Comms4 Lesson4 PDF

2/20/20
COMMS4
DATA COMMUNICATIONS(LEC)
PHYSICAL LAYER- BANDWIDTH UTILIZATION
Physical Layer
Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
v is the set of techniques that allow the simultaneous

transmission of multiple signals across a single data link
v n lines share the bandwidth of one link
Physical Layer Physical Layer

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v an analog technique that can be applied when the

bandwidth of a link (in hertz) is greater than the
combined bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted.
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Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 kHz. Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be
We need to combine three voice channels into a link with a multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz
configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there between the channels to prevent interference?
are no guard bands.
v designed to use the high-data-rate capability of fiber-

optic cable
v WDM is conceptually the same as FDM, except that the
multiplexing and demultiplexing involve optical signals
transmitted through fiber-optic channels
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v a digital process that allows several connections to share

the high bandwidth of a link. v each input connection has an allotment in the output
v Instead of sharing a portion of the bandwidth as in FDM, even if it is not sending data
time is shared v the data rate of the link is n times faster, and the unit
duration is n times shorter.
In Figure, the data rate for each input connection is 1 kbps.

If 1 bit at a time is multiplexed (a unit is 1 bit), what is the
duration of
1. each input slot,
2. each output slot, and 3. each frame?
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synchronous TDM with a data stream for each input and Four 1-kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit is
one data stream for the output. The unit of data is 1 bit. 1 bit. Find (1) the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing, (2)
Find (1) the input bit duration, (2) the output bit duration, the transmission rate of the link, (3) the duration of a time
(3) the output bit rate, and (4) the output frame rate slot, and (4) the duration of a frame.
Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each channel

sends 100 bytes/s and we multiplex 1 byte per channel,
show the frame traveling on the link, the size of the frame,
the duration of a frame, the frame rate, and the bit rate for
the link.
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Multilevel Multiplexing-s a technique used when the data Multi-slot Multiplexing- Sometimes it is more efficient to
rate of an input line is a multiple of others. allot more than one slot in a frame to a single input line
Pulse Stuffing- sometimes the bit rates of sources are not

multiple integers of each other. Therefore, neither of the
above two techniques can be applied. One solution is to
make the highest input data rate the dominant data rate
and then add dummy bits to the input lines with lower
rates. This will increase their rates.
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We have four sources, each creating 250 characters per v slots are dynamically allocated to improve bandwidth
second. If the interleaved unit is a character and 1 efficiency
synchronizing bit is added to each frame, find (1) the data v the number of slots in each frame is less than the number
rate of each source, (2) the duration of each character in of input lines. The multiplexer checks each input line in
each source, (3) the frame rate, (4) the duration of each round- robin fashion; it allocates a slot for an input line if
frame, (5) the number of bits in each frame, and (6) the the line has data to send; otherwise, it skips the line and
data rate of the link. checks the next line.
v Slot size- the ratio of the data size to address size must be
reasonable to make transmission efficient
v No Synchronization Bit - The frames in statistical TDM

need not be synchronized, so we do not need
synchronization bits.
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v Bandwidth- the capacity of the link is normally less than

the sum of the capacities of each channel.
v The bandwidth allocated to each station needs to be, by

far, larger than what is needed. This allows redundancy
v The expanding of the original bandwidth B to the
bandwidth Bss must be done by a process that is
independent of the original signal. In other words, the
spreading process occurs after the signal is created by the
source.
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Spread Spectrum Read about FHSS and DSSS
FHSS DSSS

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2/20/20

v is the set of techniques that allow the simultaneous

Physical Layer Physical Layer

v an analog technique that can be applied when the

Physical Layer Physical Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

v designed to use the high-data-rate capability of fiber-

Physical Layer Physical Layer

v a digital process that allows several connections to share

Physical Layer Physical Layer

In Figure, the data rate for each input connection is 1 kbps.

Physical Layer Physical Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each channel

Physical Layer Physical Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

Pulse Stuffing- sometimes the bit rates of sources are not

Physical Layer Physical Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

v No Synchronization Bit - The frames in statistical TDM

Physical Layer Physical Layer

v Bandwidth- the capacity of the link is normally less than

Physical Layer Physical Layer

v The bandwidth allocated to each station needs to be, by

Physical Layer Physical Layer

Spread Spectrum Read about FHSS and DSSS

Physical Layer Physical Layer

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