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Fault Ride-Through Operation of Grid Interfaced
Solar PV System with Power Quality Improvement
Priyank Shah, Member IEEE and Bhim Singh, Fellow IEEE
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
(Email: p4priyank1504@gmail.com and bhimsinghiitd61@gmail.com)
Abstract-This treatise proposes a generalized integrator (GI)
based control scheme for low voltage ride-through operation of
solar photovoltaic array (SPVA) with power quality (PQ)
improvement features in the distribution grid. Under
balanced/unbalanced grid voltage faults, the proposed strategy
controls DC-DC converter in such a way that voltage source
converter (VSC) currents are achieved within its permissible
limits. Moreover, according to the recommended by the revised
IEEE 1547.4 standard, the SPVA coupled VSC is adaptively
supplied reactive power to the grid based on depth of grid
voltage sag. The GI algorithm is proposed here to estimate
accurate fundamental load component (FLC) even under the
presence of DC offset. Moreover, the effectiveness of the GI
algorithm is illustrated with frequency domain analysis and
Lissajous plot to extract FLC. Simulation results are exhibited to
illustrate the capability of the proposed strategy for the line to
ground fault in the grid side network. Experimental results
demonstrate the satisfactory performance under various cases
such as load currents imbalancing, a variation of irradiations,
SPVA-DSTATCOM mode and line to ground fault.
Keywords-Grid, GI, Harmonics, MPOP and THD.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, solar power generation has emerged as a most
effective energy resource because of the enormous potential
for the electricity sector. The global warming and greenhouse
phenomena are responsible for having a hazard to the
environment scenarios by the release of carbon dioxide from
the thermal power plant. However, the solar photovoltaic
array (SPVA) based power generation is contamination free,
eco-friendly and having no hazardous effects on the
environment. Due to innovation in technologies, skill
development and low maintenance cost, SPVA is most
suitable for commercial/residential applications as a roof-top
power generation. Nowadays, the usage of nonlinear loads
[1], is raising in residential/industry field, medical areas, high-
frequency transformer, traction field etc. Therefore, these
kinds of applications introduce harmonics at the common
coupling point (CCP) and diminish the power quality (PQ) in
the grid by diminishing power factor and efficiency.
The multi-transformation based control algorithm is
presented in [2] for PQ amelioration of the grid. The low pass
filter is presented in the path of estimating the active and
reactive weights of the load currents to alleviate second
harmonic frequency oscillations, which deteriorates the
dynamic performance under perturbation of the load currents.
To improve the dynamic performance, a notch filter is
introduced in [3], which eliminates the requirement of the low
pass filter. However, the ideal characteristics magnitude and
978-1-5386-5197-1/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
phase plot, are difficult to realize in real time implementation.
For ease of realization, researchers have developed
generalized integrator [4], which can be easily implemented
with good steady-state and dynamic response. However, the
conventional generalized integrator has poor harmonics and
DC offset rejection capabilities. The model predictive
controller based strategy is analyzed in [5] for roof-top PV
applications. The model reference adaptive control is
designed for PQ improvement of the distribution grid. It
requires preceding system identification and reference model
apriori. The similar problems resemble in a model predictive
controller [6], which requires detailed appropriate state-space
model for identification procedure. It makes sluggish response
due to the selection of an appropriate settling time horizon,
which creates a trade-off between transient response and
accuracy. For proper accurate estimation of the reference grid
current, the adaptive observer is constructed in [7] to estimate
fundamental load component (FLC) even under the presence
of high nonlinearity, which has the high computational
burden, high memory requirement and computational time.
Therefore, a continuous development of control strategies, is
required to enhance PQ of the distribution network.
According to the revised IEEE 1547.4 standard, the SPVA
coupled voltage source converter (VSC) is advised to remain
connected even under grid voltage faults. As fault occurs in
the grid side network, VSC should detect the fault and should
react quickly to mitigate adverse effects on the VSC and other
equipment’s, which are connected to the grid. Thereby, the
SPVA coupled VSC must supply reactive power according to
a depth of voltage sag. This phenomenon is called low voltage
ride-through. The low voltage ride-through control strategy
for grid-tied SPVA system under abnormal operating
conditions should 1) rapidly detect shunt faults, 2) prevent
overcurrent failure, 3) control DC link voltage, 4) control DC-
DC converter. The first two issues are covered in [8-9]. The
last two issues are unexplored in details [8-9].
The model-based control strategy is analyzed in [10] to
generate reference currents for the boost converter. However,
the ride-through scheme for grid-interfaced VSC is
challenging as dynamics of DC capacitor, SPVA panel and
the DC-DC converter, is affected. The aforementioned issues
are solved using a positive-negative sequence based
technique, which is analysed in [11] for unbalanced faults in
the grid. However, experimental validation for the system
performance is not described, which is mandatory for power
electronics circuits and its applications before its commercial
usage. The proportional-resonant (PR) controller based sche-
 (a)

Fig. 1 Schematics of system topology

me is analyzed in [12] for unbalanced voltage faults with
experimental analysis. However, for real-time implementation
of the PR controller, it can provide finite gain at specific
frequency and thereby, response of the system is affected.
The proposed control scheme improves the PQ of the (b)
distribution grid along with low voltage ride-through scenario. Fig. 2 Proposed control scheme (a) positive sequence extraction of phase
The generalized integrator is used to estimate FLC even under voltages (b) switching control of VSC
the existence of DC offset. The proposed generalized loss unit, 4) VSC currents limit technique, 5) fundamental
integrator provides superior performance as compared to component extraction and 6) generation of reference currents.
state-of-the-art techniques [2-4]. The frequency domain It is explained as follows.
analysis is described to illustrate the potential of the proposed
control scheme. The Lissajous analysis of the proposed A. Computation of Unite Templates
algorithm, is described to the quality of the extracted The sensed line voltages are fed through the signal
fundamental component. Moreover, the proposed control conditioning circuits to process further to estimate phase
scheme is analyzed for three phase double stage SPVA system voltages, which are computed as follows,
under L-G fault and L-L-G fault. ªvsa º ª 2 1 0º ªvsab º
The double stage grid-connected SPVA system is designed «v » = 1 «−1 1 0» «v »
and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink using Simscape « sb » 3 « » « sbc » (1)
system toolbox. The behavior of the system is analyzed under «¬vsc »¼ «¬−1 −2 0»¼ «¬ 0 »¼
various perturbations such as load currents imbalancing, a The phase voltages are transformed to Į-ȕ component and
variation of solar irradiations, DSTATCOM-SPVA mode, bandpass filter successively, which are balanced components
SPVA to DSTATCOM mode and L-G fault. and processed further to estimate balanced phase voltages as
II. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM depicted in Fig. 2 (a). The magnitude of the CCP voltages, is
computed as,
Fig. 1 demonstrates the schematic structure of grid
interfaced SPV system with the presence of nonlinear load at
common coupling point (CCP). It consists of three phase grid,
2 2 2
(
3 v pa v pb v pc
Vt = + +
2
(2) )
R-C filter, nonlinear loads, a diode bridge rectifier, VSC, DC The in-phase and quadrature unite templates are expressed as,
link capacitor, SPVA system, DC-DC converter and
interfacing inductors. The interfacing inductors are used to uap =
v pa
, ubp =
v pb
, ucp =
v pc
(3)
mitigate current ripple in VSC currents. The R-C filter is used Vt Vt Vt
to diminish switching voltages ripples. The detailed ubp ucp 3uap ubp − ucp
description of the system is given in Appendices. uaq = - + , ubq = + ,
3 3 2 2 3
III. PROPOSED CONTROL STRATEGY 3u ap ubp − ucp
Figs. 2 (a-b) illustrate the block diagram of propose low- ucq = - + (4)
2 2 3
voltage ride-through strategy. The maximum operating power
point (MPOP) of the SPVA is achieved using adaptive B. Adaptive DC Link Voltage
incremental conductance technique as it has low The adaptive DC link voltage approach is incorporated to
computational burden and effective under variable minimize the losses in VSC due to under voltages
atmospheric conditions. The proposed control scheme is phenomena. The stress on the switching devices, is reduced
divided into five major sections, 1) estimation of unit by accommodating the reference DC link voltage proportional
templates, 2) adaptive DC link voltage, 3) feed-forward and
to the magnitude of the CCP voltages. The minimum and
maximum reference DC link voltages are chosen based on
current rating and voltage rating of the switching devices.
Therefore, adaptive reference DC link voltage is expressed as,
VDCref = η 3Vt
VDC min ≤V
DCref ≤VDC max

= VDC min V <VDC min

(5)
DCref

= VDC max V >VDC max

(a)
DCref

sw
Ppvmpp Vrating
where, V DC min = , VDC max = ≈ 1.5VDCnom
sw
SF × I rating 1.1

C. Feed-forward and Los Unit

The feed-forward unit is comprised in the proposed control
strategy to minimize the vacillation in the grid currents under
deviation in SPVA power and magnitude of the CCP voltages.
It is expressed as,

I PVff =
( 2 Ppv ) (6)
( 3Vt )
The converter consumes some active component from CCP
to regulate the DC link voltage at the reference value, which
is assigned as loss unit. It is expressed as,
I loss = ( k P + k I s )(V DCref − V DC ) (7)

D. VSC currents Limit Technique

To avoid over currents failure in the VSC, an efficient
current limiting technique is proposed herein to control DC-
DC converter. Fig. 3 demonstrates the overall control
structure and flowchart algorithm to limit the VSC currents.
The rated power of the VSC is required to be updated under
low voltage faults. The new nominal power (NNP) of the
VSC is expressed as,
V p − Vn
NNP = S = (8)
Vbase
where, V p = Vαp 2 + Vβp 2 , Vn = Vαn 2 + Vβn 2
where, S, Vp and Vn are apparent power, magnitude of positive
and negative sequence voltages of Į-ȕ components,
respectively, and Vbase is root-means-square (RMS) value of
CCP voltages. The reactive power injection under low voltage
faults is given in [7].
To avoid the overcurrent failure, the maximum permissible
real power injection in the VSC is computed using (8) and
reactive power estimation.
The new nominal power of the VSC is very low under
severe low voltage fault. Therefore, the reactive power
injection should be equal to the new nominal power of the
VSC. The proposed algorithm works in the following way. As
the voltage sag is detected, new nominal power and reactive
power injection, are computed according to (8). The
maximum permissible power is continuously compared to
SPVA power. If permissible power is lower than SPV power
then SPVA system should transits from MPOP to non-MPOP
operation. Otherwise, it can continue to MPOP operation. If
(b)
Fig. 3 Non-MPOP operation of the DC-DC converter (a) block diagram of a
proposed controller for the DC-DC converter (b) flow chart to control dc-dc
converter
severe voltage sag is identified and new nominal power is
lower than computed reactive power then maximum
permissible power is reduced to zero and allowable reactive
power injection in the grid is equivalent to new nominal
power. The detailed block diagram of the proposed control
scheme is given in Figs. 3 (a-b).
E. Fundamental Component Extraction
The conventional GIs [3-4] offer poor DC-offset rejection
abilities. The magnitude extraction using conventional
algorithms, has fluctuations (twice the DC offset), which lead
to fluctuations in total magnitude of reference current term.
The clamped quadrature component leads to an erroneous
computation of the system frequency, which estimate the
erroneous FLC. Therefore, a novel control strategy is
mandatory to offer better rejection of DC-offset and FLC
without any attenuation. The generalized integrator is
proposed herein to extract fundamental component of the load
current. The transfer function of proposed GI is expressed as,
iLq ( s ) § −2ζω s s −ω · § −2ζω s s −ω ·
=¨ 2 × ¸×¨ × ¸ (9)
© s + 2ζω s + +ω s + ω ¹ © s 2 + 2ζω s + +ω 2 s + ω ¹
2
iL ( s )
The extraction procedure of fundamental load component is
depicted in Fig. 4. The zero crossing detector and sample-hold
circuits are used to estimate the magnitude of the FLC.
Similarly, the magnitude of the FLC for phase ‘b’ and ‘c’ are
 ³ ³

³ ³

³ ³

Fig.4 Schematics of proposed GI

estimated as demonstrated in Fig. 2 and Fig. 4. The stability
analysis of the algorithm is omitted due to the conciseness of
the algorithm.
F. Generation of Reference Currents
The reference active currents are estimated using feed-
forward, load component, and loss unit. It is expressed as,
I net = I load − I pvff + I loss (10)
* *
iap = u ap × I net , ibp = ubp × I net , icp* = ucp × I net (11)
The reference magnitude of the reactive component is
computed using reactive power. The reference reactive
currents are obtained as,
* *
iaq = u aq × I q , ibq = ubq × I q , icq* = ucq × I q (12)
The reference grid currents are estimated using reference
active and reactive currents as.
isa * = iap * + iaq * , isb* = ibp * + ibq * , isc* = icp* + icq* (13)
The errors between reference and sensed grid currents are
passed through the hysteresis current controller to generate Fig. 5 Performance of the system under L-G and L-L-G fault
switching pulses for the VSC.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The modeling and simulation have been performed in
MATLAB/Simulink using Simpower system software. The
behaviour of the system under L-G fault and L-L-G faults, are
explained as follows.
A. Performance under L-G and L-L-G Faults
Fig. 5 shows that SPVA system operates with MPOP.
There is no reactive power injection from the grid, which (a) (b)
demonstrates the unity power factor (UPF) operation. As L-G Fig.6 Effectiveness of the proposed control scheme (a) frequency domain
faults occur at 0.6s, compounding dynamics in NNP and analysis (b) Lissajous plot
maximum permissible SPVA power is demonstrated in Fig. 5. B. Effectiveness of Proposed GI Algorithm
Therefore, DC-DC converter controls such a way that SPVA
The comparative performance using frequency domain
operates at de-rating MPOP mode. The corresponding change
analysis of proposed GI algorithm is analyzed in Fig. 6 (a).
in SPVA power is demonstrated in Fig. 5. Furthermore, the
The conventional GI has no DC-offset rejection ability, which
grid currents are balanced-sinusoidal even under L-G fault.
is responsible to deteriorate the system response under the
The SPVA coupled VSC supplies reactive power according to
presence of DC offset. However, the proposed GI algorithm
voltage depth. The SPVA remains connected throughout the
has more DC component elimination capability. Moreover,
system and supplies reactive power to the grid, which follows
the proposed algorithm has more harmonics rejection
the IEEE-1547.4 standard. Similarly, the double line to
capability as compared to state-of-the-art techniques. To
ground faults phenomena can be explained from Fig. 5. The
demonstrate the effectiveness of the estimated FLC, Lissajous
severe double line to ground fault occurs at 0.8s to 0.9s. The
analysis of the proposed algorithm with state-of-the-art
new nominal rating of VSC is reduced as depicted in Fig. 5.
techniques, are demonstrated in Fig. 6 (b). It shows that
The computed reactive power is more than the new nominal
conventional GI has deteriorated Lissajous plot due to unable
rating. Therefore, SPVA power is reduced to zero and reactive
to alleviate DC offset and affect the FLC. The salient points
power is supplied according to new nominal power, which is
of Lissajous analysis are illustrated in Figs. 6 (a-b).
depicted in Fig. 5.
 V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS vsab= 500V/div

Grid current is sustained

isa= 20A/div
An experimental prototype of grid-tied SPVA system is balanced

realised in the laboratory. The solar power generation is ivsca= 25A/div

realized using a solar PV array simulator having a capacity of
4.5 kW. The grid voltages (vsab, vsbc), SPVA voltage (Vpv) and Load current imbalancing
to balancing
iLa= 10A/div
DC link voltage (VDC) are sensed using Hall-Effect voltage
sensors. The grid currents (isa, isb, isc), SPVA current (Ipv), load (a) (b)
currents (iLa, iLb, iLc) are sensed using Hall-Effect current
sensors. To provide isolation between VSC and DSP signals,
optocouplers are used, while realization in the prototype.
A. Response of System under Steady-State
Figs. 7 (a-h) exhibit the performance of the SPVA system
in the existence of nonlinear loads. Figs. 7 (a-c) demonstrate
the typical parameters of the grid, load and SVPA coupled (c) (d)
VSC. Fig. 7 (d) shows the power injection in the grid, power Fig. 8 Performance of the system with grid currents balancing features, (a)
usage of the local loads and power from the SPVA coupled vsab, isa, ivsca, iLa (b) vsbc, isb, ivscb, iLb (c) Iloss, Ipvff, Iload, Inet ( (d) VDC, Vpv, Ipv, isa
VSC. The SPVA coupled VSC supplies active power to the vsab= 500V/div
Noticeable variation in
VDC= 500V/div
load and excess real power to the distribution network, which grid currents
isa= 20A/div
is demonstrated by absolute addition of the grid power and Vpv= 500V/div

load power. The negative real power of grid side network, ivsca= 25A/div IPV= 10A/div
Solar power generation is
demonstrates that power flows from CCP to the distribution increased as insolations is raised

grid. The THD of the load current is more than suggested iLa= 10A/div isa= 20A/div

limits as per the IEEE-519 standard, as manifested in Fig. 7

(g). However, the THD of the grid current is achieved within (a) (b)
permissible limits as demonstrated in Fig. 7 (h).
B. Grid Currents Balancing Feature
Figs. 8 (a-d) demonstrate the grid currents balancing
feature even under the presence of imbalanced load currents.
Fig. 8 (a) manifests the waveforms of vsab, isa, ivsca, iLa under
load currents imbalancing. As load currents are imbalanced,
the grid currents are maintained sinusoidal and balanced as (c) (d)
manifested in Fig. 8 (a). The VSC delivers compensating
currents at CCP. The effects on phase ‘b’ because of opening
of phase ‘a’ are demonstrated in Fig. 8 (b). It shows the
waveforms of vsbc, isb, ivscb, iLb. The grid current in phase ‘b’ is
sustained sinusoidal as manifested in Fig. 8 (b). The
magnitude of the grid currents, is increased due to the power
usage of the load side network is reduced, which is illustrated (e) (f)
in Fig. 8 (a-b). Fig. 8 (c) depicts the dynamic of the SPVA Fig. 9 Behaviour of the system (a-c) vsab, isa, ivsca, iLa; VDC, Vpv, Ipv, isa; Iloss, Ipvff,
system with significant variables such as VDC, Vpv, Ipv, Ppv. The Iload, Inet (d-f) vsab, isa, ivsca, iLa; VDC, Vpv, Ipv, isa; Iloss, Ipvff, Iload, Inet
utmost power is extracted from SPVA even under load imbal-
ncing, The DC link voltage is maintained according to a
reference DC link voltage. The intermediate control signals
such as Iloss, Ipvff, Iload and Inet are analyzed in Fig. 8 (d). The
loss and feed-forward terms remain unaffected even under
load current imbalancing. The load component is reduced as
current in phase ‘a’ is diminished to zero. The effect of the
(a) (b) (c) (d) loss, feed-forward and load components on the net
component, is demonstrated in Fig. 8 (d). The corresponding
variation in grid currents is illustrated in Figs. 8 (a-b).
C. System Behaviour under variation of Solar Irradiations
Figs.9 (a-c) depict the variation in solar irradiations from
(e) (f) (g) (h) 1000 W/m2 to 800 W/m2. Fig. 9 (a) shows the waveforms of
Fig. 7 Steady-state performance of SECS (a-b) typical voltage-current value
of the grid-load-VSC (d-f) measured power in the grid, load and VSC (g-h) vsab, isa, ivsca, iLa. The grid currents are reduced as solar power
THDs of load and grid currents generation is reduced due to decrement in solar irradiations.
The dynamics in SPVA system is manifested in Fig. 9 (b).
The SPVA power is increased as irradiations is raised. To
validate the effectiveness of the proposed control, the internal
dynamics of the control signals are demonstrated in Fig 9 (c).
The feed-forward component is reduced as solar irradiation is
reduced from 1000 W/m2 to 800 W/m2. The corresponding
change in net weight of the grid currents is diminished as the
feed-forward component is power diminished. Thereby,
magnitude of the grid current is reduced, which is
demonstrated in Fig. 9(a).
D. SPVA-DSTATCOM Mode
Figs. 9 (d-f) show the effectiveness of the SPVA system
under transition from SPVA to DSTATCOM mode. It shows
the dynamics of vsab, isa, iLa, ivsca. The phase of the grid current
is reversed as a power supply to the load is changed from
SPVA system to the grid. The VSC supplies only
compensating currents at CCP as manifested in Fig. 9 (d). Fig.
9 (e) shows the dynamics of the SPVA system under
DSTATCOM mode. It shows that SPVA current is reduced to
zero in the absence of solar irradiations. The voltage of the
DC link of VSC is maintained according to a reference
voltage. The internal control signals such as Iloss, Ipvff, Iload and
Inet are illustrated in Fig. 9 (f). As SPVA system is transited
into DSTATCOM mode, loss component has altered the sign
because of converter losses are consumed by CCP instead of
SPVA system. The feed-forward unit is reduced to zero,
which alters the amplitude of the reference grid currents
F. System Behaviour under Line to Ground Fault
Fig. 10 (a-b) manifest the response of the system under line
to ground fault in the grid side network. The line to ground
voltage is realized using voltage sag. The amplitude of the
phase voltage is reduced as the fault occurs in the phase ‘a’.
The steady-state response of the grid voltages under the line
to ground fault is depicted in Fig. 10 (a). The duty ratio of the
DC-DC converter is varied according to depth in voltage. The
corresponding dynamics in SPVA voltage and current, is
demonstrated in Fig. 10 (b).
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The GI based control strategy has been proposed for roof-top
SPVA applications for power quality improvement of the
distribution grid fault ride-through capability even under low
voltages balanced and unbalanced faults. It improves the PQ
of the grid such as unity power factor, grid currents balancing,
reactive power requirement and harmonic currents mitigation.
The GI exhibits superior performance even in the existence of
the DC component in the load current, which is illustrated
using frequency domain analysis and Lissajous plot. The
proposed control strategy operates SPVA with de-rated
MPOP under low voltage balanced/unbalanced faults, which
limits the VSC currents within permissible limits and
adaptively supply reactive power to the grid. Simulation
results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control
algorithm by limiting the VSC currents within its rating even
under unbalanced faults such as line to ground faults and
(a) (b)
Fig. 10 Response of the system (a) vsa, vsb, vsc (b) Ipv, Vpv
double line to ground fault. Moreover, test results illustrate
the satisfactory response under various operating scenarios
such as grid currents balancing, reactive power compensation,
DSTATCOM to SPVA mode, SPVA to DSTATCOM mode
and line to ground fault.
APPENDICES
A. Simulation Data: vsab=415 V; Lf=2.5 mH; Cf=4900 ȝF;
Ppv=32 kW; Vpv=450V; Svsc=35 kVA; R-C filter= 5 ȍ-10 ȝF.
B. Experimental Data: vsab=153 V; Lf=2.5 mH; Cf=5000 ȝF;
Ppv=4.5 kW; Vpv=350 V; Svsc=25 KVA; R-C filter= 5 ȍ-10 ȝF.
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