AIM

1. To calculate the vant Hoffs factor of different salts using water as the solvent.

2. To find if the molecules of salt associate or dissociate in its solution with water.

APPARATUS

Clamps, Beam balance, fractional weights, china dish, beaker, stirrer, tripod stand, wire gauze, bunsen
burner, stand

CHEMICALS REQUIRED

Distilled water, zinc sulphate, potassium bromide, sodium chloride, potassium sulphate, benzoic acid,
acetic

acid, cadmium carbonate, ammonium chloride.

THEORY

A. Solution

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances whose composition may be
altered within certain limits.

The substances that make up the solution are called its components.The solution of two components is
referred to as a binary solution. The two components of the binary solutions are respectively called a
solvent and a solute

Solvent: It is that component in the solution whose physical state is the same as that of the resulting

solution. It is that component which is present in excess in the solution

(E) Solute: It is that component in the solution which gets dissolved in the solvent. It is present in smaller

quantity in the solution.

For example, In a solution of water and sugar, water is the solvent while sugar is the solute.

B.Vapour Pressure

For example, In a solution of water and sugar, water is the solvent while sugar is the solute.

When a liquid is taken in a beaker covered from above, a part of the liquid formed evaporates and its
vapours

fill the space available to them. The vapours formed will have a tendency to change back to liquid state
by

and the vapour phases.

process of condensation. At a particular temperature, an equilibrium will be established between the

liquid
pressure exerted by the vapours above the liquid surface in equilibrium with the liquid at a given

temperature is called vapour pressure of the liquid.

Vapour pressure of a liquid depends upon:

Nature of liquid

6) Temperature

C. Raoult's Law

Raoult carried out a series of experiments to study the vapour pressure of a number of binary solutions.

On the basis of the results of the experiments, he proposed a generalisation called Raoult's law.

) For non-volatile solute: Raoult's law states that the vapour pressure of a solution containing non

volatile solute is proportional to mole fraction of the solvent.

In case of a solution containing two components A (volatile solvent) and B (non-volatile solute), the
vapour

pressure of solution is given as:

= Vapour pressure of solution

= Vapour pressure of solvent in solution

Mole fraction of solvent

P x or P = kx

where 'k' is proportionality constant.

For pure liquid, x, = 1 then k becomes equal to the vapour pressure of the pure solvent which is denoted

by P

Thus,

P x, P

= P solution pure solvent Mole fraction of solvent

For volatile solute: Raoult's law states that for a solution of two miscible volatile liquids A and B, the

partial pressure P of liquid A is proportional to its mole fraction and the partial vapour pressure P

of liquid B is proportional to its mole fraction x