‫ﻛورس ﻓﻰ اﺳﺎﺳﯾﺎت اﻻﻟﻛﺗروﻧﺎت‬

‫ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣﮭﻧدس ‪ /‬اﺣﻣد ﯾوﺳف اﻟﻣﺻرى‬

‫ﻧﺳﺎﻟﻛم اﻟدﻋﺎء‬
Basic electronics course

‫ا‬ /‫م‬
‫ﺣﻣ‬
‫دﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

By Humphrey Kimathi
http://humphreykimathi.com

Email:sales@humphreykimathi.com
1|Page
List of Content
Lesson 1: Introduction to basic electronics

Lesson 2: Introduction to basic tools required in electronics repairs.

Lesson 3: Fuses:-identification, purpose, common failure mode & testing if good or bad.

/‫م‬
Lesson 4: Metal Oxide Varistor (M.O.V):- identification, purpose, common failure mode & testing if
good or bad.

Lesson 5: Thermsistors:- (Posistor and NTC) - identification, purpose, common failure mode & testing
if good or bad.

‫ا‬
‫ﺣﻣ‬
Lesson 6: Inductors: - identification, purpose, common failure mode & testing if good or bad.

Lesson 7: Relays:-identification, purpose, basic relay circuit, relay used in power supply, common
failure mode & testing if good or bad.

‫دﯾ‬
Lesson 8: Capacitors:-identification, types, Uses in circuit, understanding capacitor body markings,
encoding ceramic capacitors body marking, how to discharge big capacitors, voltage rating of
‫وﺳ‬
capacitors, common failure mode & testing if good or bad.

Lesson 9: Resistors:- identification, uses, fixed resistors, variable resistors(linear pot and log pot),
‫ف‬

resistor color code, resistor in series, connecting speakers in series/parallel, application of P.O.T in
volume control, resistors in parallel circuit, common failure mode & testing if good or bad

Lesson 10: Diodes:- identification, various types of common diodes, power diodes, damper diodes, fast
‫اﻟﻣ‬

recovery diodes, signal diodes, Zener diodes, using zener diode as a voltage regulators, using zener diode
for protection, light emitting diode(LEDs), common failure mode & testing if good or bad for each type.
‫ﺻ‬

Lesson 11: Transistors: - identification, uses in circuits, common failure mode & testing if good or bad

Lesson 12: Integrated circuit (I.C):- identification, pin arrangement, Tips on how to know if it is good
or bad.
‫رى‬

Lesson 13: Crystals and Resonators: - identification, types (Crystal oscillator & ceramic resonators)
uses, testing if good or bad

Lesson 14: Voltage Regulators: - identification, types (positive and negative series), uses, testing if good
or bad

Lesson 15: Introduction to switch mode power supply (s.m.p.s)

Lesson 16: Conclusion

3|Page
 ‫ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ اﻟﻣؤﻟف‬

‫م‬
‫ﻓﻰ ھذا اﻟﻛورس ﺳوف ﻧﺳﺗﻌرض اھم اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻻﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ دواﺋر‬
‫اﻻﺟﮭزة اﻻﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام ﻛﺎﻟﺗﻠﯾﻔزﯾون واﻟدى ﻓﻰ دى وﺷﺎﺷﺎت‬

‫‪/‬‬
‫اﻟﻣوﻧﯾﺗور واﻟﺑﺎور ﺳﺑﻼى واﺟﮭزة اﺧرى ﻋدﯾ دة‬

‫اﺣ‬
‫ﺳوف ﺗﺳﺗطﯾﻊ ﺑﻌد ھذا اﻟﻛورس اﻟﺗﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻧﺻر اﻻﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻰ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺷﻛﻠﮫ‬
‫او رﻣزه وﺗﺗﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ وظﯾﻔﺗﮫ واﯾﺿﺎ ﺳﺗﺗﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻓﺣﺻﮫ‬

‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

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 ‫اﻻدوات اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻔﻧﻰ ﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ اﻻﺟﮭزة اﻻﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻘﺎطﻌﺔ اﻟﻘطرﯾﺔ )ﻛﺎﺗر (‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬

‫ﻛﻣﺎﺷﺔ ﺑوز طوﯾل‬

‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

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 ‫ﺷﻔﺎط ﻟﺣﺎم‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣل ﻛﺎوﯾﺔ اﻟﻠﺣﺎم‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

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 ‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻣد‬
‫ﻣﻠﺗﯾﻣﯾﺗر اﻧﺎﻟوج‬

‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

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 ‫ﻣﻠﺗﯾﻣﯾﺗر دﯾﺟﺗﺎل‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫ﺳﻠك ﻟﺣﺎم‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬

‫ﻛﺎوﯾﺔ ﻟﺣﺎم‬
‫رى‬

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 ‫اﻧواع اﻟﻔﯾوز واﻻﻋطﺎل اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ وﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻓﺣﺻﮭﺎ‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫رﻣز اﻟﻔﯾوز ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑوردة او اﻟﻣﺧططﺎت‬
‫ف‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻔﯾوز ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟداﺋر واﻻﺟﮭزة اﻻﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ ﻣن زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺗﯾﺎر وﯾﺎﺧذ اﺷﻛﺎل واﺣﺟﺎم ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ وﯾﺗم‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬

‫اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﺑﺎن ﯾﺣﺗرق ھو ﻓﯾﻔﺻل اﻟﺗﯾﺎر وﯾﻣﻧﻊ دﺧوﻟﮫ اﻟﻰ اﺟزاء اﻟداﺋرة‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫ﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻔﯾوز ﯾﺗم وﺿﻊ اﻻﻓوﻣﯾﺗر اﻟدﯾﺟﺗﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ وﺿﻊ اﻟﺟرس ووﺿﻊ اطراف اﻻﻓو ﻋﻠﻰ طرﻓﻰ اﻟﻔﯾوز‬
‫واﻟﻣﻔروض ان ﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﺻﻔﺎرة دﻟﯾل ان اﻟﻔﯾوز ﺳﻠﯾم اﻣﺎ اذا ﻟم ﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﺻوت اﻟﺻﻔﺎرة ﻓﻣﻌﻧﺎه ان اﻟﻔﯾوز ﻣﺣ روق‬
‫‪ -‬ﯾﺗم ﻓﺣص اﻟﻔﯾوز ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻻﻓوﻣﯾﺗر اﻻﻧﺎﻟوج ﻋﻠﻰ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ‪ X1‬وﯾﺟب ان ﯾﻌطﻰ ﻗراءة ‪ 0‬اوم‬

‫اﯾﺿﺎ ﯾﻣﻛﻧك ﻓﺣص اﻟﻔﯾوز وھو ﻓﻰ اﻟداﺋرة ﺑﺎﻻﻓوﻣﯾﺗر ﻋﻠﻰ وﺿﻊ ﻗﯾﺎس اﻟﺟﮭد ﺣﯾث ﯾﺟب ان ﺗﺟد ﻧﻔس اﻟﺟﮭد‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدﺧل وﻣﺧرج اﻟﻔﯾوز‬

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 ‫ﻓﻰ ﻣﻌظم اﻻﺣﯾﺎن ﯾﺣﺗرق اﻟﻔﯾوز وﯾﺗرك اﺛر ﻋﻠﯾﮫ او ﺣوﻟﮫ ﯾﺑﯾن اﺣﺗراﻗﮫ وﻟﻛن ﻓﻰ اﺣﯾﺎن اﺧرى ﯾﺣﺗرق‬
‫ﺑﻌد ﻓﺗرة ﻣت ﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﮫ وﻻﺗﺟد اى اﺛر ﯾدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﮫ ﻣﻔﺗوح او ﻣﺣﺗ رق‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﺟد اﻟﻔﯾوز ﻣﺣروق ﻻﺗﻘم ﺑﺗﺑدﯾﻠﮫ ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة وﻟﻛن ﻗم اﻻول ﺑﻔﺣص اﻟداﺋرة اﻟﺗﻰ ﯾﻐذﯾﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﺑﺣث‬
‫ﻋن ﻋﻧﺻر او ﻋدة ﻋﻧﺎﺻر ﺑﮫ ﺷورت ﻻﻧك ﻟو رﻛﺑت اﻟﻔﯾوز ﻓﻰ وﺟود اﻟﺷورت ﺳوف ﯾﺣﺗرق ﻣرة‬
‫اﺧرى‬

‫م‬
‫ﻋﻧد ﺗﺑدﯾﻠك ﻟﻠﻔﯾوز ﯾﺟب ان ﺗﺑدﻟﮫ ﺑﻔﯾوز ﻟﮫ ﻧﻔس اﻟﻣواﺻﻔﺎت ﻣن ﺣﯾث اﻗﺻﻰ ﺗﯾﺎر ﯾﺗﺣﻣﻠﮫ‬
‫وﯾﺟب اﻻﺗﺑدل ﻓﯾوز ﻣﺛﻼ ‪ 3.15‬اﻣﺑﯾر ﻣﻛﺎن ﻓﯾوز ‪ 4‬اﻣﺑﯾر ﻻﻧﮫ ﺳﯾﺣﺗرق ﻗﺑل ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟداﺋ رة‬

‫‪/‬‬
‫او ﻓﯾوز ‪ 4.5‬اﻣﺑﯾر ﻣﻛﺎن ﻓﯾوز ‪ 4‬اﻣﺑﯾر ﻻن اﻟداﺋرة ﺳﺗﺣﺗرق اذا زاد اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ﻋن ‪ 4‬اﻣﺑﯾر دون ان ﯾﻔﺿل‬
‫اﻟﻔﯾ وز‬

‫اﺣ‬
‫اﯾﺿﺎ اﯾﺎك ان ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺳﻠك ﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﯾوز ﻻﻧك ﻟن ﺗﺳﺗطﯾﻊ ﺗﺣدﯾد ﺳﻣك اﻟﺳﻠك اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب ﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻔﯾوز‬

‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

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 ‫اﻟﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور وظﯾﻔﺗﮫ وطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﺣﺻﮫ‬

‫ﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻣد‬
‫رﻣز اﻟﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور‬

‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻔﺎررﯾﺳﺗور ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﺑوردة اﻟﺑﺎور ﻣن زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺟﮭد ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ اى ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻻى ظروف طﺎرﺋﺔ‬
‫وﻣن اﻟرﺳم ﺗﻼﺣظ ان اﻟﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور ﯾﺗم رﺑطﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗوازى ﻣﻊ ﻣدﺧل ﺧط اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻣﺗردد ‪AC‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟواﻗﻊ اﻟﻔﺎرﺳﯾﺗور ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ھو ﻏﯾر ﻣوﺻل اى ﺗﻛون ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺗﮫ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺟدا وﻛﺎﻧﮫ ﻣﻔﺗ وح‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬

‫اى ﻋﻧد ﺟﮭد ‪ 220‬ﻓوﻟت ﺗﺟده ﻻﯾﻌﻣل وﻻﺗﺎﺛﯾر ﻟوﺟوده ﻓﻰ اﻟداﺋرة وﻟﻛن ﻋﻧد ﺟﮭود اﻟﺷﺎرز او اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬
‫اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﺧط ﻣﺛﻼ ‪ 350‬ﻓوﻟت ﺗﻔﺗﺢ اﻟﻘﻣﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور او ﺗﻧﮭﺎر وﯾﺻﺑﺢ اﻟﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور ﻛﺎﻧﮫ‬
‫ﺻ‬

‫ﺳك ﻋﺎدى ﯾﻘوم ﺑﺎﻟﺗوﺻﯾل ﺑﯾن اﻟﺧط اﻟﺣﺎر واﻟﺧط اﻟﺑﺎرد او اﻟﻧﯾﺗورال ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﺑب ﺗﯾﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﯾﺣرق اﻟﻔﯾوز اى‬
‫ان اﻟﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور ﻋﻧد ﺗﻠك اﻟﻠﺣظﺔ ﯾﺣﻣﻰ اﻟداﺋرة ﻣن ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺟﮭد ﺑﺎن ﯾﺗﺳﺑب ﻓﻰ ﺣرق اﻟﻔﯾ وز‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋدة ﻣﮭﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻣل اﻟﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور ﯾﺟب ان ﯾﺗم رﺑطﮫ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﯾوز ﺣﺗﻰ ﯾﺣﺛﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺻل واﻻ ﻟو ﺗم رﺑطﮫ ﻗﺑل‬
‫رى‬

‫اﻟﻔﯾوز ﺳﺗﺣﺗرق اﺳﻼك ﻛﺎﺑل اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ﻓﻘط‬

‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﺣﺗرق اﻟﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور ﺳﺗﺟد ﺗﻐﯾر ﻓﻰ ﻏطﺎءه واﺛﺎر ﺣرﯾق ﻋﻠﯾﮫ‬

‫ﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور ﯾﺗم ذﻟك ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻻﻓوﻣﯾﺗر ﻋﻠﻰ وﺿﻊ اﻻوم وﯾﺟب ان ﺗﻘرا ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺟدا او‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﮫ ﻣﻔﺗوح ﻣن ھﻧﺎ ﺗﻌرف اﻧﮫ ﺳﻠﯾم اﻣﺎ اذا وﺟدت اى ﻗراءة ﻓﻣﻌﻧﺎه اﻧﮫ ﺗﺎﻟف وﯾﺟب ﺗﺑدﯾﻠﮫ‬

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 ‫ﺗﺎﺛﯾر اﻟﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑﺎور ﺳﺑﻼى ﻋﻧد اﻧﮭﯾﺎره‬

‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾرﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﺟﮭد وﯾﺻﺑﺢ اﻟﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور ﻛﺎﻧﮫ ﺳﻠك وﯾﺣﺗرق اﻟﻔﯾوز ﻓﺎن اﻟﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور ﯾﺻﺑﺢ ﻛﺎﻧﮫ ﺳﻠك وﯾﺳﺑب‬
‫ﺷورت ﺑﯾن اﻟﻧﯾﺗرال واﻟﺣﻰ وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﺑدل اﻟﻔﯾوز ﺳﯾﺣﺗرق ﻣرة اﺧرى اى اﻧك ﯾﺟب ان ﺗﺿﻊ ﻓﻰ اﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎر ﻋﻧد‬
‫اﺣﺗراق اﻟﻔﯾوز ھو وﺟود ﺷورت ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور وﻟﯾس ﻓﻘط اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻻﺧرى‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

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 ‫اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ‪ :‬ﺗﻌرﯾﻔﮫ وﻓﺎﺋدﺗﮫ وﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻓﺣﺻﮫ‬

‫اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ھو ﻋﻧﺻر ﻟﮫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺗﺗﻐﯾر ﻗﯾﻣﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺣ رارة‬

‫ھﻧﺎك ﻧوﻋﯾن ﻣن اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗ ور ‪:‬‬
‫‪- P.T.C - 1‬ﺣﯾث ﺗزﯾد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺗﮫ ﺑزﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣرارة وھو ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻰ دواﺋر اﻟﺑﺎور اﻟﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺳﺣب ﺗﯾﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺑداﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﺛم ﺗﯾﺎر ﻋﺎدى اﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﺣﯾث ﯾﻌﻣل اﻟﻔﺎرﯾﺳﺗور ﻓﻰ ھذه‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻣﺣدد ﻟﻠﺗﯾﺎر ﻓﻰ ﺑداﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﺣﯾث ﺑزﯾﺎدة ﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﺗزﯾد ﺣرارة اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺟﻌﻠﮫ‬
‫ﯾﺑدى ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﯾﺎر اﻟزاﺋد ﻓﯾﺧﻔﺿﮫ وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻧﺧﻔض ﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﺑدء ﯾﺑرد اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور وﯾﻌود اﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺗﮫ اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻰ ﻻﺗؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟداﺋ رة‬
‫وﺣروف ‪ PTC‬ھﻰ اﺧﺗﺻﺎر ﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ‪ ( Positive Temperature Coefficient‬وﻣﻌﻧﺎھﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ذات ﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﺣرارة اﻟﻣوﺟب‬

‫م‬
‫وﯾﺳﻣﻰ اﯾﺿﺎ ‪a posistor‬‬

‫‪/‬‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫ﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور‬

‫ﻛﻧﻛﺗور ﻣﻠف اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪13 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫ﻣواﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﻣن اﻟﻧوع اﻻﯾﺟﺎﺑﻰ ﻟﻠﺣرارة ﺗﺟﻌﻠﮫ ﻣﺛﺎﻟﯾﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻣل ﻓﻰ دواﺋر اﻟﺗﻠﯾﻔزﯾون اﻟﻌﺎدى‬
‫وﺧﺻوﺻﺎ ﻓﻰ داﺋرة ﻣﻠف ﻣﺳﺢ اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﺑدا اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﻣل ﯾﻛون اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﺑﺎرد وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺗﮫ ﺻﻐﯾرة ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﺗﻣرﯾر ﺗﯾﺎر ﻗوى ﻟﻣﺳﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ وﺑﻌد ﺛواﻧﻰ ﻗﻠﯾﻠﺔ وﺑﻌد ان ﯾﺗم ﻣﺳﺢ اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﺳﯾﺳﺧن اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﻓﺗزﯾد‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺗﮫ وﯾﻘطﻊ اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ﻋن ﻣﻠف ﻣﺳﺢ اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺎدة ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون اﻟﺗﻠﯾﻔزﯾون ﺷﻐﺎل ﻓﺎن اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﺳﯾﻛون ﺳﺎﺧن ﺟدا وھذا طﺑﯾﻌﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺗرى ﻛﻧﻛﺗور ﻣﻠف اﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺑﺟﺎﻧب اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺻور‬

‫م‬
‫ﺗﺎﺛﯾر اﻧﮭﯾﺎر اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑﺎور ﺳﺑﻼى‬

‫‪/‬‬
‫اذا اﺣﺗرق اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﻓﻠن ﺗﺟد ﺗﺎﺛﯾر ﻓﻌﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻣل اﻟﺑﺎور ﺳوى ﻓﻘط ﻣﻠف ﻣﺳﺢ اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﺳوف‬

‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾﺗﻌطل وﺳﺗرى ﺑﻌض اﻟﺑﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺻورة‬

‫ﻣد‬
‫اذا ﺣدث ﺷورت ﺑﺎﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﻓﺎﺣﺗﻣﺎل اﺣﺗراق اﻟﻔﯾوز وارد ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑدء اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﻣل ﻧظرا ﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬
‫اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﻧدﻓﻊ ﻟﺷﺣن ﻣﻛﺛف اﻟﺗﻧﻌﯾم وﻻن ﻻﯾوﺟد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺗﺣده ﻓﺎن اﻟﻔﯾوز ﯾﺣﺗرق ﺑﻌدﻣﺎ اﺻﺑﺢ اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﮫ ﺳﻠك‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور اﻻﯾﺟﺎﺑﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻻﯾﻣﻛن ﻓﺣﺻﮫ ﺑﺟﮭﺎز ﻓﺣص ﻛﺎﻻﻓوﻣﯾﺗر وﻟﻛن ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎج اﻧﮫ ﺗﺎﻟف ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﺗﺢ اﻟﻔﯾوز ﺣﯾث ﺳﺗﺟد‬
‫ﻟون داﻛن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور‬
‫ف‬

‫اﯾﺿﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻔﮫ ﻓﻰ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺗﻠﯾﻔزﯾون اﻟﻌﺎدى اﻧك ﺗرى ﺑﻘﻊ اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺻورة‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬

‫وﻣﻌﻧﻰ ذﻟك ان ﻣﻠف ﻣﺳﺢ اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻻﯾﻌﻣل ﺑﺳﺑب وﺟود ﻓﺗﺢ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور‬
‫ﺻ‬

‫ﻣن ﺿﻣن اﻟﻌﯾوب اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟوﺟود ﺷورت ﻓﻰ اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور اﻻﯾﺟﺎﺑﻰ ھو اﺣﺗراق اﻟﻔﯾ وز‬
‫رى‬

‫ﻋﻧد ﺗﺑدﯾل اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﻣن اﻟﺿرورى ان ﺗﺑدﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﺧر ﺑﻧﻔس اﻟرﻗم‬

‫‪14 | P a g e‬‬
‫‪Degaussing coil‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻣد‬
‫ﻣﻠف ﻣﺳﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬
‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬

‫اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫ﺗﺗﺎﺛر ﺷﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﺗﻠﯾﻔزﯾون اﻟﻌﺎدى ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ اﻻرﺿﯾﺔ وﻟذﻟك ﻗﺎم اﻟﻣﺻﻣﻣون ﺑﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ ﻣﻠف ﻣﺳﺢ ھذا‬
‫اﻟﺗﺎﺛﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ‬

‫‪15 | P a g e‬‬
‫اﯾﺿﺎ ﻣن ﺿﻣن اﻻﺷﯾﺎء اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﺳﺑب ﺑﻘﻊ ﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ ھو وﺟود ﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾس ﻗرﯾب ﻣن اﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ او‬
‫وﺟود ﺳﻣﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺗﻠﯾﻔزﯾون ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب ﻣن اﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ‬

‫ﯾﺗم ﺗوﺻﯾل اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗواﻟﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻠف ﻣﺳﺢ اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻣوﺿﺢ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺻورة‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬

‫اﺣﺳن طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﻔﺣص ﻣﻠف اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﺣول اﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ ھو ﺟﮭﺎز ﻓﺣص ﻣﻠف اﻟﻔﻼﯾﺑﺎك او ﻣﺎﯾﺳﻣﻰ اﻟرﯾﻧﺞ‬
‫ﺻ‬

‫ﺗﯾﺳﺗر ﺣﯾث ﺳﺗﺟد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗل ‪ 3‬ﻟﯾدات ﻣﺿﯾﺋﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻔﺣص اذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻠف اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﺳﻠﯾم‬

‫رﻣز اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور اﻻﯾﺟﺎﺑﻰ‬

‫رى‬

‫ﻻﺣظ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ‪+‬‬

‫‪16 | P a g e‬‬
‫‪( Negative Temperature Coefficient‬‬ ‫اﻟﻧوع اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ھو اﻟﻧوع اﻟﺳﻠﺑﻰ ‪N.T.C :‬‬
‫وﻣﻌﻧﺎھﺎ اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ذات اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﺣرارى اﻟﺳﺎﻟب‬
‫ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻋﻛس اﻟﻧوع اﻻول ﺣﯾث ﺗﻧﺧﻔض ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺗﮫ ﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣرارة‬
‫ﺑﻌض اﻧواﻋﮫ‬

‫‪AP Thermistor‬‬ ‫‪NT Thermistor‬‬ ‫‪CT Thermistor‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫‪AT Thermistor‬‬
‫‪HT Thermistor‬‬ ‫‪ET Thermistor‬‬

‫ﻣد‬
‫اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور اﻟﺳﻠﺑﻰ‬

‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻰ اﻟﺑوردات ﻓﻰ اﻻﻣﺎﻛن اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﺣﺗﺎج ﺗﯾﺎر ﺑدء ﺻﻐﯾر ﺛم ﺗﯾﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﺣﯾث ﻣﻊ اﻟﺣرارة ﺗﻘل اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬
‫وﯾزﯾد اﻟﺗﯾﺎر‬

‫‪17 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫رﻣز اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ذات اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﺳﻠﺑﻰ‬

‫ﻻﺣظ اﺷﺎرة اﻟﺳﺎﻟب‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎل ‪ :‬ﻓﻰ ﺑوردات ﺑﺎور اﻟﺗﻠﯾﻔزﯾون ﻋﻧد ﺑدء اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ﯾﻛون ﻣﻛﺛف اﻟﺗﻧﻌﯾم ﻓﺎرغ وﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﺳﯾﺑدا ﻓﻰ اﻟﺷﺣن‬
‫ﺑﺗﯾﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺑداﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﺣن اى ﻓﻰ ﺑداﯾﺔ ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﺑﺎور وھذا اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﯾﻣﻛن ان ﯾﺣرق‬

‫اﺣ‬
‫اﻟﻔﯾوز وﻟﻛن ھذا ﻻﯾﺣدث ﺑﺳﺑب وﺟود اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﻣن اﻟﻧوع ‪N.T.C‬‬

‫ﻣد‬
‫وﻻن ھذا اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﻣرﺑوط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗواﻟﻰ ﻓﻰ داﺋرة اﻟﺑﺎور ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣدﺧل ﻓﺎﻧﮫ ﯾﺑدى ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗﯾﺎر ﻓﻰ ﺑداﯾﺔ دﺧوﻟﮫ ﻟﻠﺑﺎور ﻻﻧﮫ ﻣﺎزال ﺑﺎرد ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺑوط اﻟﺗﯾﺎر وﻋدم اﺣﺗراق اﻟﻔﯾ وز‬
‫وﺑﻌد ﺛواﻧﻰ وﻣﻊ اﻛﺗﻣﺎل ﺷﺣن ﻣﻛﺛف اﻟﺑﺎور اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﻰ ﯾﺳﺧن اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻣرور اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ﻓﯾﮫ‬
‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫وﺗﮭﺑط ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺗﮫ وﻻﯾﻛون ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣرور ﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﺑﺎور وﻛﺎﻧﮫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺻﻐﯾرة ﺟدا‬
‫ف‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﺑﻌض ﺑوردات اﻟﺑﺎور ﻻﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور وﻟﻛن ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺑدﻻ ﻣﻧﮫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺻﻐﯾرة ذات‬
‫ﻗدرة ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺗﺣﺟﯾم ﺷرارة ﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﺑدء‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬

‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗور ﻣن اﻟﻧوع اﻟﺳﻠﺑﻰ ‪N.T.C‬‬

‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫ﺿﻊ اﻻﻓوﻣﯾﺗر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗدرﯾﺞ اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻘﯾﺎس اﻟﺻﻐﯾر وﻗم ﺑﻘﯾﺎس اﻟﺛرﻣوﺳﺗ ور‬
‫ﺳﯾﻌطﯾك ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻗﻠﯾﻠﺔ ﺟدا ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫اذا ﻟم ﺗﺣﺻل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗراءة ﻓﻣﻌﻧﻰ ذﻟك اﻧﮫ ﻣﺣروق او ﺗﺎﻟف وﯾﺟب ﺗﺑدﯾﻠﮫ‬

‫ﻣن ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻧﮫ ﻣﻔﺗوح اﯾﺿﺎ ﻋدم وﺻول اﻟﺟﮭد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻛﺛف اﻟﺗﻧﻌﯾم او اﻟﻘﻧطرة ﻻﻧﮫ ﻣرﺑوط ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺗواﻟﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺧط اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﺣﺎر‬

‫اﯾﺿﺎ ﯾﻣﻛﻧك ﻓﺣﺻﮫ اﺛﻧﺎء ﺗوﺻﯾل اﻟﺑﺎور ﺣﯾث ﺳﺗﺟد ﺟﮭد ﻋﻠﻰ طرﻓﯾﮫ ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل اى ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺻﻐﯾرة‬

‫‪18 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎت وظﯾﻔﺗﮭﺎ وطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﺣﺻﮭﺎ‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫راﺟﻊ ﻣﻘﺎطﻊ ﻓﯾدﯾو ﻟﻼخ وﻟﯾد ﻋﯾﺳﻰ‬

‫‪20 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫اﻟرﯾﻼى ‪-‬ﺗﻌرﯾﻔﮫ ‪ -‬اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎﺗﮫ ‪ -‬ﺗﻛوﯾﻧﮫ ‪ -‬طرﯾق ﻓﺣﺻﮫ‬

‫اﻟرﯾﻼى ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻣﻔﺗﺎح ﻛﮭرﺑﻰ ﯾﺗﻛون ﻣ ن ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻠف ‪ :‬ﯾﻌﻣل ﺑﺗﯾﺎر ﺻﻐﯾر وﺟﮭد ﻣﺳﺗﻣر ﻣﻧﺧﻔض ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻰ ﺟﮭد ﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﮫ ﺑواﺳطﺔ داﺋرة ﻛﻧﺗ رول‬

‫‪ - 2‬ﻗطﻊ ﺗﻣﺎس اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﯾﺢ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻣل ﻛﻣﻔﺗﺎح ﻛﮭرﺑﻰ وﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻣﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻠف اﻟرﯾﻼى ﻓﺗﻘﻔل ﻋﻧد وﺻول‬
‫ﺟﮭد ﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﻟﻠﻣﻠف وﺗﻔﺻل ﻋﻧد ﻗطﻊ اﻟﺟﮭ د‬
‫ﺗﻘوم ﺑﻧﻘل ﺗﯾﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻠداﺋرة اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫رﻣز اﻟرﯾﻼى‬
‫ف‬

‫ﻗطﻊ اﻟﺗﻣﺎس‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬

‫ﺗﯾﺎر ﻣﻠف اﻟرﯾﻼى ﯾﺗراوح ﺑﯾن ‪ 150‬اﻟﻰ ‪ 180‬ﻣﻠﻠﻰ اﻣﺑﯾر وﻗد ﯾزﯾد اوﯾﻧﻘص ﻗﻠﯾﻼ‬
‫رى‬

‫‪22 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫داﺋرة ﺗﻐذﯾﺔ اﻟرﯾﻼى‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫داﺋرة ﺗﻐذﯾﺔ ﻣﻠف اﻟرﯾﻼى ﺗﻛون ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ﻋن داﺋرة ﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟرﯾﻼى اﻟذى ﯾﻘوم ﺑﺗﻐذﯾﺔ اﻟﻠﻣﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ﺟﮭد ‪ 220‬ﻓوﻟت ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﺟﮭد ﺗﻐذﯾﺔ اﻟرﯾﻼى ‪ 12‬ﻓوﻟت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗ ور‬
‫وﻟﯾس ﺷرط ان ﺗﻛون داﺋرة اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟﺗﻰ ﯾﻐذﯾﮭﺎ اﻟرﯾﻼى ﺟﮭد ﻣﺗردد ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻘد ﺗﻛون داﺋرة ﺟﮭد‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻣر ﻣﻧﺧﻔض اﯾﺿﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻌض دواﺋر اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﺣﯾث ﺗﺗﺣﻛم داﺋرة ﺟﮭد ﻣﺳﺗﻣر ﻓﻰ ﺗﺷﻐﯾل داﺋرة ﺟﮭد‬
‫ف‬

‫ﻣﺳﺗﻣر اﺧرى‬

‫ﻓﻰ اﻟرﺳم ﻋﻧد وﺟود ‪ 5‬ﻓوﻟت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋدة اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور ﯾﺷﺗﻐل اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور وﯾﻣر ﺗﯾﺎر ﻓﻰ ﻣﻠف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬

‫اﻟرﯾﻼى ﻣن اﻟﺑطﺎرﯾﺔ ‪ 12‬ﻓوﻟت اﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﺟﻣﻊ ﺛم اﻟﻣﺷﻊ ﺛم اﻻرﺿﻰ ﺣﯾﻧﮭﺎ ﯾﻠﻘط ﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟرﯾﻼى‬
‫ﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺎ وﯾﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟداﺋرة اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ وﯾﺿﯾﺊ اﻟﻣﺻﺑﺎ ح‬
‫ﺻ‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻣﻌظم دواﺋر اﻟﺷﺎﺷﺎت ﺗﺟد اﺷﺎرة ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ ﻋن ﺟﮭد ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟرﯾﻼى ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟرﺳم وﻓﻰ دواﺋر ﻛﻧﺗرول اﺧرى ﺗﺟد ﺟﮭد ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة ﯾﻣﻛن ان ﯾﻛون ﻣن ﻧﻔس اﻟﺑطﺎرﯾﺔ ‪ 12‬ﻓوﻟ ت‬
‫رى‬

‫ھﻧﺎك اﻧواع ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن اﻟرﯾﻼى ﺣﺳب ﺟﮭد اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل وﺣﺳب ﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﻠف اﯾﺿﺎ‬

‫‪23 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻰ اﻻﺳﻔل ﺻورة ﻟدور اﻟرﯾﻼى ﻓﻰ ﻋﻣل ﺑوردة اﻟﺑﺎور ﻟﺟﮭﺎز ﺗﻠﯾﻔزﯾون ﻋﺎدى ﻣﺎرﻛﺔ ﺟﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺳﻰ‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺷﺎرة ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﺑﺎور‬

‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﺑداﯾﺔ ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ وﻋﻧد اﻟﺿﻐط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﯾﻣوت او ﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟﺑﺎور ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﻘدﻣﺔ ﺗﺎﺗﻰ اﺷﺎرة ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻣﯾﻛروﺑرﯾﺳﺳور اﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻋدة اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور ‪ Q973‬ﯾﻌﻣل اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور وﯾﻘوم ﺑﺗوﺻﯾل ﺟﮭد ‪ 12‬ﻓوﻟت ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
‫رى‬

‫اﻟﻰ ﻣﻠف اﻟرﯾﻼى ﺣﯾث ﯾﻣر ﺗﯾﺎر ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﻠف وﯾﻧﺷﺎ ﻣﺟﺎل ﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﻰ ﯾﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟذب ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯾﺢ اﻟرﯾﻼى وﺗﻘﻔل ﻗطﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻣﺎس اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬

‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﻔل اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح ﯾﻣر ﺗﯾﺎر ﻣن ﻣﺻدر اﻟﺟﮭد ‪ 220‬ﻓوﻟت اﻟﻰ ﻣﻠف ﻣﺳﺢ اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﺣول اﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﯾﻌﻣل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻧظﯾف اﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪24 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻰ دواﺋر اﻟﺷﺎﺷﺎت ﻗﻣت ﺑﺷرح دور اﻟرﯾﻼى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺧططﺎت ﻛﺛﯾرة ارﺟو ﻣراﺟﻌﺗﮭﺎ‬
‫وﻣﻌظم ﻋﻣﻠﮫ ﻓﻰ دواﺋر ﺑﺎور اﻟﺷﺎﺷﺎت ﯾﺗﻠﺧص ﻓﻰ ﺗوﺻﯾل ﺟﮭد ‪ 220‬ﻓوﻟت اﻟﻰ ﻗﻧطرة اﻟﺗوﺣﯾد ﻟﻠﺑﺎور‬
‫اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻰ ﻋﻧد ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﺑﺎور ﺣﯾث ھﻧﺎك داﺋرة اﻻﻧﺗظﺎر ﺗﻌﻣل اوﻻ ﺑﻘﻧطرة او داﯾودات ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ ﻋن اﻟﺑﺎور‬
‫اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻰ‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﺛﻼث ﺻﻔﺣﺎت اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ﻣﺧطط ﺑﺎور ﺑﺎﻧﺎﺳوﻧﯾك ﻣودﯾل ‪ tx-L42g20e‬ﻗﻣت ﺑﺷرﺣﮫ اﺛﻧﺎء اﻟدورة‬

‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬
 ‫ھﻧﺎ ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﺗﻧﯾن رﯾﻼى واﺣد ‪ RL800‬ﻟﺗوﺻﯾل ﺟﮭد اﻟﺧط ‪ 220‬ﻓوﻟت‬
‫ﻟﻘﻧطرة اﻻﻧﺗظﺎر واﺧر ‪ RL801‬ﻟﺗوﺻﯾل ﺟﮭد اﻟﺧط ﻟﻘﻧطرة اﻟﺑﺎور اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫)‪Block Diagram (3/3‬‬

‫‪P-BOARD‬‬
‫اﻟﻰ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪HOT‬‬ ‫‪COLD‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬
‫ﺟﮭد ﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﻣﻠف اﻟرﯾﻼى ‪ 800‬و ‪801‬‬

‫م‬
‫‪ RELAY5V6‬اﺷﺎرة ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟرﯾﻼى‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪ 5 5V8‬ﻓوﻟت اﻧﺗظﺎر‬
‫‪1,2‬‬
‫‪ 12 12V‬ﻓوﻟت ﻟﻠرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬
‫‪4,5‬‬
‫‪ TV_MAIN_ON‬ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪/‬‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫‪TO A09‬‬
‫ﻗﻧطرة ﺗوﺣﯾد اﻻﻧﺗظﺎر‬ ‫‪ 17V‬ﺟﮭد ‪ 17‬ف ﻟﻠﺻوت‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫ﻣﺣول اﻻﻧﺗظﺎر‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪LF800‬‬ ‫‪LF801‬‬ ‫رﯾﻼى ﺗوﺻﯾل اﻟﻣﺣﺎﯾد ﻟﻠﻘﻧطرة ‪808‬‬ ‫~‬ ‫اﺷﺎرة ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﺑﺎور‬ ‫‪TV_SUB_ON‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪MAIN IN‬‬

‫‪T802‬‬ ‫‪ A_DIM‬ﺗﻌﺗﯾم اﻧﺎﻟوج‬

‫اﺣ‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫‪Line‬‬ ‫‪Line‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪D816‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪RL801‬‬ ‫ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻻﻧﻔرﺗر‬ ‫‪INV_ON‬‬
‫‪F800‬‬ ‫‪Filter‬‬ ‫‪Filter‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺗﯾم دﯾﺟﺗﺎل‬ ‫‪INV_PWM‬‬
‫~‬ ‫‪13‬‬
‫ﺧطﺄ ﻓﻰ اﻻﺿﺎءة‬ ‫‪INV_SOS‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫ﻣد‬
‫‪RL800‬‬ ‫اﻟﻰ اﻻﻧﻔرﺗر‬

‫‪PC804‬‬ ‫‪5,2‬‬ ‫‪7,8‬‬

‫‪P3‬‬
‫‪IC802‬‬
‫رﯾﻼى ﺗوﺻﯾل اﻟﻼﯾن ﻟﻠﻘﻧطرة ‪808‬‬ ‫‪A_DIM‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪PC801‬‬ ‫‪IC803‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫‪INV_ON‬‬

‫ﯾ‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫ﻓوﺗوﻛﺎﺑﻠر ﻓﯾدﺑﺎك ‪ 5‬ف‬ ‫ﻣﻧظم ﺟﮭد اﻟﺧرج ﻟﻼﻧﺗظﺎر‬
‫‪INV_PWM‬‬
‫‪13‬‬

‫‪TO INVERTER‬‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫‪INV_SOS‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪ 24‬ﻓوﻟت ﻟﻼﻧﻔرت‬ ‫‪24V_INV‬‬ ‫‪1,2,3‬‬
‫‪26‬‬

‫‪4,5‬‬
‫ﻣﺣول اﻟﺑﺎور‬ ‫‪T803‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫ارﺿﻰ‬
‫‪D830‬‬ ‫‪GND‬‬ ‫‪6,7,8‬‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫ف‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪ 12‬ﻓوﻟت‬
‫‪9,10‬‬
‫‪16,17‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻧطرة اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪D834‬‬
‫‪12,13‬‬
‫~‬
‫ﻣﺣول اﻟرﻓﻊ ‪ /‬ﺗﺣﺳﯾن ﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﻘدرة‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫‪D808‬‬ ‫‪T801‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪IC804‬‬
‫اﻟﻰ اﻻﻧﻔرﺗر‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫اﯾﺳﻰ اﻟرﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻧظم ﺟﮭد ﺧرج اﻟﺑﺎور ‪ 24‬ف‬
‫~‬ ‫‪P4‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪IC800‬‬
‫‪ 24‬ﻓوﻟت ﻟﻼﻧﻔرﺗر‬

‫‪TO INVERTER‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪PC803‬‬ ‫‪24V_INV‬‬ ‫‪1,2,3‬‬
‫‪4,5‬‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪PC802‬‬
‫‪IC801‬‬ ‫‪GND‬‬ ‫‪6,7,8‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫‪9,10‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪Q860‬‬ ‫‪ 12‬ﻓوﻟت‬
‫‪PC805‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫رى‬

‫ﻓوﺗوﻛﺎﺑﻠر ﻓﯾدﺑﺎك ‪ 24‬ف‬

‫اﯾﺳﻰ اﻟﺑﺎور‬

‫‪HOT‬‬ ‫‪COLD‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺣول اﻻﻧﺗظﺎر‬
‫‪IC802‬‬

‫ﻓﺎرﺳﺗور‬
‫اﯾﺳﻰ اﻻﻧﺗظﺎر‬
‫ﻣدﺧل اﻟﺑﺎور‬

‫م‬
‫ﻓﻼﺗر‬

‫‪/‬‬
‫‪IC801‬‬

‫اﺣ‬
‫‪D833‬‬
‫اﯾﺳﻰ اﻟﺑﺎور‬ ‫‪D816‬‬
‫داﯾود ﺧرج ‪ 17‬ف‬

‫ﻣد‬
‫ﻗﻧطرة اﻻﻧﺗظﺎر‬
‫‪IC804‬‬

‫ﯾ‬
‫‪IC803‬‬
‫‪Q805‬‬
‫داﯾود اﻟﺧرج ‪ 12‬ﻓوﻟت‪D834 -‬‬
‫ﻣﻧظﻣﺎت ﺟﮭد اﻟﺧرج‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ﻣوﺳﻔت اﻟﺑﺎور‬
‫ف‬
‫‪Q804‬‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬

‫ﻣوﺳﻔت اﻟﺑﺎور‬ ‫اﻣﺎﻛن ‪ 2‬رﯾﻼى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑوردة اﻟﺑﺎور‬

‫ﺻ‬

‫‪Q801‬‬

‫ﻣﺣول اﻟﺑﺎور‬ ‫‪RL800‬‬ ‫رﯾﻼى ‪800‬‬

‫رى‬

‫ﻣوﺳﻔت اﻟرﻓﻊ‬ ‫‪RL801‬‬

‫رﯾﻼى ‪801‬‬

‫‪D830‬‬
‫ﻣﺣول اﻟرﻓﻊ ‪ /‬ﺗﺣﺳﯾن ﻣﻌﺎﻣل‬
‫ﻣوﺣد اﻟﺧرج ‪ 24‬ف‬ ‫ﻗﻧطرة اﻟﺑﺎور‪D808 -‬‬
‫اﻟﻘدرة‬
‫‪The picture of the actual relay used in this supply‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬

‫ﻣﻛﺎن اﻟرﯾﻼى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑوردة اﻟﺑﺎور ﻟﺟﮭﺎز ﺗﻠﯾﻔزﯾون ﺟﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺳﻰ ‪ -‬ﺻورة ردﯾﺋﺔ‬

‫ﺻ‬

‫‪Testing a relay:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟرﯾﻼى‬

‫رى‬

‫ﯾﺗم ﻓﺣص ﻣﻠف اﻟرﯾﻼى ﺑﺎﻻﻓوﻣﯾﺗر ﻋﻠﻰ وﺿﻊ اﻟﺟرس ﻓﺎن اﻋطﻰ ﺻوت اﻟﺻﻔﺎرة ﻛﺎن اﻟﻣﻠف ﺳﻠﯾم وان ﻟم‬
‫ﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﺻوت ﻛﺎن اﻟﻣﻠف ﻣﺣ روق‬
‫ﻟﻔﺣص ﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟرﯾﻼى ﯾﺟب اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺟﮭد ﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﻟﻠﻣﻠف ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﺻوت ﻟﻘط اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح وﻋﻧدھﺎ اﯾﺿﺎ ﻗم‬
‫ﺑﻘﯾﺎس ﺻﻼﺣﯾﺔ ﻧﻘط اﻟﺗﻣﺎس ﻟرﺑﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون ﻣﺗﺎﻛﻠﺔ وﻏﯾر ﻣوﺻﻠﺔ وﯾﺟب ان ﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﺻوت اﻟﺻﻔﺎرة ﻋﻠﻰ وﺿﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺟرس‬

‫‪25 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫ﺻﻔﺣﺎت زﯾﺎدة ﻋن اﻟرﯾﻼى ﻟﻣن ﯾرﻏب ﻓﻰ اﻻﺳﺗﻔﺎدة‬

‫ﺟﮭود ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟرﯾﻼى اﻟﻣﺷﮭورة ھﻰ ‪5V , 6V , 12V , 24V‬‬

‫وﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﯾﺢ ﯾﺧﺗﻠف ﻣن ﻧوع ﻻﺧر ﺣﺳب اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم واﻟﺷﺎﺋﻊ ‪ 10‬اﻣﺑﯾر‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻐﻠق‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻔﺗوح‬

‫ﺑﻌض رﻣوز اﻧواع ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن اﻟرﯾﻼى‬
 ‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ‬

‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻣﻠف اﻟرﯾﻼى ﯾﺟذب اﻟﺣﺎﻓظﺔ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻧﻘط ﺗﻣﺎس اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح ﻟﻐﻠق‬
‫اﻟﻣﻔﺗوح وﻓﺗﺢ اﻟﻣﻐﻠق‬

‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫ﺟﮭد ﻣﻠف اﻟرﯾﻼى ﯾﻛون ﻣﻛﺗوب ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻼﻓﮫ‬

‫واﯾﺿﺎ ﺟﮭد وﺗﯾﺎر ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯾﺣﮫ ﻛﺎن ﯾﻛون ‪ 5A@250VAC / 10A@12VDC‬اى ان ﯾﺟب ﻣراﻋﺎة ﻧوع اﻟﺟﮭد‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﻠط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح ﻻن ﺗﺣﻣﻠﮫ ﻟﻠﺗﯾﺎر ﯾﺗﻧﺎﺳب ﻣﻊ ھذا اﻟﺟﮭ د‬
‫ﻓوﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﯾﻛون ﻣﻛﺗوب اﻗﺻﻰ ﺗﯾﺎر ﻓﻰ ﻣﻌظم اﻟﺣﺎﻻت دون ذﻛر ﺟﮭد اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﯾﺢ‬
 ‫ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻓﺣﺻﮭﺎ‬- ‫ رﻣوزھﺎ‬- ‫ ﻗراءﺗﮭﺎ‬- ‫ اﻧواﻋﮭﺎ‬- ‫ ﺗﻌرﯾﻔﮭﺎ‬: ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت‬

Capacitors are very common components in electronics devices.

‫م‬
You will find capacitors in almost all circuit design May it be in computers, power
amplifiers, television, DVDS etc.

/
On the circuit board the symbol for polarized (electrolytic) is usually represented

‫اﺣ‬
by any of the symbols below

‫ﻣد‬
For non polarized capacitors they are represented by any of these symbols
‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬

Also because some component may resemble a capacitor, some time if you have
any doubt you can check the reference given on the circuit board, usually all
capacitors start with letter “C”, an example is the C902 for the non polar capacitor
of the diagram below.
‫اﻟﻣ‬

You can relate this to the actual circuit diagram below.

‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

26 | P a g e
 ‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫ﺗﻧﻘﺳم اﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت اﻟﻰ ﻧوﻋﯾ ن ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬ﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت ذات ﻗطﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت ﻋدﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻘطﺑﯾﺔ واﻧواﻋﮭﺎ ﻋدﯾدة‬

‫‪27 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺣﺳﺎﺳﺔ ﻟوﺿﻌﯾﺔ اﻟﻘطﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﯾﺟب ان ﺗﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ ﻟﻘطﺑﯾﺗﮭﺎ واﻻ ﺳﯾﻧﻔﺟر‬
‫اﻟﻣﻛﺛ ف‬
‫اﻣﺎ اﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت ﻋدﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻘطﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻼﯾؤﺛر وﺿﻌﯾﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻛﺛف وﻗﯾﻣﮭﺎ ﻋﺎدة ﺗﻛون اﻗل ﻣن واﺣد ﻣﯾﻛرو‬

‫ھﻧﺎك ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت اﻟﻐﯾر ﻗطﺑﯾﺔ وﺷﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﮭﺎ ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﻰ وﻟﻛن ﻓﻰ اﻟواﻗﻊ ھﻰ ﻋدﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻘطﺑﯾﺔ‬
‫اﯾﺿﺎ وﻻﺗﺗﺎﺛر ﺑﺎى وﺿﻌﯾﺔ وﺗﺟد ﻣﻛﺗوب ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﺣرﻓﻰ ‪ NP‬اى ﺑدون ﻗطﺑﯾﺔ وﺗﺟدھﺎ ﻓﻰ دواﺋر اﻟﺻوت‬
‫ﻛروز اوﻓر وﻗد ﺗﺗﻌدى ﻗﯾﻣﺗﮭﺎ ‪ 1‬ﻣﯾﻛرو ﻓﺎراد‬

‫ﻣن ﻓﺿﻠك ﻻﺣظ اﻧﮫ ﻻﯾﻣﻛﻧك ﺗﺑدﯾل اﻟﻣﻛﺛف اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﻰ ﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﻣﻛﺛف اﻟﺳﯾراﻣﯾﻛﻰ او اﻟﺧزﻓﻰ اﻻ ﻓﻰ‬

‫م‬
‫ﺣﺎﻻت ﻧﺎدرة ﺟدا‬

‫‪/‬‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗﺟرﺑﺗﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺟﺎل اﻟﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﺎن ﻣﻌظم اﻻﻋطﺎل ﻓﻰ اﻟدواﺋر اﻻﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ ﺗﻛون ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫‪28 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫ﻣن ﻣﺳﺎوئ اﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻔﺔ اﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺟﻠب ﺟﮭد ﻣﺳﺗﻣر ﻏﯾر ﻧﻘﻰ اى ﺑﮫ ﺗﺷوﯾﮫ او ﻧوﯾز او ﺷواﺋب ﺟﮭد‬
‫ﻣﺗردد ﻣﻊ ﻣوﺟﺔ اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر اﻟﺗﻰ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻔروض ان ﺗﻛون ﻗﯾﻣﮭﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ وھذه اﻟﺗﺷوھﺎت او اﻟﺗﻣوﺟﺎت‬
‫ﺗﺳﺑب ﺧﻠل ﻓﻰ ﻋﻣل اﻻﯾﺳﯾﮭﺎت ﺧﺻوﺻﺎ اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺣﻛم او اﻟﺳوﻓت وﯾر‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣﺳن طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻣﻛﺛف ھﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﺟﮭﺎز ﻓﺣص اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻛﺛف اﻟﻣﺳﻣﻰ ‪ESR Meter‬‬

‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻣد‬
‫‪Uses of capacitors in circuits‬‬

‫ﯾ‬
‫اﻟوظﯾﻔﺔ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻛﺛف ﻓﻰ دواﺋر اﻟﺑﺎور ھﻰ ﺗﻧﻌﯾم اﻧﺻﺎف ﻣوﺟﺎت اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر اﻟﺧﺎرج ﻣن‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ﻗﻧطرة اﻟﺗوﺣﯾد او داﯾودات اﻟﺧرج ﻓﻰ اﻟﺛﺎﻧ وى‬
‫واﯾﺿﺎ ﯾﻌﻣل اﻟﻣﻛﺛف ﻛﻣﺧزن ﻣؤﻗت ﻟﻠﺷﺣﻧﺎت اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﯾﺔ او اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﻰ ﯾﻣد اﻻﯾﺳﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﮭد‬
‫واﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻼزم ﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﮭﺎ وﯾﻌﻣل ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔس اﻟوﻗت ﻛﻔﻠﺗر ﯾﻘوم ﺑﺗﻧﻌﯾم اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟداﺧل ﻟﺗﻠك اﻻﯾﺳﻰ ﺣﺗﻰ‬
‫ف‬

‫ﻻﯾﺳﺑب ﺗذﺑذب ﻓﻰ ﻋﻣﻠﮭﺎ او ﺳﺧوﻧﺗﮭﺎ وﺗﻠﻔﮭﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫ﻣﻛﺛف ﺗﻧﻌﯾم اﻻﻧﺻﺎف اﻣواج ﺑﻌد داﺋرة اﻟﺗوﺣﯾد ﺑﺎﻟداﯾود‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪29 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻛﺛف اﻟﺗﻧﻌﯾم اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻰ ﻓﻰ داﺋرة اﻟﺑﺎور‬

‫داﯾودات اﻻﺑﺗداﺋﻰ ﻟﻠﺑﺎور‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫داﯾودات ﺛﺎﻧوى اﻟﺑﺎور‬

‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت ﺗﻧﻌﯾم ﺧرج اﻟﺛﺎﻧوى‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬

‫اﯾﺿﺎ ﻣن ﺿﻣن وظﺎﺋف اﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت ھﻰ اﻟﻌﻣل ﻛﻔﻠﺗر ﻟﻠﺗرددات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺟدا اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﺻﺎﺣب ﺟﮭد اﻟﺧط اﻟﻣﺗردد ‪ 220‬ﻓوﻟت ﺣﯾث‬
‫رى‬

‫ﺗﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻣرﯾرھﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻻرﺿﻰ وﺗﻣﻧﻊ ﻣرورھﺎ اﻟﻰ داﺋرة اﻟﺑﺎور وذﻟك ﻻن ﻣﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ او ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻛﺛف ﻟﻠﺗﯾﺎر ﺗﻘل ﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﺗردد وﺑذﻟك ﯾﺻﺑﺢ اﻟﻣﻛﺛف ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗرددات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﮫ ﺳﻠك ذو ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺻﻐﯾرة ﺟدا ﻣرﺑوط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗوازى ﻣﻊ ﺧط اﻟﺟﮭد ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ھو اﻟﺣﺎل ﻣﻊ ﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت ﻣدﺧل اﻟﺑﺎور اﻟﺗﻰ ﻧﺳﻣﯾﮭﺎ ﻓﻼﺗر اﻟﺗرددات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﺳﻣﺎه ‪EMI FILTER‬‬

‫ﺣﯾث ﺗﻌﻣل اﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت وﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻣدﺧل اﻟﺑﺎور ﻛﻔﻠﺗر ﻟﻠﺗرددات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗؤذى اﯾﺳﯾﮭﺎت اﻟﺑﺎور ﺳﺑﻼى‬

‫‪30 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻣد‬
‫واﻟﻔﻠﺗر ﻋﻣوﻣﺎ وظﯾﻔﺗﮫ ھو ﺗﻣرﯾر اﻟﻣوﺟﺎت ذات ﺗرددات ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ وﻣﻧﻊ اﻟﻣوﺟﺎت اﻟﺗﻰ ﻻﯾرﻏب اﻟﻣﺻﻣم‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺗﻣرﯾرھﺎ‬
‫وھﻧﺎك ﻋدة اﻧواع ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﻓﻠﺗر اﻟﺗرددات اﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ وﻓﻠﺗر اﻟﺗرددات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ وھﻧﺎك ﻓﻠﺗرات ﻟﺗﻣرﯾر ﺣﯾز‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾن ﻣن اﻟﺗرددات‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ﻓﻼﺗر ﻣدﺧل اﻟﺑﺎور ﺗﻣرر اﻟﺗرددات ﻓﻰ ﺣدود ﻣن ‪ 50‬اﻟﻰ ‪ 100‬ھﯾرﺗز وﺗﻣﻧﻊ اﻟﺗرددات ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗردد‬
‫ف‬

‫ﻛﺎﻟﺗرددات اﻟرادﯾوﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻣن اھم ﻣواﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت ﻋﻣوﻣﺎ ھﻰ ﺗﻣرﯾر اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﺗردد وﻣﻧﻊ اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣ ر‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬

‫وﻟذك ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ دواﺋر اﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ ﺗﻌﻣل ﻛﺑﻠوك ﻟﻠﺟﮭد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر ﻟﻌﻣل ﻓﺻل ﺑﯾن اﻻﺷﺎرات‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗرددة وﺟﮭد ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻌﻧﺻر ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﻛﻣﻛﺑرات اﻟﺟﮭد وﯾﺗم وﺿﻊ اﻟﻣﻛﺛف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗواﻟﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻣدﺧل‬
‫ﺻ‬

‫اﻻﺷﺎرة‬
‫رى‬

‫‪31 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻛﺛف ﻓﻰ داﺋرة اﻟﺻوت ﯾﻌﻣل ﻛﻔﻠﺗر‬
‫ﺣﯾث ﯾﻣﻧﻊ وﺻول اﺷﺎرة اﻟﺟﮭد‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر اﻟﻰ اﻟﺳﻣﺎﻋﺎت‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻣد‬
‫ﻣن اﻟرﺳم ﺗﻼﺣظ وﺟود اﻟﻣﻛﺛف ‪ C700‬وﻗﯾﻣﺗﮫ ‪ 470‬ﻣﯾﻛرو ‪ 25-‬ﻓوﻟت ﯾﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﺗﻣرﯾر اﺷﺎرة اﻟﺻوت اﻣﺗرددة‬
‫وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻣرور اﺷﺎرة اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر ﻣن اﻟذھﺎب ﻟﻠﺳﻣﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻟو ﺣدث ﺟﻔﺎف ﻟﮭذا اﻟﻣﻛﺛف او اﻟﻣﻛﺛف اﻻﺧر ‪ C703‬ﺳوف ﯾﺣدث ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺻوت‬
‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ﻣﻌدل ﺟﮭود ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻣﻛﺛف‬
‫ف‬

‫ﻟﻠﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت اﻗﺻﻰ ﺟﮭود ﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﺗﻛون ﻣﻛﺗوﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ واذا زادت ﺗﻠك اﻟﺟﮭود ﯾﺗﻠف اﻟﻣﻛﺛف وﯾﻧﺷف‬
‫اﻟﺳﺎﺋل وﺗﺳﺑب اﻧﺗﻔﺎخ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﻛﺛف ﻣن اﻻﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫ﻣﻛﺛﻔت ﺟﺎﻓﺔ وﻣﻧﺗﻔﺧﺔ‬

‫‪32 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫ﻣن اﻻﻋطﺎل اﻟﺗﻰ ﯾﻣﻛن ان ﺗﺣدث ﻟﻠﻣﻛﺛف ھو ﺣدوث ﺷورت ﻋﻠﻰ طرﻓﯾﮫ وﻗد ﯾﻌطﻰ ﻗراءة ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬
‫داﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻔﺣص وﻟﻛﻧﮫ ﻓﻰ اﻟواﻗﻊ ﻻﯾﺷﺣن وﻟذﻟك ﻻﺗﻛﺗﻔﻰ ﺑﻘراءة اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟداﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻘط‬
‫وﻟﻛن ﻗم ﺑﻔﺣص ﺷﺣﻧﮫ‬
‫واﯾﺿﺎ ﺣدوث ﻓﺗﺢ او ﺟﻔﺎف وﺗﻘل ﻣﻌﮫ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻛﺛف وﺗزﯾد اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﮫ‬

‫ﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﻛﺛف اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب ﻟﺗﻧﻌﯾم ﺧط ﺟﮭد ﻣﻌﯾن ﯾﺟب ان ﯾﻛون اﻗﺻﻰ ﺟﮭد ﯾﺗﺣﻣﻠﮫ اﻟﻣﻛﺛف = ﺿﻌف‬
‫ﺟﮭد اﻟﺧط اﻟذى ﯾﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﯾﮫ‬

‫م‬
‫ﻟذﻟك اذا وﺟدت ﻣﻛﺛف ﻣﻛﺗوب ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ‪ 25‬ﻓوﻟت ﻓﺳﺗﺗوﻗﻊ ان ﺟﮭد ھذا اﻟﺧط ﻓﻰ ﺣدود ‪ 12‬ﻓوﻟت‬

‫‪/‬‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻗراءة اﻟﻘﯾم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺳم اﻟﻣﻛﺛف‬

‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬

‫اﺳم اﻟﺷرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻌﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻣ‬

‫اﻗﺻﻰ ﺟﮭد‬
‫ﺻ‬

‫ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻛﺛف‬
‫رى‬

‫اﻟطرف اﻟﺳﺎﻟب‬

‫اﻗﺻﻰ ﺣرارة‬

‫طرف ﺳﺎﻟب‬ ‫طرف ﻣوﺟب‬

‫‪33 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫ اﻟﺣرف ھو ﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﻔﺎ وت‬- ‫ اﻟرﻗم اﻟﺛﺎﺛث ﻋدد اﻻﺻﻔﺎر‬-‫ اول رﻗﻣﯾن ھم ﻋدد‬: ‫ﻗراءة اﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت‬
‫ﺗﻘرا ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻛﺛف ﺑﺎﻟﺑﯾﻛو ﻓﺎراد‬

‫اﻟرﻗم اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟرﻗم اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻋدد اﻻﺻﻔﺎر‬

/ ‫م‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﻔﺎوت‬
‫اﻗﺻﻰ ﺟﮭد‬

‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﻔﺎوت‬
‫ﺣﺳب اﻟﺣرف‬

‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
Using the above method the result you get is always in pico farad(pF)
‫وﺳ‬
Let us look at the above example of capacitor number 224K.
‫ف‬

Just write down the first and the second digit the way they are on the capacitor
body.
‫اﻟﻣ‬

So we have 22 and then third digit is the number of zeros. Therefore 4 is equal to 4
zeros hence 224 is equal to 220000 pF. The result is always in pico farads(fF)
‫ﺻ‬

And the K is the tolerance and from the table we can see K is equal to (+ or -) 10 %

And finally the maximum voltage is 630 Volts.

‫رى‬

Let us look at another example

e
‫ ﻓوﻟت‬1000 ‫ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﯾﺔ واﻗﺻﻰ ﺟﮭد ﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬10 ‫ ﺑﯾﻛو ﻓﺎراد ﻣﻊ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺗﻔﺎوت‬39 ‫ﻣﻛﺛف ﻗﯾﻣﺗﮫ‬
34 | P a g e
 ‫اﻟﻔﺎراد = ﻣﻠﯾون ﻣﯾﻛرو‬

‫اﻟﻣﯾﻛرو = ﻣﻠﯾون ﺑﯾﻛو = ‪ 1000000‬ﺑﯾﻛو‬

‫اﯾﺿﺎ اﻟﻣﯾﻛرو = ‪ 1000‬ﻧﺎﻧو‬

‫اﻟﻧﺎﻧو = ‪ 1000‬ﺑﯾﻛو‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣﯾﺎﻧﻧﺎ ﺗﺟد ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻛﺛف ﻣﻛﺗوﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺎﻧو ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺷﻛل‬

‫اﺣ‬
‫‪ = 1n0‬واﺣد ﻧﺎﻧو = ‪ 0.001‬ﻣﯾﻛ رو‬
‫واﻗﺻﻰ ﺟﮭد اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ‪ 100‬ﻓوﻟت‬

‫ﻧﺎﻧو‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ﺑﯾﻛو ﻓﺎراد‬ ‫ﻣﯾﻛرو‬ ‫اﻟﻛود‬ ‫اﻟﻛود‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫‪35 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎت اﻟﺗﻰ ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻛود رﻗم ﺛﻼﺛﻰ ﻓﺎول رﻗﻣﯾن ھو ﻋدد واﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻋدد اﻻﺻﻔﺎر واﻟﻘراءة ﺑﺎﻟﺑﯾﻛو ﻓﺎراد‬

‫اﻟﻛود‬ ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﺳﻌﺔ‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻣد‬
‫‪Kindly note that capacitor 7n2=7k2=7200pF is one and the same thing.‬‬
‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫‪36 | P a g e‬‬
Answers: a)10 000 pF

b)330 000pF

c)22 000pF

d)20 000 pF

If you did the quiz and got the answers right, then you should appreciate yourself

‫م‬
with a cup of coffee.

/
Testing capacitors

‫اﺣ‬
As I mentioned earlier capacitors rate high on the lists of the major causes of
problems in electronics devices.

‫ﻣد‬
One reason being that all electronics devices use clean dc supply to power different
circuits.
‫ﯾ‬
As you know capacitors play a major role in making sure the rectified dc is free
‫وﺳ‬
from any ripple.

So if a capacitor get faulty (dry), it will not be able to do it work well and hence
‫ف‬

the circuit in which this capacitor is used will continue to get dirty dc.

This will cause that circuit to get affected by this unclean dc and eventually the
components there will begin to fail (eg I.Cs. transistors etc)
‫اﻟﻣ‬

So knowing how to test capacitor is big boost to any technician. To test capacitors
‫ﺻ‬

let us start with the obvious.

a) Visual inspection: First scan around the motherboard looking for capacitors
‫رى‬

which has its top silvery part swollen (even a slight bulge is good enough
evidence that the capacitor is faulty. For this type of capacitors please don’t
bother testing them-just replace them directly.

b) Capacitors getting hot: If equipment is behaving funny, you can also use
this method, but first be sure to put off the equipment and unplug it from the
power outlet. Then depending on the circuit which you suspect to be causing

37 | P a g e
 the problem you can quickly touch the tops of the capacitors in the area and
whatever is getting hot should be replaced.

c) Output voltage drop: If capacitors with filter functions develop a problem

(dry) usually causes voltage drop on that line. If you measure a voltage to a
circuit which has filter capacitor rated say 25volts and you get less than 8

‫م‬
volts, this could point to a problem on the filter capacitor for that line.

/
‫اﺣ‬
d) Meter (digital /analogue): you can also use either of these meters in
resistance setting (highest) and if the capacitor is good it will first read low

‫ﻣد‬
resistance and then the resistance increase steadily to infinite (open) if the
capacitor is good. Never trust these meters when testing capacitors.

‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
e) ESR meter: This is my favorite; it has really saved me a lot of headache by
‫ف‬

catching capacitors which the above methods fail to pick. I strongly advice
any tech to have one on his/her work bench( I mean it is not a good thing to
have but a must thing to have)
‫اﻟﻣ‬

How to discharge the main capacitors

When doing testing on Capacitors it is very important to make sure there is no

‫ﺻ‬

charge in the capacitor otherwise it may destroy your meter or even harm you.
‫رى‬

A capacitor can hold charge for quite a long time even after power is off so it is
important to make sure the capacitors are discharged by doing a quick voltage test
across the capacitor with power off and the equipment disconnected from the
power outlet especially before doing resistance test.

38 | P a g e
You can make this simple gadget to do that job

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺎت‬

Resistors like capacitors are very common components in electronics design but
unlike capacitors they have low failure rate.

39 | P a g e
 / ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
On the circuit board the symbol for resistors is usually represented by the symbols
below
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

The reference given on the circuit board for resistors start with letter “R”, an
example is the R407 on the diagram below (this should help you to distinguish
resistors from some inductors which resemble resistors)

40 | P a g e
 / ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
the circuit LOAD.
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
Basically we can describe a resistor as a control device which limits current flow to
‫وﺳ‬
Load here refers to anything that consumes energy; it could be a light bulb,
loudspeaker, and motor, I.C or even another resistor.
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

A good example of where we can have a resistors being used as a load is usually
applied in voltage dividers.

41 | P a g e
 / ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
The above is a circuit of Television switch mode power supply (S.M.P.S).
‫وﺳ‬
You can see the rectified voltage 320 vdc passes via series resistors R521 and
R520 both 100K ohms and the voltage is dropped by half to get 160Vdc.
‫ف‬

This voltage is dropped again by resistor (R522) 15 K ohm and then resistor
(R534) 39 ohms and finally drops to 0.6 Vdc which is used to switch on (start-up)
voltage for Transistor 2SC4429L (V513) which is used to switch this power
‫اﻟﻣ‬

supply.
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

Types of resistors:

Resistors come in different sizes and shapes as you can on the picture below.

42 | P a g e
 ‫اﻧواع ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺎت‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣﻘوﻣﺎت اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ وﺻﻐﯾرة اﻟﺣﺟم ﻻﯾﻣﻛن ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﯾﻣﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻟوان وﻟذﻟك ﯾﺗم ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﯾﻣﺗﮭﺎ ﻛﻛود‬
‫ف‬

‫ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻻﺗﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺟﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻘد ﺗﺟد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ‪ 2‬ﻣﯾﺟﺎ اوم ‪ /‬رﺑﻊ وات ذات ﺣﺟم ﺻﻐﯾر ﺟ دا‬
‫وﻗد ﺗﺟد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ‪ 5‬وات ذات ﺣﺟم ﻛﺑﯾر وﻗﯾﻣﺗﮭﺎ ﻋدد ﻣن اﻻوم‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬

‫اﻟﮭدف ﻣن وﺿﻊ اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ذات اﻟﺣﺟم اﻟﻛﺑﯾر واﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ھو اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻛﻣﺑدد ﻟﻠﺣرارة اى ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺷﺗت‬
‫ﺻ‬

‫اﻟﺣرارة اﻟﻣﺗوﻟدة ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ وذﻟك ﺑزﯾﺎدة ﺣﺟﻣﮭﺎ ﻻﻧﮭﺎ ﻟو ﺻﻐﯾرة وﺣﺟﻣﮭﺎ ﺻﻐﯾر ﺳوف ﺗﺳﺧن وﺗﺣﺗرق‬
‫رى‬

‫ﻟذﻟك ﺗوﻗﻊ اﻧك ﻟو ﻻﻣﺳت ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ذات ﺣﺟم ﻛﺑﯾر اﻧﮭﺎ ﺳﺗﻛون ﺳﺎﺧﻧﺔ وھذ اﻣر طﺑﯾﻌﻰ‬

‫ھﻧﺎك ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛﺎﺑﺢ ﻟﻠﺗﯾﺎرات اﻟﻣﻧدﻓﻌﺔ ﻓﻰ اول اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﻓﻰ دواﺋر اﻟﺑﺎور ﺳﺑﻼ ى‬
‫ﻟو ﻗﻣت ﺑﺗﺑدﯾل ﺗﻠك اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺎت ﺑواﺣدة اﻗل ﻗدرة ﺳﺗﺟد اﻧﮭﺎ اﺣﺗرﻗت ﺑﻌد زﻣن ﻗﻠﯾل‬

‫‪43 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻛﺑﺢ اﻟﺗﯾﺎرات اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺟﺋﺔ‬

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
Testing fixed resistors:
‫ف‬

Resistors have a low failure rate among the electronics components but his does
not mean that they never get faulty.
‫اﻟﻣ‬

But most of the time when you find a find a resistor is open; chances are very high
the resistor suffered serious stress due to a shorted component a head of the line
where the resistor was placed.
‫ﺻ‬

A good example is the surge limiter resistor we have discussed on the previous
‫رى‬

lesson; whenever you find this resistor is open please don’t replace it and power on
the set because chances are very that the same will open again.

So if you this resistor open be sure to check the health of the conrol ic or the
switching transistor on that circuit or any other component shorted on that line.

The most common failure mode of resistors is open (infinite) resistance or

resistance value increases and this also affect the circuit behavior where this
resistor is placed.

44 | P a g e
‫)‪Fusible resistor (FR‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻔﯾوزﯾﺔ‬
‫ھﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻓﯾﻣﺗﮭﺎ = ‪ 0‬اوم او ‪ 1‬اوم وﺗوﺿﻊ ﻛﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﺿد زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ﻛﺎﻧﮭﺎ ﻓﯾوز وﯾرﻣز ﻟﮭﺎ‬
‫’‪.“FR‬‬
‫ﯾﺎﻟرﻣز‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﮭﺎ ﻛﻌﻣل اﻟﻔﯾوز ﺣﯾث ﺗﻘطﺦ اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣدوث ﺷورت ﻓﻰ اﻟداﺋرة اﻟﻣرﺑوطﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧط ﺗﻐذﯾﺗﮭﺎ‬

‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ‪ 551‬ﺗﻌﻣل ﻛﻔﯾوز ﻓﻰ ﺑوردة ﺑﺎور ﺗﻠﯾﻔزﯾون ﺟﻰ )‪(R551, 1 ohm by ½ watt‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺳﻰ‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻣﻌظم اﻟدواﺋر اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﺟد ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻔﯾوزﯾﺔ ﻣﺣروﻗﺔ ﺳﺗﺟد ان اﯾﺳﻰ اﻟﺑﺎور ﻗد اﺣﺗرﻗت اﯾﺿﺎ‬

‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫‪Variable resistors:‬‬

‫‪These are resistors whose resistance can be adjusted and their circuit symbol is‬‬
‫‪shown below.‬‬

‫‪45 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرة‬

A good example of a variable resistor is the potentiometer; they usually have 3

‫م‬
leads and a shaft to adjust the resistance.

/
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬

They have a maximum resistance between the two outer leads (the value written on
their body), the middle lead is used as a divider, by turning this shaft one can
adjust the resistance of the circuit it is used.
‫رى‬

Linear Potentiometer

This type of potentiometer has the track element with constant cross section
causing a proportional resistance change between the wiper and one end of the
terminal.
46 | P a g e
Usually have Letter “B” on the component body e.g. for10 K ohm pot will written
“B10k” on their body.

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻣد‬
They are mostly used in Cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) or voltage dividers

Logarithmic Potentiometer
‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
This type has track material whose resistivity varies from one end to the other
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

Usually they have Letter “A” written on the component body, e.g for 10K ohm pot
will be written “A10k” on their body.

They are mostly used as volume control in radios, amplifiers, voltage dividers etc.

For the purpose of using it as a volume control use lead number 1 as the ground

47 | P a g e
 / ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻣد‬
We also have some small sizes type of potentiometers called preset.
‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

They are used in circuit which require precision and there resistance is pre-set at
the factory.

The shaft to adjust is missing, therefore to adjust the resistance you need to use a
small screwdriver.

The reason for not having the shaft is not by mistake but it’s a control measure so
that one does not turn it by accident and therefore before adjusting this set
resistance you should be very sure of what you are doing.
48 | P a g e
A small change on this small pre-set can cause a whole television to be thrown
away if the set was tampered with by a careless technician.

I strongly advice you never to adjust these pre-set unless you are very sure what
you are doing.

Resistor color codes

Resistors have 4 or 5 colored band, for each type the last band is the tolerance.

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

49 | P a g e
 / ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
From the above you can see a 4 coloured band resistor, please notice the tolerance
band is separated slightly with a gap from the other three.
‫وﺳ‬
While the second last band is the multipliers for both 4 and 5 band resistor.
‫ف‬

So you have:

1 st Digit band color= Brown=1(from the table above)

‫اﻟﻣ‬

2 nd Digit band color=Black=0 (from the table above)

‫ﺻ‬

3th Digit band color=Red=2(because this is four band resistor this is the multiplier
and therefore we add 2 zeros (00) after the first two digit to get (1,000 ohms)
‫رى‬

4th Digit Band color=Gold= is same as +-5%

So we can conclude that the resistor above is 1,000 ohms or 1K ohms resistor

For 5 band resistor we will have the first 3 bands as digits and the 4 as the
multiplier and then the 5th one will be the tolerance.

50 | P a g e
 / ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
Another example above of two 12volts bulb connected in parallel with a 12 volts
battery source. In this case it is not wise to connect two 6 volts in parallel to 12
volts source.
‫ف‬

If resistors are connected in parallel their total resistance is always less than the
‫اﻟﻣ‬

smallest resistor value in the association. In the example below we have two 1
Ohm resistors in parallel.
‫ﺻ‬

If the resistance value is the same in parallel association then the formula is
simple. Just divide the value of one resistor by the number of resistors.
‫رى‬

55 | P a g e
 ‫اﻧواع اﻟداﯾود‬

Lesson 10: Diodes:- identification, various types of common diode,

power diodes, damper diodes, fast recovery diodes, signal diodes, Zener
diodes, using zener diode as a voltage regulators, using zener diode for
protection, light emitting diode(LEDs), common failure mode & testing if
good or bad for each type.

‫م‬
Diodes are one way valve i.e. allow flow of current only in one direction, think
about other valve we have around like the bicycle valve, car valves etc. for the car

/
or bicycle valve this only allow air to pass inside and not come out.

‫اﺣ‬
The only different with diode is that they allow current to go in one direction and
not the other way round.

‫ﻣد‬
Though the diode does not conduct in reverse direction, there is a point where the
diode is not able to resist reverse electrical pressure and there if this limit is
exceeded then the diodes will breakdown and conduct which is called peak inverse
‫ﯾ‬
voltage (P.I.V)
‫وﺳ‬
You can see the schematic symbol and the actual diode on the picture below.
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

58 | P a g e
On the circuit diagram diode have their references which begin with letter’ D” then
a number. You can see D603 and D906 on the actual circuit below.

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬

‫ واﻟﻠﯾد‬- ‫ داﯾود اﻻﺷﺎرة‬- ‫ اﻟزﯾﻧر داﯾود‬- ‫ داﯾود اﻟﺑﺎور او اﻟﺗوﺣﯾد‬: ‫اﺷﮭر اﻧواع اﻟداﯾودات ھم‬
‫رى‬

59 | P a g e
 ‫داﯾود اﻟﺑﺎور‬

‫زﯾﻧر داﯾود‬

‫داﯾود اﻻﺷﺎرة‬

‫م‬
‫اﻟﻠﯾد‬

‫‪/‬‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻣد‬
‫داﯾود اﻟﺑﺎور‬

‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫ﻋﻧد اﺣﺗراق داﯾودات اﻟﺗوﺣﯾد ﺳﺗﻼﺣظ اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﺟﮭد وﻋﯾب ﻓﻰ اﻟﺻ ورة‬
‫وﻋﻧد ﺣدوث ﺷورت ﻓﻰ داﯾودات ﻗﻧطرة اﻟﺗوﺣﯾد ﺗﺳﺑب اﺣﺗراق اﻟﻔﯾوز‬

‫‪60 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫ ﺳﺑق ﺷرﺣﮭﺎ‬/ ‫ﻗﻧطرة اﻟﺗوﺣﯾد‬

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
Bridge Diode

Bridge diode consist four diodes joined together into a single package and has four

‫ﻣد‬
leads.

‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

61 | P a g e
 ‫ﻓﺣص ﻗﻧطرة اﻟﺗوﺣﯾد‬
Testing bridge diodes:

When testing a bridge diode considers it as four diodes joined together the way I
have done on the picture below:

If you have that picture in your mind you can now test it the way you test
individual diode.

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
When out of circuit you should not have any reading between the two middle pin
(A.C input) pins either way

On the rest of the pins expect one reading only if all is okay.
‫ف‬

Below you can actual placement of this diode in a real circuit, as I said before you
will see these diodes on the primary side of the power supply to rectify the
‫اﻟﻣ‬

incoming ac from the power outlet into DC.

‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

62 | P a g e
 ‫‪Damper diodes:‬‬

‫داﯾود اﻟداﻣﺑر او اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻣرﺗد‬

‫وﯾوﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺗوازى ﻣﻊ ﻣﻠف اﻟرﯾﻼى ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور ﻣن اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻌﻛﺳﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ واﻟﻣرﺗد ﻋﻧد ﺗوﻗف اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور‬
‫ﻋن اﻟﻌﻣ ل‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺧزﻧﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﻠف ﻟﺣظﺔ اﻟﺗﺷﻌﯾل ﺗﻘﺎوم اﻧﮭﯾﺎرھﺎ ﻟﺣظﺔ ﺗوﻗف اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور ﻓﺗوﻟد ﺟﮭد ﻣرﺗد‬

‫م‬
‫ﻋﻛﺳﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اطراف اﻟﻣﻠف ﻗد ﯾﺳﺑب اﺣﺗراق اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور ﻟم ﻟم ﯾﺟد ﻟﮫ طرﯾﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺗﻔرﯾﻎ وﯾﺗم ذﻟك ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗرﻛﯾب‬
‫داﯾود ﯾﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻠق داﺋرة اﻟﻣﻠف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻔرغ ھذا اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﻠف ﻧﻔﺳﮫ وﯾﺣﻣﻰ اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور‬

‫‪/‬‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫‪63 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫ﯾﻣﻛن ان ﺗﺟد داﯾود اﻟداﻣﺑر داﺧل اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور ﻧﻔﺳﮫ وﻛﻣﺎ ھو اﻟﺣﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور اﻟﻔﯾرﺗﻛﺎل‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﻣد‬
‫داﯾودات ﻧوع اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﺳرﯾﻊ‬

‫وھﻰ داﯾودات ﺳرﯾﻌﺔ ﺟدا ﺗﻌﻣل ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗرددات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻣﺛﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﺛل اﻟﺷوﺗﻛﻰ داﯾود وﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻰ دواﺋر اﻟﺑﺎور‬
‫ﺧﺻوﺻﺎ ﺧرج اﻟﻣﺣول اﻟﺛﺎﻧوى وﻣﯾزﺗﮭﺎ ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﺗﺢ واﻟﻐﻠق وﻻﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺑداﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻧوع اﻟﻌﺎدى‬
‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫‪64 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫واذا ﻗﻣت ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺑداﻟﮭﺎ ﺑداﯾود ﺗوﺣﯾد ﻋﺎدى ﺳوف ﯾﺳﺧن اﻟداﯾود اﻟﻌﺎدى وﯾﺣﺗرق‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫‪Testing fast recovery diodes‬‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟداﯾودات اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ‬
‫ف‬

‫ﺗﻔس طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﺣص اﻟداﯾود اﻟﻌﺎدى وﺳﺑق ﺷرﺣﮫ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫‪65 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫داﯾودات اﻻﺷﺎرة‬

‫وﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻰ دواﺋر اﻻﺷﺎرات اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة وﻻﯾﺗﻌدى ﺗﯾﺎرھﺎ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻠﻠﻰ اﻣﺑﯾر‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫وھﻰ ﺗﺷﺑﮫ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻛﻠﮭﺎ اﻟزﯾﻧر وﯾﻣﻛﻧك ﻣن اﻟﺗﻔرﯾق ﺑﯾﻧﮭﻣﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟرﻣز اﻟﻣﻛﺗوب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑوردة‬
‫ف‬

‫ﺣﯾث ﯾﺑدا رﻗﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﺣرف ‪D‬‬

‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫‪66 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫ﯾﻣﻛﻧك ان ﺗراھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑوردة ﻣﻛﺑر اﻻﻟوان ﻟﻠﺗﻠﯾﻔزﯾون اﻟﻣﻠون اﻟﻌﺎدى ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺻورة‬

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
Examples of signal diodes includes 1N4148/1N4448/1N914
‫وﺳ‬
Zener diodes: ‫اﻟزﯾﻧر داﯾود‬
‫ف‬

A Zener diode is like normal silicon diode, except for a greatly reduced reverse
bias breakdown voltage called zener voltage

Usually they have the zener voltage written on their body; below you can see a
‫اﻟﻣ‬

3.9V zener diode and the circuit symbol.

‫ﺻ‬

On the circuit diagram they usually begin with letter “ZD”

‫رى‬

67 | P a g e
Below you can see a 33 volts and 5 volts zener used as voltage regulator on
Television tuner circuits.

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬

In this circuit the two zeners are used in reverse mode (the positive lead in on the
ground and the negative lead on the supply line) therefore voltage in excess of the
zener voltage of the diode will be shorted to ground and not appear on the positive
‫اﻟﻣ‬

rail
‫ﺻ‬

Tip: if you get a diode which you are not sure if it is a zener- confirm by checking
if the anode is on the negative (ground) and the cathode is on the supply rail. If
this is so then it is a zener.
‫رى‬

68 | P a g e
Using Zener diode for protection in CRT television/monitor

Below you can see a simple X-ray protection circuit usually found in CRT
Televisions/monitors.

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
A voltage reference is taken from the FBT and rectified by a diode to get a DC
voltage, this DC voltage is applied to a precision resistor divider, the values of
these resistors are chosen to produce correct X-Ray protection trip threshold for
‫ف‬

each CRT.

If the voltage increases above normal (say 13 Volts) the Zener diode which in our
case is a 12 Volts Zener will conduct and voltage will appear at the X-ray in pin.
‫اﻟﻣ‬

The X-ray protection pin is usually zero volts when things are normal and if this
‫ﺻ‬

pin get voltage, the I.C internal shutdown circuit will trigger and shut the
horizontal out signal and hence shutdown the Television.
‫رى‬

This will then prevent dangerous X-ray being emitted which could have otherwise
cause health hazard to the user or even break the CRT tube.

69 | P a g e
 ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﺣﺻﮭﺎ ﻧﻔس ﻓﺣص اﻟداﯾود اﻟﻌﺎدى ﻓﻰ اﻟوﺿﻊ اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﯾﺎس ‪ 10‬ﻛﯾﻠو ﻟوﺿﻊ اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻓوﻣﯾﺗر اﻻﻧﺎﻟ وج‬
‫‪Testing zener diode:‬‬
‫واﻟﻔرق اﻟوﺣﯾد ان ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟزﯾﻧر ﺳوف ﺗﻌطﯾك ﻗراءة ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﯾﺎس ﻓﻰ اﻻﺗﺟﺎه اﻟﻌﻛﺳﻰ وﻻﺗﻌﺗﺑره‬
‫اﻧﮫ ﺗﺳرﯾب ﻓﮭو ﺷﯾﺊ ﻋﺎدى وطﺑﯾﻌﻰ‬

‫اﯾﺿﺎ داﯾودات اﻟﺷوﺗﻛﻰ واﻟﻔﺎﺳت رﯾﻛﺎﻓؤى ﺗﻌطﯾك ﻗراءة ﻓﻰ اﻻﺗﺟﺎه اﻟﻌﻛﺳﻰ وھذا ﻟﯾس دﻟﯾﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫وﺟود ﺗﺳرﯾب ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬

‫م‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛﻧك ﻗﯾﺎس اﻟزﯾﻧر واﻟﺗﺎﻛد ﻣن ﺻﻼﺣﯾﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟداﺋرة اﻟﺗﻰ ﺷرﺣﻧﺎھﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪/‬‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫)‪Light Emitting Diode (LED‬‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬ ‫اﻟﻠﯾد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫‪Light Emitting Diode (LED) converts electric current to light. Like any other diode‬‬
‫‪it conducts current in only one direction.‬‬
‫ف‬

‫‪They have lately found a lot of uses besides the previous uses as visual indicators‬‬
‫‪on electronics equipments; they are also being used for lightings purposes like the‬‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬

‫‪LED lamps.‬‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫‪70 | P a g e‬‬
The best test for an LED is checking it function or not, if the LED is getting
powered and still not emitting light then it is considered bad, but be sure it is not
reversed otherwise it will not emit light still.

You can also test an LED using analogue meter set to X1, if the LED is okay you
should get one reading and also the LED will emit lights though dim.

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬

Infra-Red LEDs ‫ﻟﯾد اﻻﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﺣﻣراء اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟرﯾﻣوت‬

‫اﻟﻣ‬

IR (Infra-Red) LEDs emit light that is invisible to the human eye.

They find their uses in remote control and security sensors.
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

71 | P a g e
When you press any of you TV remote keys this LED send an infra-red signal to
the I.R receiver on the television board before taken to the micro processor for
interpretation.

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

72 | P a g e
 ‫اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور‬

Lesson 11: Transistors: - identification, uses in circuits, common failure

mode & testing if good or bad

Transistors are usually used in electronics for switching and amplification

purposes, this causes them to run quite hot when working

Below you can see circuit symbols of various categories of transistors

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

There are many types of transistors but for the purpose of this lesson I will
categorize them into three groups:

1. Bipolar Transistors
2. Junction field effect transistors(JFETs)
3. Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors(MOSFETs)

73 | P a g e
 A) Bipolar transistors:
There are two polarities in this group – NPN and PNP

/ ‫م‬
To remember the NPN transistor: arrow Never Points iN

‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
To remember PNP transistor the: arrow Point In
‫وﺳ‬
They have 3 leads namely 1) Base 2) Collector 3) emitter
Base is the control terminal
‫ف‬

Most of the bipolar transistors used in electronic equipment are NPN, but
still you can have circuit using PNP
‫اﻟﻣ‬

B) Junction field effect transistors (JFETs)

Have 3 leads like bipolar transistor but the name are different
1: Gate 2: Source 3: Gate
‫ﺻ‬

Gate is the controlling terminal

They have high input impedance (does not take much signal current to turn it
‫رى‬

on)
Have two polarities: P-channel and N-Channel

B) Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs)

Similar to JFETs, they use same terminal names but the internal construction
is different 1: Gate 2: Source 3: Drain.
They have very high input impedance
They are more common in the latest equipment
Have two polarities: P-channel and N-Channel

74 | P a g e
In circuits
Transistors which handle more current are always attached to a heat sink to help
them cool down.

For those which needs heat sink they always come with a through hole where the
bolt is fixed.

‫م‬
Please be sure whenever you replace such transistor to return the bolts so that the
transistor will be firm on the heat sink otherwise it will be a matter of time before

/
the transistor overheat and start behaving funny before it finally succumb to
overheating and die.

‫اﺣ‬
I came across such an incident where I received a TV for repairs which was

‫ﻣد‬
behaving funny and when I opened the set I noticed the previous technician never
replaced the bolts and hence the transistor was getting overheated and the TV start
behaving funny. I replaced that transistor only and that cured the problem.
‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

Please note that these heat sink are not ground and therefore when doing voltage
testing never use them as ground.

75 | P a g e
On the circuit diagram here below we have a transistor reference starting with
letter “Q”

You can see NPN bipolar transistor (Q480) and N-Channel mosfet (Q481) both
start with letter (Q)

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬

Some voltage regulators look like transistors and therefore you can always
‫اﻟﻣ‬

confirm-whenever in doubt on the board markings.

For regulators they begin with “IC” as you can see voltage regulator KIA7805API
‫ﺻ‬

which is a 5Volts regulator labeled IC851 on the circuit below:

‫رى‬

76 | P a g e
Testing transistors
When doing troubleshooting in electronics equipments you will find several types
of transistors and therefore below I have only isolated the very common types
found and how to identify which leg is which fast in order to test them quickly
without having to check which leg is which.

‫م‬
Basically a transistor has three legs. 1. Base 2.Collector 3.Emitter.

/
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬

The above examples of transistor have the leg distribution shown above, so you
can easily tell the collector, emitter and base leg when testing.
‫اﻟﻣ‬

Little tip on how to test a transistor

‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

77 | P a g e
Testing NPN transistor…consider it like two diode connected back to back as
shown above

1. Testing between Base and Collector expect high and low on your meter on
diode test
2. Testing between the Base and Emitter expect again high and low on your
meter on diode test
4. Testing Collector and Emitter expect high both ways

‫م‬
Testing NPN transistor…again use the same principle

/
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

78 | P a g e
 ‫ﻓﺣص ﺗراﻧزﺳﺗورات اﻟﺑﺎور‬

‫ﻗم ﺑﻔﺣص ﺗراﻧزﺳﺗورات اﻟﺑﺎور ﻋﻠﻰ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ‪ X1‬وﻗم ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯾﺎس ﺑﯾن طرﻓﻰ اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور اﻟﻣﺟﻣﻊ واﻟﻣﺷﻊ‬
‫‪C,E‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬

‫ﻗم ﺑوﺿﻊ اﻟﺳﻠك اﻻﺣﻣر ﻟﻼﻓو ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟطرف اﻻوﺳط ‪ C‬وﺿﻊ اﻟﺳﻠك اﻻﺳود ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟطرف ‪E‬‬
‫ﺛم ﻗم ﺑﺎﻋﺎدة اﻟﻘﯾﺎس وﻋﻛس اﻻ طراف‬
‫اذا وﺟدت اﻟﻘراءة واﺣدة ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺗﯾن ﻓﮭذا ﻣﻌﻧﺎه ان اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور ﺑﮫ ﺷورت وﯾﻣﻛﻧك اﻟﺗﺎﻛد ﻣن ذﻟك ﺑﺧﻠﻊ‬
‫اﻟرﺟل اﻟوﺳطﻰ ﻣن اﻟﺑوردة واﻟﻔﺣص ﻣن ﺟدﯾد‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬

‫ﻟو وﺟدت ﻗراءﺗﯾن ﻣرة اﺧرى ﺑﻌد ان رﻓﻌت اﻟرﺟل اﻟوﺳطﻰ ﻣن اﻟﺑوردة ﻓﮭذا ﯾﻌﻧﻰ ان اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور ﺑﮫ‬
‫ﺷورت‬
‫رى‬

‫ﻟو اردت ﻋدم ﻓك اﻟﻠﺣﺎم ﻟﻠرﺟل اﻟوﺳطﻰ ﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﺣص ﯾﻣﻛﻧك ﻗطﻌﮭﺎ ﺑﻘﺎطﻌﺔ رﻓﯾﻌﺔ ﺛم اﻟﻔﺣص واﻋﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﻠﺣﺎم اذا وﺟدت اﻟﺗراﻧزﺳﺗور ﺳﻠﯾم‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﺗراﻧزﺳﺗورات اﻟﺑﺎور داﺋﻣﺎ ﺗﺟد اﻟﺷورت ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺟﻣﻊ واﻟﻣﺷﻊ وﻧﺎدرا ﻣﺎﺗﺟده ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺷﻊ واﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬

‫‪79 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫اﻻﯾﺳﯾﮭﺎت وﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻓﺣﺻﮭﺎ واﻟﺗﺎﻛد ﻣن ﺗﻠﻔﮭﺎ‬

‫م‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺑداﯾﺔ اﻟﻌد ﯾﻛون‬

‫‪/‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟطرف ‪1‬‬ ‫اﻟرﻗم ‪ 1‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﯾﺳﺎر‬

‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬

‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺗﻠف اﻻﯾﺳﻰ ھﺑوط او ﻋدم ﺧروج اﺷﺎرة ﻣن اﻟﺧرج وﻗد ﯾﻛون اﻟﺳﺑب ﺗﻠف ﻋﻧﺎﺻر ﻣرﺑوطﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ وﻟﯾﺳت اﻻﯾﺳﻰ ﻧﻔﺳﮭﺎ‬
‫رى‬

‫وﻣﻌظم اﻻﻋطﺎل ﺗﻛون ﺟﻔﺎف ﻧﻘط اﻟﻠﺣﺎم ﻟﻼﯾﺳﻰ او ﺷورت او ﻓﺗﺢ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻧﺎﺻر ﺣوﻟﮭﺎ او ﻋدم وﺟود‬
‫ﺟﮭد ﺷﺗﻐﯾل او اﻧﻘطﺎﻋﮫ‬

‫‪81 | P a g e‬‬
In this group of I.C be sure you have checked the supply voltage to the I.C and dry
joints before you suspect them.

The ones used in power supply (switching) and power amplifiers undergo a lot of
stress and therefore has a high failure rate and also if there is power surge they are
first to go.

The word integrated in Basic English means included there in. Such as active
components like transistors and passive components like resistors, capacitors in

‫م‬
order for it to function.

/
So in I.C like the micro processor or jungle ic expect many components both active
and passive which form circuit with different functions within that particular i.c.

‫اﺣ‬
So one clue that an I.C is bad is function failure, Take for example the micro

‫ﻣد‬
processor part of the circuit which produces tuning pulses for channel selection in
CRT television. If this particular circuit fails then you will find the TV is not able
to do channel auto searching.
‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
If you get this symptom and you find the entire external component associated with
turning are OK, then you can conclude that the micro has failed partially because
you will find sometimes other functions of the micro will be okay.
‫ف‬

If you find none of the micro functions are working, then first checks if the micro
is getting power. Power supply is very important for any i.c/circuit to work and
‫اﻟﻣ‬

therefore should always be checked to see if it is present and correct value.

Another common occurrence on this i.c is actually dry joints on the components
‫ﺻ‬

around it and also actual i.c pins.

Sometimes a technician can change the whole ic when actually the problem was
‫رى‬

dry joints. So when you replace the I.C it’s like you have re-soldered and hence if
the TV works you will imagine that actually it was the ic faults while it was just
dry joints problem.

Below you can see a diagram of a TV micro, before you replace it consider
checking the fuses around this I.C, you never know they were fast enough to open
to protect the micro and changing only one of them can cure the problem.

82 | P a g e
 / ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
Tip
One good symptom of a bad I.C is that they usually get HOT and also the
VCC voltage goes down (N.B you expect 5 volts but you are getting 2volts
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

83 | P a g e
Lesson 13: Crystals and Resonators: identification, types-Crystal
oscillator & ceramic resonators, uses, testing if good or bad

Quartz crystals and ceramic resonators are also used in electronics devices such as
tuned filters in radio, clock oscillator in computers, DVDs, remote controls etc.

Below you can see the actual picture of crystal oscillator and ceramic resonators
and there circuit symbol.

‫م‬
On the circuit board they have a reference with starts with “X” or “Y”

/
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬

They usually have their frequencies marked on their body

‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫ﺗردد اﻟﻛرﺳﺗﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻛﺗوب ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺳﻣﮭﺎ وھﻰ ﺗﺗﺎﺛر ﺑﺎﻟﺻدﻣﺎت ﺧﺻوﺻﺎ ﻛرﺳﺗﺎﻟﺔ اﻟرﯾﻣوت ﻛﻧﺗرول‬

84 | P a g e
 ‫ﻣﻌظم رﯾﻣوات اﻟرﯾﻣوت ﺗﺎﺧذ اﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ‪ 455‬وﻣﻌﻧﺎھﺎ ‪ 455‬ﻛﯾﻠو ھﯾرﺗز‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

‫ﻋﻧد ﻓﺣص اﻟﻛرﺳﺗﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﻠﺳﻛوب وﻋدم ﺧروج اﺷﺎرة ﻓﺎﺣﺗﻣﺎل ان ﯾﻛون اﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﯾن ‪ 901‬و‪ 902‬ﺑﮭم‬
‫ﺷورت ﻓﻘم ﺑﻔﺣﺻﮭﻣﺎ ﻗﺑل ان ﺗﺣﻛم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻛرﺳﺗﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻠف‬

‫‪85 | P a g e‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻧظﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﮭد‬

These are 3-terminal devices used in voltage regulations and their circuit symbol is
show here below.

/ ‫م‬
Common in the market are the popular 78XX series which give out positive

‫اﺣ‬
voltage and 79XX which give out negative voltage.

‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬

They look like medium size transistor but if you look on the circuit board their
reference begin with “IC…….e.g. IC851 on the circuit below.
‫رى‬

86 | P a g e
 / ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
They are usually supplied with high input of unregulated DC(more than 2 volts of
‫ف‬

the expected output) and give out a regulated clean dc

So if you give it an input of 5Vdc and you expect 5vdc out, it will not work (the
‫اﻟﻣ‬

input voltage should be at least 2 volts above the expected output.

If the input is again too high (+8Volts) the regulator will become very hot and this
‫ﺻ‬

will make it get destroyed unless you use a heat sink.

‫رى‬

Below you can see a simple application and actual circuit for regulator KIA7805
for 5 Vdc.

87 | P a g e
 / ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬

For the negative series 79XX they take in negative unregulated dc and give out
negative regulated dc
‫اﻟﻣ‬

Note: unregulated means the input voltage can keep on changing but the output
will remain stable (same).
‫ﺻ‬

Testing
Usually when these regulators are doing their work they usually get warm-if you
‫رى‬

find they are cold but there is input voltage then you can suspect them to be faulty.

Another good method of testing regulator is by doing live test.

Check if the input voltage is present and above 2 volts of the expected output, if
present then test for the output voltage, if the output voltage is not within the
expected then you can consider the regulator faulty.

88 | P a g e
Sometimes if there is dry joints on this ic, can make it to appear faulty but just re-
soldering the 3 pins will restore the problem.

If you find the input voltage is same as the output voltage this could mean the
ground pin has dry joint or not properly soldered.

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

89 | P a g e
 ‫ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ ﻋن اﻟﺑﺎور ﺳﺑﻼى اﻟﻧﺑﺿﻰ‬

All electronics devices need power in order to work; therefore all electronics
equipment has a power supply section.

Most modern equipments today are using S.M.P.S, you will find them in LCD
Television, DVDs, Power amplifiers, LCD monitors etc.

Switch mode power supply (S.M.P.S) comes in different shapes but the basic mode

‫م‬
of operation is very same.

/
Below you can see a diagram with the basic components of an S.M.P.S.

‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬
‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

One common thing with all switch mode power supply is that they have the
primary side (HOT) and the secondary side (COLD)

The primary side includes all components from the power supply input to the input
of chopper transformer down through the middle of the Opto-isolator.

90 | P a g e
The secondary side includes the output of the chopper transformer, secondary
rectifier diodes, and the secondary filter capacitors for each line.

Below you can actual picture of a DVD player S.M.P.S

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
We have the Alternating current (A.C) coming directly from the power outlet and
goes through a fuse which is used for safety purposes.
‫ف‬

In case something short in the supply (usually on the primary side) the fuse will
always blow (open) and this will in turn disconnect the power from the rest of the
circuit to prevent further damages.
‫اﻟﻣ‬

After that the A.C passes through a filter circuit which is basically used to get rid
of any interference from radio frequencies (noise).
‫ﺻ‬

After that the AC get into a bridge rectifier which then rectify the incoming A.C
into pulsating DC, this is not still clean to be used by the circuits and therefore the
‫رى‬

Pulsating direct current(PDC) passes through the Main capacitor and this smooth
out any pulsating DC.

Please note that if you measure the AC voltage at the bridge diode input you will
get (220AC or 110 AC) depending on your outlet. But if you measure the voltage
at the output of the bridge diode you will get 320Vdc or 155Vdc.

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How can it be? This is because you meter in AC mode only test the root mean
square (R.M.S) of the ac signal and therefore after being rectified you will get the
peak voltage in DC.

For example if you measure the A.C input at the bridge rectifier input pins is
110VAC then you will have to multiplier that figure with 1.414 to get the peak
voltage and therefore you will get (110 X 1.414=155 Vdc and for those using 220
Vac you will get (220 X 1.414=310 Vdc) this is the voltage you will get at the
main Capacitor in DC.

‫م‬
Using the above principle we can use the voltage at the main capacitor to know if

/
there is something wrong with the bridge rectifier as in if you get 320 Vdc or
155Vdc at the main capacitor one can immediately conclude that there is no

‫اﺣ‬
problem with all the circuit before the main capacitor including the bridge and
therefore no need of checking, but if you get the voltage is less at the main

‫ﻣد‬
capacitor then you can suspect a problem on the component before the main
capacitor, for example if you find the voltage is low this could point to one of the
bridge diode is open.
‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
If the bridge short the fuse will blow instantly…

After the main capacitor has done a good job of smoothing out the pulsating dc we
‫ف‬

have a transformer waiting to transform that voltage into different voltages, but the
bad news is….Transformers are not meant to use direct current (DC) but
alternating current (A.C).
‫اﻟﻣ‬

To solve that problem a transistor is used, basically this transistor act as a switch
that open and closes very fast in order to cause current to flow through the chopper
transformer which then generates various voltages for the secondary circuits.
‫ﺻ‬

In our case this transistor in inbuilt into the Pulse-width modulator I.C (PWM) and
‫رى‬

therefore you will not see it physically but in some power supplies it is separate.

The work of the PWM is actually to drive this transistor in response to the
feedback from the secondary side.

In order for the PWM I.C to communicate with the secondary side an opto-isolator
is used.

An opto-isolator is composed of a Light emitting diode (L.E.D) and a photo

transistor.

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Opto-isolator is used to feedback output voltages back to the control chip (PWM)
without forming an electrical connection.

This will then enable the supply to have a stable output on the secondary side but
again not without a challenge.

The output of any transformer is usually AC, so we need to change this A.C again
into DC in order to be used by the secondary circuits and to solve this problem we
will introduce once more rectifier diode to rectify this AC signal back to DC and

‫م‬
that where the secondary diode comes in…

/
Please note that these diodes are not ordinary diodes like the one we used for the
bridge rectifier but they are special diode (fast recovery diode) and therefore you

‫اﺣ‬
should never replace them with ordinary diode because they will overheat and
blow.

‫ﻣد‬
After the AC has passed through these special secondary diodes the signal is
rectified and now we have pulsating DC which is still not good for electronics
consumption and therefore we need a capacitor to smooth out these pulses into
‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
smooth DC ready for use by various circuits.

For the purposes of monitoring the secondary output the main DC output is
sampled back to the primary side of the supply and this is the outlet which is called
‫ف‬

the main B+ supply.

In CRT television it is the one which feed the fly-back transformer and in DVDs
‫اﻟﻣ‬

and computer power supply the +5 volts is the monitored output and hence the
main B+.
‫ﺻ‬

Start-up Resistor- this is usually high value resistor used in s.m.p.s to provide
start up voltage to the control i.c or transistor.
‫رى‬

This resistor drops the main AC or DC voltage to a low voltage which is used as
start-up voltage.

If this voltage is missing (usually between 8-20 volts) used in control i.c or the
0.6v dc volt which goes to the base of the chopper transistor to switch it on- the
supply will not work and it will appear dead.

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The supply to the control i.c goes to the start-up voltage pin. You can use the
datasheet for the particular i.c to know which pin is start-up voltage (v.c.c)

/ ‫م‬
‫اﺣ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣد‬
‫وﺳ‬
‫ف‬

This voltage is very important and if it is missing the supply will not start.

If it is missing could point to an open start-up resistor or the circuit is broken.

‫اﻟﻣ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫رى‬

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Lesson 16: Conclusion

My dear friends and fellow technicians, we have come to the end of this course on
basic electronics.

I hope you have improved or refreshed your knowledge in basic electronics.

My advice to you is to continue learning so that you can continue improving your
repair and troubleshooting skills.

‫م‬
Wishing you all the best in your future endeavors

/
Humphrey Kimathi

‫اﺣ‬
Author: Basic electronics course

‫ﻣد‬
Recommended books
‫ﯾ‬
‫وﺳ‬
CRT Television Repair Course by Humphrey Kimathi
DVD Player repair guide by Humphrey Kimathi
‫ف‬

CRT TV Real Life Repair Experience Guide Vol.1

‫اﻟﻣ‬

Plasma TV Repair By Damon Morrow

LCD TV Repair by Kent Liew
‫ﺻ‬

LCD Monitor Repair by Jestine Yong

‫رى‬

Troubleshooting and Repairing S.M.P.S. by Jestine Yong

LCD Monitor repair real case histories Vol. 2 by Jestine Yong

LCD TV Repair Secrets Revealed by Damon Morrow

LCD Television Repair tips by Kent Liew

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