all

s s s
.

wh o wi h to m ak e thi p articula r part of t h e fur n ac e e quip m en t af e

s s ss s
.

A cha n ge in d e ign o r layout uch a h a b een i n titut e d by a f ew

s s s
,

b
pla n t , wh e r eby t h e w at er upply circl e or pip e i plac e d b en e ath the
s s s s
bu tl e pip e an d th e di cha rge w at e r i tak en car e of in bucket or
s
tro u gh att a ch e d to th e fu rn a ce colum n , m ay e of a dva n tage
ss
.

Gr e at e r conv en i en c e , con ti n uou i n p e ctio n a n d p rompt atten tion to

s s
,

t h e h e a rth j ack e t tuy er e an d plat e w a t e r u pply a n d di cha rge a re

s s
s
, ,

c l a i m e d ;al o th e n e c e ity of fr e qu en tly goi n g abov e and n e a r p rox

s s s
im ityto ga accumul a tio n a b out th e m an tl e i e limi n a t e d
s ss s s
.

Such a n a rra n gem en t i n ot n ew by a n ym ean a i t i in u e at

s s
,

pla n t built a gen e ration ago , b ut c e rtai n pla n t of mod e rn con

s s s
tructio n ha ve r ev e rt e d to thi typ e D i cha r gi n g t h e w ate r i n to
s s
.

buck et at t he fur n ac e colu m n i n ot a commo n fe a tur e but wh e r e

s ss ss
,

in u e cau e littl e i n co n ven i en c e a n d i o m ewh a t p r e fe rabl e to th e

s
alt e rn ativ e of l e a di n g t he di cha rge in t o the ditch about t he h e a rth
s s s
b
j ack et With a n i n c re a i n g ten d en cy to e limi n at e ditch e th e u e
ss s ss s
.
,

of buck et i t he o n ly co n v en i en t m e a n of di po i n g of t he di charge
s ss
,

b
oth e r tha n r etai n i n g the wate r trough a ov e t he bu tl e p i p e U n l e
s s s
.

th i trough i high up abov e t h e bu tl e p i p e platform workm en on

s
-
,

b
t he platfor m m ay i f ove rco m e with ga f a ll i n to t he trough a n d e
s
, ,

drow n e d Such an accid en t has h a pp en e d at on e pla n t an d i llu

s s
.
,

b
trate a plac e wh e r e tw o m en hould e r e quir e d to go u p , e v en on
s s s
s
trivial j ob or e rra n d of mom en tary duratio n Such r e quir em en t
s s s
.

can om etim e e en forc e d o n ly by co n id e rabl e diplomacy , r e a on

s s s
s
in g or di ciplin e a n d o n ly an acc i den t w ill im p r e om e th e
s
s s s ss s
on

s
, ,

n e ce ity of uch pr ecautio n F or th i r e a o n it i n ot a dvi abl e

s s s
.

b
alway to r e quir e t wo m en to go on t h e bu tl e p i p e to e xami n e d i
s s s ss s
cha rge adj u t thr ee w ay cock or do oth er work u n l e th e r e i a
ss s ss s
-
, , ,

d efin it e re a o n uch a an a n ormally ga e ou co n d i tio n a t all t im e

s
s s s s
, ,

impo ibility of k eepin g m e n abov e in ight from t h e ca t hou e floor

s ss s s s
-

o r oth e r l oc al co n dit i o n I n i ten c e on rul e of qu e tio n abl e n e ce

s s s s s
.

ityw ill bri n g i n to di r e put e a fety r e quir em en t in m ethod of w ork

sss s s
th a t i n volv e haza rd po ibly not mor e appa r en t , but of mor e e r i ou
s ss
r e ult wh en p e r i t ently ign ore d
, .

-
3
18 A S P HYX I A TI ON F R OM BL AS T -
F U RN A CE GA S .

F U R N A CE S T A CK .

RE P AI RI N G COOL I NG PL ATE S .

s
C on tructi on in which cooli n g plat e a re et i n t he li n i n g at vary s s
s s s
in g h e ight abov e t h e ma n tl e with th e i n l e t a n d di ch a rge pip e
s s s s ss
,

through th e h ell r equir e occa io n al a tt en ti on Th e e plate u ually

ss s s
, .

d ev elop l e ak a th e li n i n g w e a r back a n d t h e n o e of t he plat e

s s s s
b ecom e e xp o e d through crack or ab ra i on of th e b rick to dir ec t
s s s s s s
e r o io n by a c e n di n g ga curr en t a n d d e c e n di n g tock tog e th e r w ith

s
,

a high t emp e ratur e I r on cooli n g plat e a re fr e qu en tly a t tack e d by

s s ss
.

acid w at e r a n d d e v e lop l eak Wh en l e ak d ev elop or a re u p ecte d

s s s s
.
,

it i oft en a m o t t e di ou a n d baffl i n g ta k to d ete r m i n e which pla te

s s s s
h a fail ed a th e plat e a re alw ay co n n e ct e d in horiz on tal or v e rtical
ss s
,

e ri e a n d to d e t e ct a plat e l eaki n g w at e r i n to th e fur n ac e r e quir e

s s
,

b
br e aki n g th e co n n ectio n from th e di ch a rge b ack to t he f ee d p ip e
s
s ss s
b
u n l e th e l e aky plat e b etray it e lf by t e ami n g about t h e i n l et a n d
s s
di charge li n e s s s S uch w ork e xc ept in r a r e i n ta n c e m u t e do n e
ss s s s
.
, ,

in a ga e ou atmo ph er e ec a u e o f ga l eaki n g from about t he i n l et

s s s
b
a n d di cha rg e pip e a n d ri i n g from ab out t h e m a n tl e Wh e r e the
s s s ss s
.

h ell i i n clo e d up t o th e top row of plate ga accu m ulat e in c

s s s
,

idera le qua n titi e n e a r t h e top row a n d w ork for a n yl en gth of

s s s
ti m e abou t t h e plat e b eco m e difficult b e cau e of th e a m ou n t of
ss s
s s
,

ga ,
i t r eeki n g odor a n d t h e n ec e ity of w orki n g clo e to th e
,

j ack et
s ss
.

B uck e t trough an d p ray cool e d thi n li n e d furn ace al o r e quir e

s s s
- -

, ,

att en tio n to t h e w at e r upply ;but a a rul e th e o n ly ga en cou n t er e d

s s s s s
, ,

i that ri i n g fro m t h e bo h although l e ak through t h e h ell occa

s s s
,

i on a llyoccu r by r e a o n of failur e or w e a r of th e riv e t Tap bolt

s s s s s
-

, .

co n truction obviat e m a n y ga l e ak n ot t o m en ti on t h e oth e r t ru c

s s s
,

tu ral adva n tage of u i n g tap b olt .

U S E OF W AT C H E R S

b
.

s
I n a much s
m
gaged in work upo n high platform about the
a en e n s
s s s s
b
j ack et a re lik ely to e ou t of igh t of w atch e r on th e ca t hou e
s
-

floor l e v el p articularly wh en th ey a re at work on t h e id e a w ay

s s ss
,

from th e tappi n g hol e tw o m en hould al w ay e a ign ed to ev en

s s s s
,

th e mo t trivial j ob a n d a third m an tatio n e d a a w atch e r if it i

s
s s s
,

b
n ec e a ry for th e t wo m en to work cl o e to t h e fur n ac e h ell at th e
s a m e tim e T he w atch e r e ith e r o f a two m a n or of a ix m a n ga n g s
s s s s
- -
.
, ,

S hould e tati on e d w h e r e th e r e i n o ga a n d in a po iti on to k eep

th e on e o r mor e work e r i n ight ss .

S A F E GU A RDS .

AR DE D S TA I R S AND ADD E R S

bs
GU L

swith s sss s
.

P e rma n en t gall e ri e rail a n d t oe board i tuat e d a to

s s
s ss
o ,

p ermit e a y acc e to the plate hould e i n tall e d with p e rma n en t

, ,
 A
BURE U OF MI NE S A A
T EC H NIC L P P E R 1 06 A
P L T E II

A . T A
S E P S TO F U RN C E TOP. I I
NOT E W RE NETT NG .

B . L OCKE D G ATE AT BO TTOM OF STAIR TO FU RNACE TOP .

 P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 19

s ss s
m e a n of a pproach b y tai r p rovid e d with ha n d rail ( S ee P l II )
s s s s s
. . .

b
I t i oft en impracticabl e i n old pla n t t o co n truct tairway to th e
s s s ss
plat e platform but wh en ev er uch I th e ca e a t eel ladde r with a
s s s s
, ,

a fety cage attachm en t hould e prov i d e d a a m e a n Of appr oach

s s s s ss s
-
.

T he n umb e r Of e riou a ccid en t from fall an d bu rn a a r e ult of

s s
s s s s
b
partial a phyx i a tion po ibly e xc ee d th e num b e r of d e ath from thi
s
cau e , an d an y p e rma n en t d e vic e that w ill r e duc e th e cha n c e of
ss s
ss s
i n j ur i e r e ulti n g from p artial ga i n g hould e i n tall e d A cage
ss
.

a b out th e la dd e r will l e en th e p robability of a m an falli n g if h e

s s
ss s
h ould , in attempti n g to co m e down whil e m or e or l e e ri ou ly

s ss
s s ss
ga e d lo e h i hold on b ecomi n g dizzy or emicon c i ou Such acci
s s s s
.
,

d en t hav e occurr e d an d to i n ur e th e i r not happ en i n g om e uch

s s s s s s s s
,

a fety m e a ur e i n ec e a ry U n til uch t i m e a th e pla n t c a n i n tall

s s s s
.

b
gua rd e d tairw a y or cage d la dd e r to el evate d platform wh e re
s s
th ey are n ot prov i de d m en go i n g up on uch platform to work in
ss
,

proximity to ga hould e r e qu i r e d to tak e up w i th th em a lif e b elt

s
s
,

or harn e a n d lif e l i n e I n e v en t of an y m emb e r of th e ga n g

s
s s s s s ss
.
,

b e comi n g ga e d or how i n g ymptom of uccum bi n g t o ga hi

ss s
,

b
c ompa n io n hould attach the lif e b elt an d li n e t o h i m an d en d him
s
dow n i mm e diat ely t h e m en ta n di n g on t h e gall ery or platform an d
s s
ss
,

k eepi n g the li n e taut u n til h e h a r e ach e d th e floor or c an e a i t e d

from t he l a dd e r la n ding .

U S E OF GR ID A
F L OOR S F OR G L L E R E S I .

ss s
b
Op i n i on d i v erge a to t h e r elativ e d e irability of a grid or a
s
plat e floor for gall e r i e ab out th e furn ace t ack On t h e whol e , th e s “

s ss ss
.

b
grid floor i pr e f e ra b l e I t may e ma de with tr i p or rod o
s s s
.

pa ce d tha t tool a n d fitti n g can n ot f a ll through but th e w ork e r can

s
e e en from b en e ath

b
.

VE NTI L ATI ON NE AR R OOF .

Th e s s
j unct i on Of the roof w i th the furnac e tack hould e provid e d
s ss
with a ven tilati n g hood wh en the cooli n g plat e a re et o high in th e
s s s
h ell that t he wat e r con n e ction e xt en d up clo e to th e ro of T h e
s s s
.

hood p e rmit b ette r v en tilation a n d e cap e for ga than wh en t h e

s
s s s s
b
roof i n ug aga in t the j ack et Wh en th e plat e a re et a b ov e th e
s s s
.

roof i t i of cou rse p r e f e ra b l e that platform with p e rman ent m e a n

s s s s
,

of acc e s e prov i d e d On e i n tanc e i k n own of a ma n b eco m i n g ’

s
s
.

“ "
ga e d whil e worki n g on a plat e co n n e ction abov e th e roof an d
ss s s “
falli n g from t he roof to th e yard Oth e r ca e of ga i n g hav e ’’

s s
s s
s
.

b
occurr e d which di d not r e ult fatally n or in lo of tim e but n ece i
s
,

b
t a t ed de lay and t h e difficult ta k of getti n g t he man dow n to w h e r e
ss s
re u citation could e appli e d Wh e r e gall e ri e a n d co n v en i en t
s s s
.

m e a n of acc ess are not prov i d e d , men hould e provid e d with b elt
and life l i n es .
20 ASP HYX I AT I ON F R OM B L AS T -
F UR N A CE GA S .

P A CK I N G H OL E S I N SH E LL .

Ve ry infr e qu en tly i t happ en that th e h ell b urn through h e ar s s s s

s s ss
,

b b
i n g th e riv et on t he v e rtical or occa io n ally on t he horizo n tal e a m
s ss s s
, , ,

wh en it b e com e n ec e ary to p ack the op en i n g u n t il uch ti m e a

s ss s
b
t h e fur n ac e ca n e blown out Obviou ly thi hould e don e a
s ss
s s s s
.

oo n a po ibl e y et in ta n c e a re n ot lacki n g o f a fur n ac e till

s
,

b ei n g blow n with an Op e ni n g o la rge that it ha d to e r ep ack e d

s s
ix o r eight tim e a day Al though the packi n g i don e with th e s
s s s ss
.

bla t off , it i tryi n g work a ga i con ti n ually blowi n g out a n d

s s s s s
, ,

m en b ecau e of th eir d e ir e t o fin i h t h e j ob and get away as oo n a

s
s s s s s
,

b
po ibl e , work wh en th ey a re e xp e r i en ci n g ymptom of ga i n g
s s s ss s s
,

fro m th e p r eliminary tage to lo s of con ciou n e I n uch work

ss s s s
.

hift of m en hould e p rovi d e d u n d e r th e dir e ct up e rvi ion of th e

s s
for ema n w h o hould ee that all n e c e ary p r eparation an d p reca u ss s
s
,

tion a re tak en .

B L A S T F U R N A CE T OP S -
.

s s( Pl III )
B l a t fur n ac e top v e r tight a n d th ey a re notor i
ly da g rou s M chanically
s
a re n e

s
-
.

fill e d fur n ac e how ev e r r e quir e

s s
ou n e e

m en on top o n ly at infr equ en t in te rval —oil e r on c e a day for 1 0

.
, ,

s s
or 1 5 m inut e s s
ss s
to o i l an d in p ect S h eav e an d bra e ; rigger an d
s s
millwright o n c e or twic e a w ee k to in p e ct t h e b ells an d hopp e rs ;
s s s
cl e a n er an d r epa i r gang at occa io n al int ervals to c l ea n th e top or
ss s s
ss s s
b
r epai r an d a dj u t h e av e wh eel , b ra e , explo ion door bl ee de r
s s s
,

valv e hopp er , an d b ell

ss ss
, .

Ga i alw ay e capi n g from a b out th e try hol e and may e an d

s ss ss s
u ually i e c a p i n g from on e or all of t h e followi n g : Ga e al door
s s s s
,

floor pla te e xplo ion door an d wa rp e d imp e rf ectly e at e d or off

s ss s
, , , ,

c en t e r b ell an d eat T h e roo m a vailabl e on t h e top platform i

s ss s
ss ss s
.

om eti m e ca n t acc e to h e a v e wh eel platform i mo t fr e qu en tly

s
-
,

by la dd e rs t he platform th ems elv es a re l argely ov e r th e r ec e ivi n g

ss s s s s s
,

hopp e r ( ee P l I I I ) a n d in om e ca e t h e b ell cyl ind er a re al o

s s s s
.
,

ov e r t h e hopp e r Autom a tic di tributo r m echa n i m t elltal e a n d

s s ss s
.
, ,

roddi n g d evic e r e quir e att en tio n an d uch w ork a i n p ec t i n g b ell

s s s
,

b
a n d hopp e r r em ovin g lu m p of ore o r cr ap b arrin g ore r eplaci n g
s s s s
, , ,

hopp e r or w e ari n g plat e an d makin g occa i on al r e pair and ov e r

s ss
,

hauli n g h a t o e do n e la rgely in ga eou a i r

s s s
.

A phyxi a h a happ en ed in a va ri ety of way : To a n el ectricia n

s s
cha n gi n g ca rbo n on a n a re light on th e h e av e wh eel platform ;to a
s s
-

pip e fitte r r e pla ci n g a fitti n g on a b ell cyli n d e r ; t o a tock hou e -

labor e r S p e lli n g off a top fill e r ;to a lab or e r e n gage d in cl ea n i n g

t h e top platform ;to a n oil e r who f ell from th e h e a v e w h eel platform s -

to t he cha n gi n g platform in attempti n g to get down wh en pa rtially

s
ov e rcom e with ga ; t o a rigge r r e pairi n g t h e t elltal e on t h e top

riggi n g ; to h i s
h elp e r who tri e d to r e cue h i m ;to a top fi ller ( P l s .
 P L A CE S or DA N GE R . 21

s
I V ) wh o wa ov e rcom e s
w i th ga from a l e aky e xplo io n door an d s
a m i llw r
f el l i n to th e hopp er ;to ight wh o fell d ow n th e tep f rom ss
th e fur n ac e top whil e p a rti a lly ov ercom e ; to anoth er millwright
s s s
who w a fou n d on top ov e rcom e with ga ; to e v en m en who a t
s s s
t empte d r e pair to t h e mall b e ll rod i n id e a r ece iv ing hopp e r ;a n d
s s s
in variou oth er i n t an c e n ot e d h e r e i n .

b
NE E D OF W AT CH E R .

s s
Workm en h ould alway e re quir e d t o n otify th e fur n ac e fore
‘

s
m an or blow e r b e for e goi n g on t op ( ee P l II ) e ven in pur ua n c e s
s s s
s
.

of th ei r rout i n e dut i e o f o i ling or i n p e ct i o n and n ot l e than

s s
,

t wo m en S hould go on t Op e v e n f or minor j ob On e man hould .

a ct as a w a tch e r , rema i ni n g a way f rom t h e furna ce top out of

s s s
,

ra n ge an d da n ge r o f ga ;for e xampl e on th e N o 2 tov e in uch a

s
.
,

b
p o i tion that h e can watch the man or m en at work I f on e or mor e
s s
s s s ss
.

m en how ig n of di tr e from ga or c a l l f or h elp th e w atch er w i l l

s ss s
,

e a b l e t o gi v e an al a rm t o t h e t ock h ou e ca t hou e or b ell op e rator

s s
ss s
, , ,

u m m on a i tanc e an d th en , i f pos i bl e h elp th e endangere d m an

ss s
, ,

from t h e ga eou atmo ph ere or k eep h im from fall in g .

b
P RE C A U T I ON S IN OI L I NG .

ss s s
Oi le r hould e i n tru ct e d n ot t o go on oili n g platform abov e
s s
t he b ell without fir t n oti fyi n g t h e b ell Op e rator n ot t o op e n t h e
s s s
b
b ell u n t i l h e r ec e i v e a S i gnal from th em to re u me cha rgi n g I f i t
sss s s s s s
.

i po ibl e to do o t h e w i tch e or l ev e r tha t op e rat e th e b ell

s s s s
,

hould e lock e d or b loc ke d in clo e d po i tion b e for e th e oi l e r go

s
about the b ell , to pr e v ent t h e a cci d ental low e ring of e ith e r b el l
s s s ss
through m i u n d e r tandi n g Such a p rovi ion i e p ecially recom
s s s
.

m en d e d in ca e th e b ell or e ats a re wa rp e d or l e aky f or i t is

s s s
,

fr e qu en tly th e ca e that although th e mall b ell remai n s clo e d

s
s
,

dumpi n g a n oré cha rge off t he la rge b ell will all ow e xc e iv e qu an ti

s ss s
ti e of ga t o e cap e th rough b oth b ell on accou n t of imp e rf ect j u n c
s
tur e b e tw een th e b ell a n d e at onc e t he se al i n g e ffe ct of an ore cha rge
s s s s
i r emov e d ;dumpi n g t h e mall b ell may r e ult i n t h e am e co n ditio n .

M E N S H OU L D N OT B E A L L OW E D ON T OP W H E N F UR N A CE IS L O V OR\

b
H A N GI N G .

s s
s b b
M en S hould not allow e d t o go on top while the t ock li n e i low
ss
s s
s s ss s
e

unl e ab olut ely n ec e a ry b e cau e of d elay or r e pai r a t h e ga

s s
,

pre ur e will e t ron ge r a n d th e r e may e a gr eat e r t end en c y t ow a rd

s s“ "
a udd en roll o r ss
lip that b e id e th e da n ge r of bu rn i n g t h e
s s s
,

m en , may cau e la rge r amou n t of ga to a ccumulat e about t h e top

s s
rigging from explo ion door o pen in g o r l e aki n g mor e fr eely .
 bb
22 ASP H YX I A TI ON F R OM B L AS T -
F U R NA CE GAS .

s v r allow d top u d r yci rcum s

M en hould ta c s wh n
t h fur ac i s ha gi g— t h da g r s
on

of a s
ne e e e ,
n e an n e , e

k o w to phyxiatio
obviou sI a s much s ibl alway s
n n e

d bur s it i s p os s
e n e e n n e n n

t n ot

goi g to s
a re

lip it i s
n n e

a dvi s
an a o

k w at what ti m a fur ac i s
.

no abl w h a
n

fur ac i s w orki g s
e e n , e, en

tiffly irr gularly to hav h fur ac bl w r t

top d hold it u til h i gnal is
n e n or e , e e n e o e

ch ck it b f r h m g
e e o e t e en giv
o on an n t e S en

t hat t h e m en a re dow n .

T N G H OP P E R AND BE L L S

b
I N SPE C I .

B efor e p ect s
yon e i n s t h e r ec e ivi n g hopp e r and b ell si s
kip
s s
an n

s
b
fill e d fur n ac e t h e op e ra t or hould e n otifi e d to top chargi n g
s
,

e xc e pt on ign al fr om t h e for em a n i n cha rge on top Such work

s
s
.

b
S hould n e v e r e u n d e rtak en without obtai n i n g p e rmi io n from t h e
s
s s
fur n ac e blow e r r ega rdl e of it b e i n g a r egula r w eekly o r daily
s s
,

b
routi n e j ob for a id e from th e haza rd of ga which m ay e a de
s s s s
, ,

q u t l y p rovid d agai n t u d r or m al co n diti o n circu m ta n c e

s
a e e n e n ,

may r equi r e that th e fur n ac e e t em por a rily hut dow n f or oth e r

ss s s s s
;

r e a on I f on ly a cur ory i n p ectio n i co n t e m plat e d t o a c e rtai n

s
.

wh eth e r t h e b ell an d h opp e r i cl e a n i n g p rop e rly a n d n ot a ccu m u

s s
lati n g a t om e po int a “
cab of ore large e n ough t o p r e v en t e ven
s s s s
s
di tribution of tock it i ra r ely n ec e a ry to tak e t h e fur n a c e o ff I n
s s s s s s s
,
.

ca e mor e thorough i n pe cti on i un d e rtak en uch a m e a ur em en t

s s s
,

b
t o d et e r m i n e wh eth e r t h e b ell i off c en t e r i n p ectio n of t h e t ock
s s s s
,

b
li n e or r epa ir to t h e hopp e r b e ll rod o r b ell t h e fur n ac e hould
s s
, , , ,

e S hut down a n d t h e tuy er e plugge d I f th e fur n ac e i co n n ecte d

s s s s
.

to oth e r fur n ac e in Op e ratio n th e ga valv e hould e cl o e d th e

s s s s
, ,
'

bl ee d e r an d e xpl o i on door on tOp of th e f u rn a ce op en e d th e du t

s s s
,

b b
b ell On t h e du t catch e r op en ed t he ga lit on top o f th e tock an d a
s ss s
, ,

m a n d el egat e d to e e tha t it t a y lit A S i m ila r proc e dur e h ould

s ss s s
.

e f oll ow e d i n ca e r e pa ir mu t e m a d e t o e xplo i on do or or
s
bl ee d e r valv e .

CL E A N I N G T H E T OP

\
.

s s
s
b
b ec om e n e c e a ry f or a f or em a n to tak e t he labor
Vh en e v er it
s s
sb
ga n g up t o cl e a n off th e fu r n ac e t op p re cau t i on S i m ila r t o th o e
s s s
,

d e crib e d fo r routi n e oili n g a n d e xte rior i n p e ctio n hould e fol

ss s
b b
low ed I t i u ually b e t n ot to hav e a fixe d day f or thi j o but
s s s
,
.
,

to el ect on e whe n th e r e i a good b r eez e E n ough workm en hould

ss s
.

e u ed o that part of t h e cr e w c a n e plac e d at om e poi n t n ot

ss s
ga eou t o watch tho e at work an d p ell th e m o ff T h e for ema n in s
s s s
.

cha rg e hould tay con ti n uou ly on t op duri n g t h e work .

S A F E GU A R DS .

PUL L IN G OU T B U GG E S I
s s s s
.

At ha n d fille d fur n a ce w h e r e a at m o t fur n ac e of t hi typ e

s s
on e -

, ,

th e t op fill e r occa io n ally all ow a buggy to dr op i n t o t h e hopp e r ,

 b
P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 23

s
hook w i th b lock a n d tackl e i provide d o th at the b uggy ca n e s
s
a

pull e d out without th e fill e r hav i n g to work in t h e ga Th e en d of

s s s
.

t h e rop e i attach e d to t h e hoi t , whi ch i low e r e d u n d er the co n trol

s
of on e of the top fill e r u n til th e b uggy w i n g cl e a r of the top o f s s
s
th e hopp e r , wh e n i t i s wun g ov e r onto th e char gi ng p l atform
s s
.

At a n oth e r furnac e a rail which i a ttach e d t o th e two tructural

s s
column a t e ach ide of the hopp er, e ncircl es the hopp er at uch a s
h eight that i t will catch th e buggy an d pr e v en t it ov e rtur n i n g i n to s
th e h opp er s
T op fill e r at work dump in g b uggi e a re hown in
. s s
P lat e I V .

P RE VE N T I ON OF GA S L E A K A GE A B OU T H OP P E R AND BE L L .

A T OL D F U R NACE TOP S
ss
.

Th e p ractic e of u p en di n g a light e d cok e or coal b razi er at t h e

s id e of th e hopp e r to k ee p a n y co n id e rabl e l e akage of ga con s s
s
t in u a llylight e d i p r e f e rabl e to t h e p ractic e of lighti n g t h e ga w i th s
s
bur n i n g w a te or coke at e ach low e r ing of t h e b ell Th e fir t m ethod s
s ss ss
.

obviat e t h e po i b ility tha t ga e caping from a b out t he b ell an d

s
hopp e r e xten i o n j unct i on m ay a ccumulate b y n egl e ct to keep it
-

light e d
s s
.

At c e rtain old typ e top wh en th e ch a r ging pl a tfo rm plat e a re

s s
s s
- -
,

n ot r i v e t e d to b rack e

b
t a n d t he hopp er re t on t h e li n i n g a n d i
s s s
,

not bolt e d down to a top or b ull r i ng ecur e d to b r a cket , I b ea m

s s
s s
-

or th e S h ell , th e r e i apt to e e xce i v e l e akage of ga if t he furnac e

s s s s s s s s
b
h a b een on b la t long Th e e l eak a re almo t i mpo i b l e t o top
s s s
.

whil e the furn a c e i in op e ration T he clo i n g of the b ell i con

s s
.

t an t lyj a rri n g t h e hopp e r an d loo eni n g i t whil e t h e p acki ng

’

s s s
e ,

b
n e ath t h e floo r pla t e s b e co m e cra cke d a n d p e rmit an i n cr e a i n g
ss
em i ss s s s s ss s
ion of ga a the du ty ga e rod e th e fi ur e Such l eak can
s s s
.

a a rul e e ov e rco m e only by toppi n g a n d r e e tti n g th e ho pp e r or

r e packi n g th e floor plat es Hopp er trou b le i s n ow p ractically a p rob
ss
.

lem of th e pa t , a r elat i v ely f ew furnac e s hav e n ot do n e a way w i th

s
t he old hopp e r a rra n gem e nt b y h a v i ng th e hopp e r bolt e d onto I b eam
s s
-

or b rack et on wh i ch i t i r i gi dly h el d The pack i ng b en e ath th e

s s
.

floor plate an d the top of th e l in ing i of l a te y ea rs don e effici ently

s
b y putt i n g 9 to 24 i n ch e of con cr et e l oam an d grout on top of th e
s s
, ,

b
li n ing Exampl e of m ethod o f p acki n g a re : ( a ) 3 i n che s of loam
s s
.

tightly ramm e d ;3 i n ch e of co n cr et e 3 i n ch e o f grout floor plat e ;

s s s
-
, ,

( ) 1 2 i nch e o f co n cr et e 4 i n ch e of grout 6 i n ch e of loam , fl oor

s s s
, ,

plat e ; ( 0 ) 1 5 i nch e of co n cr et e a b out 1 to 2 i n ch e of grout 6

s sss s
s s
, ,

inch e of a b e to wool pack e d w ith wat e r gla ; ( at ) 6 i n che o f

s s s
loam 6 i n ch e of co n cr et e 2 i n ch e of grout 6 i n ch e of loam T he
s ss
, , ,
.

top o f all ha n d filled furnac e vi it e d by th e w rit e r du r i n g 1 91 5 hav e

s ss s s
-

b een w ith two e xc e ptio n in fir t cla co n dition a r e ga rds l e akage

s s s
-
, ,

a b out t he floo r pla te and hopp e r Th i stat em en t doe not include .

24 A S P HYX I A TI ON F R OM B L AST -
FUR N A CE GA S .

l e akage b etw een th e hopp e r an d b ell ;h e r e th e i n e vitabl e w a rpi n g o r

s ss ss s
w e a r h a at a f e w pla n t r e ult e d in e xc e iv e ga ab ou t t h e top
s s s s s
.

S eem i n gly uch l e akage h a n ot r e ult e d in e riou i n j ury t o t op

ss
b
fill e r a th ey a re S p ell e d off fre qu en tly e n ough to pr e v en t acci
ss s
,

d en t re ulti n g i n de ath or lo t tim e but th e gen e ral e ffe ct on th eir

s s
,

h e al t h can n ot e b en eficial Such con diti on a re u ually of t em

ss s s
.

y duration u l t h e fur n ac e i n e ari n g t h e en d of t h e bla t

s
o

s s
p r a r n e

ss
,

b
wh en th e op e rator i n ot i n cli n e d o m e ti m e for valid r e a o n t o
s s s s s
, ,

top and cha n ge b ell or hopp e r lip for t h e f ew day or w eek b e for e
s
s
it will appar en tly e n ec e ary to blow out T h e actual accid e n t
s ss s s
.

haza rd in uch con dition do e n ot lie o much in t h e u ual routi n e

s ss
work of top filli n g a in th e po ibility of a co m bi n ation of u n favor
s ss s
b
abl e a tmo ph e ric an d fur n ac e co n dition uch that th e top fill e r
s ss
, .

a n d t h e r eli e f m en h a v e to work in a i r o ga e ou
‘
th a t th ey m ay
s s s s
e riou ly aff ect e d Such ca e s a re e xtreme ly u n u ual but fat a l
ss
e .
,

r e ult a re on r e cord
s s s s
.

At blowi n g in a f ew v e ry e r i ous ca e of a phyx i at i on hav e hap

s s s ss
,

p en e d to top fill e r for em en , and up e rin ten d en t , a n d S imila r ca e

s s s
,

hav e occurr e d in b lowi n g out I n uch i n ta n c e th e b ell b ei n g l e ft

s ss s
.
,

op en th e r e hav e b een accumulatio n of ga o u n u u ally rich an d

s s s
,

n oxiou that t rac e of it ove rcom e a man v e ry udd en ly B ei n g

s s
.

accu tom e d to worki n g in ga of n ormal carb on mon oxi d e con t en t

for a bri e f ti m e th e m en w e r e ov e rcom e in a fraction of th e tim e
s s ss ss s s
,

b
that th ey con id e r e d in u fli cien t to cau e e riou ymptom o f a
p y
h sx iss sss At uch tim it i n ti al t o hav e m en on top th r
s
a . e ,
a e e e e ,

can on ly e u rge d e xtrem e caution th e u e of thoroughly e xperi

s
,

en ce d m en , a n d t h e p r e en c e of a for e ma n

s
s s
.

T o tak e car e of th e co n ti n gen cy of e xc e iv e ga accu m ulatio n in

s s s s
,

t h e mo t r e c en tly co n truct e d ha n d fille d fur n ac e ( tho e built withi n

s s s
s s
-

h
t e a p t 1 0 y a r 1 905 —1 91 5 ) t h e hoi t a re plac e d b ack a con id e rabl e
s
e ,

di ta n c e f rom th e furnac e t h e l en gth from c en t e r li n e to c en t e r li n e

s s
,

b e i n g upward of 40 f eet A tightly co n truct e d hou e with en tra n c e

ss s
.

awa yfrom t he fur n ac e i al o provi d e d at th e r e a r o r id e of th e

s s s ss
hoi t Som e old ha n d filled furn ac e do n ot hav e uch r e fuge hou e
s
-
. .

a n d th e m en at b e t c a n n ot ge t v e ry far away from t h e fur n ac e top

s ss
wh en r e ting b e tw een p ell .

TRY H OL E S .

ss ss s
b
T he try hol e fr e qu en tly b e com e a ourc e of exc e iv e ga l eakage
s s s
owi n g to e ro io n by cok e du t in t h e ga Th e m o t ati factory try sss
s s s
.

hol e a rra n gem en t app e a r to e a l ee v e of e xt ra h e avy t ee l pip e of

s
diam et e r uffici en t to cl e a r the try rod The pip e i cr ew e d i nto a s
s
s
.

fla n ge machi n e d on th e f a c e at an a n gl e uffici en t to giv e t he try rod

s
an d ss
s
l eev e t h e n e c e a ry lant to b ring th e try rod ov e r t he tock s
s s
.

A th e S l eev e p roj ect a b ov e t h e fla n ge of th e rodding hol e , t h e hol e

 b
P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 25

s
in u e c a n e p rovid e d w ith a hi n ge d cov e r S imila r t o b ar hol e t op
s s s
p e r in ga p roduc e r an d th e thr ee hol e n ot in u e can e cap pe d
,
s
b b s
-
s
.

b
Wh en m en a re worki n g on top th e try rod can e withdraw n a n d
s s
.
,

th e cov e r clo e d t em porarily T h e thr ee try rod hol e n ot in da i ly

s
-

s
.

u e a re la rge en ough to p e rm i t l i inch o r 1 % i nch pray p i p e to e

- -

s
i n e rt e d w h en b lowi n g ou t
s s
.

T h e t ry hol e on ha n d filled f urnac e hav e b een with b ut on e

s
-
,

e xc e ptio n cov er e d or topp e d with a plat e bolt o r plug wh en not in

s ss s
, , ,

u e for ga gi n g t h e tock li n e Th ey a re occa ionally fou n d i n id e t h e

s
.

hopp e r b ei n g a bolt hol e through t h e top of th e hopp e r e xten io n an d

s s
,

th e hopp e r l i p On ha n d fil l e d furn ac e , t h e ga from about t h e

ss s s
-
.

try hol e i u ually of littl e con e qu en c e Ski p fille d fur n ac e with

ssss ss
-
.

high e r ga p r e ur e hav e b ee n not e d wh e r e t h e ga w a de ci d e dly

s s
thick about the top from e capi n g from t h e try hol e alon e I t i a
s sss
.

good i d e a t o k ee p a upply of rop e a b e to on top an d p ack th e

s
s s
try hol e wh en e v e r it i n ec e a ry to work th e r e .

b
I
L FE I
L N E S.

s ss
Life li n e a n d be lt hould e p rovid e d an d kept i n om e ecu r e s s
s
s
a n d r e adily acc e ibl e plac e on top o f th e t ov e f or u e in ca e it ss s s
s s
s s
,

be com e n e c e ary to re cu e a workm a n fro m t h e top riggi n g an d

s s s s s
,

al o for u e by a n yo n e w h oh a to v en tur e for r e pa i r i n to an at m o

h t ss
h at may b co m ga ou notably on t h t op ig g i g or i
s ss
p e re e e e e ,
r n ,
n

id e the ga e al or hopp e r .

E M E R GE N CY S TR E TCH E R

b
.

s
An applianc e that h a b een i n troduc e d a t t h e Lucy f urn ac e an d s
s
,

which S hould e a fe atur e o f a fety e qu i pm en t a t all S ki p fille d fu r

s s ss s
- o

b
n ac e acc e s i bl e o n ly u p th e S k i p incli n e i a tr etch e r ( P l V a n d
s s s
,
.
,

b
V I ) uita b ly m a de for e cur i n g in p o i t i on an ym an ov e rcom e by
s
ga wh i l e on top a n d for low e rin g h i m to the gro u nd It i t o e s
s s
.

b
r e com m en d e d i n con id e ration of th e fact that m en occa i on ally e
s s
s s
co m e d eli riou wh en ga e d an d r e ist t h e m en att empt i n g to get
s s ss
,

th em dow n off th e top or a re o h elpl e a to e brough t dow n t h e

s s
,

kip i n cline only with t he gr e at e t d ifficulty .

AL AR M GO NG

b
.

s
To en abl e watch e r or a n i n ad equat e n u m b e r o f m en on top to
s s
ss s ss
s
, ,

um m o n a i t a n c e in ca e of n ee d it i e en tial that th e r e e p ro
s s s
,
.

v ide d m e a n for attracti n g o m e o n e att en tio n rath e r tha n hav i n g

’

s
s s
,

t he m en u n d e r t he n ec e ity o f houti n g do w n t o th e y a rd or tr estl e

s
at ra n dom A gon g i p r e fe rabl e locat e d at the kip op e rator s s
’

s s s
.
,

po t a n d op e rat e d from th e t ov e pl atform togeth e r w i th a p e ak

s s
,

in g tub e or t el e pho n e for commu n i cat i o n b etw een th e e po i n t T he

s s s s
.

hell or k i p op e rator hould remai n on po t co n t inuously o l o n g a s

4 3430 —1 6 —
°
4
26 A S PHYX I AT I ON F R OM B L AS T—
F U R N A CE GA S .

th e r e m en top sv n b tt r t o ha v a dditio al go
It i g
s s
a re on

ssm alway s duty th r e

e e e e e an

is
.
n n

i n t h e ca t hou e, b ecau e o e on e on e .

ATF OR M S AND R AI L IN GS

b
PL

sc s s
.

Wh en it a ry for m i t o go up r gul rly

ne e d ba r froz en e a an en

ff t h hopp r duri g cold w ath r a rail d platfor m hould

s I n ca slu m p s
ore o e e n e e e S e

b
provid d for th i e of froz
e r u e of la rg r iz
. e en ore e S e

than will go through t h th oat or littl b ll d tach d fro m h t

hopp r t h fu rnac s
e r e e a re e e e

hould tak ff d a lif li d b lt t

t h d t o th workman a s ign d t h ta s
e e en o

s
,
e e ,
an e n e an e a

b
ac e e k of br aki g up th lump
or r movi g i t For i s
e e e n e

e ta c a m
n . though w orki g u d r h n n e, an , n n e t e

di r ctio of for man i n att mpti g to br ak up lump lodg d

th s d b ll s
e n a e e

t s
,
n e a e e

b
b
tw een mall b ll e lipp d through o t t h big b ll
e

d i att m pting to r s
an e ea e n o

cu h im t h for m a w t in through t h g s
e e ,

sal d or with lif li attach d d los t h is

an n e e e e n en e a

lif y i g ov rco m

b
'

with g s
e o no e ne e an e e n e e

Fataliti s d s i j uri s
a .

v anh v occurr d through m

e ere m eco

i g p artly ov rcom b y g s d i thi s co dition s

e n e a e e en

lippi g b tw
boa rd s d i t r m diat raili gs of s ta da rd raili gs
n e e a , an n n n e een

th t oe an n e though e

it is r Followi g s
e e n n

uch accid t s
n ,

difficult to im agi i n what ma

c rtain pla t s hav s h ath d t h raili gs of platfor m sxpo s
ne nne . n en ,

d to
s s s s
e n e e e e n e e

b
d t p l adi g to th m with wir tti g ( P l II ) or if
ladd r s u s d hav provid d cag s sh sb
g a an e e n e e ne n ee .
,

about th m
comm nd d i n p viou s Thi s is
e a re e ,
e e e e ,
a a een

p ag t p r f rr d to a plat
raili g cont i uou s s it p rmit s op
re e e a re e . o e e e e e

f m p l t f m to h d rail
'

oth r s
n n ro a or an a e an en
,

vi w from th grou d tatio poi t for w atch rs

o many s r i ou s
or

Al s i j uri s h v r s s
e e n e n n e .

ult d from m tumbli g or

tri ppi g whil d s c nding s tairway s
e n e a e e e en n

in a dizzy or w k d di
ibility of a tumbl fro m th poi t of collap s
‘

e ea en e con

tio fr m g sT h po s s
n e e

b
o e e e n e

t o th ya rd or fou datio la di g i s
n a .

g rally tak n ca r of by p n en e e e ro

idi g i t rm diat la di g s though many pla t s to

e n n n

b
f u d o

by a s traight s
n

wh r th appro ch t t h furnac top i s

v n n e e e n n ,
n a re e

tairway up
such m a s
o

of approach th r s
e e

B s id s
e e e a

b
th kip i cli hould e

s
e e

s
ne e e e n

s
e S n .
,

h
p rovid d d g rally t p fr m t h t ov top platform to t
mad t provid la di gs
a re , e o e e- e

gr u d w h r provi s
e ,
an en e

i for v ry
on c an e o e n n e e

odd f t of s
o n ,
e e e

30— tairwayee .

L OCK E D GATE S A T F OO T OF S TAI R S T O T OP

ss ss
.

L ock e d gat e ( ee P l II ) at th e foot of all tair to t h e top of th e

s
.

fur n ac e are n ot provid e d at a n ypla n t vi it e d I n th e opi n ion of

s s s
s
.

b
t h e writ e r a gat e for e ach tai r i n ot gen e rally n e c e a ry but all
s s s
, ,

t airway to t h e top not in th e dir e ct ra n ge of vi io n of som e re

sspon ibl e employ ee r e gularly statio n e d n e a rby might w ell e pro
v ide d with a gat e a n d t h e gat e lock e d a n d t h e keyk e pt in t h e fur n ac e

s s s s
,

offic e St ep up th e k i p i ncl i n e i f with i n i ght of the k i p op e rator

.
, ,
 b b
P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 27

s
s s
b
may e l e ft a c ce ible b ut hould e p r ovid e d with an alarm gat e t h e
s
, ,
’
op en in g of which will op erat e a b ell or light at th e S kip op e rator
s s
tation o that h e may alway e a dvi e d a n d d et e rmi n e h ow ma n y s s
s
s s s s s
,

m en a re goi n g on top Th e n ece ity for om e uch p rov i io n i

s
.

illu trat e d by a r ec en t fatality At th e pla n t wh e r e it happ en e d

ss s
s
,
.
,

th e r e wa a ta n di n g rul e that n e v e r l e tha n two m en S hould go

on top T h e for em a n ord e re d two m en t o go u p a n d mak e om e s
s s
.

b
mi n or r epair On e of th em w a d e lay e d and th e oth e r w en t t o t he
s s
,
.

s b
t op alon e Wh en t h e e con d workm a n a rr i v e d on top t he fir t m an
s s ss
.
,

wa fou n d ov ercom e b y ga a n d could n ot e r e u citat e d T h e for e

s
s s
, .

m an had a u m e d that h i dir e ctio n would e follow e d ; both m en

ss
k n ew th e haza rd a n d although it eem u n like ly that a n y a n e m an s
s s s s
s
,

b
would d elib e rately ignor e w ell u n d e r tood a fety rul e m en a ign e d
s s s
,

routi n e o r occa io n al work that t ak e th em on top too fr e qu en tly d i ,

play f e a r of b ei n g thought to e loa fin g co n t em pt of da n ge r or

s s s
, ,

di r ega rd of ta n di n g ord e r although giv en d i r ectly a n d r ep e at e dly

s s s
.

Although ign ori n g af ety rul e co n c e r n i n g m ethod of work may

s s s
not r e ult in a ccid en t a co n id e rable p roportio n of th e a ccid en t
s s s s
,

b
from a phyxiat i on a re o cau e d T h e di fficulty li e in t h e fact that
ss s
.

e xp e ri en c e h a how n both for em en an d workm en that j ob of t h e

s s
abov e charact e r for i n ta n c e can e u n d e rtak en a n d fi n i h e d w ithout
s s s
, ,

i n j ury 364 day of th e y e a r Wh en uch accid en t do happ en th ey

s s s s s s
.
,

a re u ually e riou I t i e vid en t that wo rk of thi n atur e r e quir e

s s s ss s s s
.

p r e cautio n that p e rhap may eem u el e o r un w a rra n t ed uch a

s s s
,

t he e xplicit followi n g of rul e a n d dir e ctio n f or mi n o r d e tail of

s s
,

work a n d w arra n t p rovidi n g m e a n of p r e ven ti n g m en goi n g on

s s s ss
,

top uch a locke d gat e at e v e ry flight of t e p l e a di n g to t h e top

s
s s s
, ,

u n l e the bottom la n di n g i in f ull vi ew o f th e S kip op e rator I t i

s s s
.

b
not impli e d that employ ee of th e ra n k of kip m a n hould o r ought
to have t he authority to p r e v en t w or km en from goi n g on top but t h e
s s s
kipma n can e trai n e d to n otify t he blo w e r tock hou e for em a n o r
,

ss s
-
, ,

oth e r r e po n ibl e pa rty w ith whom h e ca n fir t get in touch .

I L L U M INATI ON OF F UR NACE TOP S

ss s s
.

T he illu m i n atio n of fur n ac e top i occa io n ally d e fici en t co n id e r

ss
,

in g th a t ma n y typ e a re ubj ect to d e ra n gem en t a n d d elay on accou n t

s s
of pa rt g etti n g out of a dj u tm en t I n fr equ en tly th e tock hou e s s
s s
-
.

cr e w an d a ilor ga n g mu t go up i n to t h e top riggi n g a t n ight wh en

s
t h e only light availa b l e i a S i n gl e a re or clu t e r of i n ca n d e c en t s s
s
light a rra n ge d p r i ma rily to illumi n at e t h e top trav el of t h e kip
,
,

s
with littl e atten tion dir e ct e d towa rd a d e quat e illu m i n atio n of
s s s
h e av e b ell cyli n d e r valv e or op e rati n g m e cha n i m Work o f s s
s s s s
, , , .

b
thi n atur e though i n fr e qu en tly r e quir e d i haza rdou b ecau e of th e
s s s s
, ,

n d t h e fact that work on el e vat e d tructu ral co n t ructi on mu t

s
a
g a

at tim e e
perform e d away from platform provid e d f or rout i n e s
28 A S P HYX I A TI ON F R OM B L AS T—
F U R N A CE GA S .

s
du t i e s
A n u m b e r of pla n t k ee p an e m e rgen cy e t of i n ca n d e c en t s s
ss s s s s
.

clu t e r w i th e xt en i on cord a n d plug f or u e at uch ti m e a t t h e

s s s s
, ,

Offic e of t h e t ock h ou e f or e m a n or on top At l e a t on e pla n t i

s s ss
-
.

con id e ri n g th e a dvi a bility of pl a ci n g a low i n t en ity e a rchlight

s s
-

on th e tov e n e xt th e fur n ac e t o illu m i n at e t h e t op wh en m en m u t

work in th e r iggi n g at n ight t o m ak e em e rgen cy r epair or adj u t s s
m en ts.

R E P A I R IN G F U R NA CE L ININ GS A T T H E S TOCK INE L .

s s
Work at t h e t op i e xtra hazardou wh en failur e of th e li n i n g a t
s s s s s s
th e tock li n e m ak e it n e c e ary t o ba n k t h e fur n ac e f or o m e h our
s s
o r day i n ord e r to r en e w t h e li n i n g Two fataliti e hav e b e en n ote d
s s s
.

b
from work in thi co n n e ctio n Thi work i i n fr e qu en tly do n e a n d
s s
.
,

ma n y up e ri n t en d en t pr e f er t o blow out th e fur n ac e ra t h e r tha n to

s s s
att empt it b eli e vi n g that a n yr e pair of thi n atu r e will at b e t e
s s
,

o n ly t emporary that th e work i t oo haz ardou or that too m uch

s
, ,

i m porta n c e i attribut e d t o th e d etri m en tal e ff e c t of th e w e a r of th e

s s s
li n i n g a t thi poi n t provid e d it d oe n ot e xt en d back o fa r tha t t h e
s s
,

h ell g et hot
s s s
.

b
C on id e rabl e a n n oya n c e a n d di fficulty i e xp e ri en c e d fr om ga
s s s s
duri n g uch w ork an d in om e i n ta n c e practically all of th e m en
s
s s
,

availabl e b e co m e mor e or l e i n cap a citat e d On e i n ta n c e m a y e

s s
.

m en tio n e d in w hich t h e fur n ac e b e for e toppi n g w a blow n dow n

s s s
from a 1 4 f oot to a 35 foot t ock li n e Aft e r ca ti n g th e fur n ac e w a
s s s
- -
.
,

fill e d to a 2 0 f oot tock li n e with r egula r charg e th e la t cha rge

s s
-

b e i n g fin e ore T h e t op w a th en Op en e d an d t h e ga lit on top of

s s s
.

t h e tock Aft e r th e b ell a n d hopp e r w er e r em ov e d a n d a caffold

s
.

lu n g on which t o t e a r ou t th e brick w ork th e h e at from th e bur n i n g

s s
s ss
,

m a d e it i m po ibl e t o k ee p at work T h w put ou t with

s
e ga a

s
a
g
s
.

a ho e an d t h e m en agai n w en t down upo n th e ca ffold Thi ti m e

s s
s
.
,

th ey quickly b eca m e affect e d by ga i t b e i n g n ece a ryt o r em ov e

s s s s
,

o m e of th em with rop e T h e w ork w a i n t e rrupt e d to hoi t up

s s
.

m or e ore du m p it a n d pr e a d it on t op of th e tock a n d clay up

s s s s s s
, , ,

th e bo h I n th e b e t of circum ta n c e it w a fou n d f e a ibl e to w ork

ss s
.

o n ly in S hort p ell with th e ga light e d a n d wh en t h e h ea t b ec a m e

s s
ov e rb e ari n g with t h e ga e xt i n gu i h e d wh en on e a ft e r a n oth e r of
°

s ss
, ,

t h e cr e w b e cam e ill an d occ a io n ally a m an b eca m e u n c on ci ou

ss
.

Th e p ractic e follow e d a n d n ot e d at thr ee pla n t i bri efly as

s
follow
s s
All op en crack i n t h e b r i ckwork of th e bo h a re lute d up the
s s
,

tuy er e a re tightly plugge d w ith clay an d e v e ry pr ecautio n i tak en

s s
,

to i n ur e that th e mi n imum qua n tity of ai r en te r a t the bottom a n d

s s ss
co n e qu en tly that the l e a t a m ou n t of ga i giv en off at the top T he
s s s
.

fur n ac e w a b low n dow n to 40 f eet a n d w a fill e d with th e bla t off

s ss
.

T h e la t cha r ge co n i t e d of a doubl e round of cok e follow ed by a

 P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 29

ss
doubl e rou n d of M e a b a ir on ore T h e ga w a light e d on top of s
s sss s s
.

the t ock b e f or e th e ga e al , hopp e r an d b el l w e r e r emov e d

s ss s
.
,

Wh en th e e ha d b e en r emov e d t h e ga w a e xtin gui h e d a ladd er

s
, ,

lo w e r e d a n d two m en with lif e li n e attach e d w en t down a n d quickly

s s
,

dug a hol e in t h e c en t e r wh er e t he ore w a thi n n e t u n cov e ri n g th e

s
,

cok e to a d epth of a b o ut 1 foot A n oth e r hift w en t down a n d

s
.

plac ed a 6 in ch pip e in this hol e a n d hov el e d th e ore b ack a b out i t

s s
-
.

A th i rd hi ft l ev el e d t h e ore off to om e ext en t w et it dow n tamp e d

s s
, ,

i t ol i d an d cov e r e d it with loa m T h e tw o c ok e bla n k b e i n g com

s s
,
.
,

t i ly op p rmitt d a lat ral di plac m en t of ga to t h e c e n t e r

s
en e e e e
p
s
a ra v e , ,

wh er e it e cap e d up t h e pip e T h e brickwork w a th en quickly re

s
.

b
p air ed w i th n o a n n oya n c e from ga
s ss s s
- .

At t he eco n d pla n t p r ecauti on i mi la r to tho e at t he fir t plant

s s
We r e tak en in topp i n g a ir l eak a t t h e ottom Aft er t h e r e c eiving
s s
.

hopp e r littl e b ell an d ga s e al h a d b ee n r emov e d chai n block w er e

s s
, , ,

attach e d to lug on t h e main b ell t h e b ell d etach e d from t h e t em an d

s
,

low e r e d away from t h e hopp e r e xt en i o n A l en gth of 4 inch pip e

s
-
.

with an 1 8 inch n ippl e cr ew e d i n to a 90 d e gr ee elbow at t h e bottom

s s s s ss
- -

w a th en low e r e d u n til it r e t e d on t h e t ock which w a i n thi ca e

s s s
,

a c ok e b la n k T he b ell w a th en low e r e d until i t r e t e d on th e tock

s s s
. _

an d ore hov el e d in u n til i t e al e d off th e pac e b etw een t h e b ell an d

ss
t h e l in i n g T h e g a w a led a way eff e ctiv e ly through t he 4 i n ch pip e
s
-
.

proj e cti n g abov e the lip of t h e b ell Som e difficulty w a fou n d in

s s s
.

rai i n g th e b ell b e cau e th e ore of which too much ha d b een hov el e d ,

in t en d e d to w e dge i t
ss
.
,

T h e third m ethod w a u e d on a hand fill e d fur n ac e in e a ste rn

s s s s
-

Pen n ylva n i a an d i i n eff ect t he m ethod d e cribe d by F i rm t on e a

s
.

T h e fu r n ac e wa blow n dow n t o about 35 f eet a la rge cok e b la n k

s s
,

fill e d a n d t h e hopp e r e xt en io n an d b ell r emov e d A fal e or

,
.

"
du m m y b ell or con e m a d e of 55 inch S h eet with a 9 i n ch S l ee v e
s s
- -
,

a n d pip e e xt en io n on top w a th en low e r e d on top of th e cok e

s
bla n k a n d t h e fur n ac e fill e d with r e gula r cha rge to the po int wh er e
s
t h e r e gula r work tart e d s T h e pip e e ff e ctually r emov e d t h e ga
s s s s
.

an d wh e n op e ratio n w e r e r e um e d a much of t h e pip e a would

s s s
com e a way wa r emove d th e r e t o f t h e appa ratu b ei n g l e ft in th e
s s
,

f ur n a c e th e fur n ac e fill e d a n d ta rt e d up aga i n Such a m ethod i

s
, , .

mor e a pplica b l e to t h e f ew r em a in i n g hand fil led fur n ac e tha n to

s s
-

b
kip fille d furnac e
s s s
-
.

On e i n ta n c e i k n ow n wh e r e th e fur n ac e a ft e r b e i n g ofi b la t f or
s s s
,

a b out 1 4 hour whil e r epair to t h e st oc k lin e w e r e ein g m a de lipp e d

s s
,

v i ol en tly B y i n gul a r good fortu n e n o on e w a i n j ur ed Such an

s s s
s s
.
, .

i ncid en t i of cour e a r em ot e po ibility an d i n ot i llust rat i v e o f th e

s s ss s
u ual haza rd of uch w ork A S p r e vio u ly tat ed m o t fur n a c e m e n .
, ,

“
s
F i rm t on e , F ran k , Re p i
a r s
to b l s
a t fu -
rn a ce sck
to li ne sT s m
: ra n . A . In s
t M . in . E ng ,

v ol . 4 , 1 87 5 , p . 29 .
30 ASP HYX I A TI ON F R OM B L AST -
F U R N A CE GA S .

s s
b
ha vi n g in
mi n d t h e difficult cha racte r of uch work t h e ga hazard ,
ss s
,

an d t h e fact t hat cau e oth e r tha n w e ari n g of th e tock li n e may

ss ss
e r e pon i b l e for t h e u n ati factory b ehavior of t h e furnac e do n ot

s s s s s
,

d e ir e to u n d e rtak e tock lin e r epa i r u n l es t h e fur n ac e i blow n out

ss s s
-
.

On the whol e thi i prob a b ly th e b e t policy but u n d e r t h e pu h

s s
, ,

b
o f la rg e ord e r or h e avy mill op e ratio n , or w i th go od furn ac e pra o
s
tic e an d a hot h ell or m echa n ical failur e of w e ari n g plat e r equiri n g s
s s
att en tio n tock li n e r e pair w i ll p rob ably con ti n u e to e unde rtak en
s
s s
-
, ,

though l e an d l e s fr e qu en tly .

U SE OF W E AR I NG PL A TE S .

s
The
tock li is prot ct d i m s t fur ac sowa day s with ca s t
iron or s t l ( ca st o r roll d ) w a ri g plat s d alth ugh a rly
ne e e n o n e n

at

t mpt s m cha ical prot ctio w r fr qu tly failu r s

e e n e o

b cau sof
ee ,
an e

at

d h m thod of placi g h plat s

e e n e n e e e en e ,
e e

b
th cha ract r f h m tal t t t
hav prov d co clu s
e an e e n

c t bla s ts
o

i v ly tha t w ari g pl at s p
e e e e e ,
re

i ra ct

t h l s
e e n e e n e a re

cabl that th y outla s n c s s

en
'

l i i g that th y do t a rily t n ot

d di stort t h di s work loo s d ca rry out s

e, e e a n n ,
e e e

wa rp tri b utio
m ts
e n , n or e an e
g
ough to s
,
an

of h l i i g t d that th y do not xpa d h ar h t

r i v ts th h ll Ma y pla ts
en e n n ,
an e e n en e e

tha t form rly ha d i t rrupt h to t

t campai gn f s r pair s fou d thi s c s s
e on e S e n n e n e e

b la s
.

tock li hav a ry e n ot

s s s
or ne e

s s
-
ne e n

with y li i g
an d i g n n
p i d of h pa t w to
ur n v n y ar
p
er o t e t o e e e .

H OT - B L A S T S T OV E S .

C AU S E S AND E XA M P L E S OF A S P H YX I AT I ON .

At work in or about hot bla t tove th e haza rd of a phyxiatio n ss s s

s s s s s
-
,

i from ga l eaki n g from th e tov e bur n e r a dj ac en t bur n e r o r m ai n

s s s
, , ,

fr om ga worki n g back in th e tov e whil e it i b e i n g dra fte d ba ck

s s s
b
pa t th e tov e or from th e ga b ei n g turn e d i n to or dra ft e d ba ck
s ss s
,

b
through a tov e by e rror or i gn ora n c e The haza rd from uch ourc e
sss s
.

ee m o S light that m en tion of i t might e co n id e r e d u n wa rra n t e d

ut for t h e fact that i m probabl e accid en t hav e happ en e d from s

s s ss
mo t of th e e cau e
s s
.

A rigge r S itti n g in a b oat w ai n chai r an d t e a ri n g down t he S kin ’

s
wall in a w ell w a ov e rcom e wi th ga which w a b e i n g draw n in s ,
s
from a l e aky b ur n e r through a n op en bu r n e r door an d fell t o t h e
s s
,

bottom of t h e w ell A tov e cl e a n e r e n t e r e d the do m e of a tov e on

s s
.

w hich th e hot w e ll do or ha d b een op en e d to cool th e tov e off b e for e

s s s
-
,

th e bur n e r door had b een clo e d a n d g a from th e bur n e r which w a ,

l e aking b a dly kill e d him I n dra fti n g back through a n a dditional

s s s s
.
,

tov e a tov e t en d e r in a hurry lifte d th e hot — bla t valv e on a tov e

‘

b ei n g cl e a n e d I n a n oth er i n tanc e m en w orki n g i n a tov e n ext th es s

s s
s s
.

furn ac e w e r e e v e r ely ga e d by l e akage through t h e hot bla t valve

s
-

s
a n d e a t wh en th e furnac e w a dra f te d b ack through a stove fa rth er
 P L AC E S or DA NGE R . 31

s
from t he fu rn ac e A tov e t en d e r w a a phyxi at ed b y ga e capi n g ss ss
s
.

from a du t b ox door b etw een th e do w n leg an d bur n e r valv e

- .

P RE C A U T I ON S I N CL E A NI NG A ND RE P A I R I N G S TOVE S .

L OCK I NG VAL VE S .

s
B e for e t h e tov e cl ea n er s
allo w e d to en t e r a tov e t o cl e a n it s
s s
a re

s
,

it i b ecomin g acc e pt e d p ractic e to hut a n d lock t h e ga bur n e r or

s
,

bur n e r va l v e ( P l VI I A ) T h e t ov e cl e a n e r for ema n blow e r or

ss s s s
. .
,
.
, ,

oth e r r e po n ibl e employ ee i giv en thi dut y T he hot bla t valv e

s s s
s s s s
-
.

i block e d or tra pp e d on it ea t by m e a n of th e valv e t em thi ,

b ei n g fo un d pr ef e rabl e to locki n g th e cabl e w inch Wh en th e

s s
.

cou n t e rw eight i w i thi n r e ach it i block e d up o r en ough S lack in th e

s s s
coun t e r w eight cabl e i oth e rwi e o b ta i n e d o that th e en tir e w eight
ss s s s
b
o f th e valv e i e at in g it agai n t t h e v alv e eat At a f ew pla n t
s s
.

t h e ca b l e is d e tach e d from t h e hot bla t valve t em For all p rac

sss s
-
.

t ica l e purpo e i t i u ffici en t to S lack off on th e cabl e an d lock th e

s
,

wi n ch A m e thod o f a pplyi n g a a f ety lock to th e op erati n g wh eel

s ss
.

of a hot b la t valv e i how n i n P lat e VI I B Though n ot in any

ss s
s s
-
,_
.

w a yr elat e d to t h e po ibility of ga i n g it i good policy to p rovi d e

s s
,
"

a lock for t h e cold bla t valv e or op e rati n g cabl e whil e fitting up

s s s
-

bu r n e r a n d hot b la t valv e
-
.

b
P RO ID V IN G AGAIN S T GA S L E AK S F R OM B UR NE R S .

ss ss s
s
All typ e of tov e bur n e r m u t of n ec e ity e withdraw n from
s
th e bur n e r d oo r e ith e r by racki n g ba ck th e bur n e r or by li di n g
ss ss ss
,
‘

ba ck an e xt en io n l ee v e wh en t h e bur n e r do or i clo e d I f ga i
s s s
.

l ea ki n g at th e b ur n e r n o e t h e logi cal th in g t o do i to clo e th e '

ss s s s
bu r n e r door an d thi i t h e u ual cu tom at p ractically all pla n t
s s
,
.

A bur n e r or bur n e r valve i n ot a clo ely m a chi n e d pi ec e of appa

s s s s
b
ratu an d wh en u e d with uncl ea n e d ga t h e ab ra i v e action of t h e
ss s ss
s
,

du t oon e r or lat e r cau e l e aky e at a n d n ot infr e qu ently a p er

s ss s
b b
ce p t i l e l e akag e a t t h e n o e of th e bur n e r With cl ea n ga po ibl y
s s s s
.

e v en mor e ca r e i r equir e d for ga l eaki n g in da n ge rou quantiti e

,

b
m ay e dra fti n g into t h e b urn e r door a n d e u n d et ect e d by th e ev e
s s s s
.

S o wh e th e r ga l ea k are i n e vid en c e o r n ot it i a good ta n di n g

s s s s
,

rul e to clo e a n d fa t en th e door Th e r e hould alway e ampl e .

d ra f t t h rou gh t he air i n l et or cl ea n i n g doo r b low off or r eli e f valv e

s s s
-
, ,

ss s
a n d t h e chamb e r door of th e hot bla t valv e t en i t b e com e n e c e

s
-
.

a ry to l e av e t h e b ur n e r door op en it i u ually po si b l e to tu r n a
s ss
b
°
g oo en eck bur n e r on it ea t or fla n ge at a n a n gl e of 90 fro m th e
s s s
,

door a l o a bu r n e r with i n t e rior eati n g valve that l eak p erc epti b ly "

s s s s s
-

can u ually e ha n dl e d in thi w ay At om e plant th e b u r n e r a re

s ss
.

remov e d an d a bla n k cla m p e d i n t o t h e e at ;oth e r pla n t i n e rt bla n k

s
fla n ge s
. s s s
At on e pla n t bu r n er o f both typ e goo en eck burne r o r ,
32 A S P H YX I A T I ON F R OM B L A ST -
F U R NA CE GAS .

s s s s
du t box e a n d bur n e r w ith i n t e ri or e ati n g valv e in t h e d ow n leg s
s
bss s
or mai n hav e b een e xp e rim en tally e quipp e d w ith a w at e r e al by
s ss s
,

attachi n g i n l e t a n d outl et wat e r li n e to t h e dow n leg Thi i p o

s sss s s
.

b
i ly mo t f e a i b l e with low ga pr e ur e ; i t i also a om e what
d ebatabl e te p With badly l ea ki n g e quipm en t of c e rtai n typ e ,
. s
howe v e r , t he id ea may e applica b l e to good a dva n tage
sss
.

I f ga i e cap i n g a b out t he b ur n e r s e at or from adj ac ent bur n

s s ss
,

b ecau e of l e aki n g ga , ga puffin g fr om t he bu r n e r door of

ss s s s
er

dirty tov e , too much ga poorly de ign e d bur n e r or f r om oth e r

s s s ss
, ,

ourc e in p roximity to th e bottom door o f tov e b ei n g cl e a n ed ,

s s
s s s
pre caut i on a re n ec e a ry Alth ough it i ra r e that con dition a re
s ss s s ss
.

troubl e om e from t h e cau e m en ti on e d in ome i n ta n c e tov e

s s ss s
s
,

cl e a n i n g ga n g hav e uff e re d ill n e h e a dach e a n d lo of worki n g

ss s
, ,

effici e n cy fro m th em , an d in on e ca e a tock hou e cr e w worki n g

s s ss s
-

b
al on g id e t h e tov e Wa m a d e ill wh en ev e r a br ee z e w a blow i n g th e
s s s
b
ga in u n d e r t he tr e tl e a n d b in
s s s
.

B ri e f m en ti on w a ma d e of th e a phyxiati on o f a t ov e t en de r V
s s s
b
from a l aky du t x Thi acciden t o ccurr e d a t n ight wh en t h e
s s
o

s s
g a e .

a i r of t he out id e a tmo ph e r e w a h e avy an d till an d in all p r oba

s s s s
,

ilit y a phyxiat i on w a cau e d by accumulativ e aturatio n of t h e

s
blo od with c a rbon mo n oxid e ov e r a p e riod of h our u n til a co n ditio n
s s s s s
,

w a r e ach e d wh e r e tay i n g lo n g e r than u ual in t h e ga cau e d

ss
u n con c i ou n e ss .

W H E N T O K E E P OU T OF A S TOVE

b
.

s s
Aft e r l e ak i n to the tov e an d n egligen t op en i n g of valv e h av e s
s
b een p rovi de d agai n t th e followin g pr e cauti on hould e born e i n s
s s
,

b
mi n d : T o c om e out of th e tov e wh e n t he furn ac e i b e i n g dra ft e d
s s s
back p a t th e tov e , if t he fur n ac e i b ei n g giv en mor e th a n two
s s s
ch eck to m ak e i t lip o r i to e tak en off fo r a S hutdow n T he S eal
s s s s s s
.

o f t h e h ot bla t valv e a gai n t t h e ea t i at t i m e p oo r an d a p re

s ss
s s s
-

b
v iou l
yS hown i t i p o ibl e for ga to l e ak back i n to th e tov e T he
s s s s s s
.

ob e rva n c e of thi p r e caution i n ot u n iv e r al by a n ym e a n a n d i

s
, ,

l a rgely d et e rmi n e d yloc a l con ditio n upk ee p of e quip m en t a n d th e

b
, ,

j udgm en t of th e fur n ac e for ema n N ot a f ew furn ac e m e n b eli e ve

s s
.

that w i th th e i r pla n t con d i ti on a n d p r a ctic e it i p re fe rabl e to e

s s s ss
, ,

i n id e th e tov e rath e r than out id e wh en t h e furn ac e i lippi n g

s s ss s s s
,

he avily I f an yon e f eel t h e light e t ympt om of ga poi o n i n g h e

s s s s
.

hould get ou t of th e t ov e at on c e whil e h e i abl e to do o , .

S U PER VI S I ON OF CR E Y \
s ss t hav th s
I t i ra r e ly po ibl e tov cl i g m u d r th e c on

sta t sup rvi s To m t thi sdi fficulty it h s

o e e e -
ean n en n e

i f a f r ma b
wh b s
on o o e

f u d s ati s
n n

fact ry to s
e . ee ,
a een

l ct fro m h cr w h m t u d r t t o

ta nd s
o o

d h r qui r m t s
n e

for proc di g with it s

e e e e an e n e

s h work
t e an t e e a f ly e en ee n e ,
 P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 33

c a rry in g out of th e work To h i m hould e e xplai n e d th e da n ge r

f rom ga s
.
.
ss
and d el egate to h i m th e r e pon ib i lity of t h e for ema n fo r t h e ca r e ful
s b s
M E T H ODS OF V E N T I L AT I ON

s
.

s s
b
Th e r e i ra r ely an ydifficulty at bla t fur n ac e pla n t fro m in a de
ss s s
-

u t v ntilatio T h t ov o m tim v ry hot but wh ere

s s
e e

s
q a e e n e e a r e . e ,

th e r e i on e mai n dra ft t a ck u ually ampl e a i r can e draw n up

s s
through a n d dow n t h e tov e by m e a n of on e Op en chimn ey valv e
s
sss ss ss
.

ss
Two p a tov e with i n dividual tack will n ot draw at i f a ctori ly
s s
-

at t i m e an d at on e pla n t a t e am j e t e xh a u t e r i plac e d in t h e
s s s ss s
-
,

tack of th e tove off for cl e a n in g for a lon g a p e r i od a i n ece

s s
s
,

ary to k ee p a good cu rr en t of a ir go i n g through Th e r e i littl e

ss
s s
.

m
di cu ltywith thr ee p a tov e th e curr en t of a i r u ually b e i n g
s s s s
-
,

ampl e although o m etim e an e xhau t f an i a tt a ch e d to a cl ea ni ng

s s
s s
s
,

door at t he botto m of th e e con d an d third pa On two p a

ss s s s s
-
.

tov e t h e r e i occa io n ally om e a n xi ety about lo i n g t oo much dra ft

a n d h e at e ffici e n cy i n t h e r e m a i n i n g s
tove e quip m en t i f th e c en tral
s s s
tack dra ft i utiliz e d to v en tilat e t h e tov e off for cl e a n in g I f i n
s s s
.

u ch a ca e o n ly th e dra ft fro m th e b ottom d oo r up through t h e

s s ss
tov e to th e dom e door i utiliz e d a v e ry u n at i factory v en t i lation
ss s s ss
,

re ult On e pl a n t to con e rv e th e t a ck dr aft hut t h e stove Off

s s
, ,
.

b
t h e dra ft fl u e but em ploy an e xh a u t fan at a bottom cl ea n i n g
s
,

do or u n d e r th e ch e cke r a rch e With a de quate ven tilation l ock e d

“

s s
.
,

valve a n d a tt en tio n to l e aky ga e quipm en t th e r e w i ll e n o trou b l e

s s ss
,

f ro m a phyxia i n ide of tov e .

F OR E M AN S H OUL D SE E T H AT M E N A R E OU T BE F ORE T U R N I N G ON GA S

s
.

B e for e clo i n g dom e d bottom cl a i g door s d tur i g th

s s ti s
an

o ally s
e n n

for m a i cha rg s houl d p r s

an n n e

i to t h t v t h fy
him s
g a n e o e e e n n e e n a
lf that all m out of th top and from b ath th ch ck
a ch sA s i c i d t i llu s
e en a re e

trati g th a dvi sability of thi s

en e e e er

r e n en

tio a for m a i s
an n

p cti g th ch ck r k y s
e rec a u
.
p
b for havi g h bottom t
door s clo s d fou d a wor kman r s
n, e n n e n e e e e e e n e

t i g or l pi g u d r ath th
a rch sSuch i c i d ts
e n e n S ee

d at f w pla t s d
n n e ne e

occur o ly rar ly
ig o ra t i rr s
e n en

ibl labor r s
n

uch s is s
e an no

s
e n an

po s
.
,

but a ry to
h i r at ti m s l ct s
on e an n n e

w ould s
n e

uch a plac to r s Fo r s
, e ,
a n ece

e e t i uch m
v ry r a s
e e

o abl p r cautio to i s
, e e n . en

t h co m pany hould tak ur th i

s
e S e e e e n e e n n e e r

af ty e .

GA S - F I R E D B OI L E R S .

T h da g r of a s phyxi atio ab ut g s fi d b il r s is from work

i g i s id h combu s
e n e n o a re o

tio ch a m b r whil h bur r is

-
e

t l aki g or t

g s
n n e e n

is
e e e ne e n

b i g drawn i t t h cha m b r from l aky quipm t i h t

ici ity ; r s
a e n

a r bur r s
n o e e e

s
e en n e

ti g ; and worki g t a m qu i pm t
top of th boil r s or on s t am lin s
n e n ne

and gas mai s a r th roof

v ne n on e e en

on e e e e n ne e .

4 34 30
°
—1 6 —5
34 AS PHYX I A TI ON F R OM B L AST -
F UR N A CE GA S .

Th ess s
po i bi lity of ga b ei n g turn e d i n to a boil e r w hil e a man i s
s s s
worki n g i n id e i r e m ot e a th e pr e caution a re S i m pl e an d a n yo n e s
s s s ss
,

i n id e ca n u ually e ca p e i m m e di at ely or mak e h i pr e en c e kn o w n

ss
.

So m e ca e of i n j ury that occu rr e d to m en worki n g about the S etti n g

s
a re d e crib e d l at e r .

P RE CA U T I ON S I N CL E ANI NG TH E B OI L E R OR SE TT I N G

b
.

L OCK IN G TH E B U R NE R .

s st s s
b
B e for e a ga fire d boil e r i r d t o cl ea n t h e e t ti n g or c om u
s
.
-
en e e

tion cha m b e r of cli n k e r e d fl u e du t th e bur n e r valv e or S lid e S h ould

,

e lock e d S hut by t h e for e m a n w at e r t en d e r or th e cl e a n e r T he

s s
, ,
.

p e r on to whom th e duty of locki n g t he bur n e r i d el e gat e d S hould

s s s
r etai n t h e keyfro m t h e tim e th e bur n e r i l ock e d u n til the et t i n g i
ss s ss
cl e a n e d r e pai r work by bricklay e r fi n i h e d a n d all i in r e a di n e
ss ss s
, ,

to put th e boil e r in co m mi ion R e lativ ely f ew pla n t ob e rv e thi

s s s s ss
.

p r e caution a th ei r e xp e ri en c e h a n ot d em o n tra t e d i t n ec e ity

s s s
, .

“ "
Ma n y pla n t c on id e r it uffici en t to atta ch a D a n ge r S ign T h e
s s ss s
s
.

valu e of u i n g ign i n ot d e pr e ciat e d but in b oil e r hou e w h e r e

s s s
,

valv e a re fr e qu en t ly m a n ipulat e d on accou n t of ga fluctuat i o n o r

s s s ss s
b
fur n ac e top th e u e of lock i w orth co n i d e ri n g T h e pr ec a ution
s s s ss s s
,
.

Of locki n g boil e r ga bur n e r m a yn ot eem o e en tial a t o lock

ss s s ss
blo w off valv e or t ov e bur n e r b ecau e at t ov e th e r e m ay e n o
s s
-
,

i n dicatio n of t h e r e a o n for n ot turn i n g th e valve on w h e r e a th e

s
s s s s
,

blackn e of th e co m bu ti on cha m b e r in it elf i a S i gn to e xp eri

s s s
e n ce d m en n ot to tu r n ga i n to a boil e r B ecau e of t h e ha t e with
s s s
.

which t h e w ork i do n e at tim e th e i n e xp e ri en c e of o m e fir em en

s s s
, ,

b
a n d t h e fact tha t ma n y typ e of bur n e r ha v e n o pac e b et w een t h e
s s
bur n e r n o e a n d th e fra m e thr ough which it p roj ect i n t o th e com
s s ss s
b
u t ion cha m b e r it i b eli e v e d that a t ma n y boil e r hou e pr ov i ion
s sss s s
,

for locki n g bur n e r a n d valv e i j u tifi e d At l ea t on e i n ta n c e Of

ss s s s s
.

ga i n g cau e d v lack of lock or S ign i k n o w n On e of e v e ral

"

s s
.

fir em en on r e c eivi n g a ign al from t h e wat e r t en d e r to tur n ga i n to

s s
,

a b a tt e ry of boil e r follo w i n g a hu t do w n op en e d a bu rn e r valv e of

s
,

a c old boil e r in which two b ricklay e r w e r e worki n g On e of th e

s ss
.

b
b ricklay e r got ou t b e for e b e i n g ove rco m e a n d th e oth e r w a r e cu e d
s s ss s s
with n o e riou r e ult from h i e xp e ri en c e Thi n ea r a ccid en t
s s s s s s s
.

illu trat e th e p o i ilitv of a e ri ou a ccid en t happ en i n g wh en lock

a re n ot p r ovid e d .

P R OVIDIN G A GA IN S T L E A K S .

s s
b
B e f or e allo w i n g m en to b oil e r e tti n g th e for em an hould
t r
s s
en e

s
a

see that a n v ga l e aki n g fr om w orn or p oo rly ea t ed valv e can n ot

s
b
e draw n I n t o t h e boil e r etti n g through th e bu r n e r op e n i n g or th e

s
firi n g an d a h pit d oor s
TVit h t h e old typ e of goo en e ck lid e s s
s s
-
.

burn e r , which i ra ck e d b ack on a hor i zon tal e at th e r e m ay e a ,

 P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 35

s s sss
con ide rabl e l e akage i f u n cl e a n e d du ty ga i u e d up through th e
s
, ,

b
burn e r in p r oxi m ity to th e bu rne r op en i n g i n to th e boil e r etti n g
s s s s s
,

an d al o b e tw e en t h e bur n e r ba e a n d e at i n to th e boil e r hou e p o

s s s
,

i lyadj ac en t to t h e firi n g or a h pit door in t h e fro n t of th e boil e r

s s s s s s
-

e tti n g I n a m uch a th e n o e of th i typ e of bu rn e r i wi t hdra wn

s ss s s s
.

from th e etti n g wh en th e bu r n e r i clo e d t he impl e t an d b e t w ay

s s s s
,

b
to top an yl e aki n g ga from b e i n g draw n i n to th e e tti n g i t o mu d
s s s
b
up th e n o e with clay an d plac e a pi e c e of h ee t i ro n b etw een th e n o e
s ss s s
a n d t h e b u r n e r op en i n g L e ak about th e e at hould al o e topp e d
. .

with clay oth at th e bu rn e r of th e boil e r b ei n g cl e a n e d an d at th e

s s s s
,

bu rn e r of a dj ac en t boil e r To tho e accu tom e d to work about

ss s s s s
.

boile r hou e havi n g littl e di fficulty with du ty ga th e po ibility

s ss s s s
,

of ga blowi n g from about e rod e d e at a n d n e ck of ga bur n e r

s s s ss
will eem of littl e con e qu enc e b ut i t importa n c e i how n by th e
s s s s
,

numb e r of a ccid ent from thi cau e I n on e i n ta n c e a b o i l e r

s s s s
.

cl e a n e r en t e ri n g th e du t ch am b e r b e for e th e l e ak ha d b een topp e d

s s s s
. ,

b
wa f atall y ov e rcom e : in a n oth e r i n ta n c e two la b or e r o r cl e a n e r
s s
w e r e fatally ov e rcom e by ga draw n i n to th e boil e r from l e ak about
s s
d e fe ctiv e v a lv e that w e r e n ot thought to e of u cien t volu m e to
m

s
b
cau e an yd ifficulty what ev e r
s s s
.

On e i n ta n c e of fatal a phyxiatio n in a col d b oil e r w a attribut e d

s s
to l e akage of ga fro m an oth e r oil e r t hrough crack in t he p artitio n
s s s s s
b
w all th e b o i l e r b ei n g et i n b att e ri e of two boil e r e ach Thi
s s s s
.
,

would eem po ibl e o n ly wh en th e op e rat i n g b oil e r w a r ec e ivi n g

s
s
e xc e s ss
ive qu a n titi e of ga om e of which might co n c e ivably e
ss
s s
,

forc e d through fi ur e in th e pa rtition S imila r co n ditio n a re n ot

s ss s
s
.

i n fr e qu en tly een wh en th e r e i co n i d e rabl e pu ffin g or emi i o n of

s s s s s s
ga fro m about door a n d crack i n t he etti n g B rick etti n g a re
s s s s
.

b
rar ely fr ee from crack Such ou rce of accid en t a re m en tio n e d a
s s s s s s
.

a n e xampl e of the u rpri i n gly Ob cu re w ay in whi ch e riou acci

d ents may happ en a n d a re app ar en tly a factor to e r e ckon e d with
s s
,

i n equipm en t d e ign e d a abov e

s s s
.

B ur n e r of t he i n t e r i or e at e d valve typ e a re i n cr e a i n gly com

s s s s s
,

b
m on At om e p l a n t th e b ur n e r d e ign p rovid e o n ly on e m e a n of
s ss
.

cutti n g Off t he ga which i b y e ati n g th e b ell or valv e T h e bur n e r

s ss s
,
.

i t elf i a a rul e fix e d i n po i t i on a n d can n ot e withdraw n fro m

s s
, ,

t h e sett i n g o that in e v en t of u n ev e n w e a r of valv e o r eat or cutti n g

s s s s
, ,

b y fl u e du t i n t h e ga th e r e i a d e cid e d l eaka ge of ga i n to t he
s s ss
,

b oil e r ett i n g T h e pr e f e rabl e typ e of uch valv e i on e i n w h i ch

ss s
.

t wo m ea n of hutti n g off th e ga n ext t o th e b urn e r a re prov i d e d—a

s
s
s
s ss
S lid e valv e or plat e an d valv e a n d

ss
,
e at a d e cr i b e d a bov e ( fig
B etw ee n th e t wo i a handhol e or door which m ay e op en e d wh en
t h e bo i l e r i off for cl e a n i n g th u div erti n g a n yl e akage of ga pa t
b .

s s s
,

t h e lid e valve i n t o t h e boil e r h ou e i n p r e f e r en c e t o th e b oil e r etti n g

s s
.

I n asmuch a s e xp er i ence h a d emo n trat e d th e p rop en s i ty of m etal

36 A S PHYX I A TI ON F R OM B L A S T F U R N A CE -
GA S .

s s s
urfac e to ou t wh en e xpo e d t o t he ab ra iv e actio n of fl u e du t ca r ry
s s s
S

s
,

b
i n g upwa rd of 5 pe r c en t of c ok e du t in ga the u e of v a lv e of t he
s ss s s
,

b
d oubl e top typ e r e t on abu n da n t r e a o n I f th e i n gl e valv e typ e
ss ss ss
- -
.

b
o f burn er i u e d th e bur n e r n o e hould pr e fe rably e o d e ign e d or
s s s
,

cha n ge d that a l eeve m a y e p rovid e d that proj ec t i n to t h e etti n g

a n d wh en t h e boil e r is o ff for cl e a n i n g ca n e pull e d back t o p e rmit

s
, ,

a pl a t e b ei n g pla ce d ov e r the burn e r op en i n g on t h e etti n g A n oth e r

s
.

m ethod i to pr ovid e a ha n d hol e or op en i n g on th e bur n e r S id e of

s ss s s
i n t e ri or e ati n g va lve o that i n ca e of a l eaky valv e , a n ye ca pi n g

I
F GU R E 4 — S k e tc h S h ow i n g g l g em e n t v a l ve s
urn e r b oi l e rsT h e s ol i d
l i n es s h ow t h e p os A n y ga s
b
of
i t i on of t h e v a l v e s
b
w h e n t h e b oi l e r i s
. en e ra a rra n .

f or c l e a i n g
l e a ki n g p a s
off
t a es ca p s V a l ve s d a d e p re v e n t s
n .

t h rou gh d oor a d b e ll c t a c k d a ft

b
p ull i n g ga s i n t o b oi l e s D ot t e d l i n e sS h ow va l v es
e n . n r

ett i n g
r . Op e f o op e ra t i on of b oi l er
n r .

ga s
m ay e d i v e rt ed to th e boil e r room by pluggi n g u p the nose of
t he burn e r
s s s
.

On a f e w v e ry old boil e r i n talla tio n wh e r e t h e burn e r i of the

s s
ss s s
,

tati on a ry typ e a n d t h e valv e con i t of an a dj u tabl e lid e plate in

ss
t he down le g it i u ual to fin d a n op en in g in t he dow n l eg abov e t he
s s
,

S lid e plugge d with a brick S a n d i ru n in on top of the lid e wh en

s ss s s s
, .

the b oil e r i off th en fl u e du t e ttl e on top of th e a n d and mak e

ss s s
,

an e ffe ctiv e tho u gh i n co n v en i en t ga e al What littl e ga l e ak by

s
s ss s
.

thi a n d valv e i e a ily tak en ca r e of by th e ta ck draft I f wh en

ss s s
,
.

t h e ga i tur n e d o ff t h e boil e r i t dra ft da m p e r i l e ft op en and ,

le aks a b out the b u rn er are p rop er ly taken c are of , there i s no possi

bs s s
P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 37

ilit yof ga li n ge ri n g withi n t h e e tti n g or b e i n g draw n in in s dan

ge ro u
'
q u an t i t i e wh e n t h e i n t e rior i cool e nough to en t e r s .

bss
E NTE R IN G TH E I
BO L E R SE TTIN G .

s s s s
b
At l e a t t w o m en hould e a ign ed to work i n ide th e co m bu tion
s s
chamb e r or boil e r e tti n g On e m an S hould r emai n out id e n e a r th e
ss s
.
,

door an d S hould kee p tho e i n id e in vi e w alway and e pr e p a r e d t o

ss s s
,

b
giv e an yai d r e quir e d in e v en t of di tr e s from ga T he m en hould
s s s
.

"
p ell Off at f requ en t in terv a l I f th e b oil e r h a an i n dividual
'

s s s
.

b
tack t h e dra ft damp e r hould e k ept wi de op en I f th e boil e r i
s s
.
,

con n e ct e d to a tack common to t wo or mor e boil e r th e damp e r

s s
,

hould e op en e d u fficien tlyt o i n duc e a p e rc e ptibl e cu rr en t of a i r

s
'

s
sb
through th e b o i l e r Ele ctric light a re p re f e rabl e to h an d torch e
s s
. .

T h e fore m e n or w at e r t en d e r on b ei n g n otifi e d that th e boil e r i in

s s s s
,

r e adi n e to e put on a ft e r cl e a n i n g houl d ee th a t all cl e a n e r

ss s
, o
,

ma on or oth e r a re out b e for e u n locki n g th e b urn e r or r em ovi n g

s
,

da n ge r S i g f rom i t n .

A CCI DE N T S F R OM A S P H Y X I AT I ON OU T S I DE OF B OI L E R S
s
.

s s s
Many ca e a re r e cord e d of m en b ei n g a phyxiat e d out id e of th e
s s ss s
b oil e r etti n g from l e aky ga e quipm ent I n on e of th e e i n ta n c e
s ss
.

a fir eman at down too n e a r a l e aky b urn e r a n d wa a phyxiate d

s
s s s
.

P o ibly h e f ell a l eep , a t he acc i d ent occurr e d during th e n igh t

s hi ft Owi n g pa rtly to poor lighti n g e quipm en t and pa rt l y to lack
s ss s
.

of kn owl e dge of hi dange rou p o itio n h e w a n ot discov e r e d u n til

t oo lat e s s s s
The writ e r k n ow of thr ee S i milar acc i dent A l o i llu
ss
. .

t ra t iv e of t he h aza rd from l e aky bu rn e r i t he e xampl e of a p i p e

s s
fitte r worki n g on a t e a m li n e fitti n g n e a r th e roof of a boil e r hou e
ss s
-
.

H e b e cam e ga e d a n d f ell to th e top of th e b oil e r e tti n g f ractur i n g

s s s s
,

hi a rm A n oth e r ca e in p oi n t i that of two boil e r hou e m en who

s
-
.

w en t on top of a b oil e r to tur n te am i n to t h e main ste am l in e I n

s s s
.
.

o doi n g a ga k e t b l e w out , en v e lopi n g th e m i n a clou d of te am

ss
.

Th ey re tr e at e d to the front of th e b oil e r wh e r e th e re w e r e no te p

s
,

o r la dde r , an d by the t i m e oth e r m en had clo e d the valv e n e xt

s
b
the t e a m h e ad e r an d com e to look for th e m on e ha d b ee n fatally
s s s s s
ov e rcom e b y ga from l e aky b u rn e r b en e ath I n ta n c e of a phyxi a
’

s s
.

might e m en t i one d that w ere du e to i gnora n c e uch a turn i n g the

s s ss
,
.

ga i n without op en ing th e dra ft damp e r ; al o ca e pu r ely acc i

s s ss
d en t al uch a a m an b ei n g ov e rc om e by ga ee pi n g u p throu gh the
,

pav em en t fr om a n u n d e rgrou n d mai n which late r e xami n ation

s s s
how e d had b een cracke d by a ga e xplo i on .

S A F E GU A R DS
so b vi o stha t
.

It i s
kee pi n g b u rn e r valv e a n d ga ma i n e qu i p s s
ss
u -
, ,

m en t fr ee fro m l e ak i an el em en ta ry p re caution i n gua rdi n g

38 A S PHYX I A T I ON F R OM B L AS T -
F U RN A CE GA S .

ss
s sss s
gai n t a phyxia I f v e ry du ty ga i u e d l e ak will i n e vitably
s
a .
,

d e velop how e v e r an d to provid e agai n t u n fortu n at e co m bi n atio n s

s s
s s ss
, ,

b
of circum ta n c e that may l e a d to e riou i n j ury o r d e ath t e p t o
s s
,

a n d w alk from top to top of a batt e ry of boil e r a re w arra n t e d

s s
.

Exc eptio n ally good illu m i n ation i to e d e ir e d a n d a high roof

ss
s s
,

w ith a v e n tilator at t h e p e ak i e e n tial p a rticula rly at pla n t w h e r e

ss s s s s
,

t he boil e r hou e ga m ai n i le d i n id e t h e boil e r hou e Wh e r e uch

s s s s
-
.

i t he ca e a n d e xplo io n door a re provid e d on th e mai n it rath e r

s s s
s
,

co mm on ly happ en that t h e door a re co n ti n u ally l e aki n g a n d u n l e

ss s
,

bolt e d dow n an d th ei r u e di ca rd e d th ey a re at ti m e blo w n o p en

s s s s
.

Even with a high roof t he ga will accumulat e d en ely at uch ti m e

s
,
.

I n on e i n ta n c e tw elv e m en w e r e ov e rcom e t w o fatally in att e m pt

s s s
, ,

b
i n g to clo e an e xplo io n doo r blow n op en b en e ath a boil e r hou e roof
s s s s s
-

by a lip At thi pla n t a w ate r e al valv e i provid e d out id e of

s s
-
.

b
t he boil e r hou e I t may e fill e d by op en i n g a valv e i n id e t he
s s ss s
.

boil e r hou e a n d th e trict e t i n truc tio n w e r e in forc e tha t th e

s s s
,

w at e r e al valve e fill e d b e for e att empti n g to r e pa ir e xplo io n door

s s
-
.

Mor e lately it w a fou n d a dvi abl e to p rovid e oxygen br e athi n g a p

s s ss
p aratu of th e half hou r typ e I t i pr e fe rabl e to d e ign o that t h e
ss s ss
-
.

m ai n i out id e t he boil e r h ou e p rovid e d it i f e a ibl e t o bri n g t h e

s s
,

b
bur n e r dow n l eg i n t o t he hou e
s s s
.

T h e p ecificatio n of on e compa n y in r e gard to ligh ti n g a n d acc e

s s s
i ilityo f boil e r batt e ri e a re ab tracte d h e r ew ith
A s ys t em of wa lk s or r u n w a y s S hal l b
e e re ct e d t o g i v e c on v e n i e n t a cc e s st o
ov e r h e a d v a lv e s

Wh er e v e r p os s
al s o wa lk s

ib l e rail e d s
,

t a i rw a y s b
fr om b oi l e r t o b oi l er

b
a re t o e us e d i n p r e fe re n c e t o l a d d e r s
.

Wh e n pra ct i c ab l e s t airwa y s s h a ll e s
b
ub s t i tut e d f or e x i s t i n g l a d d ers
.

M ea n s of a cc e s s sh a ll e p rov i d e d f or ov er h ea d w a lk s a t b oth e n d s
.
,

of e a ch

l i n e of b oi l ers a n d on l ar g e pl a n t s on e or t wo i n t e r m e d ia t e s
:

t air wa y s

b
a re

d es
,

irab l e
S p e c ia l a tt e n t i on s h a ll e g i v e n t o i ns
.

u ri n g good i llu m i n a t i on th rough out t h e

b oi l e r h ou s U n l es sth e i llu m i n a t i on i s e xc e pt i on a lly good i t is a dv i s
ab l e t o
h a v e a t l ea s t on e l i ght a t e a ch of t h e s t airwa y s
e .
,

l ea d i n g t o ov e rh e a d p ar
t i cu l a rl y a t t h e upp e r e n d of t h e m a i n s t a i rwa y s
,

GA S M A I N S

s ss s
.

s s
I t occa i o n ally i n e c e a ry t o e n t e r om e pa rt of t he ga ma i n
ss s
-

y t em , b egi n n i n g at t h e ga offtak e a t th e furn ac e top an d th enc e

i cludi g dow com r s du st catch r s d g s ma i s to s tov s d
b il r so r t o g s
n e

h r s d th c t t h stov s
w as
e

b oil r s d
n n , ,
an a n e an

a
d by g s
o

gi n sAt th splac s
o e an en e e

a ccid t s cau s
e ,
e ,
e ,
an

en e . ha v b
e e l ak i g
e en e een e a e n

d w from th fur ac top o r from a dj oi i g ma i ns o r quipm t

o

ct d t o fur ac s und r p r s
n n e

d co tai i g g s
e n n e en

co i op rati o
ur by t rac s xc s siv amou t sf g s
nne e

s
e n n e n an n n n a e e

b
or e r m ai i g i t h m ain
accou t of i s
e ; e e e n o a e n n n e

fli i t v tilatio or v tilatio of too br i f dura

ti ; d y s
on n u

ca p of r s
n c en

idual g s
en n en

h ld i dry fl du s
n e

on t w t slu dg
old b rickw ork of xc s s a d bulkh ad s
an e e e

iv p ro s
a e n ue e

d s
, e,

ity e e e o ,
an n e .
 bs
40 AS PHYX I A TI ON F R OM B L AS T -
F U R N A CE GA S .

rath e r tha n to e ca rri e d ov e r a n d i m pi n ge on a n d cu t th e b r i ckwork ;

hav e ha d i ron or t eel w e a ri n g plat e i n e rt e d a t poi n t wh e r e a ss s
cha n ge of dir e ction t en d e d to d e fl e ct th e fl ow of ga a n d cau e n u s s
s s s
u ual w e a r from du t ;an d ha v e b een co n truct e d without li n i n g a s
s
,

th e pr e dict e d wa rpi n g a n d e ro io n of th e plat e work did n ot d e v elop

s ss
,

a n d pip e b rick h a b een m a n ufactur e d tha t wi t h ta n d t h e cutti n g

s s s
a ction of du t to an e xten t that giv e a li fe of tw o or mor e li n i n g of
s s
t h e furn ac e s Con id e rably trict e r atten tion to cr een i n g cok e a t t h e
s s s ss
.

'
cok e ov en a n d tock hou e h a al o con tribute d to th e lif e of ofl t ake
s s
a n d dow n co m e r li n i n g by r e duci n g to o m e e x ten t the co n t en t of
s s s
abra iv e cok e du t ca rri e d ov e r in t h e ga
ss s s s s s
.

I t i till n ec e a ry i n o m e i n ta n c e to r e pai r or p a tch t h e b r i ck

s s s
work Th e r e have b een om e f a t al a cci den t in t h e pa t to m en thus
'

ss s s s
.

en gag e d I n two of th e e ca e t h e i n dicatio n a re that b ecau e of

s s
.

f ailur e to k eep th e ga light e d on top i t accu m ulate d in uffici ent

ss
amou n t to drift dow n the dow n com e r I n th e fir t ca e t h e b ell w as
s
.

op en a n d two ma n hol e door w e r e op en in th e dow n com e r ; in t he

s s s s
eco n d th e b ell b l ee d e r , an d e xplo io n door w e r e op en , an d th e r e
s s s
, ,

wa n o door in th e dow n come r T h e du t catch e r b ell w e r e op en in

ss s s
-
.

b oth ca e I n a n oth e r i n ta n c e a bricklay e r wa ov e rcom e an d f el l

.

down through t h e do w n com e r

s s
.

Thr ee m e thod of r e p airi n g dow n com e r tha t w e r e n ote d by the

s s
write r a re a follow
s
1 T he tuy er e a re tightly plugge d with clay a n d a doubl e cha rge of
s s
,
.

fin e dry ore i dump e d on top of a cok e blank T he bl ee d e r t h e ga

s s ss
.
,

e al door an d th e fa rth e rmo t ga b ur n e r a re op en e d in th e ord er

s ss
,

m en tio n e d maki n g a uction through t he mai n Afte r thi i done

s ss s
.
,

t he big b ell i low e r e d I f th e ga do e n ot light in th e cou r e of 1 0

s ss s
.

m i nute a pi ec e of lighte d wa t e i throw n i n an d t h e ga light e d

s s s s
.
,

T h e explo io n door a re op e n e d a n d a m an tatio n e d on top to e e that

ss s
t h e ga i k e pt lit s s T h e e xp e ri e n c e h e r e h a b een that th e r e i alw ay
s s
.

a vigorou dra ft u p through th e dow n com e r and n o trou b l e h a b een

s ss
,

e xp e ri e n c e d w i th ga Afte r the ga h a b een li ght e d for about 1 0

s s s
.

mi n ut e t he door a n d d u t b ell on th e dust catch er a re op en e d an d

s s
,

wh e n th e down com e r i cool e n ough to en te r , th e t wo door on i t a re

op en e d
s s s s
.

b
2 At t h e e cond pla n t t h e am e p roc e dur e i follow e d ;al o a t em
s s
.

y 9 i ch wall i built at t h upp e r horizo n tal part of th e ga

s
o ra r n e
p
-
.

off tak e wh en t h e r epai r work do e n ot e xt en d eyon d that point

s s
.
,

3 At th e third pla n t th e r e a re n o e xplo io n door on th e f urn ac e

s
.

o r dow n co m e r I n a ddition to Op en i n g th e b ell an d bl ee d er an d

s s s
.

d u t b ell on t h e du t catch e r a 6 i n ch pip e f rom a mall b low e r i n

s
-

t h e ya rd i e xt en d e d up thro u gh to t h e worki n g platform T h e gas

s s s s
.

i n ot light e d a th e forc e d dra ft tak e ca r e of a n yga that might

s s s
,

t en d to drift back a n d t h e e xp e ri en c e at thi plant i that th e r e i

,
 P L A CE S OF DA NGE R . 41

ss s s ss s
no da n ge r of top e xplo io n of air an d ga a ft e r uch t i m e a i n e ce
s s s
ary f or cooli n g th e dow n com e r h a elap e d th ough in a f ew in
s s s ss s
,

b
"
ta n c e light e xplo ion or top crack hav e imm e diat ely follow e d
s s
taki n g t h e fur nac e off a n d op en i n g t h e b ell Although thi poi n t
s s s s
.

“
h a n othi n g to do with a phyxia it may ai d that uch top
ss s
e

s s
,
"
hot h a ve occu rr e d el ewh e r e e v en a ft e r 1 2 hour hav e e lap e d
s s s s
, ,

thu i n dicating th e pr e en c e of ga , a n d it would eem b ett e r to light

th g s
T h provi s is
e a

io of w rki g platfor m s
.

worthy of m ti Th
platfor m s
on

us t ct d built i s
e n o n en e

ually w ll co s
.

p r vid d o e id th a re e n ru e ,
n e e

I
F GU R E 5 du s
— A rran gem e n t
t c t ch w i t h H m f l d t v l v full l i s S h ow
m l p os
b
At
is p t i ; d ott d l i sS h ow v l v i
. a er a e a e . a ne

i t i of v l v w h f u
cl osd p os
i
t i g g s At t h v l v wh op f o ms
n or a on a e en rn a c e n o e ra on e ne a e n

it io f li t op of v l v

b
ch m b ; d ot t d l i s S h ow v l v i c l osd p os
i t i o w h d us t c tch o g s m i s
e n or e n er n a ne . e a e en en r a e

mus
a er e ne a e n e n en a er r a a n

t t d t op of v l v c h mb op
e e n ere , a e a er en .

do w n com e r at 4 to 5 foot i n t e rval with ub ta n tial la dd e r a p s ss

s s
,

p roach e e ith e r up through t h e du t catch e r or from a ma n hol e or

s
,

e xplo io n door on t h e d ow n co m er .

RE P AI RI N G DU S T C AT C H E R S .

I s s s s s
r e pa i ri n g du t catch e r m en a re ubj e ct to th e am e ha za rd
ss
n

s ss
from ga a in r epairi n g d ow n co m er on ly to a l e d egr ee T h e
s ss ss s s
.
,

p ri m ary du t catch e r of a e ri e of catch e r a w ell a t he u ual

s s s ss
,

i n gl e du t catch e r i at all but thr ee of th e pla n t vi it e d w i thout

s
, , ,

a n yvalv e b e tw een t h e furn a c e top and catch e r At c e rtai n pla n t

s s
.
,

how e ve r , th e r e i a H a m f eldt valv e ( fig 5 ) at th e ba e of the dow n .

42 A S P HYX I A TI ON F R OM B L AST -
F U RN A CE GA S .

s s s
c om e r j u t b e for e it e n t e r t h e du t catch e r Although th e va l v e i s
s s
.

h e avy difli cu lt to ha n dl e a n d r equire addition al e quip m en t it i

s s
, , ,

ha n dy f e atur e of ga m ai n e quip m en t wh en work i u n d e rtak en

s s s s ss s
s s
-

i n id e th e du t catch er a it giv e a en e an d a ura n c e of af ety

s
,

fro m a n yu n towa rd happ en i n g or accid en t fro m ga from th e fur

n ac e top .

RE P A I RI N G M AI N S .

s s s s
Work in m ai n b ey on d t h e mai n du t catch e r i at pla n t havi n g
s s s s s s
,

but on e fur n ac e u u a lly ubj ect to a light p o ibility of ga wa n d e r

s
s s
,

in g in to t h e mai n fro m t h e fur n ac e top u n l e pr ecaution a re taken

s s s s s
i m ila r t o tho e in u n d e rtaki n g work in d ow n co m e r or du t catch er
s s s s
.

b
I olat e d pla n t ra r ely hav e w at e r e al or oth e r valv e b etw e en t h e
s s s ss ss
-

du t catch e r a n d t h e m a i n alth ough at om e pla n t ga wa h e r a re

s ss s
, .

o a rra n ge d tha t th ey may e c on v e rt e d i n t o wat e r e al b y rai i n g

s
t h e w at e r l e v el s s
Ma n y pla n t havi n g two or mor e f urn ac e a re al o
s s
.

d efici en t in valv e at th e du t catch er t h e d evic e f or Cutti n g t h e

s
,

furn ac e off from oth er in op e ra ti o n b e i n g midway b etw een t h e

s s s s
tov e a n d boil e r s ssAt uch pla n t wh en ev e r it i n ec e a ry to go
s s s ss
,
.

b
i n to t h e m ai n t h e fur n a ce i tak en o ff an d uitabl e t e p tak en t o
s ss s
,

co n fin e th e ga to th e fur n ac e t op a d e crib ed on page 3 9 I t hould

s s s s s
,
.

'

tat e d that although accid en t in ga mai n f rom a ph y xi at i on

s ss
e

may hav e b een cau e d by ga d e c en di n g from t h e fur n ac e tOp t o

ss s s s s
t h e ma i n n o uch i n ta n c e h a b een en c ount e r e d ; uch acci d en t hav e
ss ss s s
,

b
e vid en tly b een du e t o oth e r cau e Th e n e c e a ry p r e cautio n a re o
s s s s
.

w ell u n d e r tood a n d un iv e r ally a dopt e d a n d o ma n y op en i n g may

s
,

e provid e d b e tw een t h e t op an d t h e ma i n that p e rc olatio n of ga

s ss s
s
,

to th e e p oi n t i on ly r emot ely p o ibl e

s s
.

At pla n t havi n g t wo or mor e furnac e in op e ratio n a n oth e r c on

s s ss s
,

dition of om e hazard i fou n d wh e r e t h e ga i tak en from t h e du t

s ss
catch e r b y tw o ga ma i n i n t ea d of by on e T h e gen e ral a rra n ge
s s s ss
.

m en t of valv e for i olati n g ga mai n i S how n in figur e 6 E ach

s ss s
.

a ke i u ually provi d e d w i th a valv e of om e ki n d e ith e r a

’

fi t
s s s
o

s
g a ,

mu hroom a n d S lid e goggl e o r wat e r eal valve With uch a

s s s s
-
, , , ,
.

layout om etim e th e fur n ac e i k e pt in op e rati on whil e r epairi n g ga

s s s
mai n t h e ga b ei n g l ea d off by on e mai n w hil e t h e mai n in which
s ss s s
,

w ork i n ec e a ry a re clo e d off by th eir valv e .

TH E GOGGL E VAL VE

b b
.

s s s
b
Wh en th e valv e i of th e goggl e or olid a n d op en di k typ e con , ,

n ect e d by a ri d ge p ie ce which m a y e pivot e d on a lug or bolt ou t

s s s
id e th e mai n o that e i th e r th e olid or th e op en di k m ay e wu n g s s
b e tightly a n d s s
e cur ely

s
hut off in a f ew minut e
s
i n to t h e m ai n b etw een t h e fl a n ge an d bolt ed to th em th e mai n c an
T h e troubl e w ith
t h e goggl e valv e i t h at warp i n g or e xpan i on of t he ma i n may ha v e s
s.
,

s
44 A S PHYX I A TI ON F R OM B L AST -
F URN A CE GA S .

we dge d t h e s
bss
valv e o tightly in plac e tha t a co n id erabl e d elay in
op en i n g t he valv e m a y e cau e d by th e fla n ge havi n g to e j a m m e d
s
s
s
s
bb
b
a pa rt w i th cr ew or ratch et j ack b e for e th e di k ca n e rotat ed A n
s s
.

oth e r obj ectio n i that t h e m en h av e to work in t h e pr e en c e of con

s s ss
i dera le qua n titi e of ga in hutti n g or op en i n g t h e valv e wh en th e
s s s
b
fla n ge a re pr e a d a n d it i n ot u n c ommon to fin d th e rigge r an d
s
,

m illwright ga n g ill b e for e t h e work i do n e

s s s
.

I n a n ot h er de ign t h e valv e i n ot rotat e d but m a y e lid up an d

s s s
.
,

dow n b etw een fla n ge t h e olid di k b ei n g e xt en d e d t o hav e a n op en

ss s s s
,

b
di k up e rimpo e d on it T he fla n ge a re u ually b olt e d but in on e
s s s s
.
,

b
pla n t th ey a re h eld by j ack crew o attach e d that by cr ewi n g th em
s
b
t h e fla n g e may e forc e d a part o r clamp e d i n plac e Such an
s s s
s
.

a rra n gem en t i p r e f e rabl e in tha t it avoid d elay but i till o j ec

s s
,

t ion a le in tha t it r e qui r e m en to work n ea r ga T he latt e r d e v el

s s s s s s
.

op m en t i n thi typ e of valv e compri e b olt with oppo it e thr e ad

s s s
b
that cr ew i n t o th e two fla n ge T h e b olth ea d w hich i b etw e en th e
s ss
.
,

b
thr e a d e d en d form a ma ll pi n ion e n gage d by a rack which may
,

e mov e d up o r dow n by a r e duci n g g e ar from t h e grou n d A block

s s
.

a n d fall b e i n g attach e d to t h e di k valv e t h e fla n g e may e forc ed

s s
,

apa rt t h e valve rai e d or low e r e d a n d the fla n ge cla m p e d all w ork

s
, , ,

b ei n g do n e on t h e grou n d away from ga I n a n oth e r a rra n gem en t

s
.

b
t h e fla n ge a re forc e d apart by a cam a n d l e v e r T h e ca m b e i ng
s s
.
,

pivot e d on on e fla n ge forc e th e oppo it e fla n g e a w ayw h en t he l e v e r

s s s
,

i mov e d thu p e r m itti n g t h e valv e to e rai e d or low e r ed T he

s s s s s s
,
.

thru t o f t h e ga mai n j a m t h e fla n ge agai n t t h e valv e uffici en tly

s s s s
ha rd to top ga l eak s T h e fl a n ge a re h eld by b olt wh e n the valve
‘

s s
.

i in po iti on .

bs
INCL OS E D S L IDE VAL VE S AND B E L L VAL VE S .

N o r elia n c es i n clo e d S lid e valv es in which t he

plac e d in
s s
can e ,

bottom a n d id e fla n ge a re i n clo e d to form a co n ti n uatio n of t he

s ss s
ma i n o r in i n clo e d b ell valv e r e ti n g on an a n n ula r e at or i n a
s s s s s s
.
,

tr en ch co n tai n i n g a n d o r du t Th e e d e vic e a re u e ful w h en u ed

s ss ss ss s
.

with w at e r e al valv e a a barri e r t o ga u rge cau e d by S lip or

ss s s ss
-

e xplo io n but will get l e aky I n lid e valv e t h e e at will fill with
s s s s s
.
,

du t an d p r e v en t p e rf ect clo u r e a n d t h e am e i tru e of b ell valv e

ss
, ,

s
e xc e pt t h e H a m f el d t typ e T h e H a m f el dt valv e a u e d on th e
s ss
.

furn ac e i d e of a du t catch e r i u ually S O a rra n ge d that wh en

ss s
dropp e d on it eat it op en t h e top of the valv e body to th e at
s s
m o p h e re ss s s
“Th en thi typ e of valv e i u e d on t h e ga m ai n id e of
s s ss
-
.

th e du t catch e r alo n e a n d withou t a wat e r e al valv e in e ri e with it

s ss s ss ss
-
,

it i n ot ati factory f or o m e r equi r em en t of e rvic e I f it i d e ir e d

s s
.

to w ork in a ga mai n b eyo n d the valv e whil e t h e furn ac e i k e pt in

s s s s s
op e ration th e valv e i not tight en ough t o pr e v e n t ga l e ak Un le
ss s ss s
.
,

it i o a rra n g ed that upon clo i n g it t h e ga p r e ur e in t he dust

 P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 45

s
ss s ss s
catch e r pr e e the valve agai n t it e at , an y udden S lip or ga s
s s s
u rge may pu h th e valv e away from th e e at Such a valv e a r
s
s s ss
.

ra n ge d to lift up an d en gage it e a t from b en e ath i u n ati factory

s s s
r ega rd p r e v en ti n g l e akage o r di plac em en t wh en w ork i n g i n t h e
s
a

main w i th t he fu rn ace in op e ration ga b ei n g tak en off through th e

s s s
,

b
opp o ite off t ak e on th e du t catch e r I f the valv e i a rra n ge d t o
s
s s ss
.

dr op from a b ov e on it e at t he a rra n gem en t i u n ati fa ctory w h en

ss s s s
,

r ep air mu t e mad e i n id e th e du t catche r with ga f rom a n ,

adj ac en t fur n ac e b en eath t h e valv e .

W ATE R -
SE AL V AL VE S
s ss ss
.

Wat e r e al valv e al o k n ow n a C rawford valve an d hydraulic

s s ss
s s
-
,

e al valv e , are t h e mo t e ff e ctual m ea n of cutti n g ga Off e cur ely

ss s ss
s s ss
,
~

e n t i re lya n d i m ply N e v e rth e l e ca re in de igni e en t i al to a ur e

s s s
s
.
, ,

b b
th e r e quir e d d e gr ee of e curity At om e pla n t th e r e a re w at e r e al
s s s s
-
.

valv e i n which t h e d epth of e al i s i n uffici en t to p rev en t ga fro m

b
low i n g thr ough b en ea th th e diaphra gm or b en d wh en u n d e r a n or
ss s ss
mally high pr e ur e a n d om e a re o hallow tha t wh e n th e fur n a ce
s sss
,

i in op e ration a n d ga pa i n g through th e valv e it ca n n ot e fill e d

s
with wate r on a ccount Of the ga blow i ng through b en e ath th e
d i aphragm
s s ss s
.

'

The re a re thr e e gen e ral typ e of w ate r e al va l v e a follow

s s s s
-

1 T h e ga main tur n down i n to th e top of a m all au xili a ry du t

s s ss s
.

catch e r an d e xten d dow n i n i d e u n til t h e mouth i a uitabl e di

s s
,

ta n c e b elow th e ga outl et of th e du t catch e r B y filli n g up t h e

ss s
.

catch e r with wate r th e fur n ac e o r mai n i e al e d off T he di a d

s s s s s
, .

va n tage of th i typ e i that i f b y re a on of e ro i on th e p i p e i cut

s s s s
,

occa io n ally h app en th e r e i n o m e ans of k n ow i n g th a t th e

s ss s s
a

s s
,
'
e ali n g e fl ect i l o t u n til occa i on ari e to u e th e s eal
ss s
.

b
2 A U b en d or V conn e ction i s mad e a how n a t B , fi gur e 6 Thi
s s sss s
. .

typ e i p rob ably mo t lik e d a it i o f impl e co n tructio n a n d th er e

s
s s s ss
,

c a n n ot po ibly e a l e ak through th e valv e a lo n g a i t i d e i gn e d

‘

s s s ss s
with a uffici en t d epth of e al an d all that i n e c e a ry i to watch
s s s
,

that w at e r i k ept flow i n g through wh en it i in u e

s s s
.

"

3 The ga ma i n i le d i n t o a v ert i ca l cyli n dr i ca l tu b e clo e d a t

s
.
,

t h e top and b ottom a n d in th e ce n t e r of wh i ch a diaphrag m i pl ac e d

sss ss s
, ,

b
i h own in A , figur e 6 I t i tate d that t h e a b ra io n of dust y
s s s ss s
a

s s
.

b
ga on th i d i a phra gm a t h e ga p a e through i t wh en i t i not
,

fill e d w i th w at e r may d ev elop a l e ak that may n ot e d et ect e d a n d

s ss s s
,

b
p e rmit ga to l e ak acro Thi may e prov i d e d ag a i n t how ev e r
s s s
.
, ,

by maki n g th e d i aphra gm of V hap e a how n a n d t h e top b ei n g

s
, ,

op en to t he ai r any ga l eaki n g through th e diaph r a gm may e

s
,

b
div e rt ed t o t he atmo ph e r e
ss ss
.

T he mo t u ual de pth of w at e r e al i a b out 3 f eet th e ov e rflo w

s s s s
,

e i n g 1 2 i n ch e b elow th e ga — mai n bottom Thi d epth h a b een .

46 A S P HYX I A TI ON F R OM B L AS T -
FUR N A CE GA S .

s y ss
found t oo hallow an d w i t h U t p e wat e r e al a d epth of 5 f eet
ss sss s
-
,

6 i n ch e h a b e en n ot e d With a ga p r e ur e of 1 5 i n ch e t h e a ctual
s s s s ss s ss
.

b
e ali n g e ff e ct i but 21 i n ch e with a 3 foot e al Ga p r e u re a
s s s
-
.

high a 26 inch e a re fou n d in re gula r op e ration o that t h e ma rgi n

s s s s s s
,

a fe ty for a 3 f oot eal i t oo mall a th e wat er e al may e

b
of

s s
-
,

b rok en by a S lip an d th e e al on c e b rok en ga may con ti n u e to blo w

s s s ss s
, ,

thr ough Th e du t b ell on w at e r eal valv e hould alway

s s
-
.
e

cla m p e d h u t wh en fill e d w ith wat e r a n d in u e p r e f e rably with fou r

s
,

L bolt .

W H E R E VA L VE S A RE N E E DE D .

AS ss s s
m en tio n e d b e for e m o t i n gl e fur n ac e pla n t ha v e n o valv e
s s s s
-
,

b etw een t h e du t catch e r a n d ga mai n a n d m a n y pla n t havi n g

s s s
,

two or m or e fur n ac e do not I n e ith e r ca e wh en a fur n ac e h a

s s s
.
,

b een hut d own an d in ca e of t w o or m or e fur n ac e b ein g in op e ra

ssss s s s s
,

ti on it ga y te m h a b een i olat e d from tho e of oth e r fur n ac e

s s
,

b
in op e ratio n t h e cha n c e of ga fi n di n g it way from th e furn ac e t op
ss s s s
,

i m all i f th e top i Op en t h e ga light ed on t op of t h e tock a n d t h e

s s s s
, ,

du t catch e r op en e d Mor e po itiv e a u ra n c e m a y e obt ai n e d by

s s s
.

havi n g a wat e r e al goggl e or di k valv e a n d th e p rovi io n o f

s s
-
, , ,

uch valv e i a m ply wa rra n t e d

s s s
.

I n e v en t of a furn ac e havi n g tw o ga mai n l e adi n g from th e du t

ss
b
catch e r a n d it i d e i re d t o utiliz e on e m ai n t o k ee p t h e fur n ac e in
ss s
op e rati on whil e th e oth e r ma i n i hut o ff f or r epai r th e gen e ral
s s s s s
,

tat em en t may e m a d e that t h e p ractic e 1 8 n ot a f e u n l e th e r e i

s s s
b
a goggl e valv e a di k valv e a lid e valv e with Op en fla n ge or a
s s s
, , ,

wa t e r e al valv e w i th a n auxili ary b ell or lide valv e t o r etard ga

s s s s
-

urge or a wat e r e al valve ba ck of which a b rick w all h a

s s
e en
-
,

built in th e ma i n A wate r e al valv e alon e or a n i n close d lid e or

s
-
.

b ell valv e alo n e may p r ove i n u ffici en t

s s ss s
.

A ta n d in g ord e r a t th e work of on e la rge compa n y i a follow

Wh en i t i s n e c es
s ary f or a n y on e t o go i n t o a ga s was h e r ga s v a lv e or ga s

b
mai n c on n e ct e d d ire ctly t o a fu rn a c e f or a n y pu rp os
, ,

e a t a n y t i m e t h e Cra w

b b
for d v a lv e m u s t e s e a l e d a n d gu ar d e d b y a w a tch m a n w h o m u s

b
, ,

t n ot a l l ow
th e s A ls o t h e b e ll s
a n d e xp l os
i on d oors mus
.

ea l t o e br ok e n t e op en e d a n d
k ept op e n T h e ga s mus t e i gn i t e d a n d k ept b u rn i n g a n d a wa tch m a n m u s
b
.

t
e ss t a t i on e d on t op t o ee th a t t h e fu rn a c e t op i s s
.
,

k ept op e n a n d t h e ga
k e pt b u r n i n g

s a co ci ss s ss
.

T h e abov e i tat m t of a f e pra ctic e th e r ea on for

s s
n e e en ,

which hav b gi v i d tail an d it i th e practic e mo t gen e rally

follow d at larg pla t s

e e en en n e ,

e e n .

SE L F ~
CL E ANI NG M AI N S
s
.

It i sb com i e n s
s
g l e an d l e th e p ractic e to en t e r ga mains to s
s
c l ean them . M a n y b el i ev e that the main w il l fil l u p to a cert ai n
48 A S PHYX I A T I ON F R OM BL AS T -
FUR N A CE GA S

b
.

of s d i i isxtr m ly s
ga ou t a n low i s uch plac s d th r
as s
a r n e e e

ura c that h m i is
n e an

t r u l s s
e e ca n

p s
,

cl a r d fit to t iti
m a s
e no n e e

m plo y d to cl a r h g s
a n e

out s
an

uch s
en e n e o

xhau s
ve

e n a re e e a f t r t
sa m or air h so r th air is
e
’

t s
a a an e e
, , ,
te t d for carbo mo oxid
I t is i s
o e, e

uch ill v tilat d mai s

e e n n e .

that m gag d i cl a i g
w t or d y du s
n en e n

t r m ovi g bul k ad sor old brick w ork hav

en
-
en e n e n n

ou t

b co m a s
e r e

phyxiat d I t is us
,
n he e
,

u ally o ly i m practicabl but im n ot

po s s
e e e n

ibl fo r m to w a r h avy oxyg br athi g apparatu s

e

i s
.

uch
cra m p d qu art r s d work mo s
e en e e en e

t of t h h avy typ s
n n

b
e e an b i g adapt d e e

mor for m i work tha for w ork i a 36 i ch g s

, e e n e

mai C rtai
yp sf br athi g apparatu s
e ne n n -
n a n . e n
t e o e of half hou r capa city m y w or ;
n

i co v i t but l s s tha th ta s
a e
-
n

b
b
th y k of taki g
sci ou s
e a re n n en en e SO n e n a n u n c on

m back through 1 0 f t of m a i
an d t f 1 8 i ch m
I n v t f a l gthy j ob it is
ee n an ou o

s
an

s
-
n an

h l o e e en Oo l y mo t f a ibl t p ro
s
en

uch r quir m t s i fr qu t but i t is

.
p ,
r a e e o

vid forc d v tilati

e e en on ,

c rta i ly worth w hil t aki g thi s

e e en a re

pr cautio w h th r is
n e

r as
en ,

e n e on to n e n en e e e

a n ticipat e di fficulty .

W E TT I NG DO‘
VN T H E DU S T
s s
.

Ir em ovi n g du t from a m ai n w etti n g t h e du t thoroughl y w ill

s s
s
n

ss s
,

h elp to k eep ga em i ion dow n to a m i n i m u m Thi i difficult a

s
.
,

b
a thi n S ki n or cak e of m u d t en d to form a n d pr e v en t th e w at e r
p en etrati n g ve ry d ee ply but with w at e r u n d e r high pr e ur e wet s
s
s s sss
,
'

t i n g c a n u ually e don e e ff ectiv ely I t i alw ay e en tial how ev e r

s ss
.
, ,

t o e xp e ct ga e v en wh en thi i don e .

BUL K H E A DS .

s
s
Fr equ en tly a bulkh e a d co n i ti n g o f t w o brick w all i built the ss
s s s
,

pac e b et w een b ei n g fill e d with a n d Such a ba rri e r a id e fro m

s
s s s
,
.

ch e cki n g a h e avy ga urg e be cau e of t h e i n e rt i a of t h e b arri e r i of

ss s s s
,

li t t l e b en efit b ecau e ga filte r through a n d lik e a pon ge a n d wh en

s s
s s
, ,

it b e com e n e c e a ry to t e a r t he bulkh e a d out t he workm a n i e x

s s s s
,

po e d to th e accumulation of r e idual ga a n d ga of a p a rticula rly

s
r ee kin g Odor produ ctiv e of viol en t n au e a i f n ot a phyxia An 1 8 ,
s .

i n ch w all of vitri fi e d brick laid in c em en t n e xt to a n op en ma n hol e

s s
on t h e S ide fro m which t h e ga co m e with a 44 i n ch w all on t h e
ss s s
s
-
,

oppo it e id e of t he ma n hol e i a m or e e ff ectu al p rot ectio n a n d l e

di fficult to r em ov e .

M A N H OL E S

b s s s s s s
.

Th e ta n dard di ta n c e b e tw een m a n hol e in ga ma i n a pp e a r to

e appr oxi m at ely 20 to 24 f ee t T h e ta n dard iz e of ma n hol e 1 s s ss
s s
.

b
1 8 i n ch e in diam et e r ;th er e a re a f ew mall e r ma n y la rge r I f th e
s s
.
,

dia m et e r of th e mai n p e r m it a 2 1 in ch m a n hol e i n on e too large

s ss
-
.
,

b
T w en t y feet b e tw een c en t e r o f ma n hol e hould e t h e mi n i m u m in
n e w c on t ructio n s with dow n l eg or bo t tom ma n hol e p ac e d half
,
s ss
way etw een .
 A
B URE U OF MI NE S A A
T ECH NIC L P PE R 1 06 A
P L T E VI II

A .
- A I
V L E G S E L F - CLE N NG GAS M AIN .

B . AILING ON HIGH
R AIN
GAS M .
 P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 49

W AL K S AND R A I L I N GS .

s s
b
Lat el y m any comp ani e on th eir own i n itiativ e a re p rovidi n g walk
d ha d ss
raili g ( P l V III B ) alo g all a m ai n a n d rail ed s s
s
n g
s s s s
a n n n ee .
,

platform at ga valv e Thi will probably e ta n da rd e quip m en t

s s s s s
.

in t h e n e a r futur e a th e r e i good r e a o n for uch i n tallatio n

,
.

GA S S CR U B B E R S A N D GA S - CL E A N I N G B U I L D I N GS .

D A N GE R F R OBI GA S CL E
-
ANI NG E QU I P INI E NT .

s
T he introductio n of ga cl e a n i n g e quip m e n t b r ought with it n ew
s s ss
-

da n ge r from ga Th e m or e thoroughly t h e ga i cl e a n e d th e
sss s s ss
.
,

l e i th e cha n c e of d et e cting it by ight or m ell a n d it u e in

s ss s s
,

g i h d e v elop e d i n tallatio n of cl e a n i n g e quip m en t t h

s
e

s
e n n e a
g a ,

compl e xity of wh i ch togeth e r with th e i n cr e a e d n ee d of con ta n t

s s s s
up e rvi io n and mor e fr e qu en t r ep ai r work i in co n tra t with th e
s ss ss
S i m pl e layout of mai n s to tov e a n d boil e r u i n g u n cl e a n e d ga
ss s s
.

Thr ee ca e of fatal a phyxi ation are kn own h av i n g occurr e d in ga

s s
w a h e r buildi n g tw o occurri n g a t n ight a n d on e duri n g th e day
s s
.
,
.

I n a n oth e r i n ta n c e a p ai n t e r en gage d in whit e w a hi n g th e i n t eri or

s s
of a ga cl e a n i n g hou e f ell from a la dd e r on accou n t of b e i n g p ar
s
-

t i a llyov e rco m e Tw o acc i d en t fatal in cha racter hav e hap pen e d

s s s
.
, ,

to m en w orki n g on r e pair work i n id e ga hold e r ; two m en hav e

s s
b een fatally ov e rcom e whil e worki n g on top of ga hold e r Oth e r
s s s s
.

fatal accid en t hav e occurre d in id e ga mai n e quipm en t about ga

s
-

b
cl e a n i ng pla n t
s s s
.

A S brought ou t b y accid en t , da n ge r compr i e d in work on top of

s s
tow e r crubb e r in Op e ratio n have d e v elop e d a n d have een p ro
s ss s ss s
v i de d for in t h e cou r e of th e p a t ix y e a r Tho e crubb e r havi n g
s s s s
.

S pray di t ributi n g m echa ni m h a v e d e v e lop e d l e ak that may cau e

s s
-

a n acc i d en t I n on e i n t an c e a m i llw right en t on top of a tow e r

s s s s
.

w a h e r who w a p artly ov e rcom e w i th ga a n d app a r en tly lo i n g

s sss s
con ciou n e fe ll to th e groun d whil e att empti n g to d e c en d fr om
s s
t h e top of a la dd e r s I n a imila r i n tanc e a r e pairman who w a
s
.

ov e rco m e on top falling whil e co m i n g down th e ladd e r caught h i

ss s s
, ,

foot b etw een th e v e rtical trip of a af ety cage ladd er j u t abov e

s s
,

a horizon tal i ron trap about th e cage , an d hu n gth e re u n til h e w a

‘
lo w e r e d with a b lock and t a ckl e
s s s s s s s
.

I n id e of ga crubb e r th e r e ha v e b een i n ta n ce of fata l a phyxia

s s s s s
ti on from ga ema n ati n g fro m ludge wet urfac e or pool of wat e r
s s s s s
, ,

aturat e d with ga d e a d pock et of ga or by i n uffic i en t v en t i la ti on

ss
, ,

or n o n e at all Four ca e of th e abov e n atur e ha ve b een n ot e d I n

s s
. .

on e i n ta n c e a labor e r w a ov e rco m e whil e cl ean i n g out a ditch ca r

s s
ryi n g di cha rge w at e r from
ga cl e a n i n g e quipm en t
-
.
50 A S P HYX I A T I ON F R OM BL AS T -
F U RN A CE GA S .

S A F E GU A RDS .

b
R A IL E D S TA I R S AND S AF E TY L AD DE R S .

It m ay ss s
aid that w i t h th e e xc e ptio n of a n u m b e r of w a h er of
s ss
e

ss
t h e Mull en typ e mo t tow e r wa h e r a re e quipp e d w i t h ub t a n tial
ss s s s
,

rail e d t ep to th e top or with a f ety cage ladd e r T h e e xc e ptio n

s s ss
,
.

a re f e w a th e fur n i hin g of uch t e p or ladd e r e quip m en t at to we r

s sss ss s ss s
,

wa h er i t a n da rd T h e tair or la dd er a re at mo t crubb e r
ss s
s s s
.

a rra n ge d o a to giv e acc e t o platform or ma n h ol e door at i n t e r

s s s s s
m e diat e h e ight Th e e door a re u e d in a dj u t ing or e xamin i n g
s s s
.

pray or grid

b
.

VE NTI L ATION .

s ss s
A m a n h ol e hould e provid e d at th e b ot t o m of ga crubb e r in
s
ord e r to p e r m it thorough v en tilati on from t h e ba e up a n d t o p ermit
s
s s s s
of r ea dy acc e in ca e of acciden t B ottom m a n hol e a re n ot al w ay .

provid e d
s s s s
.

A ca e in p oi n t i llu trat e t h e a dva n tage of havi n g uch a doo r

s s s
.

A millwright en t into t h e bottom of a crubb e r t o exa m i n e t h e ga

s s
i n l et which ha d gi v en troubl e o w i n g to a d e po it of du t havi n g
s ss s
,

c em en t e d it elf on t h e i n t e rior from S pla h e of w at e r w a ov erco m e

s s
,
'

w it h ga N o bottom ma n hol e w a ava ilabl e Th e for ema n l ow e r e d

s ss
. .

him el f an d attach e d a rop e to t h e u n co n ciou m a n but th e rop e

s
,

br ok e T h e for ema n al o b ecam e pa rtly ov e rco m e a n d by t h e ti m e

s s
.
,

a n oth e r rop e w a brought an d th e two pull e d out it w a t oo lat e to

ss
,

r e u citat e the mill w right

sss s s s
,

I t i e en tial t o p rovid e ampl e m e a n o f acc e a n d of v en tilati on

ss s s
.

S ii fiicien t v en tilatio n i u ually i n ur e d i m ply by Op en i n g t h e t op

s s
a n d bottom ma n hol e s but n ot alway ;a b ett e r m ethod i t o bl ow a ir
s
s s s
,

i n w ith co m pr e e d a ir or attach an e xhau t e r to t h e i ola t e d u n i t for

s s
t w o hour a n d en tir ely fr ee it from ga n o on e b e i n g allow e d t o en t e r
ss
,

t h e u n it until thi i do n e
s
.

A a n a dditio n al p r ecautio n p ractic e d at on e pla n t a ft e r t h e

s ss ss s s s
, ,

crubb e r i i ola t e d from t h e y t em by clo i n g w at er e al valve on

s ss s
-

both S id e i t i flu h e d out f or 1 5 mi n ut e by k eepi n g th e w at e r

s s s s ss s
pray on Thi do e a w ay w ith th e la t po ibility of ga fr om
s s s
.

atu rat e d wat e r r ema i n i n g in t h e crubb e r Such a proc edur e i

s s
s s ss s
.

e p e cially n ec e a ry at Z ch ockke wa h er wh e r e th e low e r e n d i

s s s s
,

imm e r e d in a ettli n g ba i n t o form a eal Wh il e m en a re in t h e

s ss s
.

crubb e r t h e exhau t i k e p t goi n g to provid e a curr en t of fr e h air

s s ss
, ,

t hu m i n imizi n g t he da n ge r du e t o br e aki n g va lv e o r eal .

SE AL S AND V A L VE S .

s
I n r ega rd toal s d valv sit isc s sa ry to hav a valv
e an h e ne e e e on t e

d di s
,

i l t cha rg fro m a ch u it Co v i c d utility hav

dictat d h mploy m t of wat r s
n e an e e n n en e n e an e

al valv s
.

e t e e h c w ork i g r quir
en e -
e e ,
en e n e e
 P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 51

s ss
m ent h a v e f ulfill e d the d ema n d of a fe ty Whe r e scru b b e r a re s
s s s
.

built clo e to t h e furn a ce th e r e i fr e qu ently , but n ot alway p ro

s
, ,

v i de d a m e cha n ical valv e , of t h e goggl e or lid e typ e b e for e t h e

s s ss
,

wat e r e al on t h e furn ac e S id e a S hown in figur e 7 Thi i to tak e

ss s s
s
.
,

car e of u rge of ga u n d e r high p r e u re an d do away with th e

s
s ss
po ibility of t he w at er e al br e aki n g
s s s
.

T h e provi io n of uch a n a dditi on al valv e i c e rtai n ly w arra n t e d

s
s s s
,
'

though n ot e en tial wh en t h e crub b e r a re con n e ct e d with t h e

"

Slide s
t p valv
o e

Wa h dg s
se a

Dirt y ga s
Wa ter s
al
e

s sl v s s
s
I
F GUR E —
A rra n g e men t of f
ba fle wa h er a nd wa t e r -
ea a lv e oncu r b b er .

ss s s s
b
fur n ac e b y a lo n g y t em of mai n p rovid e d t he w ate r eal valv e
s s s s
-
,

hav e an e ff e ctiv e e al o f at le a t 30 i n ch e of wat e r with the ga

s
a gai n t th e m ss
Thirty i n ch e i a rbitra ry a n d can not e fix e d a s
s s s s
.

ta n dard I t i m en tio n e d a t he mi n imum that i applicabl e to

ss s
.

mo t i n talla tion an d f urnac e pract i c e

s s s s
.

b
T he impi n gi n g typ e of w a h e r uch a the Mull en or Moy e r i
s s s s
, ,

ra r ely prov i d ed with a w ate r e al or oth e r valve A th e w a h e r i

s s
.

u ually adj ac ent to th e dust catch e r , it can almo t n ev e r e cl ea n e d

52 AS PHYX I A T I ON F R OM B L A S T—
F U R N A CE GA S .

ss s s s s
b
u n l e th e fur n ac e i t ak en off At o m e pla n t t h e do wn com e r l e ad
s s
.

b
dir e c tly to th e w a h e r I n u n d e r t aki n g r epair work a t t hi t yp e o f
s s s s s
.

wa h e r t h e a m e p r e cauti on t ha t h ould e Ob e rv e d i n w orki n g in

s s ss s s
,

b
du t ca t ch e r or do wn co m e r m u t e ob e rv e d B ut on e ca e o f
s s s
.

a phyxia i k n ow n an d thi appar en tly happ en e d from poor p re

s ss
,

li m i n a ry v en tilati on I t eem a if it would e p racticabl e t o p ro

s s ss
.

vi d e a b e ll valv e at th e ga i n l e t of th e wa h e r wh e r e th e ga i l ed
s s ss
,

fr om th e du t catch e r o ve r t o th e wa h e r On e c om pa n y h a i n t all e d
ss s s s
.

a valv e a how n i n
,
8 a n d al o ma d e t h e w a h e r e a i e r
,

Valv e
us
e d as
s
clo ed may e
wat er eal v alv es
b

I
F GU R E 8 .
— M e t h od of e qu i pp i n g M ull e n wa s
her w ith mu s
h
room v a l ve .

s
s
b
bss
to en te r by providi n g a t t h e S id e a ma n hol e door acc e ibl e fro m th e
ss s
l ow e r platform A f ew uch w a h e r a re p rovid e d with a n auxilia ry
s s
.

mai n an d with g oggl e valv e by which th e ga may e ypa e d

ss s s
-

wh en i t i d e ir e d t o tak e th e wa h e r off C on id e ri n g that the

ss s s s s
.

wa h e r of thi typ e a re om e wha t ubj e ct t o cloggi n g up with du t

s s
fr om th e ga by r e a on of t h e c em en ti n g e ff ect of vapor fro m t h e
s s s s
,

w a te r uch ch a n ge r e pr e en t a S i m pl e m e a u r e in co n v en i en c e an d
s s s s
,

e curity i n ha n dli n g thi typ e of wa h e r a n d a re i m provem ent

ss s s
,

applica b l e at mo t e ta b lishm ent at no gr ea t exp en e .

54 AS PHY XI A TI ON F R OM B L AS T -
F U RN A CE GA S .

ditch e s s s
Although e cap e of ga through th e w at e r inl et or di s
s s s
.

charge i e ve rywh e r e p r ev en t e d by t rap in th e ov e rfl ow p i p e or

s
d rai n ss
t h e odo r of ga i quit e p e rc e p t ibl e in ma n y ga cl e a n in g s
ss s ss s
,

h ou e a n d it may cau e h e ada ch e i n di po itio n or at tim e p r ove

s s
, , ,

uffici ently n oxi ou t o d eba r c e rtai n m en fr om e m ploym en t in th e

s s s s
hou e Oth e r b ec om e accu tom e d to it , a pr e viou ly indicat e d
. s .

RU LE S TO PRO E C T T GA S OP E R AT OR S .

som i s
In ta c s a cco t of xc s s
iv l akag accu m ulativ e or

wa s
on

hav b n fou d d a d Thi s

un

h r op rato s
e n n e e e e e e

o i g g s
p oi s
s
e ee n c on

s s
n n a -
e r e e .

ti g y i variou ly tak ca r f at pr t O compa y o

is d d i
n en c en e e en ne n re

quir s
.

two m duty a t ight wh r o ly ou h t

Th r i s
e en n e e n on e n ee e n e

day im t a r volvi g 24 h u r cha rt at h m ai tra c o t

which th op rat r s r gi s
e e e e n e n en n e

watch m a s
- -
.

’ m
o t r a r cord ach
on e o e

i g a ci rcuit fr m t h wa s h r hou s I additio

n ce , e e e e

half hou r by clo s o

or i s id r u d s ma i s
n e e e . n n,

th pla t watchma r quir d to r port o at

h r hou sv ry half hou r

e n n n e n n e e e

th w a s d call up t h w atchma at t h
Th r is a whi stl at th g s gi
e e e an e

pow r hou sop r

e e n e

main fli
at d from t h w a s h r hou s O
e

bla s
o ce e e e a en ne e e e

t ( lo g or hort ) m a s
-
.

Th s
e e e ne n

w itch that p rat s h w hi s

tl i s s
e . S e n
“ "
troubl ;h lp wa t d t
a rra g d that h s
o

light s
e e n e . e e e e e o
-

t m ov m t will throw it i t d it will

io w s
n e e e e en

pr vi s mad sthat if h
n an

r mai i u til pull d out Thi s t

ov rcom by g s th s
o

p rator i s
e n n n e . n a e o e

witch will r mai i plac u t i l

h lp co m s
o e e e a , e e n n e n

e e .

s
P RE C A U T I ON S I N E N TE R I N G I N CL OS E D PL A CE S .

s s s s s s s s
Accid en t i n i n clo e d plac e uch a ga mai n or ga hold e r a re
ss s s s s
,

b
gua rd e d agai n t a at oth e r m ai n l Va t e r e al valv e a re alway
s s ss s s s
-
.

pr ovid e d a n d a Th ei en w a h e r o r fa n giv e a po i tiv e uctio n

s s s s
b
a n d di charg e th e mai n c a n alway e blo w n out or e xhau te d by

s s ss
b
ru n n i n g th e Th e i en wa h e r b e for e e n t e ri n g th em ;t wo hour i t he
s s s s
b
ta n da rd p ractic e Ga hold e r may e S imila rly cl e a r e d o f ga an d
s
.

th ey a re provid e d w ith goggl e or oth e r va lv e by which th ey c a n e

ss s
cut out o f the y tem wh en th e hold e r mu t e d etach e d a n d t h e
pla n t r em ai n in op e ratio n .

GA S E N GI N E -
R OOM S ,

s
i n troductio n of ga blowi n g a n d gen e rator en gi n e brought
Th e s
s s s ss s s
b
with it ra t h e r e riou haza rd from ga poi o n i n g Th e e haza rd
s s s
.

w e r e mor e ma rk e d in t h e e a rli e r tha n in th e pr e en t i n tallatio n

s s ss s
,

bu t it m a y e ai d tha t ga en gi n e hou e e v en tho e which for m e rly

s s s s
-
,

w e r e ubj ect to too fr e qu en t accid en t from ga a re a t pr e en t in

s s
,

good con di t ion or a re b ei n g put in good co n ditio n a r ega rd t h e

s s s
, ,

da n ge r fr om l e akage of ga That t h e e a rly i n tallatio n of ga em

ss ss ss
.

gi n e pr e ent e d u n ati factory condit i on i not a r e proach to t h e

 P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 55

s s s ss
de ign e r or to the compa n i e i n tall i ng th em wh en it i r em emb e r e d
s s
that for a con id e rabl e t i m e th ere w a d ifficulty a fte r difficulty
s s s
e ncount e r e d i n t h e d e ig n a n d worki n g of larg e ga en gi n e part

ss s ss s ss
-
.

T he fram es , cy l i n d e r ca ti n g j ack et w all t uffin g box e pi ton

s s s s s
, , , , ,

rod an d valv e fail e d to m ee t th e e xp ectatio n o f de i gne r an d

s s s
,

ma n u factu r e r and with th e e Op e rati n g p robl em en ga gi n g th e ir

s s s s s s
,

mi n d it i n o mor e urpri i n g tha t t he difficulti e an d da n ge r in

s
,

b
ciden t to t h e ha n dli n g of th e ga w e r e n ot a n ticip a te d than that
s s
t h e m e chanical d e fici en ci e w e r e n ot for e een
s
s s s s s
.

The cau e of a phyx i ation from ga at en gi n e may e umm e d up

s s s s s s
follow : Lack of po itiv e m e a n of clo i n g t he ga li n e l e adi n g
s
a

from th e cl e a n ga mai n to t h e mixi n g or inl e t valv e on t he en gi n e

s s
-

wh en t h e en gi n e i S hut dow n ;taki n g t h e air r e quir e d for th e ga

s s s
a i r mixtur e fro m t h e engi n e ba e m en t i n t e a d of fro m ou t id e
;i n
s s s
a d e q u a t e v en tilatio n ;lack of p rovi i o n for e ali n g off th e back pr e

s s s s s s
sur e from common e xhau t pit ;a n d t h e e cap e of ga from ew e r
s
up i n to th e b a em en t .

V
P R O I DI N G A GA I N S T LE A K A GE F R ODI E N GI N E .

s s s s
A f ew fataliti e h a v e occu rr e d in ga en gi n e ba em en t wh e r e a
s s s ss
-

m eta l lic valv e h a b een reli e d upo n to top th e flow of ga A it i

s ss s
.

v e ry difficult to m ak e uch valv e u ually of th e gat e typ e uffici en tly

s ss s
, ,

tight ga cont i nually e cap e thr ough th e top valv e up to t h e mixi n g

s
,

or i nl e t valv e and th enc e b ack through th e ga ai r ma n i fol d or ai r

s s sss s s
s
-
,

i n tak e to t he b a em en t A th e ga i u u ally colorl e an d al o odor

‘

ss ss s
.

le it quickly accumulat e s i n qu a n t i ti e uffici en t to cau e u n con

s sss s
,

ci ou n e without an ywa r n i n g To pr e v en t thi di fficulty wat e r

s s
,
.

s e al valv e or U tu b e hav e b een plac e d a t p ract i c ally all ga con

s
n ec ti on s s s
b oth on ol d a n d new in t a llatio n At t h e old e r pla n t
s s s s
,
.

having air intake in th e ba em en t , r elia n c e i pl ac e d on th i wate r

s s s s
e al wh e r e a s
i n lat e r i n tallation t h e a i r i s tak e n from out id e th e
s s ss
,

hou e through a p i p e e xactly a th e ga i b rought f rom th e cl e an

s s s
,

mai th t i n v n t of a l ak how v r impro b abl t h

ss
o e

s
g a n e e e e e
a
, ga e , ,

i l d back f rom t h m i x i g va l v to t h outdoor a i r I om

s
e

s s s s
n
g a e e n e e .

i n tallation s of ga en gi n e the ga li n e i not brought in through

s
,

b
th e b a em ent b ut le d in through t he en gi n e room a t th e l e v el of th e
s
, ,

i n l et v alve on top of the cyli n d e r H e r e though no wat er se al may

s s
,
.

e p rov i d ed at th e ga i n tak e li n e of e ach en gi n e; af ety wh en th e

ss ss
-

en gi n e i hut down i i n ur e d b y op en i ng a ma n hol e b e tw een t h e

s s s ss
clo e d gat e valv e a n d en gi n e a n d an ye capi n g ga i s di i pat ed i n to
s
,

b
t he co m p a rativ ely la rge pac e of th e room an d r emov e d by t h e v en
s
t il at i on of t h e room rath e r tha n l ed up to t h e valv e or cyl i nd e r
s s
s
pa rt wh e r e r e pai r work may e in p rogr e O b v i ou sl y to op en
s
,
.

S i mila r doors in a low c e ili ng b a e m ent without forc e d v enti l at i o n

-

would aff or d n o reli ef .

5 6 A S P HYX I A T I ON ’

F R OM B L A S T —E U R N A CE GA S .

b
VE NTI L ATI ON OF GA S E -
N GINE B A S E M E NTS E S SE NTI AL .

s s s
V en tilatio n sgi
or pit for th e ed fra m e of

b
of en n e ba em en t
ga
s s ss
-

t h e en gi n e wh e r e t h e ba em en t i b elow t h e yard l e v e l i u u ally

s
s s s s
,

en tial f or alth ough i n tak e air a n d e xhau t li n e m a y e d e ign ed

s s
e

s
-
,

with t he vi e w of pr e v en ti n g t h e e cap e of ga e xpa n io n or vibra t io n

s s
,

m a yOp e n fla n g e a n d p e r m it ga l e akag e t o an e xten t tha t wou l d

s ss s
b e c om e da n ge r ou i f th e ga Wa allow e d t o accu m ul at e S m all b a e
s s s
.

m en t a re u ually e ff e ctiv ely v en tilat e d by a n e xh aust fan et i n a

wi n dow a t th e ya rd l ev el th e ai r b e i n g draw n dow n from th e en gi n e
s s
,

room ab ov e Large ba em en t a re mor e a d equ a t ely v en tilat e d by

s
.

forc e d v en til a tio n th e air b ei n g t a k en fro m t h e out id e a n d forc e d

s ss s
,

i n t o t he ba emen t alon g a p a age way at th e S id e e capi n g lat e rally ,

a t e ach e n gi n e f ou n datio n u n d e r t h e en gi n e room floor a n d th en c e up -

about the fram e of the e n gi n e i n t o t h e roo m a n d out through t he

s s
roof v en tilator T h e con tra t b etw een th e hot clo e un v en t i lat e d
s s
.
, ,

ba e m en t a n d th e cool w ell v en tilate d ba em en t u n d er for c e d ven t i

s s s s s s s
-

latio n i v e ry m ark e d a r ega rd a ir co n dition an d u ually a r ega rd

ss
,

upk ee p an d cl e a n li n e
s s s
.

I n on e i n ta n c e a r e pairma n w a fat ally ov e rco m e i n a ga en gi n e

s s s s
-

ba em en t by ga b acki n g up from a ew e r carryi n g wat e r di cha rge d

’

ss s
from ga crubb e r T h e cooli n g w a te r fro m th e e n gi n e j ack e t a n d
s s ss s s
.

p i to n di c ha rged i n to thi ew e r al o an d a th e drai n from t h e

s s s s
,

di charge pit to th e ew er w a n ot e al e d or pr ovid e d with a trap

s s s s
,

t h e ga accu m ulat e d i n fatally da n g rou qua n titi e Thi arra n ge

s s s
e .

m en t i a n u n u ual on e c om mo n to but on e or t w o l ayout , an d at

s s
,

th e e trap a re n ow pr ovide d
s s s s s
.

NO i n ta n c e a re k n ow n wh e r e a phyxi a r e ult e d from e xhau t

ss s s s ss s s
ga e in ga en gi n e ba em en t I n m o t i n tallatio n two ep arat e
s s
s s
s
-
.

e xhau t a re u e d for e ach t a n d e m e n gi n e a n d t h e ga e a re l e d

s s
b
dir e ctly from t h e e xhau t port thr ough a m uffle r to th e at m o ph e r e
s ss s
.

I n l a yout wh e r e th e e xhau t ga e a re l e d i n to an u n d e rgrou n d

s
cha n n el c om m on t o two o r mor e en gi n e th e r e ca n e co n c e iv e d
s s
,

con dition in wh i ch i n co m pl et ely bur n e d ga m ight l e ak back through

s s s
e xhau t valv e s s s s
At uch place w at e r e al valv e a re provid e d a a
s
-
.
,

rul e togeth e r with gat e valv e

s ss
.
,

Ma n y ga en g i n e h ou e a re built w i th t h e floor of t he house on

s ss
-

t h e grou n d l e v e l with t h e ba e m en t a c e lla r in e v e ry en e Of t h e

s s s
,

word P r e fe rabl e c on truct i o n i in th e Opi n io n of e ve ral fur n ac e

s
,
.

m en to hav e t h e ba em en t floor n e arly on th e ya rd l ev el a n d t h e

ss s s
, ,

op e rati n g o r e n gi n e room floor el e vat e d A th e e room a re e rv e d

s s s s
.

b
by a cra n e th e r e i n o lo in co n v en i en c e in h a n dli n g r e pair from
s s s
s
,

car an d th e r e i a c e rtai n gai n in a cc e ibility ve ntilat i on and con

s
, , ,

v en ien ce in t h e a em en t At on e pl a n t t he light a n d v en tilation in

s s
~

.
,

th e en gi n e b a ement are en hanc ed b y l ea v i n g the pa c e b etw ee n t he

 P L A CE S OF DA N GE R . 5 7

f ram e s
of th e

b s s
tw i n ta n d em ga gene rator op en Exc ept for a rail e d
s s s
walk al on g t he id e Of th e e d plat e th e r e i n o floor co n e qu en tly
‘

s
men worki n g I n t h e ba em en t a re u ually I n ight s s
,
.

s ,

s s ss
.

T he o n ly pr e caut i on f e a ibl e in work about e ngi n e b a em en t i

ss
s s
to alw ay a i gn two m en to an yw ork on or i n p e ct i o n o f valv e p i t ss
s s s
, ,

or part Th i ruling i in eff e ct at e v e ry pla n t i n th e cou n try I n

s s
s
.
.

a dditi on , ma n y k eep oxyg e n br e athi n g app a ratu an d a l e numb e r

ss s s
,

k ee p r e u citati n g d e v i c e at t he en gi n e room Ev e ry pla n t r eport

’

s
.
,

th a t on e or mor e m en a re on duty at t h e en g i n e room who a re i n truct e d

s
in art i fic i al manu al r e p i ratio n or m echa n ical m ethod of r e u cit a s ss
s
t i on T he ch i e f d efici en cy in ga en gi n e room i u ually l ack of sss
ss s
-
.

force d v en tilatio n and th i i co n fine d to a f ew pla nt wh e r e th e

’

s s
,

op e r a tor a re familiar with t h e a dv i a b ility of forc e d v en tilation and

s s
f or the m ost p art a re d e i rou s of i n t a ll in g it .

F ATA L A CCI DE N T F R OM E XH AU S T GA S E S .

ss
s s
That the exh au t ga e are om etim e u cien tlynox i ou t o caus e s
s "°

s
a sphyx i at i on i n i ndicat ed b y t h e d e ath of t w o re pa i rm e n wo rking

s s
,

a t an el e vat i on a l i ttl e b elow t h e top of t h e e xh au t p i p e of a ga

e ngi n e an d a b out 30 f eet f rom i t A gentl e b r ee ze c a rri e d enough of

s
.

th e e xhau t gas t o th e w o rk i ng pl a c e to ov e rcom e both m en T he

s s s
.

l oc al cond i t i on w e r e p ecu l i ar in that the e xhau t p i p e wa in th e

v al l ey of a s aw tooth ro of on t h e e ng i n e room a n d t h e top of t he

s ss s
-
,

e xhaust p i p e wa ca rr i e d b ut l i ttl e a b ov e th e e ave o that th e r e wa

s s
,

s
a com bi n a t i on of c i rcum t an c es w hi ch i l a ck i n g a t p ract i cally all
oth er p l ants T he S i gn i fic ance of t he a cc i d ent l i e i n the proof of
s s
.

b
the a phyx i at i n g qu al i t i e of i ncompl et el y e xplod e d or b u rn e d ex
ss s
haust ga e fr om gas engin e t he ne e d of carry i n g th e e xhau t piping s
s
s
,

sev eral feet a b ov e th e roo f l i n e so that the ga e may e c a rr i e d a w ay

b y the w i nd and t h e n ee d of prud enc e wh e n worki n g on roo f or s
ss s
,

el e v a t i ons n ea r th e plac e wh e r e t h e e xh aust ga e a re di cha rge d .

OT H E R P L A CE S OF D A N GE R

b
.

s s s
At e v ery a ppl i a n c e th a t con v e y o r u es ga th e r e i alw ay dange r s s
s s
that ga may e e cap i n g i n d e adly qu a n tit i e s Fou r ca es are s ’

s s
.

b
kn own wh e r e m en worki n g in op e n a i r but n e ar e capi n g ga from
s s
valve or ma i n h a v e b een fatally ov e rcom e Acc i d ent of thi cha r . s s
a ct er can e attr ib ut e d i n p art to imprud en c e or i gn oranc e on the

p a rt of the v i ctims a n d in pa rt to lack of up e rv i ion i n truct i on s s s

s s s
, , ,

an d pr e cautio n Oth e r plac e wh e r e m en h a v e b een fatally a phyxi

s s
-
.

ate d a re : U nd e r dust catch e r ; i n a locke r hanty , locat e d ov er a

s
l e aky u n d e rgrou n d ga li n e ; in a lavatory of th e trough typ e i n
s s
wh i ch t he flu h wate r c am e from the tov e th e l in e also carr i e d di ,
s
ch a rge wa te r from a wat e r se al and d i scha rged w i thout i nt e rv en i ng
58 A S P HYX I A TI ON F R OM B L AS T -
F U R N A CE GA S .

s
s s
trap i n to a ew e r carryi n g di cha rge w at e r from ga cru bb e r ; ss s
s
w hil e w orki n g in an u n d e rgrou n d ga m ai n w hich h a d b een op en for
s s
e v e ral day ;a n d whil e w orki n g i n a s
ew e r l e a di n g fro m t h e h e a rth

s
j acke t ditch to a ew e r carryi n g wat e r from ga crubb e r T h e p re ss s
s s s s ss s
.

caution a re obviou in e ach ca e a n d th e e accid en t ugge t that

s s s
,

a phy xi ation may occu r in m o t u n exp ect e d an d improbabl e way .

G E NE R A L P R E C A U T I ON S .

s
NO att empt h a s ssb m a de
to pr e en t a ccid en t from a phyxia
ss s s
een

s
tati tically or t o giv e th em u n du e ignifica n c e T h e i n ta n c e of
s s ss
.

a phyxia d e crib e d h e r ei n hav e b een n ot e d to ub ta n tiat e gen eral

s s s s
b
tat em en t a dv an c ed a n d in e ach ca e th ey a re a uth en tic Tho e
s
s
, .

un familia r with fur n ac e work m a yhav e gai n e d t h e impr e io n from

s s s s s
t h e p r e v i ou pag e of thi pap e r that a phyxiation y fur n a c e ga
ss s s ss
s
cau e a gr e at n umb e r of a ccid en t which i n ot tru e I n di cu i n g
s s ssss s
,
.

a phyxi ation in d etail con id e rabl e tr e h a b een plac e d on typ e

ss
a n d cau e of a ccid en t whi ch may have giv en an i n corr e ct id e a t o
s s
,

tho e u n acqua i n t e d with fur n ac e work Of t h e fatal accid en t at

s s
.

bla t fur n a c e pla n t approximat ely 1 4 p er c en t an d of n o n fatal a cci

s s s
-
,

d en t but 4 p e r c en t are cau e d by a phyxiat io n T h e a v e rage ti m e

s ss s
,
.

lo t p er a ccid en t fr om all n on fatal accid en t i approxi m at ely 5 day

s sss s ss s
,

a n d from a phyxia alo n e i l e than 2 day Fur n ac e ga i p erhap

ss s s s
.

b
t h e mo t i n idiou da n ge r to which t h e forc e i e xpo e d for although
s sss
,

t h e work e r en cou n t e r ga l e fr e qu en tly tha n a va ri ety of oth e r

ss s ss s s s s
accid en t ri k it i lik ely t o e m o t e riou in co n e qu en c e ;t hat i
s s s
, ,

a la rge r proportion of accid en t from a phyxiatio n r e ult fatally

s
s
tha n from oth e r cau e
s s s s
.

I t i evid en t on r e vi ew i n g t h e circum ta n c es of a ccid en t at bla t

s s s
, .

fur n ac e tha t a phyxi a p r e v en tion i d ep en d en t chi efly on th e cha r

,

act e r an d layout of pla n t e quipm en t upk eep of e quip m en t th e

s s s
,
,

e xt en t of i n tructi on t h e pla n n i n g a n d up e rvi io n of work in ha z

s s s s
,

a rd ou pla c e a n d th e p ru d en c e of th e m en I m p rud en c e i va riou ly

s sss
ss
,
.

a crib e d to thoughtl e n e ha t e i gnora n c e th e i n ability of ma n y

ss s ss
, , ,

workm en to ati fy t h em elv e a to th e p oi n t at which pr e cautio n

ss s s s
c ea e in t h e ey e of th e for eman a n d l oafin g b e gi n a n d to a d e ir e
s s s s ss s
.

to do w ork wi th th e l ea t e xp en e or d elay I t i n ot j u t to di mi
s ss s
.

b
th e di tributio n of r e p on ibility f or a ccid en t by attributi n g th e m
to n e gl ect o r i m pru d en c e of wo rkm en Simila rly th e p roportio n of
s s
,
.

a ccid en t attributabl e to tra d e ri k can n ot e d et e rmi n e d without

ss
b
a n aly i of th e cha ra ct e r a n d upk ee p of th e pla n t e quip m en t T h e
s s ss sss s
.

s s
va riou typ e of cau e hav e b een di cu e d in thi p ap e r with con
s s
,

cr ete e xampl e a n d th e gen e r a l p re caution t o e tak en A r ega rd

s s
.

p ecific r em e di e a t an yi n dividu al pla n t a more p racticabl e pro

s ss
,

ce du re will ugge t it el f onc e th e caus e has b een point e d out than

, ,
 GE N E R A L PR E CA U TI ON S .
5 9

ispos si b l b y a di scu ssio of p roc dur to fit v ry conditio f

pla t s
e

va riou s
n e e e e n o

Exp ri c h s show that it is impo s s

.

ibl for a m to b r ath

a ga s ou s atmo s
e en e a n e an e

ph r for yl gth of tim without b i g aff ct d

or ov rcom b y th g sT h s af st w ay i s
e e e an en e e n e e

b
to mak a rul that
xc pt i ca s s of xtr m m rg cy wh l i v s i n da g r or a
e e e a . e e e e ,

sriou s mu s atmo s
b
e e e en en e

a ccid t mu s t not t r a ga s ou s
e e n e e e are n e

t av r d te on e

co ditio s
e en e e , en e e

ph Wh d ma d that a c rtai h azard fac d i

ord r to avoid a gr at r h aza rd s issom tim s
e n e

h ca s
e re . en n n e n e n

at a furnac t
plant h d ci s io m u s t r s h s
e e e , a e e e e e

, t t
e up ri t d t
e nd for ma e on t e e n en en an e n .

M E TH OD S OF CA R R YI N G ON H A ZA R D OU S W OR K

b
.

A stat em en t of th e ma n n e r of pla n n i n g da n ge rou work a ca r s s

ri e d out b y va riou
s s ss
b sss s
com pa n i e may e ugge tiv e
s ss s
.

To tak e ca r e of all con ti n gen ci e i n troduc e d by va riou cau e all

ss
,

work in which th e r e may e a n ypo ibil i ty of ga i n g a n d in “ "

wh i ch a nu m b e r of m en a re employ e d i p e r o n ally up e rv i e d by a s s
for ema n Such work i do n e by m en acquai n t e d with t h e n atur e an d s
s s s s
.

'

d an ger of th e work a n d ca ual labor i avoid e d P rovi io n i ma de

s s s
.

b
to r en d e r p rom pt ai d in ca e a n yon e i ov e rcom e an d a r e piratory
ss s
s s
,

bs
appa ratu i k e pt n e a r by Wh e r e v e r po ibl e , a b elt a n d life li n e i
s
.

attach e d t o e ach m a n a n d t en d e d by uffici en t m en to e abl e to pull

anyon e out who may e ov e rcom e although it i om etim e di fficult s s
s
s
s ss
,

or impo ibl e to ca rry out r e cu e work without en t e ri n g pip e cru b

s
s s s ss
,

b e r or oth e r plac e T h e work i alway ca rri e d out i n h i ft th e

ss
,
.
,

S hort e r t h e i n t e rval co n i t en t with p racticability t h e b ett e r For

s s ss
.

b
worki n g in at m o ph e r e wh e r e ga i ba r ely p e rc e ptibl e on e pla n t
s
s s s s
,

u e tw o hifts that cha n ge e v e ry 1 5 mi n ute B r e athi n g appa ratu

s s
.

wh i ch oft en may e u e d to ca rry out work or to r e cu e m en f rom

s s s ss
a ga e ou atmo ph e r e i d e crib e d in T e ch n ical P ap e r
s s s
s s s
.

b
Th e e a re u e d by a gr e at ma n y con c e rn an d a i t i s u ually
s
s s s
,

b
n e c e a ry t o en t e r pip e or oth e r i n clo e d plac e to r escu e a man ov e r
s
com e th ey houl d e k e pt n e a r th e plac e of work e v en i f th ey can
s
, ,

not e u e d con ti n u ally

s
.

On e la rg e pla n t h a t h e f ollowi n g e quip m en t

Ga s en gi n e p owe r h ou s e — T wo h e l m e t s a n d m a ch i n e s compl e t e w i th s p are
oxyge n a n d p ot a s

bs
h c art ri dges
-
,

Ga sl ower — On e h e l me t a n d m a ch i n e c om pl e t e w i th s
.

p are ox y ge n t a n k
a n d p ot a sh c ar t ri dge s
,

T h ei s wa s w it h s
.

h er —On e h e l me t a n d m a ch i n e c omp l e t e p are ox y ge n

tanks a n d p ot a sh c art ri dges
en .
,

E m ergen c yh os —On e p or t ab l e r e s
us
c i t a t i n g a pp ara tu s w i th s
.

i t l pare ox y ge n
; on e bre a th i n g m a s
tan ks
b k w i th on e l arge a n d th ree s m a ll oxyg e n t a n k s
p a .
,

L a ora tory—O n e l ar ge t a n k of oxyge n .

H e n d e rs Ya d ell and P au l J W Oxy en m n e re

g i s
cu pp tu s d py s
e ff ect s on u s e rs
h iol og i c a l
s
0

p s
s
o n, n , , . .
,
-
e a a ra an
: Tech . Pa p er 82 , Bu re a u of M n e 1 91 6 i , . I n re .
60 A S PHYX I A TI ON F R OM B L AS T -
F U RN A CE GA S .

T ot a l —F ou r h e l me t a n d a ppara tu s s ss 1 re cu ci ta t i n g a pp ara tu s3 4 s
ma l
l

s s
.
, ,

t a nk of ox y g en 2 l arg e t a n k of oxyg e n

s s
.
,

b
Anoth e r co m pa n y k eep la rge two hour oxygen br e athi n g appa ratu
ss s
-

a n d r e u citati n g appa ratu at t h e pla n t offic e a n d on t h e pla n t um

u l an ce s s s
a n d al o h a thr ee mall half hour apparatu which a re s
s
-
, ,

of gr e a t e r utility about th e Spi egel furnac e tha n t h e large t w o hour

s
-

b
appa ratu
s s
.

R outi n e work that tak e m en i n to om e what r e mot e plac es o f

s
s
haza rd i o arrange d that th e r e will e a r e cord a n d y tematic oh ss
s e rvatio n of th ei r m ov e m en t k e pt for i n ta n c e r e porti n g t o a s s
s s
a , ,

for ema n b e for e goi n g on top of a fur n a c e or i n to a ga en gi n e b a e

s s
-

m en t a n d ignali n g a n d hout i n g to th e for em a n e v e ry t en mi n ut es ;

i n d e fault of t h e S ignal t h e f or em a n i oblige d to go hi m elf to th e s s
s
,

worki n g plac e a n d ee i f th e m en a re all right

s s s s s
.

P e rhap th e r e i gr e at e r r e a o n at furnac e pla n t tha n el ewh e re

n ot to e mploy m en of i n t emp e rat e habit or t o p e rm it a m an to work s
whil e u n de r th e i n flu en c e of l i quor Such m en a re on ly partly awak e
s s
.

a ft e r th e timulati n g eff ect of t h e li quor w e ar off c a n n ot ap p re

s s
ss
,

h en d th e i gnifica n c e or d a n g e r of drow i n e , an d may much m or e

s s
e a ily fall victim s s
to a phyxia , e p e cia ll y a th ey a re apt to hid e in s
s s
b
om e out of t he w ay plac e a n d l eep
s
.

Ev e ry m an e n gage d in duti e that tak e h im i n to fr equ en t or occa

s s ss s
i on al plac e of haza rd fro m ga houl d e i n truct e d ab out th e
s s s
da n g er a n d hould cl e arly u n d e r t an d tha t h e m u t not tak e an y
s s s s
,

b
ch a n c e , a n d that in ca e of un c e rtai n ty h e hould o b tai n ord e r to
s
b
do th e work wh eth e r routi n e o r p ec i al
s ss
s
.
,

b b
T h er e are c e rtai n plac e to which a cc e hould e d en i e d T he
s s ss s
.

—cl e a n i n g hou e S hould e on e A S regard ga en gi n e room an d

ss s
g a .
-

oil e r hou e m en hou l d e p rohibit e d fro m en t e ri n g th em i f the

s s s s s
,

e quip m en t i l e aky b ut if it i n ot , uch a prohibitio n i n ot n ece

s s ss s s
,

ary a f ar a co n id e ratio n o f a phyxiatio n a re co n c e r n e d .

TH E U SE OF D A N GE R SI GN S .

s s
D a n ge r s
ign a re u e ful wh en plac e d at plac e of v e ry d efi n it e
s
S

s s
haza rd but if u e d too lib erally or p ro m i cuou ly th ey d ef e at th eir
y s s s
, ,

Obj e ct I n p ractic e th e a re u e d at t h e tairw ay to t h e top of t h e

ss sss s
.

furn ac e a n d tov e at la dd e r or tair l e a di n g to th e bu tl e p i p e or

s s s s
,

b
gall e ri e about t he fur n ac e at t h e en tra n c e to ga en gi n e r oom or
s s s ss s s
-
,

e n gi n e ba e m en t at ga cl e a n i n g hou e a t boil e r hou e en tra n c e

ss s s s s
- -
, , ,

at t ep to the top Of oil e r in t h e boil e r room a a w a r n i n g agai n t

,

en t e ri n g a boil e r b e for e n otifyi n g t h e for eman a n d for g en e ral w a rn

s s s
,

i n g at th e pla n t e n tra n c e a n d about t h e pla n t A a m e a n of e du

s ss s s s s
.

catio n uch ign a re u e ful but a a m ea n of w a r n i n g at e p eci ally

s s s s
, ,

da n ger ou plac e th ey do n ot tak e t h e plac e of i n truction S ign

, .
62 A S PHYX I A T I ON F R OM B L AST -
F URN A CE GA S .

an ytobacco s gu m ,
fal e t eeth o r t he lik e b ei n g r em ov e d from h i s
s
, , ,

b
m outh P ut a fold e d j u m p e r or coat u n d e r t he low e r p art of hi
s s s s s s
.

ch e t if h e i thi n traddl e h im on your kn ee faci n g h i h e a d ( e e

s s s
, ,

fig . with you r kn ee a littl e e low hi hips ; th en with finger

F I GU RE 10 .
-
S ch a efe r m et h od of ar t i fi ci a l re s
pi ra t i on . E xp i ra t i on .

s s
out tretch e d plac e your ha n d at t h e low e r p art of h i rib with you r ss
s ss
thumb n e a rly j oin i n g ;th en p r e dow n ward a n d i n w a rd ;th en take
s s
s
pr e ur e off lowly k eepi n g ha n d in plac e ( ee fig 1 0 an d s s s
ss s
s
.
,

agai n w ith ou t str etch e d fi n ge r a b e for e p r e dow n w a rd an d

s s s
,

i n wa rd an d o on , about 1 6 to 20 ti m e e v e ry m i n ut e Keep th i
,
.

F I GU R E 11 .
—S c h a e f e r m et h d
o of ti fici a l
ar re s
pi ra t i on . I n s
pi ra t i on .

s s
up for a t l e a t thr ee hour if h e do e n ot tar t to b r e a t h e oo n e r s s s
ss s
.

Wh en h e ta rt to br e ath e k eep him w a r m by cov e ri n g with coat

s s s
, ,

j u m p e r bla n ket etc o r with hot w at e r bottl e but do n ot gi v e

s s
s s
, ,
.
, ,

bra n dy whi ky coff ee or a n yoth e r food or dri n k u n l e h e i abl e

s s
, , , ,

to t alk an d drink , th en gi v e on e t e a poonfu l of a romat i c p i rits of

 TRE A TM E N T F OR GA S P OI S ON I N G . 63

s
s s
b
ammon i a in a half a gla of wat er or hot coff ee lowly DO n ot
s s
.

plac e ag a i n t t he ki n a n yhot a rticl e tha t m igh t bur n it P lac e a

s s
.

thick bla n ket o r cloth ov er t he kin a n d e ur e that you can hold

t h e a rticl e in you r own ha n d withou t bur n i n g it When h e ta rts to s
s
.

b r eath e try to make him vomit by t i ckli n g the back of h i throat

' '

s
,

o r by putti n g you r fi n ge r dow n h i throat N e v e r att e mpt to giv e

ss s
.

an u n con ciou m an a n ythi n g to dri n k a t h e liquid will choke him , .

U SE OF R E S U S CI TAT I O N DE V I CE S .

s sof i s uffici e t r spirati — that is

b b
I n all ca wh h p ati t on t
r gularly but v ry s ifi i l r s
e n n e

br ath s pi ratio s
, en e en

lowly — hould a rt n ot

b ut i f po si b l natu r s
e c a

s allow d to r s
e e e e n

b
giv
e en , ,
hould e, tor t h
e e e e e e

b
n atural r ate o f br e athi n g unaid e d .

T h e p at ie nt may with a dva n tage e allow e d to br e ath e pu r e

s
oxyg en , which may e uppli e d from a cy li nd er co n tai n i n g th e ga s
s s
s
bb
u n d e r pr es ur e ; a re duci n g valv e to low e r th e pr e ur e and a
s s s
,

b
b r e athi n g b ag with co n n ecti n g tu b e fac e ma k , a n d i n piratory
s s s
,

and e xp iratory valve b ei n g u e d Th e oxyge n m a y e uppli e d

s
.

by a n oxygen gen e rator ; if thi e do n e n o r e duci n g valv e will e

s
s
,

ne c e a ry .
P U B L I CA T I ONS R E L A T I N G T O M E TA L L U R GY A N D M E TA L L U R GI
CA L A CCI D E NT S .

s s
b
A limit e d upply of th e followi n g publication of t h e B ur e au of
ss
Mi n e h a b een pri n t e d an d i availabl e for fr ee di tributio n u n til th e s s
s s s
s s
b
e ditio n i e xhau t e d R e qu e t for all publication can not e
s s s
.

b
gra n t ed a n d t o in ur e e quitabl e distribution applica n t a re r e qu e t ed
s s s s
,

to limi t th eir e l e ctio n to publication that may e of e p ecial i n t er e t

t o th em R equ e t s
s for pu b lication should e a ddr es e d to t he s s
s
.

D ir e ctor B ur ea u of Mi n e
ssss ss s s
.
,

T h e B ur e au of Mi n e i u e a l i t howing all it publicat i on

a vailabl e for fr ee d i tribut i on a w ell a tho e obtai n abl e o n ly from s s ss
t h e Sup e ri n t en d en t of D ocum en t Gov e rnm en t P ri n ti n g O ffic e on s
s ss
s
, ,

pay m en t of t he pric e of pri n ti n g I nt er e te d p e r on hould apply

s s
.

to th e Di r e ctor B ur e au of Mi n e f or a copy of t h e lat e t l i st , , .

PU BL I CAT I ON S AVA I L A BL E F OR F RE E DI S R I T B U T I ON .

BUL LET IN
t i t a n i fer ou i ron ore i n t h e U n i t ed S t a t e ; th e ir comp o i
64 T he s s s s
s s
.

t i on a n d e c on om i c v a lu e b y J T S i n gewa ld j r 1 91 3 1 45 pp 1 6 p l 3 fig , . .
, . . .
, .
, .

B U L L E TIN 7 0 A p r e l i m i n ar y r e p or t on u ra n i u m ra d i u m a n d v a n a d i u m by
s s
.
, , ,

R . B . M oore a nd K . L . K i t h il . 1 91 3 . 1 00 p p .
, 2 pl .
, 2 fig .

B UL L E T IN T h e e l e ct ri c fu r n a c e m t a llu r g i c a l w r k b y D yon
s
77 in e o A L

rs
. , . .
,

R K een ey a n d J F Cull en 1 91 4 2 1 pp 5 6 fig
M 6
B U L L E TIN 81 T h e s
.
. . , . . . .
, .

m e lt i n g of c opp er o e i n t h e e ec l t ri fur a c by D
s
. c n e, . A .

L y on a n d R M K ee n e y 1 91 5 80 p p 6 fig
B U L L E TIN 84 M e t a llu r g i c a l s s
. . .
. .
, .

mok e by C H F u lt on 1 91 5 94 p p 6 pl
s
.
, . . . . .
,

15 fig
alys es s s c al fis
.

IN B UL LE T 85 of m i n e a n d car a mpl e
An of ll e ct e d i n th e al
y ars
. o co c

1 91 1 t o 1 91 3 b y A C F i el d n e r H I S m i th A H F a y a n d S a m u el S an
s
e , . .
, . .
, . .
,

for d 1 91 4 444 pp 2 fig
s ts ssb y J
. . . .
,

B ULLET IN 91 I n t ru m f or re c ord i n g carb on d i ox i d e i n fl ue ga F

s
. en e , . .

B ar kl ey S B l a gg 1 91 5 60 p p 1 p l 2 5 fig
F
s Ja mes
and . . . . .
, .
, .

B UL L ET IN 1 08 . M e lt i n g a lu m i n u m ch i p by H W , . . Gi ll e tt a nd G . M . .

1 91 6 88 pp
s s
. .

B ULLET IN
p ri n c i pl e a n d p ra ct i ce of a mpl i n g me t a ll i c me t a llu r gi c a l
1 22 The
s s s
.

m a t eria l w i th p e c ia l r e f ere n c e t o t h e a m pl i n g of copp er b ull i on b y E d war d

s s
, ,

K ell er 1 91 6 1 02 pp 1 3 pl 3 1 fig
s
.
. . . .
,

T E CH NI CAL P AP E R 8 M eth od of a n al y z i n g coa l a n d cok e b y F M S t a n t on

s
. , . .

A C F i el d n e r 1 91 3 4 2 pp 1 2 fig
b ir d s d t ct i g c arb m
and

s mic
. .
. . . .
,

T H NI A P A 11 T he u e of e an d f or
i s
on ox

a ft r m i fi r s xpl s
EC C L PE R . e e n on

i de e by u rr ll
ne pp e an d e o on , G A . . B e . 1 91 2 . 15 .

T H NI PA M t a llu rg i c a l k by W ld 50 A Be 1 91 3 4 8 pp
s
EC CAL PER . e co e, . . en . . .
,

m a ll a i ma s
1 pl 2 3 fig
f t s arb s
.
, .

T H NI A P A l ati v m x id 62 Re e e f ec of

W R b r ts 9
EC C L PE R . c on on o e on n l ,

by G u rr ll.M ib r t
A . B e pp , F . . Se e , an d I . . o e on . 1 14 . 23 .

64
 PU B L I CA TI ON S . 65

T E CH NI CAL s s ampl i g a al ys i s a l by
PAPE R C 7 6 Not e th e a nd of A
s
. on n n co , . .

5 9 pp , 6 fig
W s
1 91 4
diti s
F i el d n er
s
. . . .

H NI PA O ampl i g t by T W d
P E R 86 i n th e R
s s
TE C CAL re .
-
n con on e , . . oo

b ri dg
r s Ws
e. 1 91 6 . 96 pp .
, 5 pl .
, 1 7 fig .

T H NI A PA Mi i g m i ll i g l ad zi i n th e i
s s
a nd of a nd

si d is
nc o e

t ri ct W i s s
EC C L PE R n n n e

i by W ri ght
W a tk s
C A 1 91 5 39 pp 2 pl 5 fig
s rv at i a t s t l m i ll s
con n , con n, . . . . .
, .
, .

T H NI A P A EC H al h C L by J PER 1 02 . e t con e on ee , . A . in .

1 91 6 pp 36
a i d ts i t d ta t s
.

k -v
.

H NI A PA
TE C du ri g 118 Co i n th e U n S n th e
a l d ar y ars
C L P ER . e o en cc en e e

mp i l d b y H y pp 16
m a ll a i m a l s
1 91 3 a nd 1 91 4 , A F 1 91 5
f ct s xyg d fic i cy s
c en e co e . . a . . .

T H NI A P A EC C L PER 1 22 . Ef e of o en e en on n a n d on

m by G u rr ll G Ob r f ll pp G 1 91 5 12
N t s
A B and

ss w grad fu l
en , . . e . . e e . . .

T H NI A P A u r p by
s s
EC C L P ER 1 23 . o e on th e u e of lo -
e e in E o e,

H r a ld 1 91 5 37 pp 4 pl 4 fig
i d ts i t d ta t s
Fe
a t m t a llu rg i a l w rk s
R . . n . . .
, .
, .

T H NI A P A 1 24 A cc i n th e U n S
a l d ar y ars
EC C L PER . en e c o e e

du ri g mp i l d b y H y pp 1 91 3 and 1 91 4, A Fa 1 91 5 28
a f p ra ct i c a t b l a s
the
t fu r a c sa m a u a l
n c en e co e . . . . .

T H NI A PA f r m 1 36 S f or
s
EC C L PE R . e e n e ; n o e en

m b y H W i llc pl 43 fig
v is
a nd F 1 91 6 7 3 pp 1
m as c s i ty bl as
en , . . ox . . .
, . .

T H NI A P A m th d ur g tf r a 157 A o f or th e of

l a g a t h i gh t mp ra tu r s s
o

s
EC C L PER . e e in -
u n ce

by i ld A L F 1 91 6 2 9 pp 1 pl 7 fig
l t ri a l a i d t s m i s th ir a u s s pr v
e e e , . . e . . .
, .
, .

M IN I A ’
C 5 E in an d

b rt s ls
E RS R CU L R . ec c cc en ne , e c e e en

ti b y H H Cl ark W D l y H a d lph Ro L C I and F R 1 91 1

s
on , . .
, . . e , . . e , . . n o . .

1 0 pp .
, 3 pl .

PU BL I CA TI ON S T H AT M AY BE O B TA I N E D ON L Y T H R OU GH TH E
SU P E RI N TE N DE N T OF DOCU M E N TS .

IN 3 T h e cok e i n du s
B ULLET t ry of t h e U n i te d S t a t e s as rel a t e d t o th e fou n d ry
s
.
,

b y R i ch ard M ol denke 1 91 0 32 pp 5 cen t

s
s s s
. . . .

B U L L E T IN 7 E en t ia l f a c t or i n th e form a t i on of p roduc er ga by J K
Cl e men t L H A d a m s ss p l 1 6 figs1 0 cen t s
.
, . .

a n d C N Ha k i n 1 91 1 58
B U L L E TIN 8 T h e fl ow of h e a t th rough fu r n a ce w a ll s
. .
, . . , . . .
, . .

by W T R a y a n d
s s s
.
, . .

H en ry Krei in ger 1 91 1 32 pp 1 9 fig 5 cen t

b
B U L L E TIN 1 2 A pp ara t u a n d me th od f or t h e ss s ampl i n g a n d a n a l y sis
. . . .
.
,

of fu r

n a ce g a s e syJ C W F ra z e r a n d E s s
.

J H off m a n 1 91 1 2 2 pp 6 fig 5 c en t
B U L L E T IN 1 3 R e u m e of p rodu cer ga s s
i n v est i ga t i on s
. . . . . .
, . .
, . .

Oct ob e r 1 1 904 t o Ju n e
s s
-
.
, , ,

30 1 91 0 by R H F er n a ld a n d C D S m i th
s
, ,
.
1 91 1 393 pp 1 2 p l
. . 2 5 0 fig . . . . .
, .
, .

65 t
ss s h at t s t a m b i l rs
cen .

B ULLET i IN 1 8 T h e t ra n mi
by H ry Kr i on of in o
s s ts
. e e o e , en e

i g r W T y a nd 8 p 8 Ra 1 91 2 1 0 7 fig 20
S t am i g t s ts c al s r l a t d i v s t i ga t i s pt mb r
n e . . . .
p .
, . ce n .

TIN
B U LLE 23 of and Se 1,
r ck ri dg H ry K s
. e n e o e e n e on , e e

1 904, t oD mb r 8 by W T 31 , 1 90 L P B
s ts
e ce e , . . e en e, en re i i n ger, a nd . .

Ra y 1 91 2 380 pp 2 94 fig 50
C m p ara t i v f l v a lu s g a s
. . .
, . cen .

TIN
B ULLE li 43 d a tu r d a lc h l of ne a n d

i t r a l mb u s gi s au s t
o . e ue e o en e o o in
ti by M S tr g R L S 1 91 2
s s ts
n e n -
co on en ne , . . on a nd on on e . . 2 43
3 pl 32 fig 20
ampl i g c a l d l i v ri s t y s G v r m t p c i fi a t i s
pp .
, .
, . ce n .

TIN
B UL L E
pu r h a s a l by G
63 S an d p e of
s s ts
. n o e e e o e n en S e c on
f or t h e P p e of co S 1 91 3 68 p p , 4 p l 3 fig 10
l t ri f r a s m a k i g ir s
c , . . o e . . . . cen .

TIN
B U LLE t l by D
67 y E f or on a n d A L on
s ts
. ec c u n ce n ee , . . a nd
R M K y 1 91 4
s
1 42 p p 36 fig 20
ra s i t d ta t s
. . ee n e . . .
, . cen .

TIN
B U LL E fu r a p ra ct i c 73 by H W Gi ll tt B in the Un S
s s ts
. n ce e e e , . . e .

1 91 4 2 98 pp , 2 p l 23 fig 45
a al y sis ga s sby H ry K s
. . .
, . ce n .

TIN
B UL L E a mpl i g
97 S a nd of fl ue re i i n ger
s ts
. n n e , en a nd

F K Ov i tz
. . . 1 91 5 . 68 p p .
, 1 pl ., 37 fig . 15 ce n .
66 A S PHYX I ATI ON F R OM BL AS T -
F U RN A CE GA S .

B ULLET IN 98 R ep o rt of t h e s
byS m e lt er Com m i s i on b y J A H ol mes
S el E C
Gould w i th r ep or t s s
b y asoc ia t es on t h e c omm i s
s
i on e r s
. .
, . .
, .

Fra n kl i n a n d R A ’

s
t a ff 1 91 5 5 2 5 pp 4 1 p l s1 4 figs
, . .
,

B U L L E T IN 1 00 M a n ufa ctu re a n d u sof a l l oy s

es tee l s
. . . . .
, ,

by H D Hibbard 1 91 5
s
.
, . . . .

78 pp cen t10
s s
. .

T E C H NI CAL PAP E R 3 S pe c i fic a t i on f or t h e pu r c h a e of fu e l oil f or t h e Gov

s s s
.

ern m e n t w i th d ire ct i on f or a m p li n g oi l a n d n a tu ra l ga b y I C A l l e n 1 91 1
s
.
, , . . .

1 3 pp 5 ce n t
s ss s
. .

T E CH NI CAL PAP E R 31 A pp ara tu f or t h e e x a ct a n a ly i of fl u e ga b y G A

s
. . .
,

B u rr ell a n d F M S e i b e r t 1 91 3 1 2 pp 1 fig 5 cen t
s
. . . . . .
.
,

T E CH NI CAL PAP E R 4 1 T h e m i n i n g a n d t rea t m en t of l e a d a n d z i n c ore i n t h e

s
.

J opl i n D i tri ct M o a p rel i m i n ar y rep or t b y C A W ri ght 1 91 3 43 pp 5

s s
. . . . .
, , , .
,

fig 5 cen t
s s s
s s
s
. .

T E CH NI CAL P A P E R 5 4 E rr or i n ga a n aly i d u e t o t h e a u mpt i on th a t t h e

s ss
.

m ol e cul ar v olu me of a ll ga e a re a l i k e b y G A B u rre l l a n d F M S e ib e r t

s
, . . . . .

1 91 3 1 6 pp 1 fig 5 ce n t
ss
. . .

T E CH NI CAL PAP E R 60 T h e a pp rox i m a t e me lt i n g p oi n t of ome c ommer c ia l

s s
.

c opp er a ll oy b y H W G i l l e tt a n d A B Nort on 1 91 3 1 0 pp 1 fig 5 c e n t
s s
. . . . . . . . .
, ,

TE C H NI CAL PAP E R 80 Ha n d fi ri n g oft coa l u n d er p ower pl a n t b oi l er by

s s s
-
.
,

H en ry K re i i n ge r 1 91 5 83 p p 32 fig 1 0 ce n t . . .
, . .

T E CH NI CA L PAP E R 90 M et a llu rg i c a l t rea t m en t of t h e l ow gra d e a n d c om p l e x

s
-
.

or e of U t a h a p re l i m i n ar y re p or t b y D A L y on R H B ra d ford S S A re n tz

s s s
. . . .
, ,
. .
, , ,

O C R a l t on a n d C L L ar on 1 91 5 4 0 pp 5 c en t
s ss s
. . . . . . . .
,

T E C H NI CAL P AP E R 1 09 Comp o i t i on of t h e n a tu ra l ga u e d i n 2 5 c i t ie w i th
ss
s s s
.
,

a d i cu i on of t h e p rop ert i e of n a tu ra l ga b y G A B u rre l l a n d G G Ob er

s
. . .
, .

fell 1 91 5 22 pp 5 ce n t
s
ss s
. . . .

T E C H NI CAL PAP E R 1 1 4 H e a t tra n m i i on th r ough b oi l er tu b e b y H e n r y

s s s
.
,

K re i i n ger a n d F K Ov i tz 1 91 5 36 p p 2 3 fig 1 0 ce n t
. . . . .
, . .
 IND E X .

P g g
b
Pa
ss ftes
e

i d tst b l s ce s
a e .
.

Acc en t fu a a rn a Ca n ar i e , t i n g f or ca r
u e o , in
on m on ox i d e
in b la s
2 4 , 2 6, 2 7 3 4 , 3 8 , 4 9, 5 2 , 5 8
l i ti s s
,

Ca rb on m on ox i d e t furn a ce
ga s
S ee al o F ata
-

e . ,

A l m go g t fu c t op d p rop o t i on Of
i ol ogi ca l e ff e ct s
25 26
ph y s
of

As
ar n a rn a e n ee _ ,
r
, ,

ph yxi p v t i of
ym p t om s
of

p oi s
on i n g b y s
a, re en on _ 5 8
t rea t m en t f or 61 of

ss
_ _ ,

figu h wi g t rea t m e n t f or
s cci d s te sts
62
t l i ti es
re o n

sG s
S ee al o A en t ;F a a .
f or

h gi g qui p m t g sb out
S ee al o a .

C ar
us p c ut i s
n e en , a a

Com b t i o ch m b i
n a er, re a on n

B ll s l g ut ea ka
cl i g ea n n

i s
e ga e abo
,
i t i g
Cool i g pl t s
p ct i of
l k g f g s
h en er n

j ct i s
n e on

B ll v l v f m
p i of d i fficul t i s
n a e ea a e o a ro
to
s m
e a e, ob e on
,

i
v lv W t sl
re a r e n
S ee al o Ha f el d t a e
,

B l ood e ff e ct of ca rb on m on ox
.

id 1 0, 1 1
C wfra d v lv orS a e. ee a er ea

s
e on _

B oi l er,
,

a ph yxi t i a on at 7, 3 3—
35
v lv a e.

cl ea n i n g of 34
l k g e of s sc s
sB u
at

il s
ea a ga
Down com er t uct i
_

on r on of
S ee al o

i l h us v l g s
bo
s
,
rn e r er .

figu S h wi g
Bo st
re o n
t ra of t o, fig
s
er o e, e a e

h wi g l k g ea a e of ga a

il s tt i g p c uti s
u re o n
p i
p c ut i s
of
Bo er e nt , re a on in en er
re a r

t c tch figu s
in
Du s
re a on

s
in g
Bo h pl t sch gi g s
h wi
a er, re o n g
s u d d v i si l i y l i gh t
a e an n of

ga a ro
,

n a ab t of
l k g ea a e of ga at

ing
,
re p ai r of

l k g of

u sa t l s
ea a e

B a t h i g pp a ra t t f
ce s
re n a b a ur

n ee d of

s xh au st ga ses fa t a l i t i e s
3 8 , 5 9 , 60
dis
na ,

Buck ch a rge wa t er from 5 6 5 7

cl ea n i n g meri t s
E
E x h au s
t er f or ga s
et f or a dva n

t g s
, ,
,

B ug sd um p i g
a e of ,

vi w
sf m
5 3
s
of
xpl os
gi e of , of
p c ut i s
, n e _

h dl i g E i on d oor c p e of ga ro 2 0, 2 1
B u l k h d s p ct i f m s
an n of , re a on ih _ , e a

f or rot e

i l sv l v s
ea on ro ga
Bu rn er bo g
er , a e f or a rra n e

m t figu S h wi g
s
of ,
yp s
en re o n _ 36
of fi guh wi g
d b
t
s ut
e 35 , 36 F an , re o n 5 3
Bu v lv d l cki g ccu c
t fu c pl ts
of

B u sl ky f t l i ty u s lit s l s
rn er a e, n ee o n 34 o rren e of ga abo 7
y t 1 4, 1 7 ,
p vi s
ie at
g i s
rn er , ea , a a ca e Fa a b a rn a e an

i tro on a a n 3 1 , 32 — 24 , 2 6 2 8, 30, 32 , 35
— —
_ ,

p i d
sG s ck S l i d u
of , of 3 7 4 0, 4 7 , 4 9, 5 0, 5 5 5 8
s
re a r n ee

S ee al o F i rm t on e, F ran k p i on re a r of f ur
Bus c l i i gs
b
cci d t s u d
oo e n e e rn e r ,

tl p i p
s h df m pl t sp cki g b
e e, a en a ro n na e n n

l k g l th m et h
s
e of in , 1 4 , 39 F oor
pl t f m s
ea a ga a "a r ro _ a e ,
a n en e a

d f or, of 15 od f or 23
s
a or n ee

vi w ph yxi t i
s
of 14 F ore m a n , on O f 24
sf ty wh i sl
e a a

t i wy d uty of 33
sl k
a r a t o, a e t e f or,
figu S h owi n g F u rn a ce h a n d fil l e d , ga g ln
s
re ,
-
ea a e _

d of t ry o h l 25
s
n ee e on

Wor ki g n on , p c ut i o
re a n in v i ew of 20
68 I N DE X .

F urna ce h a n gi n g d a n gers from H os

p i ta l l s t fu c pl a t
ski p fill ed n eed of s
of
t h i g pp tu st
, , b a -
rn a e n ,

t retch e r
H ot b l s
t st ov scci d t st
at

h ol s
-
, b rea n a a ra a

t ry
sl i p sd g f om
o
'
e h -
a e , a en a
cl i g of
c t op cci d t st g s
, an er r ea n n

Fu l k g i
Hy d u li c sl v l v
rn a e , a en a a ea a e n

d qu t l i gh t i g of d W t
sl v l v
a e a e n ,
n ee of ra S ea a e . ee a er

l i g of
s c p of g st
c ea n n ea a e .

st i s
e a e a a _

t o v i w of
a r , e _

v i w of e
I llum i t i o
na n . S ee L i gh ti g n .

Ga s u d h opp er b urn i n g of
t h i g a pp a ra tu s
sf
a ro n
, , _
L a b ora t ory b rea
L a dd e s
at n
l
c ea n ed d g , an er rom
c a g e a rou n d
,

a d v an ta g e o f

L i fe l i n es a t b la s t furn a ce sn eed of
r
ol o d od o
, , _

c r an r

d t ct i o of
s
,
n
L i gh t i n g a d e qu a t e n ee d of
e e

t h wi g
v l of figu , ,

s L i n i n g fu rn a c e re p a i r of
ra e , re o n

m xd , ,

t s
S al Ca rb on i ;E x
h us
ee o on o e
fa t a l i t y d uri n g
G s l ys i s pp tus c
a ga .

a -
a na a a ra f or a rb on

m xd i
G sl w s t h i g pp t s
on o e

a b o er , b rea n a a ra u
M an sh ol
f s s
cu s d
s m i s dis c
e or ga r b b er , n ee of

G sl
i n ga w
sud l kg
a n t a n e b et
i g qu i p m cu , e en

h s
S ee S
sW s
en t r b
a c ea n n e .

M tl
d v i si l i ty
an e, ga a ro n , ea a e of

cl i g pl t s f t l i ti s
b er ;
G s
a er .

l i gh t i g of , a ab of
u i ld i g m i t s
n

h us t h i g pp
ln
G sg
ean n an a a
M t
a , e _

w s
o or b of

h figu s
n , er _

s
a in e o e, b rea n a a ra
en
M u ll h wi g
-

M us w s
en a e r, re o n

ss
tu
G s gi
at
h m v lv h fig f or
s
roo a e a e r, u re
ph yxi t i
s
on at_
a

m t
en

v i l ti
ne , a

Of ,
a

of
_

h wi g o n

s
ba e en en t a on

l k g f m e of

s
ea a ga ro _

p ti of , d i fii cu l t i e in
G sm i scci d t s
o e ra on

a a n , a en ih _

Of ft k sc s t u ti of

s d g f m
a e on r c on
l g in of
,

f t l iti s
c ean
at,

f t l i ti s
ga an er ro
in
l k g of g s p i
a a e
of , in
p c ut i s
re a r a a e
ea af om e a r
in
s
re a on
rai li g o v i w of
n n, e _

Ol ii g n at fu rn a ce t op , p c ut i o
re a
p i of , n

slf cl i g v i w f
re a r
In

val v s f o is s
e -
ea n n , e o

ol t i g figu
e r a n ,
re h w o

ing
S ee va l v es
n a m ed .

Pa ll d ium chl o i d t s t fo c
a r e e r a rb on
v en t il a t i on
w s
of
Ga s -
h a er o p era or, t a cci d en t to
a
m
P l t fo ms i l d
r
xi d
d f ra
on o e

p ti rot e c of
, e ,
n ee o

G ss As
on
wi e tt i g f
r v l u of
ne
i g "
S ee ph yxi a n or, a e

sm sd s
a n

Go ggl v l ve a
.

e f or ga ig a in
.

e n
v i w of e
,

of 44
figu sh wi g 43
j ct i s
re o n

s
42, 43
us
to
s a t b las
ob e
s ck t furn a ces
on

lid u l k g of 3 4 , 35 Re cu pp
ga ll i sd s
G oo en e e b rn e r, ea a e e a a ra t

id i b i l i ty e qu i p m e n t of

S e e a ls
Gr fl oor f or
o B rea t h i n g a pp a a tu s
er e , e ra

R es
of r .

p i ra t i on a rt i fi cia l m et h od of
figu re s
, ,

h owi n g
ins uffi ci en t t rea t men t f or ,

ph y s
“

H a ld a n e i ol ogi c l f
J S
ts
, . on a e

of c b o mo oxi d
m i s
f
fo g s
ec ar n n e

H m f ld t v l v
va l ve u s
a e op a e r a a n ,

t io of 44, 45 San d f or e Oi

H opp g s
cra n ,

l k g ou d p v S c ru b b e r a cci d e n t i n
a rra n g em en t of v a l v e s
er, a ea a e ar n , re en , _

t io
i s
p ct i o of p reca uti o s
Of n on

n e i n , n a v en ti l a t i on of _