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MIKROBIOLOGI LINGKUNGAN
PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI (BACTERIAL GROWTH)
NUTRISI MIKROORGANISMA (MICROBIAL NUTRITION)

Evy Novita Z., ST., MSi.

12-13 February 2020

MICROBIAL GROWTH
 Microbial growth refers to the number of cells not the size of the cells
 Microbes that are growing are increasing in the number, accumulating
in the colonies
 Colonies are group of cells large enough to be seen without microscope
 Each colony may contain of hundreds of thousand of cells or population
of billion of cells
 Microbial populations can become incredible large in very short time
 By understanding the condition necessary of microbial growth, we can
determine how to control the growth of microbes that cause disease
and food spoilage or any other beneficial for human welfare

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 HOW DO MICROBIAL GROWTH/REPRODUCE?
 Cell cycle: the complete sequence of events extending from the
formation of a new cells through the next division

 Most procaryotes reproduce by binary fission, budding, fragmentation

and other means

 But Binary fission is the most dominant

BINARY FISSION
 It is a relatively simple
type of cell division

 Despite the apparent

simplicity, but its is poorly
understood

Source: Willey et al., 2008

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 BINARY FISSION

Source: Pepper et al., 2015

APPROACH TO STUDY OF MICROBIAL GROWTH

 Batch culture
The growth of single/group of organisms (consortium) is evaluated by using a
defined medium to which a fixed amount of substrate (ffod) is added at the
outset

 Continuous culture
A stedy influx of growth medium and substrate such that the amount of
available substrate always remains the same

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 APPROACH TO STUDY OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
 Microbial isolate/cells
 Medium (nutrients)
 Environmental conditions =
optimum
 Microbial growth = microbial mass
= f(time)
 Growth curve:
o Lag phase
o Exponential phase
o Stationary phase
o Death phase

REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH = ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

 Temperature
 pH
 Osmotic pressure
 Carbon
 Nitrogen, Sulfur & Phosphorus
 Trace elements
 Oxygen

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 REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH = ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

Typical growth rate of different

types of microbes in response to
temperature
 The peak of the curve
represents optimum growth
(fastest reproduction)
 Reproduction rate drop offs
very quickly at temperatures
only a little above the
optimum
 At extreme temperature
range, the reproduce rate is
much lower than the rate at
optimum temperature

Source: Tortora et al., 2018

GROWTH CURVE – IN THE BATCH & CLOSED SYSTEM

Source: Tortora et al., 2018

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 LAG PHASE
 It is the first phase which the growth rate is essentially zero
 Lag phase is transtition to the exponential phase after the initial
population have doubled
 It is physiological adaptation phase of the cell to the culture conditions
 The lag phase usually lasts from minutes to several hours
 The length of these phase can be controlled to some extent because it
is dependent on the medium type as well as on the initial inoculum size

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EXPONENTIAL PHASE
 This phase is characterized by a period of exponential growth (the most
rapid growth possible under the conditions present in the batch system)

 The reproduce rate increases proportional to the number of cells present

at any particular time

 The increasing number of cells is in the geometric progression (20, 21, 22,
24….2n)  n is number of division

 Number of cell can be calculated by quantitave manners by this

equation: X = 2n X0 …………(Eq. 3.1)

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 EXPONENTIAL PHASE

Then, it follows:
X = 2 n X0 ……………………(Eq. 3.1)
ln X = n ln2 + ln X0 ………...(Eq. 3.2)
n = ln X – ln X0 ……..……...(Eq. 3.3)
0.693

X : Concentrationafter t time
X0 : Initial concentration of cells
n : number of generation/cell division

Source: Pepper et al., 2015

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EXPONENTIAL PHASE
 Mean generation time (g – minutes/generation) : refers to the time
needed for cell doubling

g=1 ……………….(Eg. 3.4)

μ

 Specific growth rate (μ – hours-1): the maximum growth rate that can be
achieved given the environmental condition present(eg. Unlimited
substrate, temperature, etc.)

μ = ln X – ln X0 ……………….(Eq. 3.5)
t

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STATIONARY PHASE
 It is defined as a state of no growth
 Cells still grow & divide but growth is simply balanced by an equal number of
cells dying
 The reasons why stationary phase exist:
1) It is influenced by the limiting amount of essential nutrients
2) Waste products build up to a point where they begin to inhibit cell growth or are toxic to
cells
 Endogenous metabolism occurs when growth resulting from dead cells (limited
amount of nutrients and recycling nutrients from dead cells as a source of carbon &
energy)
 A state of net growth can be sxpressed:
dX = 0 ……………………(Eq. 3.6)
dt

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 DEATH PHASE
 It is the final phase
 It is characterized by a net loss of culturable cells
 This is often exponential although the rate of cells death is usually slower
than the rate of growth under exponential phase
 The death phase can be described as:
dX = - kd. X ………………..(Eq. 3.7)
dt

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CONTOH PERHITUNGAN

Source: Pepper et al., 2015

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 CONTOH PERHITUNGAN

Source: Pepper et al., 2015

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EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION ON GROWTH

 It is expressed by Monod equation μ : the specific growth rate (1/time)
μmax : the maximum specific growth rate (1/time) for culture
μ = μmax S ………(Eq. 3.8) S : the substrate concentration (mass/volume)
Ks : the half saturation constant (mass/volume) = affinity constant
Ks + S
 At low substrate concentration,
growth rate becomes a function of
substrate concentration and will
decrease
 At high substrate concentration, the
specific growth rate (μ) is essentially
equal to μmax and growth will occur
at maximum

Source: Pepper et al., 2015

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 MICROBIAL NUTRITIONS
 Microbial cell compositions:
 Over 95% of cell dry weight is made up of major elements (Carbon, Oxygen,
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium & Iron  we
call it macroelements/macronutrients)
 Wet weight of cells  (70-80)% is water
 Dry weight component of cells:
o Protein (40-70) %
o Nucleic acid(13-34)%
o Lipids (10-15)%
o Monomer dan organic ion
 5% is made up trace elements/micronutrients
(Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cu)

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NUTRIEN YANG DIBUTUHKAN

Nutrien adalah material yang dibutuhkan
Sumber
karbon dalam proses metabolisme sel organisme

Sumber Membangun Penyedia

energi struktur skeleton C, H, O, e- energi
N

Sumber Air Sumber Elemen penting dalam

aseptor mineral material organik
e
H membuat ikatan
hidrogen dengan molekul,
sumber energi bebas pada
reaksi redoks pada
respirasi

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 MICROBIAL CELL COMPONENTS
Bagian dari Cytochrome,
Fungsi trace elements adalah: cofactor untuk enzym &
protein pembawa elektron
 Bagian dari enzym dan Asam
cofactor Nukleat
 Sebagai katalis pada reaksi Karbohidrat
biokimia dan perawatan
struktur protein
K, Ca, Mg, Fe
C, O, H, N, S, P
Kebutuhan spesifik sesuai
dengan kebutuhan Aktivitas Enzym &
lingkungan dan morfologi sintesis protein
yang spesifik Protein Lemak
 Diatom butuh silicic acid untuk Heat resistance
(Lipid)
membangun dinding sel pada endospore
 Archaea butuh konsentrasi
natrium tinggi Cofactor untuk enzym, melengkapi
ATP & menstabilkan ribosom &
membran sel

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 Sumber macronutrients & trace elements:

 Senyawa-senyawa organik
 Garam anorganik

 Growth factor adalah senyawa atau

komponen yang penting namun tidak
dapat disintesis sendiri oleh organisma

 3 growth factor pertumbuhan mikroba:

 Asam amino  untuk sintesis protein
 Purin & pyrimidin  untuk sintesis asam nukleat
 Vitamin  enzym cofactor

Sumber: Prescott, et.al., 2008

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 FUNGSI NUTRIEN
 Mikroorganisma
memerlukan energi untuk
pertumbuhan, biosintesis,
reproduksi & transport
 Energi yang dibutuhkan
untuk mendukung proses
biokimia di dalam sel
 Energi tersebut disimpan di
dalam sel dan ditransfer
melalui ATP

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Source: Willey et al., 2008

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 UPTAKE OF NUTRIENT BY THE CELL
 Passive diffusion
 Facilitated diffusion
 Active transport
 Group translocation

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ASSIGNMENTS
Jawablah pertanyaan pada halaman 52 (Textbook 1 ch. 3) No.
1 – 9 dan no.12

HOMEWORK
Buatlah paper/makalah secara individu dengan ketentuan:
1. 4-5 halaman dengan jenis font Times New Roman/Arial size #11 dengan spasi 1.5 (di luar cover & daftar
kepustakaan)
2. Pilihlah salah satu topik
3. Tidak mencontek/copy-paste
4. Dikumpulkan dalam bentuk softcopy dalam 1 CD untuk 1 kelas dengan nama file: Nama_Mikling2020
5. Waktu pengumpulan tanggal 19/20 February 2020 di saat waktu kuliah oleh Ketua/coordinator kelas
6. Cantumkan sumber literatur yang digunakan dalam daftar kepustakaan & gunakan sitasi saat mengutip

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 TOPIK MAKALAH/PAPER
 Nutrients uptake mechanisms by  Growth factors of microbes
the cell
 Environmental condition on
1. Passive diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion microbial growth
3. Active transport 1. Temperature
4. Group translocation 2. pH
 Nutritional types of microorganisms 3. Osmotic pressure
1. Photolithoautotrophy 4. Carbon
2. Photoorganoheterotrophy 5. Nitrogen, Sulfur & Phosphorus
3. Chemolithoautotrophy 6. Trace elements
4. Chemolithoheterotrophy 7. Oxygen
5. Chemoorganoheterotrophy

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