PARACETAMOL

Generic Name: Paracetamol, Acetaminophen

Brand Name: Biogesic, Panadol, Tylenol
Classification: Non-narcotic analgesic, Antipyretic

Uses:

1. Control of pain due to headache, earache, dysmenorrhea, arthralgia, myalgia,

musculoskeletal pain, arthritis, immunizations, teething, tonsillectomy
2. O reduce fever in viral and bacterial infections
3. As a substitute for aspirin in upper GI disease, bleeding disorders clients in
anticoagulant therapy and gouty arthritis

TRANEXAMIC ACID
Generic Name
Tranexamic Acid

Brand Names
Lysteda®
Cyklokapron®

Classification
Therapeutic: hemostatic agents
Pharmacologic: fibrinolysis inhibitors

Indications and Usage

 Patients with hemophilia for short-term use (two to eight days)

 To reduce or prevent hemorrhage during and following tooth extraction.
 Treatment of severe localized bleeding secondary to hyperfibrinolysis,
including epistaxis, hyphema, or hypermenorrhea (menorrhagia) and
hemorrhage following certain surgical procedures
 Treatment of hereditary angioedema

MEFENAMIC ACID
Generice Name: Mefenamic Acid
Brand Name:Ponstan, Ponstel
Classifications:central nervous system agent; analgesic; nsaid; antipyretic
Pregnancy Category:C

Availability
250 mg tablets

Actions
Anthranilic acid derivative. Like ibuprofen inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and affects
platelet function. No evidence that it is superior to aspirin.

Therapeutic effects
Analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic actions similar to those of ibuprofen.

Uses
Short-term relief of mild to moderate pain including primary dysmenorrhea.

BISACODYL

Brand Name:Apo-Bisacodyl , Bisacolax, Bisco-Lax , Dacodyl, Deficol, Dulcolax, Fleet

Bisacodyl, Laxit , Theralax
Classifications: gastrointestinal agent; stimulant laxative
Pregnancy Category:C

Availability
5 mg tablets; 10 mg suppository

Actions
Expands intestinal fluid volume by increasing epithelial permeability.

Therapeutic effects
Induces peristaltic contractions by direct stimulation of sensory nerve endings in the
colonic wall.

Uses
Temporary relief of acute constipation and for evacuation of colon before surgery,
proctoscopic, sigmoidoscopic, and radiologic examinations. Also used to cleanse colon
before delivery and to relieve constipation in patients with spinal cord damage.
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Potassium Gloconate
Kaon, Kaylixir, K-G Elixir, Potassium Rougier , Royonate

Classifications: electrolytic and water balance agent; replacement solution

Pregnancy Category: A

Availability
6.7 mEq, 8 mEq, 10 mEq, 20 mEq sustained release tablets; 500 mg, 595 mg
tablets; 20 mEq, 25 mEq, 50 mEq effervescent tablets; 20 mEq/15 mL, 40 mEq/15
mL, 45 mEq/15 mL liquid; 15 mEq, 20 mEq, 25 mEq powder; 2 mEq/mL injection; 10
mEq, 20 mEq, 30 mEq, 40 mEq, 60 mEq, 90 mEq vials; 20 mEq/15 mL liquid

Actions
Principal intracellular cation; essential for maintenance of intracellular isotonicity,
transmission of nerve impulses, contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles,
maintenance of normal kidney function, and for enzyme activity. Plays a prominent role
in both formation and correction of imbalances in acid–base metabolism.

Therapeutic effects
Given special importance as therapeutic agents but are also dangerous if improperly
prescribed and administered. Utilized for treatment of hypokalemia.

Uses
To prevent and treat potassium deficit secondary to diuretic or corticosteroid therapy.
Also indicated when potassium is depleted by severe vomiting, diarrhea; intestinal
drainage, fistulas, or malabsorption; prolonged diuresis, diabetic acidosis. Effective in
the treatment of hypokalemic alkalosis (chloride, not the gluconate).

LACTULOSE
Generic Name:Lactulose(lak´tyoo-lose)
Brand Name:Cephulac, Chronulac ,Movelax,Lilac
Classifications:gastrointestinal agent; hyperosmotic laxative
Pregnancy Category:C

Availability
10 g/15 mL solution, syrup

Actions
Reduces blood ammonia; appears to involve metabolism of lactose to organic acids by
resident intestinal bacteria.
Therapeutic effects
Acidifies colon contents, which retards diffusion of nonionic ammonia (NH3) from colon
to blood while promoting its migration from blood to colon. In the acidic colon, NH3 is
converted to nonabsorbable ammonium ions (NH4) and is then expelled in feces by
laxative action. Decreased blood ammonia in a patient with hepatic encephalopathy is
marked by improved EEG patterns and mental state (clearing of confusion, apathy,
and irritation). Osmotic effect of organic acids causes laxative action, which moves
water from plasma to intestines, softens stools, and stimulates peristalsis by pressure
from water content of stool.

Uses
Prevention and treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE), including stages of
hepatic precoma and coma, and by prescription for relief of chronic constipation.

MANNITOL
Generic Name:Mannitol(man´i-tole)
Brand Name:Osmitrol
Classifications:electrolytic and water balance agent; osmotic diuretic
Pregnancy Category:C

Availability
5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% injectio

Actions
In large doses, increases rate of electrolyte excretion by the kidney, particularly
sodium, chloride, and potassium.

Therapeutic effects
Induces diuresis by raising osmotic pressure of glomerular filtrate, thereby inhibiting
tubular reabsorption of water and solutes. Reduces elevated intraocular and
cerebrospinal pressures by increasing plasma osmolality, thus inducing diffusion of
water from these fluids back into plasma and extravascular space.

Uses
To promote diuresis in prevention and treatment of oliguric phase of acute kidney
failure following cardiovascular surgery, severe traumatic injury, surgery in presence of
severe jaundice, hemolytic transfusion reaction. Also used to reduce elevated
intraocular (IOP) and intracranial pressure (ICP), to measure glomerular filtration rate
(GFR), to promote excretion of toxic substances, to relieve symptoms of pulmonary
edema, and as irrigating solution in transurethral prostatic reaction to minimize
hemolytic effects of water. Commercially available in combination with sorbitol for
urogenital irrigation.
INSULIN

Generic name:Insulin Injection[Regular](in´su-lin)

Brand name:Humulin R, Novolin R, Regular Insulin, Pork Regular Iletin II, Regular
Purified Pork Insulin, Velosulin, Velosulin BR, Velosulin Human
Classifications:hormone and synthetic substitute; antidiabetic agent; insulin
Pregnancy Category:B

Availability
100 units/mL

Actions
Short-acting, clear, colorless solution of exogenous unmodified insulin extracted from
beta cells in pork pancreas or synthesized by recombinant DNA technology (human).
Enhances transmembrane passage of glucose across cell membranes of most body cells
and by unknown mechanism may itself enter the cell to activate selected intermediary
metabolic processes. Promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen.

Therapeutic effects
It lowers blood glucose levels by increasing peripheral glucose uptake, especially by
skeletal muscle and fat tissue, and by inhibiting the liver from changing glycogen to
glucose.

Uses
Emergency treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis or coma, to initiate therapy in patient
with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and in combination with intermediate-acting
or long-acting insulin to provide better control of blood glucose concentrations in the
diabetic patient. Used IV to stimulate growth hormone secretion (glucose counter
regulatory hormone) to evaluate pituitary growth hormone reserve in patient with
known or suspected growth hormone deficiency. Other uses include promotion of
intracellular shift of potassium in treatment of hyperkalemia (IV) and induction of
hypoglycemic shock as therapy in psychiatry.

SODIUM BICARBONATE

Generic Name:Sodium Bicarbonate

Brand Name:Sodium Bicarbonate
Classifications:gastrointestinal agent; antacid; fluid and electrolyte balance agent
Pregnancy Category:C

Availability
325 mg, 520 mg, 650 mg tablets; 4.2%, 5%, 7.5%, 8.4% injection
Actions
Short-acting, potent systemic antacid. Rapidly neutralizes gastric acid to form sodium
chloride, carbon dioxide, and water. After absorption of sodium bicarbonate, plasma
alkali reserve is increased and excess sodium and bicarbonate ions are excreted in
urine, thus rendering urine less acid. Not suitable for treatment of peptic ulcer because
it is short-acting, high in sodium, and may cause, gastric, distention, systemic,
alkalosis, and possibly acid-rebound.

Therapeutic effects
Shortacting, potent systemic antacid; rapidly neutralizes gastric acid or systemic
acidosis.

Uses
Systemic alkalinizer to correct metabolic acidosis (as occurs in diabetes mellitus, shock,
cardiac arrest, or vascular collapse), to minimize uric acid crystallization associated with
uricosuric agents, to increase the solubility of sulfonamides, and to enhance renal
excretion of barbiturate and salicylate overdosage. Commonly used as home remedy for
relief of occasional heartburn, indigestion, or sour stomach. Used topically as paste,
bath, or soak to relieve itching and minor skin irritations such as sunburn, insect bites,
prickly heat, poison ivy, sumac, or oak. Sterile solutions are used to buffer acidic
parenteral solutions to prevent acidosis. Also as a buffering agent in many commercial
products (e.g., mouthwashes, douches, enemas, ophthalmic solutions).