!

!
tbrbs\wfmpt!ufrojlvsj!vojwfstjufuj!
!
r9tywjubsj<f8!h9rbstfmb<f8!j9tjhvb8!
f9fmfseb-wjmj8!n9ynjbeb-wjmj8!{9\fejb-wjmj!
!
!

nb\fnbujlb!flpopnjtufcjtb\wjt!
)bnpdbobUb!lsfcvmj*!
obxjmj!J!

! ! ! ! ! ! ebnuljdfcvmjb!tuv.t!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!tbtxbwmp.nfUpevsj!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!tbcXpt!njfs!

Ucjmjtj!!
3114!
!

!
kmZ`f
\ ^
4Y[^ \Z`v!d[r!Z c 4h[Y n d[Z%t2h[d[Z`e!^`f`^ln`v!Z
[e!^`flkm_a^ nZ`q`Z`vC^r:o

h[j`^lnZ c ZZ`d[r!giZ`Y[h[j`^lnaf`v!h[jlkm_n
{v!r!d[h[_a^`g4Z`Y[flk t2q`Y[^`_a^`Zkmd[Z
!_ah o
n^nZln%\Z`q`_ah[j`_ah[j`^ln#h[f`r!Y[r!d[^`flkmv!^ c ZnZ`j`Z`Y[f`r:opnZ ^`Y[Z`Y nr`v!r ^lo
_a^ln j`Z`f`Z`_aZ`q`v!^`Z`e!^lnnZ h `kmv!^ln7ne:k c h[Y[e!h[j`^lnZ%t2q`^l
n ^`Y[Z`Z`v:nr:o
j`v!^`q`Z cc Zne!v: k [e:kmv:km_aZ c
^ 4^nv:km _ h nZ`j`Z`d[^lnr!j`Z ^`ZKZ`d  Z`d[Z c
d[ r [d[h c 4Z`Y[Z%t2_ah[j`^ln nZ`d[^`Y[^lne!v!r:n d[^`h[v c Z`d[e!f`^`gih[jlkm_ nZ h[_o
d !q`Z`Y[h[_ar:nt2Z`
Y  d[Z%t2h[d[Z`e!^`f`Z h[f`r!Y[r!d[^lne!h[j`^lnZ%t2q`^ln ! t2j`^`_a^ln"^
4_ar!j`Z`_#o `v!^`Y[e!"^ %$&'&'&
(

v!h c
Z [e!r!v!^") `v!r h nr!v!^ c  Y[Z`e!v!r*q`^`_a^

v!h[gih[Y,+h[Y[e!h[j`^")- ^.+^`f`Zlosd[Z%t2h[d[Z`e!^`f`^lnd[h[giY[^`h[v!h[j`Z%t2Z c r[e!r!v!^"

`v!r h nr!v!^ c Y[Z`e!v!r*q`^`_a^

.^ +^`f`Zlosd[Z%t2h[d[Z`e!^`f`^lnd[h[giY[^`h[v!h[j`Z%t2Z c r[e!r!v!^"
`v!r h nr!v!^
Z"/4Z
4Y[^
[h

0 4Z`d[r!d[gih[d[_ar!j`Z1 y{z4z4|

b,24365
 t2Z`q`^ b






 



$' $':^
`r!q`hut Z t=k Z

A∪B A∩B A\B c B\A Ac B
n^`d[v!Z`q`_ah[h[j`^d[r!gih[d km_a^`Zh[d c h4^#nZ^%t6)
Z( (
A = {−1; 2; 9; 17} , A = {a, c, d, f } ,
B = {1; 9; 14; 21} ; B = {a, b, c, d, e} ;
j( c (
A = {−3; 4; 5; 11; 16} , A = {x, y, z} ,
B = {−7; 3; 10} ; B = ∅.
$' y :d[Z`vAt2h[jlkm_a^`Zxt=kZ`v!ZVe!r!_ar!j`Z t=k
A=B
A = {0; 1; 2} c Z B = x | x(x2 − 3x + 2) = 0 .
$' | :d[Z`vAt2h[jlkm_a^`Zxt=kZ`v!Z"![Z`vAt2q`Z mt=k
A⊂B
Z
A = {−3; −2; −1; 1} c
B = x | (x2 + x − 2)x(x2 + 4x + 3) = 0 .

$' #1:Z$[! q`h[Y[hut6 Av!r!d t=k Z nZ`d[^^lnhut2^ n^`d[v!Z`q`_ah[Z"
A B c C
v!r!d Z !d[Z^`Y-d[Z`vAt2h[jlkm_a^`Z h[d c h4^
A ⊂ C c B ⊂ C
n^`d[v!Z`q`_kmv!^ [! Z`vAt2q`h[j`^

A ∩ B ⊂ C; A ∪ B ⊂ C; A \ B ⊂ C.
$'&% *4Z`d[r!f`^%t `km_a^ $'$'% n e:k c h[Y[e!^ c `Z Y Z
!d[r(![Y c "Z xv!r!d)%+*
ne:k c h[Y[e!^n%\Z`q`_ar!jln#^`Y4_a^ln`kmv [h Y[Zln
# y-, 4h[v!d[Z`Y km_n

.
 r!_ar $ # , r!v!^`q`hKkmg  r h[Y[Zln
+Z
!Y[^Y km_a^Vne:k c h[Y[e!h o
j`^ c `Z Y
Z (v!Z`d c h[Y[^'ne:k c h[Y[e!^'n%\Z`q`_ar!jlndr!_ar c ^`Y4_a^ln`kmv

h[Y[Zln

j (v!Z`d c h[Y[^Vne:k c h[Y[e!^n%\Z`q`_ar!jlndr!_ar c 4h[v!d[Z`Y km_

h[Y[Zln

(v!Z`d c h[Y[^#ne:k c h[Y[e!^'n%\Z`q`_ar!jln-Z`YC^`Y4_a^ln`kmv Z`Y 4h o
v!d[Z`Y km_ h[Y[Zln

c (v!Z`d c h[Y[^7ne:k c h[Y[e!^ Z`v n%\Z`q`_ar!jlnZ`v!g ^`Y4_a^ln`kmv
c Z
Z`v!g 4h[v!d[Z`Y km_ h[Y[Zln

$' 40nZ c .Z +/!q`h[q`r f`r!d `Z`Y[^`Zln d[^`d[Z`vAt2Z & y Z c Z`d[^`Z`Y[d[" Z Cv!r!d[h o
_Ct2
Z 4Z`Y | %opnn`kmv:n c Z`.Z +/!q`^`r:n nZ _a"^ y $]opn , Z`q`e!r:o
d[Z`Y [Z`Y["Z $ z opn , v! r 4r!v!g nZ _a"^ ^lnhCZ`q`e!r!d[Z`Y [Z`Y["Z 
Z (v!Z`d c h[YZ c Z`d[^`Z`Y n n`kmv:n c Z`.Z +/!q`^`r:n d r!_ar c nZ `o

_a^

j (v!Z`d c h[Y=Z c Z`d[^`Z`Y nGn`kmv:n c Z`.Z +/!q`^`r:nCd r!_ar c Z`q`e!r:o

d[Z`Y [Z`Y[Z

(v!Z`d c h[Y!Z c Z`d[^`Z`Y n6n`kmv:n c Z`.Z +/!q`^`r:n'Z`Y2nZ _a^KZ`YAZ`qlo
e!r!d[Z`Y [Z`Y[Z

c (v!Z`d c h[Y-Z c Z`d[^`Z`Y n Z`vEn`kmv:n Z`v!g nZ _a^lnZ c Z Z`v!g
Z`q`e!r!d[Z`Y [Z`Y[^ln c .Z +/!q`h[q`Z

$' :e!r!e!Z`_a.^ +Z`e!r!* v ^x^`d [
r h[j`Z h jlkmvAt2^ln $ |y t2 Z [q`Z`Y[^ln`o
d[gih[d[h[_a"^ v!r!d[h[_Ct2
Z 4Z`
Y  z j`v!.Z +^`_a^`^ln
h[v!r!q`Y km_a^6Y[Z`f`v!h o
j`^ln km_ h[d[Z`e!f`^`q`Z`v!^`"Z % z , 4h[v!d[Z`Y[^`^ln'h[v!r!q`Y km_a^#Y[Z`flo
v!h[j`^l
n y4y , r!v!^`q`hCY[Z`f`v!h[j`^l
n 
Z (v!Z`d c h[Y[^ Z c Z`d[^`Z`Y[^ km_ h[d[Z`e!f`^`q`v!r!jln d r!_ar c

j`v!.Z +^`_a^`^lnh[v!r!q`Y km_ Y[Z`f`v!h[jln

 j(v!Z`d c h[Y[^'Z c Z`d[^`Z`Y[^ km_ h[d[Z`e!f`^`q`v!r!jlnxdr!_ar c 4h o
v!d[Z`Y[^`^lnh[v!r!q`Y km_ Y[Z`f`v!h[jln

(v!Z`d c h[Y[^ Z c Z`d[^`Z`Y[^ km_ h[d[Z`e!f`^`q`v!r!jln h[vAt=osh[vAt=n
d[Z`^`Y[gZ`dCY[Z`f`v!h[j`h[j`^ c Z`Y

c (v!Z`d c h[Y[^!Z c Z`d[^`Z`Y[^AZ`v km_ h[d[Z`e!f`^`q`v!r!jlnGZ`v!g7j`v!Z.+^lo
_a^`^lnZ c Z
Z`v!g 4h[v!d[Z`Y[^`^lnxh[v!r!q`Y km_ Y[Z`f`v!h[j`h[jln

$' *4:e:kmv!^lne:km_ nZ`
Z 4h[Y[e!*
r ^ +* Z c Z`d[^`Z`Y[^`"Z v!r!d[h[_Ct2
Z 4Z`Y
|y opn n`kmv:n nZ`d[ r "+Zlkmv!r c \Zlnq`_aZ h 4q`
^ `e!h "^ y #opn ,
nZ v!Z`Y 4hut "^ $'$]opn , r!v!^`q`h [q`h [Z`Y[Z "^ 
Z (v!Z`d c h[Y=Z c Z`d[^`Z`Y nGn`kmv:nGnZ`d[
 r "+Zlkmv!r c \Zlnq`_aZGd r:o
_ar c h 4q`
^ `e!h ^

j (v!Z`d c h[Y=Z c Z`d[^`Z`Y nGn`kmv:nGnZ`d[
 r "+Zlkmv!r c \Zlnq`_aZGd r:o
_ar c nZ v!Z`Y 4hut ^

(v!Z`d c h[YKZ c Z`d[^`Z`Y nxn`kmv:n^`d[ r "+Zlkmv!r:n-h 4q`
^ `e!h ^Z`Y
nZ v!Z`Y 4hut ^

c (v!Z`d c h[YZ c Z`d[^`Z`Y nVZ`v n`kmv:n
^`d[ r "+Zlkmv!r:nVZ`v!g h 4q`^lo
`e!h nZ c Z
Z`v!g n Z v!Z`Y 4hut ^

$' &4 |4z4z Z c Z`d[^`Z`Y[^l6 n 4Z`d[r!f`^%t q`^ln h c h 4Z c h[^`e [q`h
n v!r! d $  z
_ar!jln ^`Y 4_a^ln`kmv h[Y[Zl
n & z , 4h[v!d[Z`Y km_ h[Y[Zl
n  z ,
v!Z`Y km_ h[Y[Zl
n # % , ^`Y 4_a^ln`kmv:nZ c Z 4h[v!d[Z`Y km_ h[Y[h[jl
n
y , ^`Y 4_a^ln`kmv:nZ c Z v!Z`Y km_Eh[Y[h[jl
n y $ , 4h[v!d[Z`Y ko
|
_nZ c  Z v!Z`Y km_ h[Y[h[jl
n
r!_ar $ y , nZ`d[^`q`hAkmg r h[Y[Zl
n 
4Z`d[r!f`^%t `km_a^Z c Z`d[^`Z`Y[h[j`^ c Z`Y
Z (v!Z`d c h[Y[^ _ar!jlnd r!_ar c ^`Y 4_a^ln`kmv h[Y[Zln


j (v!Z`d c h[Y[-
 ^ _ar!jln^`Y 4_a^ln`kmv:nZ c Z 4h[v!d[Z`Y km_
n 0d[
Z o
v!Z`daZ`v!Z v!Z`Y km_n

(v!Z`d c h[Y[^ _ar!jln^`Y 4_a^ln`kmv:nZ c Z v!Z`Y km_
n 2d[
Z o
v!Z`daZ`v!Z 4h[v!d[Z`Y km_n

 c (v!Z`d c h[Y[^ _ar!jln Z`d kmg r h[Y[h[j`^ c Z`Y h[vAt=osh[vAt=n
d[Z`^`Y[g

h (v!Z`d c h[Y[^
Z`v _ar!jlnZ`v!g h[vAt=nVZ`dGkmg r h[Y[h[j`^ c Z`Y

$' $ z :Z$![q`h[Y[hu6 t v!r!d
t=k
A c B
Z r!v!^-Y[h[j`^lnd[^`h[v!^xn^`d[v!Z`q`_ah[Z"
d[Z ^`Y

(A \ B) ∪ (B \ A) = (A ∪ B) \ (A ∩ B).
$' $'$' c Z`Z`d[e!f`^`gihut h[d c h4^ [! Z`vAt2q`^lnxd[Z`vAt2h[jlkm_ar!j`Z

A \ C ⊂ (A \ B) ∪ (B \ C).
$' $ y :Y[h[j`^lnd[^`h[v!^ A c Z B n^`d[v!Z`q`_a^lnZ%t2q`^ln c Z`Z`d[e!f`^`gihut  h[d o
c h4^#nZ`d[^Vt2Z`Y[Z Z`v c !
r j`^lnxe!r!_ Zlnr!j`Z

A ⊂ B, A ∩ B = A, A ∪ B = B
`Z Y k% AZ$![q`h[Y[hut6 Av!r!d t=k nv:km_ c [h j`Z h[vAt2^ v!r!d[h[_a^`d[h7Z`d
nZ`d[^ t2Z`Y[Z Z`v c r!j`^ c Z`Y
Cd[Z^`Y d[Z`vAt2h[jlkm_a^`Z c Z`Y[Z`v([! h[Y[^
r!v!^`g (
$' $ | *4Z c Z`Z
[gi^`hut h[d c h4^ `h[v!^`r c km_a^ Z%t:\^`_aZ c ^ ![q`h km_ah o
j`v!^`q
\^`_aZ c Z c )
Z ( 4 % | (
 h ( y | (
j ( y  y | (
 q(  $ y (
( | / %'( + ( z # | 
(
c ( #1 | & 
( t( $'  $ y{| (
$' $ #1 c Z`Z`d[ v 4q`Z`_ahut h[d c h4^ v!^`g q`h[j`^ c Z ^
`r!q`hutIZ`jlnr!_ko
e:kmv!^ Z Z`v c r!j`^%t2^- (Gg c r!d[^`_ah[j`h[j`^")
(∆) c δ
Z ( | 4 # *+#1$ `^`v!q`h[_ Z%t:\^`_aZ c Y[^Y[Z`d c h


j ( y $' |y &xd[h[r!v!hCZ%t:\^`_aZ c Y[^ Y[Z`d c h


( % #  z # % y d[h nZ`d[hCZ%t:\^`_aZ c Y[^ Y[Z`d c 
h

c ( z & y $ | $'d[h[rAt hCZ%t:\^`_aZ c Y[^ Y[Z`d c h

 h (  # % ` ^`v!q`h[_ Z%t:\^`_aZ c Y[^Y[Z`d c h

q( #1 | $' % d[h[r!v!hCZ%t:\^`_aZ c Y[^Y[Z`d c h

+ - ( $'  y{| % zy d[h nZ`d[hCZ%t:\^`_aZ c Y[^Y[Z`d c 
h

t ( y # y % $'d[h[r!v!hCZ%t:\^`_aZ c Y[^Y[Z`d c h


$' $'%  $ z ndKn^
4v[^ln 4Z.+r!d[q`^lnZln7Z`jlnr!_kme:kmv!d[Zg c r!d[^`_ah[j`Z`d
h[Z c 4^`Y[Z z # d[d
% z4z f`d os^ln4Z.+r!d[q`^lnZln f`^ , y{z4z d

v!r!d[h[_a^ 4Z.+r!d[q`Z`Z'k v!r +Ukne!^

$' $4:d[Z`vAt2flk t h c nx
Z [qln

nd c Z nd
x = 2, 40 ± 0, 01 y = 5, 00 ± 0, 02
n^
4v[^ln 4q`h[v c h[j`^"v!^`g r!j`v!^`q`Z c v!ZanZ.+/!q`v!h[j^`Z#d[r:o
t2Z`qlnh[jlkm_a^Z`dCd[Z`vAt2flk t h c ^ln Z`vAt2r!j`^

S

^ `r!q`hut d[Z`vAt2flk t h c ^ln Z`vAt2r!j`^ln Z`jlnr!_kme:kmv!^
(∆)
c Z Z`v c r!j`^%t2^ (δ) g c r!d[^`_ah[j`Z" t=k d[^ln^ 4q`h[v c h[j`^lnan^lo
4v[h[h[j`Z c Z`q`
^ !h[j%t Z os^ln'nZ 4kmZ`_ar d[Y[^q`Y[h[_ar!j`h[jln

xc y
$' $   ^`v!d[Zln!kmY c Z c Z`h[,d +Z c h[j`^`Y[Ze!r!d[Z`e!" ^ e!r!d[Z`e!^ln c Z`,d +Z c h o
j`^lnZln ^`f`Z` v 4h[j`Z-Y[h c _ah km_a^ln y{z
+v!Z`d c h[Y[^e!r!Y[Z `r!d[^lo
c r!v!^kmY c Z h[
^ [^`Y[r:n ^`v!d[Z`
d 4v!r!d c Z`Z`,d +Z c r:n $ y e!r!Y[Z
e!r!d[Z`e!^

$' $ *40nZ]\Z`v!d[r:n 4h4d[^%t t2q`h ^'kmY c Z 4Z`d[r!h q`Z y{z e!h[_ah[q`.^ +r:o
v!"^  ^`v!d[Z` d 4h4d[Z h[Zlnv:km_aZ $'$ z
os^%6 t +v!Z`d c h[Y[^e!h[_ah o
q`.^ +r!v!^ 4Z`d[r:1k q`^`Z#nZ]\Z`v!d[r:n

$' $&4 ^`v!d[Z`d#d[
Z !.Z +^`Zln d[^`Z]\r c Z $ y{z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah o
j`^ln `v!r c  k [gi^`"Z 4h[vAtt2q`h ^ 4Z` ^ [^ c Z & z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln !^lo
v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^l n `v!r c  k [gi^`"Z  `v!r c k [gi^`^lndut2_a^`Z`Y[^ !^`v!h o
jlkm_ah[j`^lnxv!Z`d c h[Y `v!r!gih[Y[e:n h[Z c 4h[Y nY[Z`q`Z`w`v!^

$' y{z * nr!q`^`_a^ 4Z`^` Z c Z r! v Ch[v )`^`v!q`h[_aZ c $ z
os^%6 t %r!_ar
d[h[r!v!h c , $'%
os^%6 t v!Z`d c h[Y[^ `v!r!gih[Y[e!^%t 4Z`^`Z c Z  nr:o
q`^`_a^

$' y $':d nr _ ^`r j`Z.+Z`v+h h[vAt2^ j`Z`v!h[_a^ Y[Z`q%t2r!j`^ln Zln^ h o
a
^`giq`Z`_aZAr!vCh[v )`^`v!q`h[_aZ c 4Z`^.+Z`v c Z 
os^%t6 .r!_ard[h o
r!v!h c 4Z`^`Z c Z &
os^%t6Uv!Z`d c h[Y[^`v!r!gih[Y[e!^%th[^`giq`Z`_aZ
Y[Z`q%t2r!j`^ln Zln^

$' y4y :f`r!d `^lkme!h[v!^ln Zln^ h[d[gi^`v c Z y{ z
os^%6
t if`^ c h[q7v!Z`d c h[Y[^
`v!r!gih[Y[e!^%t kmY c Z h[d[gi^`v c h n7f`r!d `^lkme!h[v!^ln Zln" ^ iv!r!d

^ 4^ 4Z c h n
nZ]\ [^ln^ !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^ln |4z `v!r!gih[Y[e! ^

$' y{| :
Z [gi^`^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`Z h[d[gi^`v c  Z %
os^%6 t v!Z`d c h[Y[^ `v!r:o
gih[Y[eAt2^%tEkmY c Z 4Z`.^ +Z`v c r:n
Z [gi^`^l n !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`"Z v!r!d
4Z c h nxt2Z`q c
Z `^`v!q`h[_a^ Zln^l- n $ z4|


$' y #1 h `nZ`gid[_a^ln d[
Z !.Z +^`Z ^ 4Z.+ Z `km_nZ c Z h[d[r c 4r!d[.Z +h
\Z`v!d[r!h[jl n ![Z`d[ r Zlnh[j`"Z %h nZ`j`Z`d[^lnZ c $'%
os^%t c Z y %
o
^%6 t 
Z (v!Zxh !^`v!h[j`Z |4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^l-
 n !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^l n h `nZ`g+o
d[h[_a^'\_a^lnxj`r!_ar:n

j (v!Z`d c h[Y[^ `v!r!gih[Y[e!^%t 4Z`^`Z c Z h `nZ`gid[h[_a^


$' y % 0nZ`dj`.^ +Y[h nd[h[Y - n r!v!^ln c Z`^ c r h[_ h[f`v:km_ah[j`"Z 2v!r!d[_a^ln
t2Z`Y[Z d[Z c Z`g `Z`v!e!Y[^`r!v!^d[^`
^ !h[jln7d[ r 4h[j`^ln y %
op
n
A B
`Z`v!e!Y[^`r!v!^ , |4z
op
n r!_ar C `Z`v!e!Y[^`r!v!^ f`^ ,
| %
op
n  c Z`( v ![h[Y[^`_ t2Z`Y Zln j`.^ +Y[h nd[h[Y[h[j`^-n
Z [q`h[_ad[ r [d[h c r
!r!Y[^l n [^`h[j`h[j`^lnZ%t2q`^ln 4Z`d[r! ^ [h[Y[h[j`h[
Y v!Z`d c h[Y c r!_aZ`v:n
d[^lo

^ !h[jlnVt2^%t2r!h km_a^#j`.^ +Y[h nd[h[Y[^ c Z6v!Z#v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`^lnVt2Z`Y Z
c Z`^ Z` v Ch[j`Z [q`h[_ad[ r [d[h c h[j`.Z +
h t=k \_a^lkmv!^ d[ r 4h[j`Z
% y # z4z c r!_aZ`v!^`Z

$' y 4:j`Z`Y[f`d[Z j`.^ +Y[h nd[h[Y n d[^lngiZ $ z4z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln r c h[Y[r!j`^ln
f`v!h c ^`e!^xh[vAt2^V\_a^ln-q`Z c ^%t2Z c Z^`d `^`v!r!j`^%6 t v!r!dKd[^lo

^ !r:- n $'%
os^`Z`Y[^
d[ r 4h[j`"Z 
 Z(v!Z`d c h[Y[^ c r!_aZ`v!^kmY c Z c Zlkmj`v:kmY[r:n j`^.+Y[h nd[h[Y[d[Z
j`Z`Y[flnxh[vAt2^#\_a^lnxj`r!_ar:n

j(v!Z`d c h[Y c r!_aZ`v:n h[Z c 4h[Y nj`Z`Y[f`^lnxd[r4h[j`Z

$' y  :h[vAt=osh[vAt2^7^`Y[q`h ne!r!v!^ t2Z`Y[Z d[Z`" Z 2v!r!d 4Z`Y[Z r!v!gi^`h[_ar:n
^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`ZanZlne:kmd[v!r f`r!d `_ah  n^ln#d h[Y[h[j`_ar!j`Z ^anZ`h[v:o
t2r !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^ln * z
os^lnxr c h[Y[r!j`^%6 t  4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut nZlo
^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`r t2Z`Y ^ln v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`"Z Gt=k nZlne:kmd[v!r f`r!d lo
_ah  n^lnxd h[Y[h[j`_ar!j`Z +* z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ !^`v:
n 
$' y *4:d 1 k ^ln h[_ Zln^#^`j`h 4v!h[j`Z $ z
os^`Z`Y[^CnZ h[d[r:nZ`q`_ar 4Z c Zlo
nZ Z c ^%6 t 6v!Zln k c v!^ln d 1k ^ln h[_ Zln"^ #t=k
^ 4^ h[6 _ +h

^ !h[jl n $ * z c r!_aZ`v:n

$' y &4:Y[h c _a^2nr!f`r h[^`giZ`qlnGt2Z`q`^ln^!\r!Y[^l6 n & z
\ [Z`_
n d v!Z`_a^
f`^ , $ y
\ [Z`_
n :v!Z`d c h[Y[^ f`^`_a r 4v!Z`d[^ d v!Z`_a^-nr!f`r
d[^`
^ !h[j`Z $'$

f 7Y[h c _a^#nr!f`r:n
Z 4Z`Y

$' |4z :v!h ne!r!v!Z`Y ^ h nq`_a^lnZ%t2q`^ln7t2^%t2r f`Z`g +h
^  n^`v!h[jlkm_a^
4Z c ZlnZ Z c ^`Z $ z c r!_aZ`v!"^ d[r!d nZ `kmv!h[j`^lnZ%t2q`^ln 4Z c ZlnZlo
Z c ^
f`^ h[Z c 4h[Y n c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^ln |
op
n h [qlnd[Z'd[h 4r!j`Z`v!d[Z
4Z c Z]\ [q`^`e!Zx^`q`Z 
d[r:nv!h ne!r!v!Z`Y "^  v!Zt2Z`Y Z h  k [_a^lo
Z%t c Z Z` v Cr!Yd[h 4r!j`v!h[j`d[Z nZ`q`Z 
d[r c t=kId[Z%t
Z [q%t
d r!_ar c |4z4z c r!_aZ`v! ^

$' | $':dut2Z`q`v!r!j`^ln c Z c 4h[Y[^`_ah[j`^%t \Z`v!d[r!h[jlkm_a^ `v!r c  k [gi^`Z
^`j`h 4v!h[j`Z $ z
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z c ZlnZ Z c ^%6 t 
Z ( 4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut 4Z c ZlnZ Z c "^ {t=k `v!r c 
 k [gi^`^lnGdut2_a^lo
Z`Y[^ !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`Z`Z y{|4z4z c r!_aZ`v!"^ 
j (v!Z t2Z`Y ^ln 4Z c Z  c Z d[r:k\h[q%t d[r!d d[Z`v!h[j`_ah[jln Z`d

`v!r c  k [gi^`^ln h n
Z [h[Y[Z c



$' |y :h[vAt \ h[_a^]\Z c ^ ^`v!d[^ln q`Z`w`v!r!j`^ln c r!Y[h `v!r c k[gi^lo

^ln  z4z4z4z h[vAt2h km_a^ c Z`Y 4Z`^.+Z`v!Z c Z  y{z4z4z h[vAt2h km_aZ`d c h

4Z`d[r:nZ hut h n +v c Z `v!r!gih[Y[e!r!j`^%t6
$' |4|  ^`v!d[^ln \_a^lkmv!^ h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_a^ h[Z c 4h[Y n ^`v!d[^ln
A B
\_a^lkmv! ^ h[d[r:nZ`q`_a^ln $ y{z
 4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut ^`v!d[^ln
B
h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_a" ^ at=k ^`v!d[^l
n h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_a^`Z  y{z4z4z4z c r:o
A
_aZ`v!"^ 
$' | #1:d[h[q`Z 
h n n`kmv:n c Z`Z`j`Z`Y c r:n y{z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ , Y[Z]\^`_a^
#
os^`Z`Y[^ c Z7Y[Z]\^`_a^ %
os^`Z`Y[^-\_a^lkmv! ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t :v!Z
v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`^ln-t2Z`Y Z
kmY c Z c Z`
Z 4^`v!Z`q`r:nd[Z`Y %
osZ c mv!r!d
d[ r 4h[j`Z`d 4Z c Z`Z`w`Z`v!j`r:n & y{z c r!_aZ`v:n

$' | % :j`.^ +Y[h nd[h[Y n-h nZ`w`^`v!r!h[j`Z  z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^xh[vAt2^V\_a^%6 t  d[Zln
h  k [_a^`Z j`Z`Y[f`^ c Z`YCZ`
^ !r:n  z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln
nh
n ^#nZ`v:o
A
4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lkmv!^ %
os^`Z`Y[ ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t Z`Y j`Z`Y[f`^ c Z`Y
B
* z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln7\_a^lkmv!^ #1 &%
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`h o
t2^%t6
Z (v!r!d[h[_a^ j`Z`Y[f`^ c Z`Yk v!r d[.^ +Z`Y h \r!Y[^`_a^`Z j`.^ +Y[h n`o

d[h[Y[^lnZ%t2q`^lnVnh
n ^lnx
Z !h[j`Z

j (d[r [q`Z`Y[^`_a^ nh
n h[j`^l!
 n h[dut q`h[q`Z ^ v!r!d[h[_a^ j`Z`Y[f`^

^ !h[jln!k v!r d[h[e d[ r 4h[j`Zln c Z!v!Z`d c h[Y[^ `v!r!gih[Y[e!^%t

$' | 4:v!Z h[dut q`h[q`Z ^ d[^`
^ !h[jln k v!rEd[h[e h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_nh[vAt2^
\_a^ln h[d c h d[h[q`Z 

h v!r!d[h[_nZ`g 4Z`$Z ![Y[^`Z $ z4zz4z4z c r:o
_aZ`v!^ c ZlnZ`j`Z`Y c h[j`_aZ c )
Z ( * zVz4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln6nZ`
 v 4h[j`_a^ln#\_a^lkmv!^ %
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Zlo
Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t c Z y{z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln \_a^lkmv!^ |
os^`Z`Y[^
4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t c Z`j`Z`Y c h[j`^lnZl
n +t=k
 j(  z z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln \_a^lkmv!^ %
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t
c Z # z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln
\_a^lkmv!^ |
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t
c Z`j`Z`Y c h[j`^lnZln

v!Z`d c h[Y c r!_aZ`v:n h[Z c 4h[Y n d[h[q`Z
^ln d[r4h[j`Z t2^%t2r!h km_
h[dut q`h[q`Z^

$' |  :j`Z`Y[f`d[ Z 4ZlngiZCnh
n ^ln#nZ^%t |4z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^"Uh[vAt2^K\_a^ln
h[d c h 'j`Z`Y[fln c Zlkmj`v:kmY c Z |  z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!" ^ 4v!Z`d c h[
Y `v!r:o
gih[Y[e:n h[Z c 4h[Y nj`Z`Y[f`^lnxd[ r 4h[j`Z

$' | *4:v!Z v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`^ln nh
n ^
^ [Y[Z
Z !h[jlkm_a^j`Z`Y[f`^ c Z`YnZ` v 4h o
j`_a^lna\_a^lkmv!^ %
os^`Z`Y[6 ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6t 4t=k-h[vAt2^\_a^l6 n h[d o
c h -j`Z`Y[f`^lnxd[ r 4h[j`Z`6 d h[Z c 4^`Y[Z |4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^

$' | &40nZ`f`r!r!v c ^`Y[Z`e!r n^`j`v!e [,h +hZ`
Z 4hut h[d c h 4^a\h[v!e!^`_ah[j`"^ )

A(−2; 2), B(0; −7), C(3; 0),

D(4; 1), E(−3; 1), F (2; 5).
$' # z 0
 nZ`f`r!r!v c ^`Y[Z`e!r n^`j`v!e [h,+hZ`Z
4hut h[d c h4^ \h[v!e!^`_a^ln
n^`d[h[e!v!^lkm_a^V\h[v!e!^`_a^ !h[v[^lnd[^`d[Z`vAt6)
Ox
A(−3; 2), B(2; 1), C(0; 3),
D(4; 5), E(1; 1), F (0; −2).
$' #1$'0nZ`f`r!r!v c `^ Y[Z`e!r n^`j`v!e [h,+hZ`Z
4hut h[d c h4^ \h[v!e!^`_a^ln
n^`d[h[e!v!^lkm_a^V\h[v!e!^`_a^ !h[v[^lnd[^`d[Z`vAt6)
Oy
A(2; 1), B(−1; 0), C(−1; 3),
D(2; 0), E(1; 3), F (4; 2).
$' # y 0
 nZ`f`r!r!v c ^`Y[Z`e!r n^`j`v!e [h,+hZ`Z
4hut h[d c h 4^ \h[v!e!^`_a^ln
n^`d[h[e!v!^lkm_a^#\h[v!e!^`_a^6nZ`f`r!r!v c ^`Y[Z`e!r nl^ ne!h[d[^ln#nZ%t2Zlo
q`^lnxd[^`d[Z`vA6
t )

A(2; 2), B(−1; 1), C(0; 1), D(3; 0).



$' # | ![Z]\h[v!hut ^`d#\v ^ln-4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`Z" iv!r!d[h[_a^`g 4Z c ^ln (1; 3)

c Z (−2; 1) \h[v!e!^`_ah[j.+h

$' ##1:Z`
Z 4hut \ v h
v!r!d[h[_a^`g 4Z c ^lnGnZ`f`r!r!v c ^`Y[Z`e!r n^lne!h[d[^ln
nZ%t2Z`q`,h +h c Z \h[v!e!^`_6+h
![Z]\h[v!hutZ`d!\v ^ln
A(−2; −3)
4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`"Z 
$' # % %h[Z c 4^`Y[hut \ v ^ln 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`Z c Z Z`
Z 4hut h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^
\ v
h v!r!d[h[_a^`g 4Z c ^ln \h[v!e!^`6 _ +h c Zr!v c ^lo
A(2; 5)
Y[Z`eAt2- Z !h[ v ,+" h ![Z`d[r!f`q`hut=n n
^ 4v[^ln e!r!_ d[r!Y[Z`flo
b =7
q`hut=
n 
$' # 4%h[Z c 4^`Y[hut \ v ^ln 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`Z c Z Z`
Z 4hut h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^
\ v
h v!r!d[h[_a^`g 4Z c ^ln \h[v!e!^`6 _ +h c ZZ`jlngi^lo
(0; −3)
nZ%t2 Z !h[ v [^ln c Z c h[j`^%t d[^`d[Z`vAt=km_ah[j`Zlnt2Z`YZ c 4h[Y n
α =
◦ os^`Z`YCflk t h
n 
30
$' #  :Z`
Z 4hut \ v
h {v!r!d[h[_a^`gnZ`f`r!r!v c ^`Y[Z`e! r !h[ v [h[.j +h ![Z`d[r:o
f`q`hut=n Z os^lnxe!r!_ d[r!Y[Z`f`q`hut2h[jln c Z ![Z]\h o
a = 2 c b = −4
v!hut Z`d\ v ^ln 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j` Z !h[
v ut2Z6d[r!Y[Z`f`q`hut2h[j "^ flk t=o
`kmv!^
f`r!h ^`gi^`h[Y[e!^%t c  Z + r 4Z c ^'nZ ^%6 t 
$' # *4![Z]\h[v!hut \ v hut2Z 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`h[j`^ !h[ v ut2Z'd[r!Y[Z`f`q`hut2h[j "^ )
Z(
5x + 4y + 3 = 0;
j (

−3x + 2y − 7 = 0;
(
4x − 3y + 10 = 0;
c ( 3x + y − 8 = 0.
$' #
&4![Z]\h[v!hut \v hut2Z4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`h[j`^ flk t ` kmv!^ f`r!h `^ gi^`h[Y o
e!^%t6)
Z(
3x − 2y + 10 = 0;
j (

−4x + 10y − 1 = 0;
(
x + y − 2 = 0;
c ( 3x + 2y − 1 = 0.
 .
$'&%  ![Z]\h[v!hut \v hut2Z 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`h[j`^ 
z  + r4Z c ^#nZ^%t6)
Z(
y = 2x − 3;
j ( x y

− = 1;
( 7 4
y = −3x + 7;
(
c x + y = 1.
$'&% $':Z`Z
4hut 2 h[d c 7 h4^#\v [h h[j`^")
Z(
x − 2y + 5 = 0;
j(
2x + 3y = 0;
(
5x − 2 = 0;
c ( 2y + 7 = 0.
$ &% y %h[^
[_ah[j`Z t=kEZ`v!Z
' \v ^ln 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah o
20x + 21y = 0
j`Z [! Z`^]\h[v!r:n-!h[vut2Zd[r!Y[Z`f`q`hut2h[j^
7Z`Z
4hut h n Z`j`Z`d[^ln^
\ v h


$'&% | :Z`Z
4hut h[d c h4^#\v [h h[j`^")
Z ( x y

+ = 1;
j ( 3 2

y = −3x + 5;
(
y = 4x;
c ( x y
+ = 1.
$ &% #1%h[Z c 4^−2
' `Y[hut −1 \v ^ln 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`Z" av!r!d[h[_a^`g r!v c ^`Y[Z`eAt2Z
!h[v,+h [! Z`d[r!f`q`hut=n n^
4v[^lne!r!_Id[r!Y[Z`f`q`hut=n c Z
b=1
Z`jlngi^lnZ%t2Z !h[v[^ln c Z c h[j`^%t d[^`d[Z`vAt=km_ah[j`Zlnt2Z`YVZ c 4h[Y n
$ y{z ◦ os^`Z`Yaflk t h n

$'&%% :
^ `r!q`hut ^`d nZ`d[flk t h c ^ln Z`vAt2r!j`^" av!r!d[h[_a^`g h[d[r:nZlo
+/!q`v:km_a^`Z \v ^%t2Z c ZnZ`f`r!r!v c ^lo
4x + 3y − 36 = 0
Y[Z`e!r !h[ v [h[j`^%t6
$'&% 4:Z`
Z 4hut \ v
h mv!r!d[h[_a^`g \h[v!e!^`_6+h4Z c ^ln c Z
(2; 3) Ox
!h[ v [^ln `Z`v!Z`_ah[_kmv!^`"Z  ![Z]\h[v!hut h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^ 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah o
j`"Z 
$'&%  :Z`Z
4hut\v
h v!r!d[h[_a^`g4Z c ^ln (−1; 4) \h[v!e!^`_6+h c Z Oy
!h[v[^ln `Z`v!Z`_ah[_kmv!^`Z" ![Z]\h[v!hut h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^ 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah o
`j Z"
$'&%+*4:
^ `r!q`hut flk t h
4v!r!d[h[_nZ`g Z c 4h[Y n \v h
2x+2y −5 = 0
Z`jlngi^lnZ%t2Z !h[v[^ln c Z c h[j`^%t d[^`d[Z`vAt=km_ah[j`Zlnt2Z`Y

$'&%"&4=\ v h=nZ`f`r!r!v c ^`Y[Z`e!r!h[v[h[j.+h(![Z`d[r!f`q`hut=nKe!r!_ c Z c h o
j`^%t d[r!Y[Z`f`q`hut2h[jl
n ![Z]\h[v!hut\ v ^ln 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`Z c ZZ`Z
4hut
h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^-\ v
h it=k Z`vAt2r!j`^-^`d6nZ`d[flk t h c ^ln"Z =v!r:o
d[h[_a^`g h[d[r:n.Z +/!q`v:km_a^`ZV
Z !Y[^ Y km_a^'\ v ^%t2Z c Z6nZ`f`r:o
r!v c ^`Y[Z`e!r !h[ v [h[j`^%6
t 6e!r!_a^`Z * f`q`Z c v!Z`e:km_a^ h[vAt2h o
km_a^lnZ"
$'  z :$Z ![q`h[Y[hu6 t v!r!d \
v ^`q`^ kmY [gi^`Z +v c Z c ^`Z
f (x) = ax + b
d[Z ^`Y c Z d r!_ar c d[Z ^`
Y v!r!giZ Z f`_ah[j`Z c ^`Z
a > 0 c
d[Z ^`Y c Z
d r!_ar c d[Z ^`
Y v!r!giZ 
a<0
$' 4$':$Z ![q`h[Y[hu6 t v!r!d

4x − 6y + 7 = 0 c Z 20x − 30y − 11 = 0
\ v h[h[j`^ `Z`v!Z`_ah[_kmv!^`Z"

$'  y :^`f`q`hut2h[j`Zt=k Z`v!Zh[d c h4^#\v [h h[j`^")

3x − 2y + 1 = 0 c Z 2x + 5y − 12 = 0 ?
t Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^ln h[dut q`h[q`Z^ ^
`r!q`hut 4Z c Z`f`q`hut2^ln \h[v!e!^lo
2
_a^lnxf`r!r!v c ^`Y[Z`e!h[j`^"
$'  | :
^ `r!q`hut h[d c h4^7\v h[h[j`^lnt2Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^ln \h[v!e!^`_a^ln f`r:o
r!v c ^`Y[Z`e!h[j`^")

2x − 3y + 4 = 0 c Z x y
+ = 1.
3 2
$' +#1:Z`Z
4hut \v h
Uv!r!d[h[_a^`g 4Z c ^ln Z \h[v:o
L (−1; 2) c (3; 4)
e!^`_ah[j.+h c Z

^ `r!q`hut \v ^ln \v h nt2Z`Y
L y = −2x + 3
4Z c Z`f`q`hut2^ln\h[v!e!^`_a^lnf`r!r!v c ^`Y[Z`e!h[j`^"
$'  % :Z`d[r*`nh[Y[^%t 4v! Z ^`flkm_aZ c \ v ^`q kme!r!_ar!j`Z%t2Z h[d c h4^
n^lne!h[d[h[j`"^ )
( (
Z( y < 4 ( y > 3x + 4
x > −3; y < 2x − 1;
( (
j( 2x + 4y − 1 < 0 c ( 2x − 3y + 4 > 0
3x − y + 4 > 0; 3x + 4y − 9 < 0.
$   4:h[vAt nZ]\ [r!j^$ * -
' % e d[Z`v!^`_a^`Z" +d[h[r!v!h^ , y # z e  `^lo
v!q`h[_a^nZ]\ [r!j`^ [r!q`h[_ c !^lkmv!Z c 4Zlngih[d n # e d[Z`v!^`_n

r!_ar d[h[r!v!hf`^ ,  e d[Z`v!^`_n
av!Z`d c h[Y[^ c !^ln h[d o
c h
^
[Y[h[j`ZCd[h[r!v!h:nZ]\ [r!j^ y o Ch[vd[h[e!^ad[Z`v!^`_a^" q`^ c v!h
`^`v!q`h[_ ^

$'   =\Z`v!d[r!h[j`^ln c Z`Y[Z Z` v Ch[j`^ 4Z`v!f`q`h km_a^KnZ
[r!Y[_a^ln y{z4z h[v:o
t2h km_a^lnxnZ]\Z`v!d[r!h[j`_aZ c h[Z c 4h[Y n % z4z c r!_aZ`v:n
r!_ar
 z4z h[vAt2h km_a^ln'nZ]\Z`v!d[r!h[j`_aZ c , & z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n /4Z`Y nZlo
+/!q`v!hut \Z`v!d[r!h[j`^ln c Z`Y[Z Z` v Ch[j`^
n
Z [r!Y[_a^ln | % z h[vAt2h o
km_a^lnnZ]\Z`v!d[r!h[j`_aZ c t=kq`
^ km_a^l
n d[h[j%6 t 4v!r!d c Z`Y[Z Z`v:o
Ch[j`^ln kmY [gi^`Z#\ v ^`q`^`Z

$' *4:q% t [q`Z%6
t h[vAt2^ c Z^`d[Z`q`h'e!q`^`vAt2^l- n 4Z c Z`e!Z`Y[Z-d[r!gih[d km_a^
[Z`_a
Z [^ c Z`Y y{z f`d os^%t c Z r!v!h[jlkm_ lkmY [e!Z`d c h !^`v: n % z
c r!_aZ`v!"^ 6r!_ar % z f`d os^%t c Z r!v!h[jlkm_ lkmY [e!Z`d c h f`^
, * z c r!_aZ`v!"^  v!Zxh !^`v!h[j`Z^`d[Z`q`h'e!q`^`vAt2^ln 4Z c Z`e!Z`Y[Z
f`d=d[Z`Y [^`6
_ +h:d[r!gih[d km_a^ [Z`_a
Z [^ c Z`
Y {t=kgiY[r!j`^`_a^`"Z v!r!d
x
c Z`d[r!f`^ c h[jlkm_ah[j`Zd[Z`Y [^`_nZ c Z!e!q`^`vAt2^ln 4Z c Z`e!Z`Y[^l n Z`v:o
Ch[jln r!v!^lnV\ v ^`q`^`Z

$' '&4*[Z`v*Y[^ln nZ]\Z`v!d[r!r n^`d[_aZ`q`v!h ^lnhut2^`Z" Gv!r!dd[Zlnh k o
_a^`Z6nZ`Z%t ^'Z]\Z`v!d[r!r:n |4z4z f
Z`v!Z Z`Y[^
Z`Y % z4z f
Z`w`r 
[Z`v*Z`Y[Zln h  k [_a^`Zh[vAt c v!r:km_aZ c 4Z`d[r:k1q`Zln7Z`v!Z Z`Y[^`g
c Z Z`w`r!gh[Z c 4^`Y[hut 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`"Z :v!r!d[h[_a^`g c Z`Z Zln^lo
Z%t2h[jln [Z`* v Y[^ln nZ]\Z`v!d[r!r n^`d [_aZ`q`v!h
n at=k c Z`d[r!f`^ c h o
jlkm_ah[j`Za\Z`v!d[r!h[jlkm_a^CZ`v!Z  Z`Y[^lnZ c Z Z`w`r:n6v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`h[jln
r!v!^lnV\ v ^`q`^`"Z 
$' z :q% t [q`Z%6 t v!Z`^`d[h2\Z`v!d[r!h[j`Zln6
Z [qln y{z4z eY[h c _ah km_a"^ v!r!d[h o
_a^`g kmY c Z c Z`^ Z` v Cr:n y % c !^l n 4Z`Y[d[Z`q`_ar!j`Z "^ 
^ `r!q`hut
f`Z`q ^`v!^ c ZlnZ Z` v C^Y[h c _ah km_a^lnZ c  Z 4Z`Y[q`_a^`_a^ c !h o
h[j`^ln7v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Zln r!v!^l
n it=k h n c Z`d[r!f`^ c h[jlkm_ah[j`Z-\v:o
^`q`^`" Z 
$' $':giY[r!j`^`_a^`" Z 4v!r!d=\ [Z`_a^G ^ [^`Y[h[j`Z ◦ o +h gih[_n^lkn^lnGnf`Zlo
0 C
_a^% t ( {Z`Y k ◦ o +6
h Z`v!h[Y 4h[^`e!^lnGnf`Z`_a^% t (4Zlnh[q`h2giY[r:o
32 F
j`^`_a^
Z [e!^`"Z v!r!d \ [_a^ln c  k !^`_a^lnIe!h[d `h[v!Z`e:kmv!Z`Z
Z`Y k ^ `r!q`hut c Z`d[r!f`^ c h[jlkm_ah[j`ZZ`d#r!v!^


100◦ C 212◦ F
nf`Z`_a^%t 4Z.+r!d[^`_a^ e!h[d `h[v!Z`e:kmv!^lnd[Y[^ q`Y[h[_ar!j`h[jln r:o
v!^l
n t=k giY[r!j`^`_a^`"Z v!r!dh n c Z`d[r!f`^ c h[jlkm_ah[j`Z'\ v ^`q`^`"Z 
Z (
 v!Z`d c h[Y[^ Z`v!h[Y 4h[^`e!^`Z

30◦ C
j (
 v!Z`d c h[Y[^
gih[_n^lkn^`Z

77◦ F
$' y *[Z`_a
Z [^ c Z`Y f`d os^%t c Z r!v!h[jlkm _ lkmY [e!Z`d c hie!q`^`vAt2^ln 4Zlo
x
c Z`e!Z`Y[^ln Z` v Ch[j`^ `^`v!q`h[_a^#nZ ^lnVe!v!Z`Y n `r!v!e!^%t 4Z`d[r:o
^lnZ h[j`Z r!v!d km_a^%6 t +d[h[r!v!hKnZ ^ln e!v!Z`Y n`o
y = 4x + 60
`r!v!e!^%t f`^ , r!v!d km_a^%6 t 44Z`d[r!^`f`q`_a^`hu6 t
y = 2x + 90
v!r!d[h[_a^nZ ^ln6e!v!Z`Y n `r!v!e!^%t k v! r h[_n Z [v!h[_a^`ZKe!q`^lo
vAt2^ln 4Z c Z`e!Z`Y[Z

$' | :j`.^ +Y[h nd[h[Y[d[Z 4Z c Z]\ [q`^`e!Z $'$ z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln c Z Z` v Cq`Z't2Zlo
q`^ln ^ `v!r c  k [gi^`^lnAnZ`e!h[_ah[q`.^ +^`r v!h[f`_aZ`d[.Z +
h `nZ`v!h[f`_aZ`d[r
 v 4r!_a^ln c Z`d,+Z c h[j`Z j`^.+Y[h nd[h[Y n k/ c h[j`Z% z4z c r!_aZ`v!^"

r!_ar d[^ln^nZ`e!h[_ah[q`^.+^`r hut2h[v*^ 4Z`Yut2Z`qlnh[j`ZCt2^%t2r!h km_
Ch[ v +h , y{z c r!_aZ`v!"^ +v!Z`d c h[Y,Ch[v 4Z`q`ZVnZ`e!h[_ah[q`^.+^`r
hut2h[* v ^

Z !Y[^ Y km_a^#nZ`v!h[f`_aZ`d[r  v 4r!_a^

$' #1:r!v!^KnZ ^lnVe!v!Z`Y  n `r!v!e!^%t e!q`^`vAt2q`^ln 4Z c .Z +^ c q`^ln Z`v:o
Ch[j`^ 4Z`d[r!^lnZ h[j`Z kmY [gi^`h[j`^%6 t )
Z (
 Z
y = 20x + 260 c y = 16x + 360,
j (
 c Z
y = 6x + 100 y = 9x + 40,
nZ c Z`g d[Z`Y [^`_a^`"Z r!_ar c Z`Y[Z Z` v Ch[j`"^ 4v!r c ^lnZ`ZAk o
x y
v!r h[f`r!Y[r!d[^lkmv!^ d[h[r!v!h#nZ ^ln e!v!Z`Y n `r!v!e!^ln 4Z`d[r [h[Y[h o
j`Z

$'% =\Z`v!d[r!h[j`Z ^ c ZlnZ`Y[h[ v 4Z c 4Z`d[r:ngiZ c h nr!v!^7f`r!Y[q`h[^`h[v!"^ 
r!v!^`q`hif`r!Y[q`h[^`h[v!^lnGd 1k Z`r!j`^lnv!h  ^`d[^!^lnhut2^`"Z v!r!d c Z Z`v:o
Gkm_a^ Y[h c _ah km_a^ln v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`ZlnZ c Z 4Z`d[* r q`h[jlkm_a^
x
`v!r c  k [gi^`^ln v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Zl n r!v!^ln c Z`d[r!f`^ c h[jlkm_ah[j`Z
y
\ v ^`q`^`"Z 2f`h[ v [r c `^`v!q`h[_a^lnd 1k Z`r!j`^ln v!h  ^`d[^
Z !^]\h o
v!h[j`Z r!v!d km_a^%t Gd[h[r!v!^lnZ f`^ ,
y = 5x + 50 y =
v!r!d[h[_a^Kf`r!Y[q`h[^`h[v!^ln c Z`Y[h[ v 4q`Z`Zak v!r h[_n Z  o
6x + 10
v!h[_a^#nZ]\Z`v!d[r:nZ%t2q`^ln

$' 4 ^`v!d[^lnt2Z`Y[Z`d v!r!d[h[_a^ q`Z`_ c h[jlkm_a^`Z ^`d 1 k Z`r:n f`q`^`v!Z ^
# %-nZ`Z%t2"^ 0t=k d[^ln^xnZ`d 1 k Z`r nZ`Z%t2h[j`^lnv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Zf`q`^lo
v!Z ^ 4Z c Z`Z`w`Z`v!j`h[jln # % nZ`Z%t=
n !d[Z ^`Yd[Zln [r!q`h[_ +h[Y[r:o
v!d[Z`e!^lkm_LnZ`Z%t ^ 1k  c ^`Z`Y y o Ch[v d[h[e t2Z`Y Zl
n 'v! r 4r:o
v!^`ZKt2Z`Y[Z`d v!r!d[_a^lnKnZ`Z%t2r!j`v!^`q`^6Z`Y[.Z +/!Zlkmv!h[j`"Z t=kh[vAt
f`q`^`v!Z  ^ %%VnZ`Z%t2^lnxd 1k Z`r!j`^lnZ%t2q`^lnxd[Z`YCd[^`
^ !r  % z c r:o
_aZ`v!^

$'  :h[vAt nZ`d[f`h[v!q`Z`_ar*^e!Z`Y nZ`gid[_a^ln7h[vAt2^f`r!d`_ah[e!^ln h o
f`h[v!q`Z !^`v:n |4z c r!_aZ`v!^ c ZKd[r!d nZ`kmv!h[j`^lnZ`vCh[j`^ h o
Z c 4h[Y n % z c r!_aZ`v:
n 4r!_ar d[h[r!v!hnZ`d[f`h[v!q`Z`_a* r ^Vf`^ ,
y % c r!_aZ`v!^ c ZKd[r!d nZ `kmv!h[j`^l n Z` v Ch[j`^6f`^6Z`v!^ln * z c r:o
_aZ`v!"^ xv!r!d[h[_ nZ`d[f`h[v!q`Z`_a* r ^ k v!rLd[r:nZ h[* v h[j`h[_a^`Z
e!Z`Y nZ`gid[_a^ln c ^ c ^ `Z`v!e!^`^ln h[f`q`hut2Z

$'+*4:h[vAt2^CgiZ`_a^ e!
^ `^ln#
Z [gi^`ZC ^ [^ c h[j`Z $'% z c r!_aZ`v!Z c 'r:o
A
_ar e!
^ `^ln
Z [gi^`Z , # % c r!_aZ`v!Z c 0^`Y[q`h ne!r!v:n
Z [qln
B
y{z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ nZ`^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`r c Gd[Zlnn`kmv:n ^ [^ c r:n %o
Ch[v d[h[e!^ e!
^ `^ln-
Z [gi^`Z e!
^ `^ln-
Z [gi^`h[j%t2Z`Y h c Z`v!h o
A B
j`^%t6
Z (v!Zd[
Z  n^`d[Z`_kmv!^ v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`^ln
 Z e!
^ `^ln
Z  o
A c B
gi^`h[j`^ln [^ c q`Z h  k [_a^`Z
^`Y[q`h ne!r!v:n

j (v!ZVt2Z`Y Z c Z`(
 v ![h[j`ZV^`Y[q`h ne!r!v:n

$'"&4:d[h [Z`Y[^`flkmvnZ`Z`d [v!r:n'h[vAt2^6t2q`^ln 4Z`Y[d[Z`q`_ar!j`Z ^ h  k [_a^`Z
c Z`Z`,d +Z c r:n A nZ ^ln7d[Z`Y [Z`Y[^lnZ%t2q`^lnY[Z]\^`_ah[j`^ln $ z %7f`r:o
d `_ah [e!" ^ =Z`Y nZ ^ln d[Z`Y [Z`Y[^lnZ%t2q`^ln , Y[Z]\^`_ah[j`^ln y $ z
B
f`r!d `_ah [e!"^ 4Z`d \ [r!jnZ`Z`d [v!r:nCh[vAt2^at2q`^ln 4Z`Y[d[Z`q`_ar!j`Z ^
h  k [_a^`Z Z`Z]\ [r:n nZ ^ln y * z Z`Y nZ ^ln  z d[Z`Y [Z`Y["Z 
A B
h[Z c 4^`Y[hutIr!v!^`q`hnZ`Z`d [v!r:n d 1 k Z`r!j`^ln [q`h[_a.Z +h  r `e!^lo
d[Z`_kmv!^ c ZGh[f`r!Y[r!d[^`flkmv!^ `v! r 4v!Z`d["Z 4t=k t2^%t2r!h km_a^nZlo
Z`d [v!r:n n^`d [_aZ`q`v!h ^lnhut2^`"Z Av!r!d Z nZ ^ln 4Z`d[r:o
A c B
q`h[jlkm_ `v!r c  k [e!h[jln r!v!^ln c Z`d[r!f`^ c h[jlkm_ah[j`Z \ v ^lo
q`^`"Z / [q`h[_a.Z +h! r `e!^`d[Z`_kmv!^ c Zh[f`r!Y[r!d[^`flkmv!^ `v! r 4v!Z`d[Z
Z`v!^ln7d 1k Z`r!j`^ln7^lnhut2^nZln`kmv!q`h[_a^ c ZxZ`d[Z`q`h c v!r:n-^ c h o
Z`_kmv!^Cv!h  ^`d["^ 4v!r c h nZ`g d[h [Z`Y[^`flkmv!^nZ`Z`d [v!r h[vAt t2q`h o
^-Z]\Z`v!d[r!h[jln v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Zln nZ ^lnZ c Z v!Z`r c h o
n A m
Y[r!j`Zln nZ ^ln6f`r!d `_ah [e!h[jln c ZGZ`d \ [r!j`^nZ`Z`d [v!r!g h[vAt
B
 t q`h^GZ]\ [r!jln v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`^ln
2 nZ^lnZ c Z v!Z`r c h[Y[r:o
n A m
j`^ln nZ^ln d[Z`Y[Z`Y[h[jln
=h n Z
[e!r!j`v!^`q`Z c Y[^Y[Z`qln
=v!r!d
B
n^`d [_aZ`q`v!hut2Zh kmgiq`_ah[_aZ c Z`d=r!v!^2nZ`Z`d[v!r:nGf`r!d`_ah n^
kmY[Z t2r c c Z
d[r!g c h[Y[^ln 4Z`v!hhCd k1Z`r!jln
 (
$' * z :e!
Z 
n ^ ![.Z  c r!d[^lnZl n
^  n^`v!h[jlkm_a^ 4Z c ZlnZZ c ^`Z % c r:o
_aZ`v!"^ r!_ar [r!q`h[_ 4Z`q`_a^`_ f`^`_ar!d[h[e! v +h , % z gih[Y[e!"^ 
v!Z
d[
Z  n^`d[Z`_kmv d[Z`Y [^`6 _ +h h k [_a^`Z 4Z c Z`Z c 4^`_ah[j`Zf`_a^lo
h[Y[e:ne!
Z  n^%6 t mt=k d[Zln 4Z`$Z ![Y[^`ZVd r!_ar c  % c r!_aZ`v!^

$' *4$' Z`j`v!^`f`Z7Z]\Z`v!d[r!h[jln r!v!^ Z nZ ^l n `v!r c  k [gi^`Zl
n 
A c B
nZ ^ln `v!r c  k [gi^`^lnh[vAt2^
h[vAt2h km_a^lnx\Z`v!d[r!h[j`ZlnVnw`^lo
A
v c h[j`Z $nZ`d 1k Z`r nZ`Z%t2^ c Z | h[vAt2h km_a^7Y[h c _ah km_a"^
B
nZ ^ln `v!r c  k [gi^`^ln'h[vAt2h km_a^ln#\Z`v!d[r!h[j`Zln'f`^ , y nZ`d ko
Z`r nZ`Z%t2^ c Z $'h[vAt2h km_a^
Y[h c _ah km_a" ^  c !^ln 4Z`Y[d[Z`q`_ar:o
j`Z ^ar!v!^`q`h:nZ ^ln `v!r c  k [gi^`^lnK\Z`v!d[r!h[j`^lnZ%t2q`^l n 4Z`Y[flko
t2q`Y[^`_a^`Z Z`v!Zkmd[h[e!h n $'$nZ`d 1k Z`r nZ`Z%t2^lnZ c Z * h[vAt2h o
km_a^xY[h c _ah km_a^ln"Z  d[ r 4h[j`Z nZ ^ln `v!r c  k [gi^`^ln7h[vAt2h o
A
km6 _ +hxZ`v!^ln $ z c r!_aZ`v!"^ r!_ar nZ ^ln `v!r c  k [gi^`^ln
B
h[vAt2h km6 _ +h , y{z c r!_aZ`v!"^  v! r 4r!v kmY c Z
\Z`v!^`d[Z`vAt2r:n
\Z`v!d[r!h[j`"Z mv!r!dad[ r 4h[j`Z
^ [r:nd[
Z  n^`d[Z`_kmv!^

$' * y  ^`v!d[Z Z]\Z`v!d[r!h[jln r!v!^ nZ ^ln f`r!d `^lkme!h[v!h[jl
n  nZ ^ln
A
h[vAt2^f`r!d `^lkme!h[v!^ln \Z`v!d[r!h[j`.Z +hV^ Z` v Ch[j`Z # z4z c r!_aZlo
v!"^ r!_ar nZ ^lnKf`r!d `^lkme!h[v!^lnK\Z`v!d[r!h[j`.Z +h2f`^ ,  z4z
B
c r!_aZ`v!"^  ^`v!d[Zln f`r!d `^lkme!h[v!h[j`^ln nZ]\Z`v!d[r!h[j`_aZ c f`q`^lo
v!Z ^ 4Z`d[r [ r ^`_a^7
Z [qln y # z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ c Z7f`q`Z`_a^ ^lo
gi^lkmv!^ ^`Y  ^`Y[v!h[j`^ln n^`d[gi^`v!^ln 4Z`d[r h  k [_a^`Z Z]\Z`v!d[r!r:n
Z`v!Z'kmd[h[e!h n % z giZ`_a^Vf`r!d `^lkme!h[v!"^  nZ ^ln-t2^%t2r!h km_a^
A
f`r!d `^lkme!h[v!^ ^`v!d[Zlnx
Z [_ah[qln $'$ z c r!_aZ`v!^ln-e!r!_ d[ r 4h o
j`Zl
n 1r!_ar nZ ^ln-t2^%t2r!h km_a^Vf`r!d `^lkme!h[v!^f`^ , $'% z
B


c ! r _aZ`v:n
v!r4r!v kmY c Z'Z`Z]\ [r:n `^ v!d[Z`d\Z`v!d[r!h[j`Z" v!r!d
d[^ln^
d[r4h[j`Z
^ [r:nxd[Z
 n^`d[Z`_kmv!^

$' * | :Z`
Z 4hut d[rAt r!q`Y[^lnV\^`v!^" t=k d[rAt ! r q`Y[^ln kmY[gi^`Z#d[r!gih o
d km_a^`Z h[d c h 4^6nZ ^%t

P = gD (Q) = −4Q + 100.

Z(v!Zln
k c v!^ln Zln^" t=kd[rAt r!q`Y[Z`Z $ z

j(v!Zln
k c v!^lnd[rAt r!q`Y[Z" mv!r c h nZ`g Zln^`Z # z

(v!r 4r!v^`giq`_ah[j`Z Zln^Kd[rAt r!q`Y[^ln#r!v!^Ch[vAt2h km_a^%t
h[d[gi^`v!h[j`^lnZl
n

$' *+#1:^
`r!q`hut d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln kmY [gi^`Z c Z7Z`Z
4hut d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln\^lo
v!"^ +t=k giY[r!j`^`_a^`"Z +v!r!dKv!r!giZ `v!r c  k [gi^`^ln-h[vAt2h km_a^ln
Zln^ Z`v!^ln y{z c r!_aZ`v!" ^ d[Z ^`Y7d[rAt r!q`Y[Z`Z |4z c Z v!r:o
giZ Zln^`Z $ z c r!_aZ`v!"^ Ad[Z ^`Yd[rAt r!q`Y[Z | % h[vAt2h km_a^ln
e!r!_a^`"Z giY[r!j`^`_a^`"Z v!r!dad[rAt r!q`Y[^ln kmY [gi^`Z#\ v ^`q`^`"Z 
$' * % :Z`
Z 4hut d[rAt r!q`Y[^lnV\^`v!" ^ t=k d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln kmY [gi^`Z#d[r!gih o
d km_a^`Z h[d c h 4^6nZ ^%t

P = −3Q + 120.
Z(v!Zln
k c v!^ln Zln^" t=kd[rAt r!q`Y[Z`Z |4z

j(v!Zln
k c v!^lnd[rAt r!q`Y[Z" t=k Zln^`Z  z

(v!r 4r!v ^`giq`_ah[j`Z d[rAt r!q`Y[Z Zln^ln | h[vAt2h km_a^%t
4Z.+v c ^lnZln

c (v! r 4r!v ^`giq`_ah[j`Z6 Zln^d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln-#6h[vAt2h km_a^%t h o
d[gi^`v!h[j`^lnZln

$' * 4:d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln kmY [gi^`Z'd[r!gih[d km_a^`Z h[d c h 4^6nZ ^%t

P = −5Q + 250.
Z(v!Z#nZ.+/!q`v!h[j^V^`giq`_ah[j`ZVd[rAt  r!q`Y[Z

 j (v!Z#nZ.+/!q`v!h[j^V^`giq`_ah[j`Z Zln^


4Z`Z`Z`Y[Z`_a^.+hut d[^
!h[jlkm_a^ h c h4h[j`^"
$' *  :Z`
Z 4hut d[^]\r c h[j`^ln\^`v!" ^ t=k d[^]\r c h[j`^ln kmY[gi^`Zd[r!gih o
d km_a^`Z h[d c h 4^6nZ ^%t

P = gS (Q) = 4Q + 10.
Z(v!Zln
k c v!^lnd[^]\r c h[j`Z" mv!r!giZ Zln^
Z`v!^ln & z

j(v!Zln
k c v!^ln Zln^" t=kd[^]\r c h[j`Z`Z 

(v!r 4r!v ^`giq`_ah[j`Zad[^]\r c h[j`Z Zln^ln ##h[vAt2h km_a^%t4Zlo
+v c ^ln h[dut q`h[q`Z^

$' **4![Z]\h[v!hut d[^]\r c h[j`^ln kmY[gi^`Z c Z Z`Z
4huth nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^d[^lo
\r c h[j`^ln \^`v!^" t=k giY[r!j`^`_a^`Z" v!r!d v!r!giZ Zln^Z`v!^ln
# z4z c r!_aZ`v!"^ Gd[Z ^`Y ^`v!d[ Z 4h4d[Z`qln `v!r c k[gi^`^ln $ z4z
h[vAt2h km_a^l n h[e!Z`Y[Zln j`.Z +Z` v +
h r!_ar v!r!gi Z Zln^Z`v!^ln
+# z c r!_aZ`v!" ^ id[Z ^`Y ^`v!d[Z h[^`e!Z`Y n j`.Z +Z`v +h `v!r c  k o
gi^`^ln $ * z h[vAt2h km_
n 
^ km_a^l
n d[h[j`"Z v!r!dd[^]\r c h[j`^ln ko
Y [gi^`Z'\ v ^`q`^`Z (
$' *'&4:d[^]\r c h[j`^ln kmY [gi^`Z
d[r!gih[d km_a^` Z h[d c h 4^6nZ ^%t
1
P = gS (Q) = Q + 20.
5
Z(Z`Z
4hut h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^Vd[^]\r c h[j`^ln\^`v!^"
j(v!Z#nZ.+/!q`v!h[j^V^`giq`_ah[j`ZVd[^]\r c h[j`Z

(v!Zn.Z +/!q`v!h[j ^ ^`giq`_ah[j`Z Zln
^
4Z`Z`Z`Y[Z`_a^.+hut d[^lo
!h[jlkm_a^ h c h 4h[j`"^ 
$' & z :Z`Z
4hut d[^]\r c h[j`^ln\^`v!"^ t=k

P = gS (Q) = 6Q + 120.
Z(v!Zln7k c v!^lnd[^]\r c h[j`Z" =v!r!giZ Zln^7Z`v!^ln $ * z c r:o
_aZ`v!^

 j(v!Z Zln^ln h[dut q`h[q`Z^`ZVd[^]\r c h[j`Z y{z os^lnVe!r!_a^

(v!r4r!v ^`giq`_ah[j`ZCd[^]\r c h[j`Z Zln^ln #h[vAt2h km_a^%th o
d[gi^`v!h[j`^lnZln

c (v! r 4r!v ^`giq`_ah[j`Z Zln^ d[^]\r c h[j`^ln $ y h[vAt2h km_a^%t
h[d[gi^`v!h[j`^ln h[dut q`h[q`Z 
^

$' &4$':^
`r!q`hut \r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln Zln^ c Z'\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^lnn^ c ^lo
c
h +t=kd[rAt r!q`Y[^lnZ c Zxd[^]\r c h[j`^l- n kmY [gi^`h[j`^xd[r!gih[d ko
_a^`Z h[d c h 4^6nZ ^%6 t )
Z (

P = gD (Q) = −3Q + 60,


P = gS (Q) = 2Q + 10
j(
P = gD (Q) = −6Q + 100,
1

P = gS (Q) = Q + 22
2
(
P = gD (Q) = −4Q + 80,
1
P = gS (Q) = Q + 17.
2
$' & y :d[rAt r!q`Y[^lnZ c Zxd[^]\r c h[j`^ln kmY[gi^`h[j`^xd[r!gih[d km_a^`Z  h[d o
c h4^#nZ^%t6)

P = gD (Q) = −3Q + 100,

1
P = gS (Q) = Q + 30,
2
nZ c Z`g `^`v!q`h[_ 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`Z^ Z`v!^lnCd[rAt r!q`Y[Z" 4d[h[r!v!h o
Q
 ^
f`^ , d[^]\r c h[j`Z"
Z (^
`r!q`hut \r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln Zln^ c Z \r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln

n^ c ^ c h

j (dut2Z`q`v!r!j`Z`d 4Z c Z]\ [q`^`e!Z c Z`Z]\h nr:n ^
 n^`v!h[jlkm_a^

4Z c ZlnZ Z c ^  c r!_aZ`v!^lnr c h[Y[r!j`^%t `v!r c k[gi^`^ln
[r!q`h[_ 4Z [^ c km_ h[vAt2h km6 _ +
h v! r 4r!v Y[Z]\^`_ c h[j`Z6h n
 .
4Z c ZlnZZ c ^d[r!dd[Z`v!h[j`h[_nZ c Z7d[^`d \r c h[j`h[_nr:o
v!^ln

$' & | :^
`r!q`hut \r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln Zln^ c Z'\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^lnn^ c ^lo
c h[h[j`^ t2^%t2r!h km_a^ `v!r c k[e!^lnZ%t2q`^ln
Vt=kId[rAt r!q`Y[^lnZ
c Z6d[^]\r c h[j`^ln kmY [gi^`h[j`^#r!v:n
Z [r!Y[_a^`Z`Y[^'j`.Z +v!^lnZ%t2q`^l
n
h nZ`j`Z`d[^lnZ c 4Z`Y[^ln.Z +/!q`v!h[j`Ze!r!_ar!j`h[j`^%6 t )
Z (
 d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln kmY [gi^`Z (
Q1 = 60 − 6P1 − P2
d[^]\r c h[j`^ln kmY [gi^`Z (
Q1 = −2 + 3P1
d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln kmY [gi^`Z (
Q2 = 50 − 5P1 − P2
d[^]\r c h[j`^ln kmY [gi^`Z (
Q2 = −4 + 2P2
j( d[rAt  r!q`Y[^ln kmY[gi^`Z(
Q1 = 52 − 10P1 + P2
d[^]\r c h[j`^ln kmY[gi^`Z(
Q1 = −2 + 5P1
d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln kmY[gi^`Z(
Q2 = 30 + P1 − 4P2
d[^]\r c h[j`^ln kmY[gi^`Z(
Q2 = −8 + 3P2
$' &+#1:^
`r!q`hut \r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln Zln^ c C
Z \r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln
P0 Q0
n^ c ^ c h
t=k d[rAt r!q`Y[^lnZ c Zd[^]\r c [h j`^ln kmY[gi^`h[j`^d[r:o
gih[d km_a^`
Z h[d c h 4^ r!v!d km_ah[j`^%t6)

P = gD (Q) = −4Q + 120,

1
P = gS (Q) = Q + 30.
2
4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut \r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln'ZZ`_a^ 0 Zln^ c ZC\r!Y[Zln`o
P
\r!v!r!j`^lnZZ`_a^ 0 n^ c ^ c h
at=k dut2Z`0q`v!r!j`Z`d c Z`Z]\h nZ
Q
4Z c ZlnZ Z c ^ & c r!_a0Z`v!^lnr c h[Y[r!j`^%t `v!r c k[gi^`^ln [r:o
q`h[_ 4Z [^ c km_ h[vAt2h km6 _ +
h v! r 4r!v Y[Z]\^`_ c h[j`ZV
Z !Y[^Y ko
_a^ 4Z c ZlnZ Z c ^ d[r!d d[Z`v!h[j`h[_nZ c Z d[^`d \r c h[j`h[_ n r:o
v!^ln

$' & % :d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln kmY[gi^`Z'd[r!gih[d km_a^`Z h[d c h4^'e!r!_ar!j`^%t

1
Q = 200 − P + 3Y + A,
2
nZ c Z`g d[rAt r!q`Y[Z`Z" Zln^`Z" , d[r!dd[Z`v!h[j`h[_Ct2Z
Q P Y
nZ4kmZ`_ar (h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_a^" r!_ar v!h[f`_aZ`d[Z.+h c ZZ`v:o
A
Gkm_a^t2Z`YZ`Z"
Z(giY[r!j`^`_a^`Z" Gv!r!d Z 
P = 20 Y = 30 c A = 10
4Z`d[r!^%t2q`Z`_ahut  h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^Vd[rAt r!q`Y[Z"
j(q% t [q`Z%t Z ^
`r!q`hut
P = 10 Y = 40 c A = 20
h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^Vd[rAt r!q`Y[Z"
( Zln^ c Z h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_a^#
^ 4^`q`h["Z v!Z`g j(lkmY[e*^" 4Zlo
d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut v!h[f`_aZ`d[.Z +h c ZlnZ Z` v C^t2Z`YZ" v!r!d[h[_a^`g
d[rAt r!q`Y[Zln 4Z.+v c ^l n # % z h[vAt2h km_aZ`d c
h 
c ( [q`h[_aZ2
n q`Z
^  n^`v!h[jlkm _ `^`v!r!j`h[j "^ ^]\q`h[qlnat=kZ`v!Z
h[d[r:nZ`q`_a^ln +v c Z
d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln +v c Zl n

Y
$' & 4:d[rAt r!q`Y[^lnZ c Z!d[^]\r c h[j`^ln kmY [gi^`h[j`" ^ .h nZ`j`Z`d[^lnZ c 4Z`Y o
n.Z +/!q`v:km_a^`Z h[d c h 4^'e!r!_ar!j`h[j`^%6 t )

P = gD (Q) = −3Q + 150,

1
P = gS (Q) = Q + 45.
2
Z(^
`r!q`hut \r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln Zln^ c Z \r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln
n^ c ^ c h 4v!Z ^`flkm_aZ c c Z
Z`_ 4h[j`v:km_aZ c (
j(dut2Z`q`v!r!j`Z`d c Z`Z]\h nZ ^
 n^`v!h[jlkm_a^ 4Z c ZlnZZ c ^$ #
c r!_aZ`v!^lnr c h[Y[r!j`^%t `v!r c k[gi^`^ln [r!q`h[_4Z [^ c km_
h[vAt2h km6
_ +
h :
^ `r!q`hutEZ`d !r!Y[^ln [^`h[j`^ln 4Z`q`_ah[Y[Z j`Z.+Uo
v!^lnV\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`.Z +
h 
 $' &  :d[rAt r!q`Y[^lnZc Zxd[^]\r c h[j`^ln kmY[gi^`h[j`^xd[r!gih[d km_a^`Z  h[d o
c h 4^
e!r!_ar!j`h[j`^%t6)
P = gD (Q) = −5Q + 150,
1
P = gS (Q) = Q + 40.
2
Z(^
`r!q`hut \r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln Zln^ c Z \r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln
n^ c ^ c h 4v!Z ^`flkm_aZ c c Z
Z`_ 4h[j`v:km_aZ c (
j(
^ `r!q`hut \r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln ZZ`_a^ Zln^ c ZV\r!Y[Zln%\r:o
v!r!j`^lnZZ`_a^!n^ c ^ c h
t=k `v!r c k[gi^`^ln [r!q`h[_ 4Z [^lo
c km_h[vAt2h km6 _ +h c Z`Z]\h nh n64Z c ZlnZZ c ^ j`h4Z`v!Z( Zlo
n^l-n $ z
os^lnr c h[Y[r!j`^%6 t 
$' &*4:^
`r!q`hut h[v!r!q`Y km_a ^ h[d[r:nZ`q`_a^lnZ ZAd[*
r d[Z`v!h[j`^ln
(Y ) c (C)
\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^%t2^ c r!Y[
h it=k d[* r d[Z`v!h[j`^ln kmY [gi^`Zln7
Z [qln
nZ h
C = 0, 6 Y + 45,
r!_ar c
Z 4h4d[^`_a^x^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`Z`Z I = 23  v!r4r!v giq`_a^lo
_ah[j`Zln 4Z`Y[^`g c ^lnC\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^%t2^ c r!Y[h
t=k c Z
4h4d[^`_a^
^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`Z 4Z`.^ +Z`v c Z y h[vAt2h km_a^%t

$' &'&4:d[r*d[Z`v!h[j`^ln kmY [gi^`Z
d[r!gih[d km_a^`Z
e!r!_ar!j`^%t

C = 0, 2 Y + 60,
r!_ar c
Z 4h4d[^`_a^'nZ`^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`r t2Z`YZ`Z I = 100 
Z(^
`r!q`hut h[v!r!q`Y km_a^h[d[r:nZ`q`_a^ln
'd[r*d[Z`v!h[j`^lnZ c Z
c Z`Y[.Z +
r 4h[j`^ln\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^%t2^ c r!Y[h

j(v! r 4r!v ^`d[ r [d[h c h[jln^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`^ln * z h[vAt2h km_a^%t 4Z.+v c Z
\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`.Z +h

$' $ 4z z :d[r!gih[d km_a^`"Z )
nZh[_ad \^ r c Z`Y[ZZ`vCh[j`^(
G = 50
 ^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`Z(
I = 60
d[r*d[Z`v!h[j`^ln mk Y[gi^`Z(
C = 0, 4 Yd + 30 ,
n
Z 4Z c ZlnZ Z c r
T = 0, 2 Y + 10
d[r:nZ`f`v!h[j`_ah[j`^ln m k Y[gi^`Z(

^ `r!q`hut Z`d
d[r c h[_a^%t d[r!gih[d km_a^-h[v!r!q`Y km_a^-h[f`r!Y[r!d[^`f`^ln
\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^lnd c 4r!d[Z`v!h[r!j`^ln h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^")
Z (h[v!r!q`Y km_a
 ^ h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_a^

j (
n
Z 4Z c ZlnZ Z c r d[r:nZ`f`v!h[j`_ah[j`^


(d[* r d[Z`v!h[j`^ln c r!Y[h

c ( c Z`Y[.Z + r 4h[j`^ln c r!Y[
h 
$' $ z '
$ *
 4Z ` Y 
n Z . /
+ !
 `
q !
v hut\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^%t2^ h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_a^ c ZC^`Y[q`h o
Y
ne!^`gi^`^ln nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2"^ !t=k d[r!gih[d km_a^`- Z h[d o
r
c h 4^
^`Y r!v!d[Z`gi^`Z#nZln
Z [r!Y[_ar j`.Z +v!^ln h nZ h["j )

C = 0, 4Y + 60,
I = −30r + 1400
c Z km_a^lnj`Z.+v!^ln  h nZh[j")

MS = 400,
L1 = 0, 1 Y,
L2 = −20 r + 260.
`Z Z
4hut os^lnZ c Z os^ln c Z`d[Z`f`Z`q^`v!h[j`h[_a^4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`h[j`^ln
Y r
h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^A\v h[h[j`^!h[vAt=nZ c Z!^`d[Z`q`h nZ`f`r!r!v c ^`Y[Z`e!r n^lo
j`v!e [,h +
h 2v!Z 4Z`q`_ah[Y[ZlnZ c h[Y n Z`q`e!r!Y[r!d[^lkmv!^ ^`Y[q`h ne!^lo
gi^`^l
n Z`Y k opn ( +v c Z\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln h[v!r!q`Y km_ h o
d Y
d[r:nZ`q`Z`6 _ +h c Z#nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hu* t +h

r
$' $ zy *!^`Z
h[f`r!Y[r!d[^`f`Z
\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`Z^`Z" v!r c h nZ`g

Y = C + I + 2G + X − M,
nZ c Z`g giq`_aZ c h[j`^ Z
!Y[^Y[Z`q`h[Y t2Z`Yh[jln
#v!r!d[_ah[j`^`g!h o
h nZ`j`Z`d[h[j`Z7h[v!r!q`Y km_ h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_n id[r*d[Z`v!h[j`Zln
(Y ) (C)
^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`Zln nZh[_ad \^ rZ`vCh[jln h n`r!v!e:n
(I) (G)
^`d `r!v!e:n 
(X) (M )
4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut \r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^%t2^Ch[v!r!q`Y km_a^ h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_a^"
t=k d[r!gih[d km_a^`"Z v!r!
d )

C = 0, 4 Y + 60,
I = 60, G = 100, X = 80,
M = 0, 2 Y + 40.
$' $ z4| :d[r!gih[d km_a^`Z")
d[r*d[Z`v!h[j`^ln kmY[gi^`Z
C = 0, 6 Y + 40
^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`Z
I = −20r + 620
km_a^lnd[^]\r c h[j`Z
MS = 3700
km6_ +hxd[rAt r!q`Y[Z 4Z`v!^
4h[j`^lnZ c Z4Zlk t2q`Z`_a^ln%\^`Y[h[j`h[_a^
d[.^ +Y[h[j`^lnZ%t2q`^ln

L1 = 0, 2 Y,
km_6+hCd[rAt  r!q`Y[Z#n`h[flkm_aZ`gi^lkmv!^xd[^.+Y[h[j`^lnZ%t2q`^ln

L2 = −10r + 3600.
4Z`Y nZ.+/!q`v!hut h[v!r!q`Y km_a^ h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_a^ c Z'nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln
Y
4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^" 0t=k nZlnZ
[r!Y[_ar c Z km_aZ c ^-j`Z.+v!h[j`^\r:o
r
Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`Z ^`"Z 
$' $ z #1:Z`d[* r `nh[Y[^%t h[d c h 4^'f`q`Z c v!Z`e:km_a^ 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`h[j`^")
Z ( 2

x + 4x + 9 = 0;
 j(
x2 − 2x + 7 = 0;
(
x2 − 4x + 10 = 0;
(
c x2 + 3x + 8 = 0.
$' $ z % :^
`r!q`hut Z mt=k
z1 + z 2 c z1 − z 2
Z( Z
z1 = 4 + i c z2 = 2 − 5i;
j( c Z
z1 = 5 z2 = 5 + 3i;
( c Z
z1 = 3i z2 = 7 − 6i;
c ( z1 = 4 + 9i c Z z2 = 7 − 3i.
$  $ z 4*4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut
' mt=k
z1 · z2
Z( Z
z1 = 3 + 5i c z2 = 2 − 3i;
j( c Z
z1 = 4 − i z2 = 1 + 2i;
( c Z
z1 = 2i z2 = 3 − i;
c ( z1 = 5 − 4i c Z z2 = 3.
$  $ z  *4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut
' t=k
z1 : z2
Z( Z
z1 = 3 + 4i c z2 = 7 − i;
j( c Z
z1 = 2 + i z2 = 3 + 4i;
( c Z
z1 = −2i z2 = 4 − i;
c ( z1 = 1 + i c Z z2 = 6 − i.
* %h[Zlnv:km_ahut d[r[d[h c h[j`Z`Y[^")
$' $ z 4
Z(
(3 + 2i)(4 − 2i) + (2 − 5i);
j( (4 + 7i)(3 − i) i(1 − i)(2 + i)
− ;
( 5−i 2 + 3i
(1 + 2i)2 − (2 − i)2 ;
(
c (3 + 4i)2 + (2 − 3i)2 .
$' $ z &4:^
`r!q`hut mt=k
z1 · z 2
Z( Z
z1 = 2 − i c z2 = 4 + 2i;
j( c Z
z1 = 3 + i z2 = 2 − 5i;
( c Z
z1 = 5 + 8i z2 = 4 − 6i;
c ( z1 = 7 + 9i c Z z2 = 10 + 5i.
$' $'$ z :
 ^
`r!q`hut 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`^lnxY[Z`d c q`^`_a^VZ`d[r!Y[Z`nY[h[j`^")
Z(
(2 + i)x + (3 − 2i)y = 4 + 3i;
j (

(5 + i)x − (4 + 2i)y = 7 + 8i;
(
(6 + 2i)x − (2 + i)y = 9 − 2i;
c ( (4 + 3i)x − (4 + 5i)y = 8 + 6i.
$' $'$'$':^
`r!q`hut t=k
Re(z1 · z 2 )
Z(
z1 = 4 + 3i, z2 = 3 − 4i;
j(
z1 = 5 − 7i, z2 = 6 + 2i;
(
z1 = −6 + 2i, z2 = 9 + 3i;
c ( z1 = −7 − 2i, z2 = −1 + i.
$' $'$ y *4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut 1 mt=k
z 
Im
Z( z2
z1 = 2 + i, z2 = 3 − i;
j(
z1 = −3 + 4i, z2 = 1 − i;
(
z1 = 4i, z2 = 2 + 3i;
c ( z1 = −5 + 3i, z2 = 3 − 2i.
$' $'$ | c Z`Z`d[e!f`^`gihut Gk it2h[j`Z%t2Z
v!^`g q`^ln h[d c h4^Vt2q`^lnh[j`h[j`^")

Z( m
C = Cnn−m ;
j ( nm
 m+1
Cn + Cnm+1 = Cn+1 .
$' $'$ #1%[kmv!Y[Z`_a^ln %
n q`Z c Zln
q`Z4q`h[v c +hkmY c Z 4Z`Yut2Z`qln c h n %
4Z`Y
n q`Z`q`h[jlkm_a^AnZ`v!h[f`_aZ`d[r 4Z`Y[g Z c h[j`Z"`nZ`v!h[f`_aZ`d[r4Z`Y o
g Z c h[j`h[j`^ln 4Z`Y[_a
Z 4h[j`^lnxv!Z`d c h[Y[^
q`Z`v!^`Z`Y[e!^Z`v:nh[j`r!jln

$' $'$'%  $ y c h lkme!Z`e!^ln
Z 4Z`Y h[d c 4Z`v!^'f`r!d[^ln^`^ln
Z 4Z`YakmY c Z ![Z`d[r:o
[Z`_a^`j c h n % f`Z`gi^`Z`Y[ ^ [q`h[f`r!d[^ln^`"Z [q`h[f`r!d[^ln^`^ln h [d[Y[^ln
v!Z`d c h[Y[^
q`Z`v!^`Z`Y[e!^VZ`v:nh[j`r!jln

$' $'$4:j`Z`Y[fl6 n h 
k [_a^`6
Z 4Zlngih n #6h[vAt2Y[Z`^`v!^nZ ^lnKf`v!h c ^`e!"^ {f`v!h o
c ^`e!^ln7
Z !h[j`^ln d n`kmv!q`h[_a^`Z $ z r! v 4Z`Y[.^ +Z`gi^`"Z if`v!h c ^`e!^ln
4Z`gih[d[^lnv!Z`d c h[Y[^
q`Z`v!^`Z`Y[e!^VZ`v:nh[j`r!jln

.

$' $'$  :d[^`f`v!r!Z`q`e!r!jlkn
^ &6Z c 4^`_a^`Z"4v!Z`d c h[Y0n
q`Z c Zln
q`ZCq`Z`v!^lo

Z`Y[e!Z c h[^
[_ah[j`Z c Z`qln
Z% t &'d"+Z`q`v!^ad[^`f`v!r!Z`q`e!r!jlkn
^

$' $'$ *4:j`Z`Y[fln h k[_a^`Z % 4Z`Y
n q`Z`q`h[jlkm_a^VnZ ^lnf`v!h c ^`e!^ln 4Z`gih o
d[Z"4f`v!h c ^`e!^ln6Z
!h[j`^lnKd n`kmv!q`h[_Ct2ZCv!^`g q`^`Z &44f`v!h c ^`e!^ln
4Z`gih[d[^lnv!Z`d c h[Y[^
q`Z`v!^`Z`Y[e!^VZ`v:nh[j`r!jln

$' $'$&4:e!r!e!Z`_a^.+Z`e!r!v:n 4Z`$ Z ![Y[^`Z # Z`vAt2r!h[f`v!Z`Y[^`Z`Y[^e!h[_ah[q`^lo
+r!v!^ c Z7nZ 4kmZ`_ah[j`Z
Z [qln d[^`
^ !r:n & n `r!v!e:km_a^ Z`* v "^ 
n`r!v!e:km_a^AZ`* v h[j`^ln ![q`h[Y[h[j`^lnv!Z`d c h[Y[ ^ 4Z`Y
n q`Z`q`h[jlkm_a^q`Zlo
v!^`Z`Y[e!^GZ`v:nh[j`r!jln6t=k-q`
^ km_a^l
n d[h[j%6 t 4v!r!d:h[vAt2^ c Z
^ 4^lo
q`h:n `r!v!e:km_a^Ce!h[_ah[Z`* v ^CZ`v 4Z c Z`^`gih[d[Zah[vA* t +h!d[h[e!^ae!h o
_ah[q`.^ +r!v!^%t

$' $ y{z 0nZlne:kmd[v!* r ^
t2Z`q`^ln`k Z`_a^`" Z *xh[vAt2Z c 4^`_a^`Z`Y[^'Y[r!d[h[v!"^  %
f`Z`gi^ln
Z 4Z`Y h[d c 4Z`v!^6e:kmv!^lne:km_a ^  k ^ln 4Z`Yut2Z`qlnh[j`^ln
v!Z`d c h[Y[^ 4Z`Y
n q`Z`q`h[jlkm_a^ h n
Z [_ah[j`_ar!j`Z#Z`v:nh[j`r!jln

Z !Y[^lo
Y km_ n^`e:kmZ`gi^`Z  ^

$' $ y $':e:kmv!^lne:n6n`kmv!q`^`_a^'
Z [qln'h[vAt c !h n#d[r!^`Y[Z `km_ar:n [Z`_a
Z  o
6 ^ 4Z`Y[_a
Z 4h[jlkm_a^ $ z ^lne!r!v!^lkm_a^ [h 4_a^ c Z`Y2v!r!d[h[_a^`d[h #1
h[vAt2^ c !^lnZ%t2q`^ln v!Z`d c h[Y[^ 4Z`Y
n q`Z`q`h[jlkm_a^ d[Z`* v v:kme!^ln
hut2Z`q`.Z +h[j` Z h 
k [_a^`ZAe:kmv!^lne!^lnZ%t2q`^lnad[Zln `^`Y [h[_ d Z`v!h n

$' $ y4y 0nZ c .Z +q`h[v!q`r  k ^r!v!^ r ^`gih[v!^ c Z `k t2 ^ CZ`v!^ln`o
f`Z`gi^`"Z 2v!Z`d c h[Y[^ h[* v ^%t h[
^ [_ah[j`Z Zlnhut2 ^  k ^ln h c o
4h[Y[Z - r ^`giv!^lnZ c Z $ # CZ`v!^lnf`Z`gi^ln
Z 4Z`Y

 t2Z`q`^ b[b


 
 


y  $':Z`d[r2\h[v!hut d[Z`e!v!^`gi^ln  h[d h4^'h[_ah[d[h[Y[e!h[j`^")

c
A
Z( j( ( ( h( t=k
a13 , a21 , a33 , c a42 , a51
 
1 1 −3
 −9 0 11 
 
A= 5 4 −3 .

 7 2 −1 
0 −6 2
y  y :Z`Z
4hut d[Z`e!v!^`giZ" v!r!d[_a^ln +r4Z c ^h[_ah[d[h[Y o
B = [bij ]2×3
e!^`Z")
Z( j( (
bij = 3, bij = i + j, bij = j,
c ( bij = max(i; j) h ( bij = i , q( bij = 2i+3j .
y  | :
^ `r!q`hu6
t )mZ(
A + B,
j(
A − 2B,
j
(
2
A> + C,
c ( (A − B)> + 2C, h ( (2B > − C) + 4A> ,
q (
 > mt=k
(B − 3C ) + 2A
   
1 −2 0 1 −3 1 7 5
A =  −3 5 1 −1  , B =  0 −1 1 2  ,
0 2 4 3 −3 −4 6 8
 
2 1 −3
 1 −1 10 
C=  4
.
2 1 
0 1 2
.
.
y  1# :Z$![q`h[Y[hut h[d c h4^'e!r!_ar!j`h[j`^lnd[Z`vAt2h[jlkm_ar!j`Z")
Z(
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C;
j (

(λ + δ)A = λA + δA;
(
λ(A + B) = λA + λB;
c ( (λδ)C = λ(δC) 
h[Z`d[r2\d[hut h nCe!r!_ar!j`h[j`^Gf`r!Y[f`v!h[e:km_  h[dut  q`h[q`Z^" {v!r:o
giZ
λ = 3 δ = −4
     
1 −1 −2 0 1 2
A= , B= , C= .
3 4 1 5 3 1
y & % :
 ^
`r!q`hut mt=k
a b c
Z ( 3 2
   
 b − 1 4c

=
1 a 1 3
   
a 7 2+b 7
j(  
−4 1  =  b 1 
8 11 8 c+b
y  4 :^
`r!q`hut d[Z`e!v!^`g0t2Z
Y[Z`d[v!Z`q`_a^
y
    
$ (   −2 1
( 3 1 −4 5

2 3
0 3 −1 4 3 1
 
| # (   −3

  
( −3 −2 1 2

1 3 4  7 
2 1 −2 −3
2
    
2  −3 1 2 1 5 2
%'(   

(    0 1 1 

0 3 −5 6 0 4 1
1 3 2 0 2 4 1
  
1 2 3 −1 −2 −4
'( 

2 4 6   −1 −2 −4 
3 6 9 1 2 4
 ..
  
5 −1 2 5 9 −10
*
( 

3 5 0   −3 3 6 
1 4 1 7 −21 28
  
3 1 −1 1 0 0
&
( 

0 1 4  0 1 0 
7 3 5 0 0 1
 
 −2 1 
$ z (
 
1 2 3  1 −1

0 1 
4 5 6 2 −2
2 −3
   
2 1   1
$'$ (  −1 1 −1   
−1 2  2
2 0 2
3 3 3
y  :Z$![q`h[Y[hut6 v!r!d

Z
   
A=
3 1 c B=
1 −1
6 2 0 1
[d Z`e!v!^`gih[j`^lnZ%t2q`^ln 
(A + B)2 6= A2 + 2AB + B 2
y  *4:$Z ![q`h[Y[hut6 v!r!d

c Z
   
2 3 1 0
A= B=
1 2 2 −1
d[Z`e!v!^`gih[j`^lnZ%t2q`^ln 2 
A − B 2 6= (A − B)(A + B)
y  &4 Z d[Z`e!v!^`gih[j`^lnZ%t2q`^ln h[Z`d[r2\d[hut e!r!_ar!j`h[j`^ln
A B c C
d[Z`vAt2h[jlkm_ar!j`"Z )
Z (
 j (

(A+B)·C = AC +BC; (AB)·C = A(BC)
nZ c Z`g
     
2 1 3 −1 1 −1 1
A= , B= , C= .
−2 3 2 2 2 0 2
y $ z  c Z`Z`d[e!f`^`gihut6 mv!r!dCt=k AB = BA d[Z^`Y
Z( 2 2 2
(A + B) = A + 2AB + B ;
.
j(
A2 − B 2 = (A − B)(A + B);
( 
(AB)2 = A2 B 2
y  $'$' A c Z B d[Z`e!v!^`gih[j`^lnZ%t2q`^ln h[Z`d[r2\d[hut (AB)> = B > A>
e!r!_ar!j`^lnxd[Z`vAt2h[jlkm_ar!j`Z")
 
1 5
Z(
 
1 −1 0

A= B =  −2 2 
2 0 1
0 1
 
  −1 −3 1
3 0 1 4
j(  0 1 2 

A =  −2 1 3 1  B =
 1

0 1 
1 0 1 0
0 2 −2
y $ y *4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut c h[e!h[v!d[^`Y[Z`Y[e!^
y |
     
$ (  3 5 
(  −4 2 
(  −3 2 


 1 2   −3 1   6 −4 

√ √
 
1 3 4 
# (  1 + √3 2 − √5 % ( 
  

'

 2+ 5 1− 3

  −1 2 0 
 1 4 5 
   
 −3 1 2 3 0 0 

(   ( 
 

'

 4 2 1 0 5 0 

 
 −2 1 5   0 0 −2 
   
 2 4 5  −2 1 3
*
( 
 

&
(  
 0 3 −5 
  3 2 1


 0 0 4   4 5 5 
y $ |  c Z`Z`d[e!f`^`gihut e!r!_ar!j`h[j`^
Z (  αa1 + βb1 + γc1 d1 
 

 αa2 + βb2 + γc2  d2 =
  
 a1 d1   b1 d 1   c1 d 1 

= α
  +β   +γ
 
a2 d2  b2 d 2  c2 d 2 
 .
   
a 1 b1 a 1 x + b 1 y + c 1   a 1 b1 c1 
j ( 

  =  a 2 b2 c2 

  
 a 2 b2 a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2   
 a 3 b3 a 3 x + b 3 y + c 3   a 3 b3 c3 
   
 1 1 1   1 a a2 
(  
a b c  =  1 b b2  = (b−a)(c−a)(c−b)
a 2 b2 c2   1 c c2 


y # :Z`d[r*`nh[Y[^%t
$ 1 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`Z

Z(  x − 2 3  j(  x + 1
   
3 

= 0; =5
 x 2   1 x−1 
   
 2x −2 1   x 1 2 
( 
 
c (  −2 x −1  = −12 

 4 3 x  = 21;
  
 1 0 1   x 2 1 
y  $'% :
 Z`d[r*`nh[Y[^%t kme!r!_ar!j`Z

Z(  x2 x  j( 
   
x x + 1 

 3 1  > 0;  x − 1 2x  ≤ 2
 
 −x 2 1 
(  
 3 −1 4
 < 11.

 x 1 x 
y  $4:^
`r!q`hut h[d c h4^'d[Z`e!v!^`gi^lnv!Z`Y4^
 
1 −2 3
Z(
A= 2 1 1 ;
4 −3 7
 
2 1 −1
j(

B= 1 1 2 
3 4 1
 
1 −1 1 2 3
(
C= 2 1 −1 0 1  ;
5 1 −1 2 5
.
 
1 0 2 1
c ( D= 3 1 0 
2 

 −1 −1 4 0 
2 −1 10 3
y  $  *4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut c h[e!h[v!d[^`Y[Z`Y[e!^")
   
 1 2 −1 0   1 −3 −4 2 
Z (  j ( 
 
 0 1 2 3 
 2 2 −3 0  

 2 −1 1 −1  
 0 1 −1 2 
3 2 −1 0  1 2 1 3 
y * :Z`Z
4hut d[r!gih[d km_a^
d[Z`e!v!^`gi^ln  h[j`v:kmY[h[jlkm_a^d[Z`e!v!^`giZ")
 
$ 4

Z( j(
   
2 1
9 −2

5 3 3 −1
   
2 2 3 3 −4 5
( 
c (  2 −3 1 

1 −1 0 
−1 2 1 3 −5 −1
 
2 7 3
h(  
3 9 4 
1 5 3
y  $&4:^
`r!q`hut X d[Z`e!v!^`giZh[d c h4^ 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`^ c Z`Y
)
Z(
   
2 5 4 −6

X=
1 3 2 1
j(
   
1 2 1 −1

X =
2 5 0 2
   
1 −4 −3 1 0 0
( 

1 −5 −3  X =  0 1 0 
−1 6 4 0 0 1
   
1 1 −1 1 −1 3
c ( X  2 1 0  =  4 3 2 
1 −1 1 1 −2 5
 .
y  {y z  Z d[Z`e!v!^`gih[j`^lnZ%t2q`^ln h[Z`d[r2\d[hut
A c B (AB)−1 =
e!r!_ar!j`^lnxd[Z`vAt2h[jlkm_ah[j`Z")
B · A−1
−1

   
2 1 −2 1
A= , B= .
3 2 −5 3
y  y $':Z$![q`h[Y[hut6 v!r!dZ`v!Z`Y km_ar!q`Z`Y[^ c v!^`g q`^lnZ%t2q`^ln c Z A Z`v!Zlo
4Z c Z
4q`Z`v!h[jlkm_a^ d[Z`e!v!^`gi^lnZ%t2q`^lnd[Z`vAt2h[jlkm_a^`Z-h[d c h4^
e!r!_ar!j`Z 1 Z  h[Z`d[r2\d[hut ^
4^7f`r!Y[f`v!h o
(cA)−1 = A−1 c
e:km_ d[
Z 4Z`_a^%t*+h
mv!r!giZ
c

Z(
 
1 −1

c = 2, A =
2 −3
 
0 −3 6
j( 1 
c= , A= 9 0 12 
3 3 −6 9
y  y4y 0nZ
`v!h,+^ c h[Y[e!r Z`v([! h[q`Y[h[j^Cd[r!Y[Z]\^`_ah[r!jln6nZ`d[^Cf`Z`Y c ^ c Zlo
e!^"!\^`Y[ZlnZ`Z`v([! h[q`Y[r f`Z`d`Z`Y[^`^lnZ%t2q`^ln t2^%t2r!h km_a^f`Z`Y c l^ o
c `Z e!^#^ [h[Y[h[jln `_aZ`f`Z`e!h[jln
nZ`v!h[f`_aZ`d[r v4r!_ah[jlnZ c ZKnZlo
^`Y r!v!d[Z`gi^`r jlkmf`_ah[e!h[jln

bf`Z`Y c ^ c Z`e!^'kmf`q`hut2Z`qln$ z4z4z4z `_aZ`f`Z`e:n
y nt nZ`v!h o
f`_aZ`d[r hut2h[v:
n |4z4z4z4z jlkmf`_ah[e:n
Ub[b2f`Z`Y c ^ c Z`e!^ , $'% z4z4z
`_aZ`f`Z`e:
n $' &% nt nZ`v!h[f`_aZ`d[r hut2h[v:
n y  z4z4z jlkmf`_ah[e:n

r!_ar b[b[b , y{z4z4z4z $' &% $ z4z4z4z , h nZ`j`Z`d[^lnZ c 
$ giZ`_a^ `_aZ`f`Z`e!^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`Z`Z y c r!_aZ`v!" ^ $`\mt
nZ`v!h[f`_aZ`d[r hut2h[v!^ln , y{z4z c r!_aZ`v!"^ r!_a r $giZ`_a^jlkmflo
_ah[e!^ln , z &% c r!_aZ`v!"^ +v!Zt2Z`Y Z`ZVnZ`w`^`v!r t2^%t2r!h km_a^
f`Z`Y c ^ c Z`e!^lnZ%t2q`^ln-f`Z`d `Z`Y[^`^ln ![ZlnZ`e!Z`v!h[j`_aZ c

Z`d[r!giZ`Y[^lnZ`d[r:nZ `nY[h[_aZ c 4Z`d[r! ^ [h[Y[hut d[Z`e!v!^`g+km_a^2n^`d o
j`r!_a^`f`Z"
.
y  {y | :f`r!d`Z`Y[^`ZKk1q`h[jlnKnZ`d[^ P P c Z P nZ ^ln `v!r c k[gi^`Zln

1 2 3
h nZ`j`Z`d[^lnZ c $ z4z |4z4z c Z # z4z h[vAt2h km_a^ln#v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`^%t6
b `v!r c  k [gi^`^lnh[vAt2h km_a^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`Z`Z y{z c r!_aZ`v!^

b[b `v!r c  k [gi^`^lnh[vAt2h km_a^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`Z`Z $ z c r!_aZ`v!^

b[b[b `v!r c  k [gi^`^lnh[vAt2h km_a^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`Z`Z |4z c r!_aZ`v!^

nZ`d[^`q`hGnZ ^ln `v!r c  k [gi^`^lnV\Z`v!d[r!h[j`.Z +hC^ Z` v Ch[j`ZVrAt ^
Z nZ ^lnY[h c _ah km_a"^ mf`h[ v [r c
N1 N2 N3 c N4
b'nZ ^l n `v!r c  k [gi^`^ln h[vAt2h km6 _ +h7Y[h c _ah km_Ct2Z c Z`Y[Zlo
Z` v C^ln Y[r!v!d[h[j`^`"Z h nZ`j`Z`d[^lnZ c y | *$' *$ h[vAt2h o
km_a^(
b[b `v!r c  k [gi^`^lnh[vAt2h km6 _ +hao $' z y $- h[vAt2h km_a^ (
b[b[b `v!r c  k [gi^`^lnh[vAt2h km6 _ +hao y $' z | h[vAt2h km_a^ (
h[vAt2h km_a^6Y[h c _ah km_a^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`Z`Z h nZ`j`Z`d[^lnZ c y c r:o
_aZ`v!"^ $ c r!_aZ`v!"^ y c r!_aZ`v!"^ | c r!_aZ`v!"^ h[d[r!
^ !hut
h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^d[Z`e!v!^`gih[j`^ c Z
d[Z%t2^#nZ 4kmZ`_ah[j`^%t
^ `r!q`hu6
t )
Z (v!h[Z`_a.^ +Z`gi^`^%t d[
^ !h[jlkm_a^ h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_a^


j ( c Z Z`
 v Gkm_a^Y[h c _ah km_a^lnxdut2_a^`Z`Y[^ !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`"Z 
y  y #1:_k c ^l6 n [Z`*v Z`Y[Z!1k q`h[jlnGrAt ^2nZ ^lnG_k c
n v!r!d[h[_Ct2Zv!h o
f`_aZ`d[ZlnCh \h[q`ZAnZ`d[^e!h[_ah[f`r!d `Z`Y[^`^lnGnZ 4kmZ`_ah[j`^%6 t 4Z`d[Zlnt2Z`Y
`^`v!q`h[_a^r!v!^-nZ ^ln _k c ^ln v!h[f`_aZ`d[^lnZ%t2q`^ln t2^%t2r!h km_
e!h[_ah[Z`* v +h2 ^ [h[Y[h[jln | \Uk t=
n {d[h nZ`d[h c Zd[h[rAt h0nZ ^lnC_ko
c ^lnKv!h[f`_aZ`d[^lnZ%t2q`^ln'f`^ , ##\Uk t=
n t2^%t2r!h km_ e!h[_ah[Z`* v `o
+hKh[vAt2^
\Uk t2^e!h[_ah[v!h[f`_aZ`d[^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`Z`" Z h nZ`j`Z`d[^lo
nZ c y{z |4z c Z # z c r!_aZ`v!"^  h[d[r!
^ !hut h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^'d[Z`e:o
v!^`gih[j`^ c Z
d[Z%t2^ 4Z`d[r [h[Y[h[j`^%t
^ `r!q`hu6 t )
Z (xt2^%t2r!h km_a^2nZ ^ln `v!r c 
 k [gi^`^lnv!h[f`_aZ`d[^lnZ%t2q`^ln c Zlo
Z`v Gkm_a^t2Z`Y Z'nZ`d[^`q`hKe!h[_ah[Z`* v +h

 .
j(xt2^%t2r!h km_a^
e!h[_ah[f`r!d`Z`Y[^`^lnZ%t2q`^ln 4Z c Z c ^`_a^t2Z`Y o
Z

(v!h[f`_aZ`d[^lnZ%t2q`^ln c ZZ`vGkm_a^xdut2_a^`Z`Y[^Vt2Z`YZ"
y  y %  ^`v!d[Z1k q`h[jlnKrAt ^nZ ^ln `v!r c  k [e:
n v!r!d[h[_nZ`g [^ c ^ln
r!v d[r!d d[Z`v!h[j`h[6 _ +
h 4Z`d:d[r!d d[Z`v!h[j`_a^ln6d[^`h[v Y[ Z [^ c 6
^ `v!r:o
c  k [e!h[j`^lnv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`h[j`- ^ 4Z`d[r:nZ `km_a^`Z h[d c h 4^-d[Z`e!v!^lo
gi^%t  
3 2 4 1
A= .
5 4 1 2
t ^%t2r!h km_a^#nZ^ln ` v!r c k[e!^lnh[vAt2h km_a^ln
2 Zln^'d[r!gih[d ko
_a^`ZVd[Z`e!v!^`gi^%t
 >
B= 100 200 200 300 .
rAt ^`q`h
nZ^ln `v!r c k[e!^ln 4Z`d[r:nZq`h[j`Z c ^`v!d[Z7^ [h[Y[h o
jln nZ`d[^nZ^ln Y[h c _ah km_n
aZ`d Y[h c _ah km_a^ln c Z`Y[ZZ`vC^ln
Y[r!v!d[h[j`^- e!r!Y[r!j`^%t(Ct2^%t2r!h km_a^'nZ^ln `v!r c k[e!^lnh[v:o
t2h km_a^lnVnZ]\Z`v!d[r!h[j`_aZ c 4Z`d[r:nZ`km_a^`Zd[Z`e!v!^`gi^%t
 
1 2 1
 2 1 0 
C=
 0
.
1 3 
4 0 1
nZ`d[^`q`h:Y[h c _ah km_a^lnKt2^%t2r!h km_a^Ge!r!Y[^ln6!^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`Z c r:o
_aZ`v!r!j`^%t(ad[r!gih[d km_a^`Z
d[Z`e!v!^`gi^%t
 >
D= 10 5 15 .
c Z`d[Z`e!h[j`^%t h[d[r!q`^
!rAt E2 = [1 1] d[Z`e!v!^`giZ"

^ `r!q`hut [q`h[d[rAt d[^%t2^%t2h[jlkm_a^ [q`h[_aZ!d[Z`e!v!^`giZ c Z c `ZZc o
4^`Y[hut d[Z%t2^
h[f`r!Y[r!d[^`flkmv!^ ^`Y[Z`Z`v:n^")
Z (
 j (
 ( c ( ACD
AB AC CD
h( q (
 + ( 
E2 AB E2 ACD E2 AB − E2 ACD
 t2Z`q`^ b[b[b





  
 

  

|  $':Z`d[r*`nh[Y[^%t n^lne!h[d[ZVf`v!Z`d[h[v!^ln\h n^%t6)

 
2x + y − z = 9, x + y + z = 3,
Z ( j(
 

x − y − 3z = 4, 4x + 3z = 15,

x − 2y + z = −2; 
5y − z = 3;
 
3x − y + 2z = −8,
 x + y − 2z = 0,

( c (
2x + y − z = −1, x − y + z = 1,

y − 4z = 0; 
3x − y + 2z = 6;
 
x − 3y + z = 2, 2x + 2y − z = 3,
h(  q( 
2x + y − z = 1, x + y + 4z = 6,

x + 4y − 2z = 5; 
7x + z = 4.
| y :
 Z`d[r*`nh[Y[^%t n^lne!h[d[ZVd[Z`e!v!^`g+km_a^h[v*^%t6)
 
x + y − z = 0, 2x + y + z = −2,
Z( j (
 

2x + 3y − 2z = 2, 3x + 4z = 7,

y + z = 5; 
2y − z = −4;
 
2x − 3y + 4z = 80,
 x + y + z = 0,

( c (
x + y + z = 60, 3x − 2y − 4z = 5,

3x + 2y + z = 100; 
5y − 2z = 4.
|  | :Z`d[r*`nh[Y[^%t n^lne!h[d[Z
f`v!r!Y[h[f`h[v:osf`Z
`h[_a^lnxt2h[r!v!h[d[^ln 4Z`d[r:o
[h[Y[h[j`^%t6)


  
3x − 4y + z = 2, x − 2y + z = −1,
Z ( 
 j( 
x + y − z = 0, 2x + y − 4z = 8,

5x − 9y + 3z = −1; 
x + y + 2z = 5;
 
x − y − z = 2,
 5x − 4y + 3z = 4,

( c ( x + 3y − 4z = 0,
2x + y + 3z = 3,

x + 2y + 4z = 1; 
9x−11y+10z = 8;
 
x − 3y + z = 2, x + 2y + 3z = 0,
h(  q ( 

−2x+6y−2z = −4, 2x + y − z = 0,

3x − 9y + 3z = 6; 
3x + 4y + 2z = 0.
|  1# 0nZ`d nZ
[r!Y[_a^`Z`Y[^j`Z.+v!^lnGd[rAt  r!q`Y[^ln6 kmY[gi^`h[j`^`Z*h nZ`j`Z`d[^lo
nZ c )

Q1 = 8 − P 1 + P 2 − P 3 ,
Q2 = 10 + P1 − P2 − P3 ,
Q3 = 6 + P1 + P2 − 3P3 ,
d[^]\r c h[j`^ln kmY[gi^`h[j`^
f`^ ,

Q1 = −3 + P1 ,
Q2 = −7 + P2 ,
Q3 = −2 + P3 ,
nZ c `Z g h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^ `v!r c k[e!h[j`^ln7h[vAt2h km_a^ln
P1 P2 P3
Zlnh[j`^`Z"m^
`r!q`hut6)
Z (V\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln Zlnh[j`^


j (V\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln7n^ c ^ c h[h[j`^nZ`d[^`q`h'nZ^ln7nZ
[r!Y[_a^lo

nZ%t2q`^l
n 
| & % *!q`^`Y[^lnGd \ Z`v!d[r!h[j`h[_a^f`r!d`Z`Y[^`ZAnZ`q`Z`w`v!r gih[Y[e!v:nZ]\q c ^ln

nZ`d[^ c ZlnZh[_ah[j`^ln
nZ`d[Z`v!f`r !q`^`Y[r:n
v!r!d[h[_Ct2Z#d[rAt r!qlo
[Y ^ln kmY [gi^`h[j`^`
Z h nZ`j`Z`d[^lnZ c )

Q1 = 50(2 − P1 − P2 + 2P3 ),
Q2 = 50(4 − P1 − P2 + P3 ),
Q3 = 50(1 + P1 + P2 − P3 ),
d[^]\r c h[j`^ln kmY[gi^`h[j`^
f`^ ,

Q1 = −50 + 100P1 ,
Q2 = −100 + 50P2 ,
Q3 = −100 + 50P3 ,
nZ c `Z g h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^ `v!r c k[e!h[j`^ln7h[vAt2h km_a^ln
P1 P2 P3
Zlnh[j`^`Z"m^
`r!q`hut6)
Z (V\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln Zlnh[j`^


j (V\r!Y[Zln%\r!v!r!j`^ln7n^ c ^ c h[h[j`^nZ`d[^`q`h'nZ^ln7nZ
[r!Y[_a^lo

nZ%t2q`^l
n 
|  40nZ]\Z`v!d[r1k q`h[jlnKnZ`d[^anZ ^ln Z nZ ^ln `v!r c ko
S1 S2 c S3
[gi^`Zl
n v!r!d[_a^lnt2q`^lnZ`g ^ [h[Y[h[jln#
Z 4v!hut2q`h2nZ`d[^ Z
N1 N2 c
nZ ^lnxY[h c _ah km_
n 
N3
nZ ^ln `v!r c  k [gi^`^lnh[vAt2^ h[vAt2h km_a^ln \Z`v!d[r!h[j`Z
S1
d[r!^%t r!qln Z nZ ^lnY[h c _ah km_a^l
n h nZ`j`Z`d[^lo
N1 N2 c N3
nZ c y | c Z y `^`v!r!j`^%t h[vAt2h km_
n nZ ^ln `v!r c  k [gi^lo
S2
^lnh[vAt2h km_a^lnx\Z`v!d[r!h[j`Z , y % %$ `^`v!r!j`^%t h[vAt2h km_
n
r!_ar nZ ^ln `v!r c  k [gi^`^lnh[vAt2h km_a^ln \Z`v!d[r!h[j`Z ,
S3
y  c Z | `^`v!r!j`^%t h[vAt2h km_
n 
nZ]\Z`v!d[r:nGY[h c _ah km_a^Ad[^`h \r c h[j`* Z h[d c h 4^!r c h[Y[r!j`^%6 t )
nZ ^lnxY[h c _ah km_a^ y{z4z `^`v!r!j`^%t2^Vh[vAt2h km_a"^
N1
 .
nZ^lnxY[h c _ah km_a^"# * z `^`v!r!j`^%t2^Vh[vAt2h km_a^"
N2
n Z^lnxY[h c _ah km_a^ $  z `^`v!r!j`^%t2^Vh[vAt2h km_a^"
N3
Z nZ^ln-`v!r c 
k [gi^`^ln7v!Zxv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`ZxkmY c Z
S1 S2 c S3
c Z`Z`d,+Z c r:n nZ]\Z`v!d[r!d
v!r!d-nv:km_aZ c Z`^%t2q`^lnr:nd[^]\r:o
c h[jlkm_a^VY[h c _ah km_a^"
|  :Z`q`e! r [Z`* v Z`Y[Zak1q`h[jlnCnZ`d[^
S1 S2 c S3 c
Z d[r h[_a^ln#Z`q`e!r:o
d[r!j`^`_
n mnZ]\Z`v!d[r! r `v!r!gih n^ km_a^ln
d[r!jln-bnZ`Z`d[v!r*^
[Z`v!^ln6Z]\ [r!j`Zl
n b[b0nZ`Z`d [v!* r 6 ^ h !h[j`q`Zln c Zab[b[b0nZ`Z`d [v!r:o
^
Z`q`e!r!d[r!j`^`_a^lne!h [Y[^`flkmv 4Z`d[Z`vAt2q`Zl
n 
d[r h[_a^ln-Z`q`e!r!d[r!j`^`_a^ln 4Z`d[r:nZ q`h[j`Z c bnZ`Z`d  o
S1 c
v!r:n h nZ`w`^`v!r!h[j`Z y n6 t :b[b#nZ`Z`d [v!r:n , | n6 t :b[b[b
nZ`Z`d [v!r:n , %Vn6 t 
d[r h[_a^ln 4Z`d[r:nZ q`h[j`Z c b nZ`Z`d [v!r:nKh nZ`w`^`v!r!h[j`Z
S2 c
y n6t b[b2nZ`Z`d [v!r:n , y n6 t b[b[b2nZ`Z`d [v!r:n , $#n6 t 
d[r h[_a^ln 4Z`d[r:nZ q`h[j`Z c b nZ`Z`d [v!r:nKh nZ`w`^`v!r!h[j`Z
S3 c
#n6 t b[b2nZ`Z`d [v!r:n , %
n6 t b[b[b2nZ`Z`d [v!r:n , y n6 t 
nZ`Z`d [v!r!h[j`^lnGd 1k Z`r!j`Z c v!* r * ^ ,h +/:k c km_a^`"Z )f`q`^`v!^ln 4Z`Y o
d[Z`q`_ar!j`Z ^bnZ`Z`d [v!r d 1k Z`r!jln-Z`v!Zlkmd[h[e!h n  y nZ`Z%t2^ln"Z
b[b , * z n6 t 4r!_ar b[b[b ,  $#n6 t 
v!Z`d c h[Y[^GgiZ`_a^ Z d[r h[_a^lnCZ`q`e!r!d[r!j`^`_a^ln
S1 S2 c S3 c
4Z`d[* r q`h[j` Z h  k [_a^`Z Z`q`e! r [Z`* v Z`Y[Zln f`q`^`v!^ln 4Z`Y[d[Z`q`_ar:o
j`Z "^ t=k d[
Z  n^`d[Z`_kmv!Z c 4Z`d[r! ^ [h[Y[h[jlnanZ`Z`d [v!r!h[j`^lnKnZ`d ko
Z`r c v!r:
n 
|  *4:e!h [Y[r!_a r 4^lkmvf`r!h ^`gi^`h[Y[eAt2Z!d[Z`e!v!^`giZ2nZ`d[^2kmvAt2^`h[vAt=o
h  k !_ah[jlkm_a^ c Z` v 4^lnZ%t2q`^lnZ`v!^ln

 
0, 2 0, 4 0, 1
A =  0, 1 0, 2 0, 2  .
0, 2 0, 2 0, 1
 c Z`v4h[j`^lnVnZ`j`r!_ar!r ` v!r c k[e!h[j`^`Z")
q1 = 474, q2 = 948, q3 = 474.
4Z`Y nZ.+/!q`v!hut6 \Z`v!d[r!h[j`^ln 4h4d[^ln h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^
q`Z`v!^`Z`Y[e!^"
|  &4=\Z`v!d[r!h[j`Z c Z [r ^`_a^`Z6nZ`d c Z`v4Z c Uv!r!d[_a^lnVe!h[Y[r!_ar:o
4^lkmv f`r!h ^`gi^`h[Y[eAt2Z
d[Z`e!v!^`giZ`Z
 
0, 4 0, 2 0, 4
A =  0, 3 0, 3 0, 1  .
0, 1 0, 2 0, 2
h[vAt2h km_ `v!r c k[e+h gir!g Z`_a^v!r!d[^ln c Z`Y[ZZ`vCh[j`^
c Z`v4h[j`^lnd[^h c q`^%t Zlnhut2^`Z") z1 = 7 z2 = 6 z3 = 10 
nZ`j`r!_ar!r `v!r c k [
e +hCd[rAt r!q`Y[^`_ah[j`^lnq`Z`v!^`Z`Y[e!^`Z")
q1 = 2000, q2 = 1000, q3 = 2000.
Z( 4Z`Y nZ.+/!q`v!hutt2^%t2r!h km_a^ c Z`v4^lnA\Z`v!d[r!h[j`^lnG^lnd[r:o
g+km_ar!j`Z" %v!r!d[h[_a^`gnZ`w`^`v!r!Zd[h o y c Z`v4^ln!nZ`j`r!_ar!r
`v!r c  k [e!^lnh[vAt2^
h[vAt2h km_a^%t 4Z.+v c ^lnZ%t2q`^ln

j( 4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut v!r!d[^ln'Zlkmgi^`_ah[j`h[_a^#dut2_a^`Z`Y[^ c Z`Y[Zlo
Z` v C"^ 
| $ z :v!h4^`r!Y[^ln h[f`r!Y[r!d[^`f`Zln 4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!Z`qln nZ`d[^d
n q`^`_a^nZlo
\Z`v!d[r
$'2Y[Z`q%t2r!
j 4Z c Z`d[Z`d 1
k Z`q`h[j`h[_a^ [Z`*
v Z`Y[Z

y !t2j`r!h[_ah [e!v!r:nZ c kmv!^

| 2v!f`^`Y[
^ "+"Z 
 n [h[d[Z`e:kmv!Z c d[r!gih[d km_a^`Zj`Z.+v!^ln d[rAt r!q`Y[Z t2^%t2r:o

h km_a^ c Z`v4^ln `v!r c k[gi^`Z.+h c ZZ
4v!hut2q`h c Z`v4h[jln r:o
v!^lnd[rAt r!q`Y[Zlosd[^]\r c h[j`Z"
b c Z` v 4^$ c r!_aZ`v!^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^ln `v!r c k[gi^`^lnanZlo
\Z`v!d[r!h[j`_aZ c d[r!^ d[Z`v:n t2Z`q`^ln^`q`h `v!r c k[gi^`^ln z $
c r!_aZ`v!^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^ln `v!r c  k [e: n v! r 4r!v!g Y[h c _ah o
km_n ( Zlnh[q`hd[h[r!v!h c Z` v 4^ln z y c r!_aZ`v!^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^ln
`v!r c  k [e:n c ZKd[h nZ`d[h c Z` v 4^ln z | c r!_aZ`v!^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah o
j`^ln `v!r c  k [e:
n 'b[b c Z` v 4^ $ c r!_aZ`v!^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^ln
`v!r c  k [gi^`^ln nZ]\Z`v!d[r!h[j`_aZ c d[r!^ d[Z`v: n `^`v!q`h[_a^ c Z`v:o
4^ln z | c r!_aZ`v!^l n !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^ln `v!r c  k [e:n c Z6t2Z`q`^ln^lo
q`* h `v!r c  k [gi^`^ln z $ c r!_aZ`v!^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^ln `v!r c  k [e:n
v! r 4r!v!g Y[h c _ah km_n ( %r!_ar b[b[b c Z` v 4^ , `^`v!q`h[_a^ln
z y c r!_aZ`v!^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^ln `v!r c  k [e:n c Zd[h[r!v!h n z y
c r!_aZ`v!^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^ln `v!r c  k [e:
n 
n [h[d[.Z +h#Zlnh[q`h#d[r!gih[d km_a^`"Z +v!r!d6b c Z`
 v 4d[Z y{z4z4z c r:o
_aZ`v!^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^l6 n `v!r c  k [gi^`^%6 t b[b c Z` v 4d[Z $ z4z4z c r:o
_aZ`v!^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^l
n r!_ar b[b[b c Z` v 4d[Z y{z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln
!^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^l6 n `v!r c  k [gi^`^%t kmY c Z:/k +v:kmY[q`h[_ [r!Y0j`.Z +Z`v!"^ 
v!Z !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^ln `v!r c  k [gi^`Z-kmY c Z7Z]\Z`v!d[r!r:n t2^lo
t2r!h km_ad[Z c Z` v 4d[Z^`d[^lnZ%t2q`^l
n !v!r!d
/k +v:kmY[q`h[_ [r:
n 2v!r:o
4r!v!g c Z` v t2Z r!v!^ln^VZlnh[q`hGnZ`j`.Z +v!r d[rAt r!q`Y["Z 
|  $'$'0n [h[d[.Z +hCd[r!gih[d km_a^
h[f`r!Y[r!d[^`flkmv!^Vd[r c h[_a^lnZ%t2q`^l
n )
Z ( ![Z]\h[v!hut d[rAt r!q`Y[Zlosd[^]\r c h[j`^ln e!h [Y[r!_a
 r 4^lkmv f`r:o
h ^`gi^`h[e!Yut2Z ( d[Z`e!v!^`giZ c Z nZ`j`.Z +v!r d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln
d[Z`e!v!^`giZ

j (
^ `r!q`hut nZ`h[vAt2r `v!r c 
 k [gi^`^ln d[Z`e!v!^`gi^ln d[Y[^ q`Y[h o
_ar!j`Z
 t2Z`q`^ b


 
 


#1 $'![Z]\h[v!hut Z`v!^%t2d[h[e!^`flkm_a^6`v!r4v!h n^`^ln6`^`v!q`h[_a^-%G\h[q`v!^"

t=k%)
Z( (
an = 5n − 1; an = 2n;
j(
c (
an = 2n − 1 an = 7n + 8.
#1 y  c Z]\h[v!hut Z`v!^%t2d[h[e!^`flkm_a^ `v!r4v!h n^`^ln +r4Z c ^'\h[q`v!^")
Z (

1; 4; 7, 10; 13; . . . ;
j (

4; 10; 16, 22; 28; . . . ;
#1 | *4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahutIZ`v!^%t2d[h[e!^`flkm_a^ `v!r4v!h n^`^ln
a4 a5 a10
\h[q`v!h[j`"^ mt=%k )
a100
Z (

(

a1 = 7, d = 4 a1 = −2, d = 4
j (
 c ( a1 = −4, d = −2.
a1 = 8, d = −3;
#1 #1:
^ `r!q`hut mt=%k )
a1
Z (

(

a10 = 1234, d = 15 a15 = 32, d = 0, 5
j (

c ( a100 = 0, d = −2 
a8 = −9, d = −4
#1&% :Z`v!^%t2d[h[e!^`flkm_ `v! r 4v!h n^`Z ^ +Z` d `v!r:o
a1 = 5 d = −2
4v!h n^`^lnxv!r!d[h[_a^'\h[q`v!^`Z

−13
#1 4:Z`v!^%t2d[h[e!^`flkm! _ `v! r 4v!h n^`Z ^ +

^ `r!q`hut
a1 = 1 a8 = 15

n q`Z`r!j`" Z 
#1 :
^ `r!q`hut Z`v!^%t2d[h[e!^`flkm_a^ `v! r 4v!h n^`^ln `^`v!q`h[_a^G\h[q`v!^ c Z

n q`Z`r!j`" Z +t=%k )
Z(

a15 = 121, a21 = 400
 j(

a10 = 3, a15 = 18
(

a15 = 18, a31 = −14
c ( a5 = 15, a15 = −3 
#1 *42t=k [h vAt2^ Z`v!^%t2d[h[e!^`flkm_a^ `v!r4v!h n^`^ln \h[q`v!h[jln d[^`qlko
d[Z`e!h[j%t d[h[r!v!hZ`v!^%t2d[h[e!^`flkm_a^ `v!r4v!h n^`^ln h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln
\h[q`v!h[jl
n :d[
^ !h[jlkm_a^ d[^`d c h[q`v!r!j`Z^
[Y[h[j`Z t=k Z`v!ZZ`v!^%t=o
d[h[e!^`flkm_a^ `v! r 4v!h n^`Z

#1 &4 c Z`Z`d[e!f`^`gihu6 t :v!r!dVZ`v!^%t2d[h[e!^`flkm_a^ `v! r 4v!h n^`^ln `^`v!q`h o
_a^ \h[q`v!^ln CZ`d[^ 4Z`d[r!^%t2q`_ah[j`Z r!v!d km_a^%6 t )
n

2a1 + d(n − 1)
Sn = n.
2
#1 $ z :^
`r!q`hut Z`v!^%t2d[h[e!^`flkm_a^`v!r4v!h n^`^ln `^`v!q`h[_a^ *'\h[q`v!^ln
CZ`d[^" t=k%)
Z(
c (

a1 = 2, d = 3 a5 = 10, d = −2
j(
h( 
a1 = 4, d = 7 a6 = −3, d = 4
(

a2 = 8, d = 6
#1 $'$'*[Z`v*Y[^lnd[^`h[v \Z`v!d[r!h[jlkm_a^`v!r c k[gi^`^lnv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z [r:o
q`h[_G\_a^lkmv!Z c ^.+v c h[j`Z-$ z4z4z h[vAt2h km_a^%t6 ^
`r!q`hut d[h`ko
t2h\h[_n 4Z`d[r*q`h[jlkm_a^ `v!r c k[gi^`^ln v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z"
t=k
[Z`* v Z`Y[Z`d `^`v!q`h[_ \h[_n 4Z`d[r:k1q`Z"# % z4z h[vAt2h km_a^"
#1 $ y   km v [Y[^ln Zln^Gj`.Z +Z`
v +h [r!q`h[_G\_a^lkmv!Z c ^.+v c h[j`Z $'%Kgih o
Y[e!^%6 t Uv!Z't2Z`Y Z'
^ [Y[h[j`ZKnZ`w`^`v!r *xe!r!Y[Z  km v [Y[^lnh nZ
[h o
Y[Z c  \_a^ln h[d c h 1 :t=k Z _aZ $
f  km v [h[Y[^ |4z gih[Y[e!^
!^`v: n

#1 $ | :Z`q`e!r!d[r!j`^`_a^7\h[_a^]\Z c ^ r! v Ch[v ^`Z c h[j`Z y{z4z c r!_aZlo
v!^%6 t Cv!Z h !^`v!h[j`Z # % z4z c r!_aZ`v!^`Z`Y[^ Z`q`e!r!d[r!j`^`_a^ d[h o
h [qlnh'\h[_ n
v!Z`d c h[Y[^ `v!r!gih[Y[e!^%t 4Z`^`Z c h[j`Z7Z`q`e!r!d[r:o
j`^`_a^

#1 $ #1 y %\_a^`Z`Y[^
nZ`h n `_kmZ`e!Z`gi^`r q`Z c ^lnxd[r!Y[hCh[_ah[e!v!r n Zlo
[r!Y[h[_a^ !^`v:n $'% z4z c r!_aZ`v!^" [r!q`h[_G\_a^lkmv!Z c d[^`d c l^ o
Y[Z`v!h[r!jln Zln^ln t2Z`Y[Z`j`Z`v!^ f`_ah[j`Z c Z nZ`h n`_kmZ`e!Z`gi^`r
q`Z c ^ln 4Zlnq`_a^lnh[d c h d[^ln^ Zln^ Y km_a^ln e!r!_a^  c h[j`Z"
^
`r!q`hut v!Z'h !^`v!h[j`ZVh n
nZ
[r!Y[h[_a^Vd[h o $ V\h[_n

#1 $'% :j`Z`Y[f`d[ Z 4ZlngiZ r!_aZ`v!^`Z`Y[^'f`v!h c ^`e!^CnZ`v4h[j`_a^ln
\_a^lo
Kc
kmv!^ d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t  4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahutLv!Z
r%
t2Z`Y Z'kmY c Z c Z`j`v:kmY c h nj`Z`Y[f ^ \_a^ln h[d c h

n
#1 $4:j`Z`Y[f ^ c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^`Z y # z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!"^ nZ` v 4h[j`_a^lnC\_a^lo
kmv!^!d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ $'$
os^`Z`Y[ ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6
t v!ZAt2Z`Y Zln c Z`Z`j`v:ko
Y[h[jlnj`Z`Y[f`^ \_a^ln h[d c h

#1 $   $  z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ 4Z`gih[d km_a^`Znh
n Z c | \_a^lnKq`Z c ^%t nZ` v 4h o
j`_a^lna\_a^lkmv!^d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ #
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t "4Z`Y n.Z +/!qlo
v!hut c
Z 4v!r!q`^`_a^xt2Z`Y "Z 
#1 $ *4:j`Z`Y[f ^ #a\_a^lnq`Z c ^%t h[e!Z`Y[^`_a^`Z $ * z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^2nZ` v 4h o
j`_a^lna\_a^lkmv!^Gd[Z`v!e!^`q`^ %
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t 4v!ZGt2Z`Y Zln
c Zlkmj`v:kmY[h[jlnxj`Z`Y[f`^Vd[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h n

#1 $&4 |4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!- ^ 4Z`gih[d km_a^`Znh
n Z c %\_a^ln q`Z c ^%t nZ`v:o
4h[j`_a^ln'\_a^lkmv!^#d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ 
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t U
^ `r!q`hut
c
Z 4v!r!q`^`_a^t2Z`Y "Z 
#1 y{z :v!Z6t2Z`Y ^ln'f`v!h c ^`e!^6Z`
^ !r d[r!q`Z`_ah[
d Ut=k f`v!h c ^`e!^ 4Z`gih o
d km_a^C ^ [r $ z \_a^%t nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln#d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ %
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`flo
q`hut2^%t c Zq`Z c ^ln 4Zlnq`_a^ln h[d c h d[Z`Y c Z`Z`j`v:kmY[Z % z4z
c r!_aZ`v!"^ 
#1 y $':v!ZCq`Z c ^%t kmY c ZCZ`
^ !r:n6d[r!q`Z`_ah[d $'% z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln#f`v!h c ^lo
e!^nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^-d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ #
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t
v!r!daj`Z`Y[f`^lnd[ r 4h[j`Z
^ [r:n  z4z c r!_aZ`v!"^ 


#1 y4y :^
`r!q`hut y # z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln c ^lnf`r!Y[e!^`v!h[jlkm_a^ t2Z`YZ" 6t=k

nZ`v4h[j`_a^lnK\_a^lkmv!^Cd[Z`v!e!^`q`^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z |
r!_ar nh o
n
^ln Z`Y 4v[_a^`q`r!j`Z %\h[_a"^ 4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut c ^lnf`r!Y[e!^"
#1 y{|  $ # z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ 4Z`gih[d km_a^`Z
nh
n Z c y \_a^%t nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln
d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ |
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t 
nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln c Z`v!^`g q`Z
 c h[j`Z [r!q`h[_ r!v t2q`h ^ h[vAt h[_ 4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahutIj`Z`Y[f`^ln
d[ r 4h[j`"Z 
#1 y #1 y $ z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^`Z | \_a^%tnZ` v 4h[j`_a^lnCd[Z`v:o
e!^`q`^ |
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t {nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln c Z`v!^`g q`6 Z  c h[j`Z
[r!q`h[_ f`q`Z`v!e!Z`_ ^Ch[vAt h[_ 4v!Z`d c h[Y[^ c r!_aZ`v!^%t 4Z`.^ +v:o
c h[j`Z#nZ]\ [^ln^f`
Z `^`e!Z`_a^

#1 y %  y  z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^`Z#nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln'\_a^lkmv!^#d[Z`v:o
e!^`q`^ |
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t 0v!Z`d c h[Y[^\_a^ln h[d c h 4Z`o
c h[j`ZVt2Z`Y Z |4zy # c r!_aZ`v!^

#1 y 4 $ * z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ 4Z`gih[d km_a^`Z
nh
n Z c *\_a^%t nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln
\_a^lkmv!^#d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ #
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t  c Z`v!^`g q`Z  c h o
j`Z [r!q`h[_ Y[Z h[q`Z`v \h[_a^]\Z c ^ h[vAt h[_  4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut
c ^lnf`r!Y[e!"^ 
#1 y  0nZ` v 4h[j`_a^lnd[Z`v!e!^`q`^'\_a^lkmv!^#n
Z `v!r!gih[Y[e!r 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t
c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^  z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ #C\_a^ln h[d c h 4Z c
Z +*+# z
c r!_aZ`v!"^ m
^ `r!q`hut nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2"^ 
#1 y *4(%\_a^ln h[d c h nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lkmv!^ d[Z`v!e!^`q` ^ #
os^`Z`Y[^
4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^-t2Z`Y Z 4Z`.^ +Z`v c  Z $ **+# z c r:o
_aZ`v!Z`d c
h m
^ `r!q`hut nZ]\ [^ln^xt2Z`Y "Z 
#1 y &4:v!Z
t2Z`Y Z#kmY c Z c Z`Z`j`Z`Y c rAt j`Z`Y[f ^#nZ` v 4h[j`_a^lnV\_a^lkmv!^
d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ y
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t v!r!d #7\_a^ln h[d c h d[^lo

^ !rAt y $'% z4z c r!_aZ`v! ^

#1 |4z 0nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln7\_a^lkmv!^-d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ 
so ^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t c Zlo
j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^ t2Z`YZ % \_a^ln h[d c h 4Z`^.+Z`v c Z # %% z c : r o
_ Z`v!^%t6m^
`r!q`hut nZ]\ [^ln^xt2Z`YZ"
a
#1 | $':v!Z`d c h[Y[^ \_a^ln h[d c h 4Z`r!v!d[Z
c h[j`Z nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lo
kmv!^!d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ $ y &%
os^`Z`Y[^4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^t2Z`Y o
 Z

#1 |y 0nZ` v 4h[j`_a^lnCv!ZA\_a^lkmv!^d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t kmY c Z^
[Y[h n

Z !h[jlkm_a^#nh
n Z c t2Z`Y " Z v!r!d y{z \_a^lnj`r!_ar:nq`Z`_a^ 4Zlo
r!v!d[
Z c h n

#1 |4|  t2Z`Y Z-
Z !h[jlkm_a^`Z f`v!h c ^`e!^ln7nZ ^%t nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lo
K
kmv!^!d[Z`v!e!^`q`^
os^`Z`Y[ ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t $Z ![q`h[Y[hu6 t %v!r!d \_a^ln
r n
j`r!_ar:n c
Z 4v!r!q`^`_a^ t2Z`Y ZCZ`v h[^`giq`_ah[j`"Z t=kq`
^ ko
Kn
_a^l
n d[h[j%6 t iv!r!d t2Z`Y ^ln7f`v!h c ^`e!^ 4Z`gih[d km_a^`ZnZ` v 4h o
K
j`_a^lnd[Z`v!e!^`q`^ r os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t [r!q`h[_ c !^lkmv!^
%
c Z`v!^`g q`^%6 t  365
#1 | #10nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln#\_a^lkmv!^6d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ 
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t
Z !h o
jlkm_a^  z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ d[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h[d c Z`Z`j`v:kmY[Z y  z osh c !h
n 
4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut c ^lnf`r!Y[e!^"
#1 | % :v!Z t2Z`Y Z-kmY c Z c Z`Z`j`v:kmY[r:n d[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h[- d $'%%osh c !h
n :t=k
* z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^
Z [qlnq`Z`_aZ c
Z !h[jlkm_a^ nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lo
kmv!^
d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ %
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t 
#1 | 4:Z`d[r2\h[v!hut 4h[r!d[h[e!v!^lkm_a- ^ `v! r 4v!h n^`^ln `^`v!q`h[_a^ # \h[qlo
v!"^ mt=% k )
Z(
( 3

b1 = 5, q = 3 b1 = , q = −2
8
j (
 1
c ( b1 = −0, 1, q = −5 
b1 = −4, q =
#1 |  *4h[r!d[h[e!v!^lkm_a^ `v!
r 4v!
2 h n^`Z ![Z]\h[v!hut 
+ r4Z c ^C\h[q`v!^ln6nZlo
4kmZ`_ah[j`^%6
t )
 Z(
(

2; 4; 8; . . . 4; −2; 1; . . .
j (

c ( 1; 0, 5; 0, 25; . . . 
20; 10; 5; . . .
#1 | *4:^
`r!q`hut 4h[r!d[h[e!v!^lkm_a^ `v!r4v!h n^`^ln `^`v!q`h[_a^C\h[q`v!^" t=k

Z(
j( 
b6 = 38, 4, q = 2 b4 = 0, 024, q = 0, 2
#1 | &4*4h[r!d[h[e!v!^lkm_ `v!r4v!h n^`Z^ 1 Z`d `! v r4v!h o
b1 = 3 q =
n^`^lnxv!r!d[h[_a^'\h[q`v!^`Z z z4z4z & 
5
#  # z  c Z`Z`d[e!f`^`gihut6 Uv!r!d 4h[r!d[h[e!v!^lkm_a^`v!r4v!h n^`^ln `^`v!q`h[_a^
1
\h[q`v!^ln C
 Z`d[^ 4Z`d[r!^%t2q`_ah[j`Z r!v!d km_a^%t
n

qn − 1
Sn = b 1 , q 6= 1.
q−1
#1 #1$':^
`r!q`hut 4h[r!d[h[e!v!^lkm_a^ `v!r4v!h n^`^ln `^`v!q`h[_a^ \h[q`v!^ln
n
CZ`d[^" t=k%)
Z(

b1 = 1, q = 4, n = 8
j( 1

b1 = − , q = 2, n = 9
6
( 1

b1 = − , q = 1, 5, n = 4
c ( b1 = −3, 2 
q = −1, 2, n = 7
#1 # y *[Z`v*Z`Y[Z`d `^`v!q`h[_ \ h[_n 4Z`d[r:k1q`Z $ * z4z 4h[Y[h[v!Z`e!r!v!^"
[r!q`h[_ d[r!d c h[q`Y[r \h[_n [Z`v*Y[^lnKd[^`h[v 4Z`d[r*q`h[jlkm_a^ 4h[Y[h o
v!Z`e!r!v!h[j`^lnv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`ZA.^ +v c h[j`Z y{z
os^%t6
4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut
d[h[v!q`ha\h[_n 4Z`d[r*q`h[jlkm_a^ 4h[Y[h[v!Z`e!r!v!h[j`^lnxv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z"
#1 # | :Z`q`h,C^ln f`r!d`_ah[e!^ [r!q`h[_G\_a^lkmv!Z c ^`Z c h[j`Z $'%
os^%6 t 
v!ZAh!^`v!h[j`Z * z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^`Z`Y[^f`r!d `_ah [e!^Ad[h[rAt hi\h[_n

#1 ##10nZ]\Z`v!d[r `^`v!q`h[_E\h[_n-1 k q`h[jln * z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^l-n !^`v!h o
jlkm_ah[j`^ln n
Z [r!Y[h[_
n  [r!q`h[_ d[r!d c h[q`Y[r \h[_n nZ]\Z`v!d[r:n
d[^`h[v 4Z`d[*
r q`h[jlkm_a^ `v!r c  k [gi^`^l
n !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`Z $ z
os^%t
 .
Z
!h[d[Z`e!h[j`Za\^`Y[ZG\h[_n 4Z`d[r*q`h[jlkm_a^ `v!r c k[gi^`^ln !^`v!h o
jlkm_ah[j`Zl
n %4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut nZ]\Z`v!d[r:nd[^`h[v \_a^ln4Z`Y[d[Z`qlo
_ar!j`Z ^ 4Z`d[* r q`h[jlkm_a^ `v!r c k[gi^`^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`Z"
#1 # % :d[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h[daj`Z`Y[f ^ h[^`e!Z`Y[Z r!_aZ`v!^6nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lo
K c
kmv!^!vAt=km_a^
os^`Z`Y[ ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6t 4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahu6 t v!ZAt2Z`Y o
r
Z c
Z 4v!r!q c h[j`Z \_a^ln h[d c h

n
#1 # 4 y{z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ 4Z`gih[d km_a^`Z
nh
n Z c x\_a^%t nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln
\_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a^
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t G
^ `r!q`hut j`Z`Y[f`^ln
4
d[ r 4h[j`"Z 
#1 #  :j`Z`Y[f ^ c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^`Z |4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^-nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lo
kmv!^VvAt=km_a^ |
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t  v!Zt2Z`Y Zln c Zlkmj`v:ko
Y[h[jlnj`Z`Y[f`^Vd[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h n %\_a^ln h[d c h

#1 # *4:j`Z`Y[f ^ nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a^ y
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`h o
t2^%t c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^ t2Z`Y Z # \_a^ln h[d c h 4Z c Z $ z4z4z4z
c r!_aZ`v!"^ mv!Z`d c h[Y[^Vt2Z`Y Z c Z`Z`j`Z`Y c ZVd[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h[d

#1 #
&4:j`Z`Y[f ^ c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^`Z # z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ % \_a^%t nZ` v 4h o
j`_a^ln \_a^lkmv!^vAt=km_a^ |
os^`Z`Y[- ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t *4Z`d[rAt2q`Zlo
_ahut c
Z 4v!r!q`^`_a^t2Z`Y "Z 
#1&% z *4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut v!Zt2Z`Y Z-kmY c Z h[^`e!Z`Y[rAt j`Z`Y[f ^-nZ` v 4h o
j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^AvAt=km_a^ #
os^`Z`Y[ ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t v!r! d %\_a^ln
h[d c h c
Z 4v!r!q`^`_a^'t2Z`Y Z h[Z c 4h[Y c h n % z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n 
#1&% $' $'% z4z c r!_aZ`v!^
Z !h[jlkm_a^`Z nh
n Z c nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lkmv!^
vAt=km_a^ |
os^`Z`Y[ ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6t 44Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut %'\_a^ln h o
d c h c Z`j`v:kmY[h[jlkm_a^xt2Z`Y "Z mv!Zln
k c v!^ln c ^lnf`r!Y[e!^

#1&% y 0nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^AvAt=km_a^ |
os^`Z`Y[ ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t c Z`j`Z`Y o
c h[jlkm_a^  z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^-v!Z`d c h[Y[^\_a^ln \h[d c h 4Z c h[j`Z
+* +*4 &%  c r!_aZ`v!^

#1&% | :^
`r!q`hut!$ * z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln c ^lnf`r!Y[e!^`v!h[jlkm_a^ t2Z`YZ" 2t=k
\_ah[j`^lnv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z`Z | .r!_ar nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^AvAt=ko
_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z-$ y

#1&% #1:v! r 4r!v!^ kmY c Z ^ [r:n nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln d[^`Y[^`d[Z`_kmv!^\_a^lkmv!^
vAt=km_a^
n
Z `v!r!gih[Y[e!r 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^" +v!r!d $ z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln
nh
n d[Z %\h[_a^]\Z c ^ 4Z c Z`Z`w`Z`v!j`r:n $ z % z4z c r!_aZ`v:n

#1&%% :v!Z`d c h[Y[^-\_a^%t kmY c Z h[^`e!Z`Y[rAt # y{z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ j`Z`Y[f^"
v!r!d c
Z 4v!r!q c h n %"&* z c r!_aZ`v!^" +t=k j`Z`Y[f`^lnnZ`v4h[j`_a^ln
\_a^lkmv!^VvAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z"#

#1&% 4 $'$ z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^x
Z !h[jlkm_a^`Znh
n Z c nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^
vAt=km_a ^ $ z
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t 
d[r!q`Z`_ah j`Z`Y[fln [r!q`h[_o
\_a^lkmv!Z c kmj`v:kmY[h[jln y{z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:n c Zd[^`d c ^`Y[Z`v!h:q`Z`_a^ln
*
opn
^ km_a^l
n d[h[j`"Z Uv!r!d2nZ` v 4h[j`h[_a^ c ZCq`Z`_a^ln c ZlnZ Zlo
v!Z`q` ^ `v!r!gih[Y[e!^ c Z`^`Z`Y 4Z`v!^ h[j`Zh[vAt c v!r:km_aZ c d[^`d c ^lo
Y[Z`v!h t2Z`Y ^ln
Z 4Z`Y (Vv!Z`d c h[Y[^ \h[_a^ c Zlnw`^`v c h[j`Z q`Z`_a^ln
dut2_a^`Z`Y c Z Z`v!q`Zln

#1&%   y{z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^
Z !h[jlkm_a^`Z nh
n Z c #\_a^%t nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln
\_a^lkmv!^AvAt=km_a^ $
os^`Z`Y[ ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6t  4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut j`Z`Y o
f`^lnad[ r 4h[j`"Z t=kd[r!q`Z`_ah:j`Z`Y[fln [r!q`h[_G\_a^lkmv!Z c kmj`v:kmY[h[jln
% z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:n c Z
d[^`d c ^`Y[Z`v!hC\_a^lnVnZ` v 4h[j`h[_
n 
#1&%+*4 $ z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ 4Z`gih[d km_a^`Znh
n Z c \_a^%t nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln
\_a^lkmv!^AvAt=km_a^AY[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^ *
os^`Z`Y[ ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t Y[Z h o
q`Z`v2\_a^lkmv!^ c Z`v!^`g q`^%6 t 4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut c ^lnf`r!Y[e!"^ 
#1&%"&4:
^ `r!q`hut  z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^l n h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^ c ^lnf`r!Y[e!^`v!h[jlkm_a^
t2Z`Y "Z 2t=k c v!r!^ln ^`Y[e!h[v!q`Z`_a^` Z % \h[_a^ c Z-nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln
\_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a^7Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!- ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^ |
[r!q`h[_Ct=o
q`^lkmv!^ c Z`v!^`g q`^%6 t 
#1  z  |4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ 4Z`gih[d km_a^`Z7nh
n Z c nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lkmv!^
vAt=km_a^
Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^ #
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t6 [r!q`h[_af`q`Z`v:o
e!Z`_kmv!^ c Z`v!^`g q`^%t6nh n
^ln Z`Y4v[_a^`q`r!j`Z`Z | \h[_a^"
4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut c Z
4v!r!q`^`_a^t2Z`YZ"
#1 4$':v!Z t2Z`Y ZkmY c Z c Z`Z`j`v:kmY[r:n c h[j`^`e!r!v!d[Z | \_a^lnh[d o
c h 1 t=kj`Z`Y[f`^ln
nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^
vAt=km_a^
Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_ko
v! ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z %
[r!q`h[_af`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv!^ c Z`v!^`g q`^%6 t r:o
_ar nZ`f`v!h c ^`e!r t2Z`Y Z` Z * z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!"^ 
#1  y  $ y2z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ 4Z`gih[d km_a^`Z # \_a^lnq`Z c ^%t nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln
\_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a^ Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^ $ y
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t 

^ `r!q`hut c
Z 4v!r!q`^`_a^t2Z`Y " Z mt=k c Z`v!^`g q`Z  c h[j`"Z )
Z ( [r!q`h[_ Y[Z h[q`Z`v \h[_a^]\Z c ^Vh[vAt h[_


j ( [r!q`h[_ f`q`Z`v!e!Z`_ ^Vh[vAt h[_


( [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!Z c

c ( [r!q`h[_ c !^lkmv!Z c 
#1  |  $ |4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^`Z | \_a^%t nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln
\_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a^ Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^ y #
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t 

^ `r!q`hut j`Z`Y[f`^lnxd[ r 4h[j`"Z mt=k c Z`v!^`g q`Z  c h[j`"Z )
Z ( [r!q`h[_ Y[Z h[q`Z`v \h[_a^]\Z c ^Vh[vAt h[_


j ( [r!q`h[_ f`q`Z`v!e!Z`_ ^Vh[vAt h[_


( [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!Z c

c ( [r!q`h[_ c !^lkmv!Z c 
h[Z c Z`v!hut d[
^ !h[jlkm_a^t2Z`Y h[j`" ^ 
#1 +#1:
^ `r!q`hut #
\_a^ln h[d c h 'nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln#\_a^lkmv!^KvAt=km_a^6Y[r:o
d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^ 
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t c
Z 4v!r!q`^`_a^ $ z4z4z4z c r:o
_aZ`v!^l- n h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^ c ^lnf`r!Y[e!^`v!h[jlkm_a^ t2Z`Y "Z =t=k c Z`v!^lo
g q` Z  c h[j`"Z )
Z ( [r!q`h[_ Y[Z h[q`Z`v \h[_a^]\Z c ^Vh[vAt h[_


 j( [r!q`h[_ f`q`Z`v!e!Z`_ ^Vh[vAt h[_

( [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!Z c

c ( [r!q`h[_ c !^lkmv!Z c 
#1  %  | \_a^ln h[d c h 7d[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h[dCj`Z`Y[f`^ c Z`YKd[^`^
!r y{z4z!z4z4z c r:o
_aZ`v!"^ v!ZAt2Z`Y Z c Zlkmj`Z`Y c h[j`^`Zd[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h n
t=kj`Z`Y[f`^lnAnZ`v:o
4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a^ Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z*

r!_ar c Z`v!^`g q`^ln `h[v!^`r c ^`" Z )
Z (Y[Z h[q`Z`v!^
\h[_a^]\Z c ^


j (f`q`Z`v!e!Z`_a^


(xt2q`h

c ( c !
h 
#   40nZ`
1 v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^AvAt=km_a^AY[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^ $ y
os^`Z`Y[ ^ 4Z`Y[Z`flo
q`hut2^%t c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^ $ z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^Kv!Z c v!r!^ln h[d c h
4Z c Z`Z`w`Z`v!j`h[jln | % z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n mt=k c Z`v!^`g q`Z  c h[j`"Z )
Z ( [r!q`h[_ Y[Z h[q`Z`v \h[_a^]\Z c ^Vh[vAt h[_


j ( [r!q`h[_ f`q`Z`v!e!Z`_ ^Vh[vAt h[_


( [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!Z c

c ( [r!q`h[_ c !^lkmv!Z c 
#    :
^ `r!q`hut nZ`
1 v 4h[j`_a^lna\_a^lkmv!^GvAt=km_a^Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!6 ^ 4Z`Y[Z`flo
q`hut2^lnKn^ c ^ c
h v!r!d[h[_a^` g #
\_a^ln 4Z`Y[d[Z`q`_ar!j`Z ^C/k +v:kmY o
q`h[_ [ r n $ z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln +v c Zln $ z4z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!Z`d c
h
t=k c Z`v!^`g q`Z  c h[j`"Z )
Z ( [r!q`h[_ Y[Z h[q`Z`v \h[_a^]\Z c ^Vh[vAt h[_


j ( [r!q`h[_ f`q`Z`v!e!Z`_ ^Vh[vAt h[_


( [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!Z c

c ( [r!q`h[_ c !^lkmv!Z c 
#1 *40nZ`v4h[j`_a^lnx\_a^lkmv!^VvAt=km_a^VY[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^ $ y
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Zlo
Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t [r!q`h[_af`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv!^ c Z`v!^`g q`Z( c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlko
_a^  z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ v!Z c v!r!^lnh[d c h 4Z c Z`Z`w`Z`v!j`h[jln
$ z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:n

#1 '&4:d[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h [r!q`h[_a^ t2q`^ln c ZlnZ]\ [^ln
^ j`Z`Y[f^ v!^`g Z`qln
A
t2Z`Y Zl
n 0j`Z`Y[f`^ln-nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lkmv!^7vAt=km_a^-Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_ko
v!^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z +
^ `r!q`hut \h[_a^]\Z c ^ c
Z 4v!r!q`^`_a^
r% n
t2Z`Y "Z t=k c Z`v!^`g q`Z  c h[j`Z [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!Z c 
#1 z :d[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h n6j`Z`Y[f ^ [r!q`h[_a^a\_a^ln c ZlnZ]\ [^l
n ^ h[
Z [qln y{z4z4z
c r!_aZ`v!"^  v!Zt2Z`Y Z c Zl k 4v!r!q c h[j`Zd[Zln %-\_a^ln h[d c h 1
t=kj`Z`Y[f`^ln6nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln'\_a^lkmv!^KvAt=km_a^6Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^ 4Zlo
Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z $ z
Y[Z h[q`Z`v2\_a^`Z`Y[^ c Z`v!^`g q`^%6 t 
#1 $' km_a^ln c
Z 4v!r!q`h[j`^lnd[.^ +Y[^%t ^`v!d[Zlnj`Z`Y[f ^ [r!q`h[_a^2\_a^ln
c ZlnZ]\ [^l
n 6 ^ h[
Z [qlnCh[vAt2^ c ZG
^ 4^`q`h t2Z`Y "Z {j`Z`Y[f`^lnCnZ`v:o
A
4h[j`_a^ln6\_a^lkmv!^6vAt=km_a^KY[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z
r% t
Ch[v!Z c ^ c Z`v!^`g q`^% t (+
^ `r!q`hut \_a^ln h[d c h c
Z 4v!r:o
n
q`^`_a^t2Z`Y "Z 
#1 y :^lkmv!^ c ^lkm_ `^`v:n [r!q`h[_a^\_a^ln c ZlnZ]\ [^l
n ^ j`Z`Y[f - ^ h o

Z [qln # z4z c r!_aZ`v!^anZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln#\_a^lkmv!^6vAt=km_a^ 
os^`Z`Y[^
4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t  4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut v!Z t2Z`Y Z c
Z 4v!r!q c h[j`Z %
\_a^ln h[d c h 1
#1 | *4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut v!Z t2Z`Y Z7kmY c Z h[^`e!Z`Y[r:n d[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h[d [r:o
q`h[_G\_a^lkmv!Z c j`Z`Y[f "^ av!r!d  \_a^ln h[d c h d[Zln c Zl k o
v!r!q c h n & z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!"^ t=k j`Z`Y[f`^lnnZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^
vAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z |

#1 #1:d[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h n [r!q`h[_a^7\_a^ln c ZlnZ]\ [^ln
^ Z`Y4Z`v!^
+h h[Z
[qln
$ z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ C * \_a^ln64Z`Y[d[Z`q`_ar!j`Z^"{v!Zt2Z`YZ c Zlk4v!r:o
q c [h j`Zd[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h n
{t=kj`Z`Y[f`^lnnZ`v4h[j`_a^lna\_a^lkmv!^vAt=km_a^
4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z %

#1% :
^ `r!q`hut nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a^ 
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`h o
t2^lnh[f`q`^`q`Z`_ah[Y[e:kmv!^vAt=km_a^Vf`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv!^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^"
#1 4:v! r 4r!v!^`ZAnZ` v 4h[j`_a^lnKvAt=km_a
^ [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!6
^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2"^
t=k h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^
\_a^lkmv!^VvAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z %

#1  :
^ `r!q`hut nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!^vAt=km_a^ y
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Zlo
Y[Z`f`q`hut2^lnxh[f`q`^`q`Z`_ah[Y[e:kmv!^V\_a^lkmv!^VvAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^"
#1+*4*4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut nZ` v 4h[j`_a^l
n [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!^AvAt=km_a^ |
os^`Z`Y[^
4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^lnah[f`q`^`q`Z`_ah[Y[e:kmv!^\_a^lkmv!^vAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^"
#1"&4*4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln [r!q`h[_af`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv!^ vAt=km_a^
%
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^ln h[f`q`^`q`Z`_ah[Y[e:kmv!^ \_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a^
4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^"
#1 * z :
^ `r!q`hut nZ` v 4h[j`_a^lnV\_a^lkmv!^VvAt=km_a^ $ z
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`h o
t2^ln h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^ d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^^`d `^`v!r!j`^%6 t v!r!d
h[vAt2^ c Za^`d[Z`q`h2nZ]\ [^ln^#t2Z`Y ^ c Z`Y | \h[_a^]\Z c ^ c
Z 4v!r:o
q`^`_a^t2Z`Y h[j`^V ^ [r:ne!r!_a"^ 
#1 *4$':
^ `r!q`hut nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a ^ %
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`h o
t2^lnh[f`q`^`q`Z`_ah[Y[e:kmv!^vAt=km_a^Vf`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv!^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^"
#1 * y 0nZ` v 4h[j`_a^lnv!Z`d c h[Y `v!r!gih[Y[e!^`Z`Y[^Vf`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv!^vAt=km_a^
4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t kmY c ZZ`q`
^ !rAt nh
n "^ v!r!d c
Z 4v!r!q c h n
^ 4^`q`h
t2Z`Y "Z v!Z`g [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!^VvAt=km_a^ |
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^ln
h[dut q`h[q`Z " ^ 
#1 * | :v! r 4r!v!^ c Z`v!^`g q`^ln h c h 4Z c c
Z 4v!r!q c h[j`Z k v!rId[h o
e!^ t2Z`Y "Z :t=k Z`q`
^ !h[j%t [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv vAt=km_ |
op
n =t=k
[r!q`h[_af`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv vAt=km_ &
op
n 
#1 *+#1:d[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h nZ`v(![h[q`Z`Y[^ Z
[qln km_a^ c Z`Z`j`Z`Y c r:n r!v!^-j`Z`Y[f`^lo
c `Z YGh[vAt=osh[vAt ^" `^`v!q`h[_a^#nt2Z`q`Z.+r!jln
nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln [r!q`h o
_Ct2q`^lkmv vAt=km_ y
os^`Z`Y nZ`v4h[j`h[_n
Cd[h[r!v!hf`^ , [r:o
q`h[_af`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv vAt=km_ 
os^`Z`Y!nZ`v4h[j`h[_n
v!r!d[h[_a^6q`Zlo
v!^`Z`Y[e!^`Z'k v!r d[r!d 4h[j`^`Z`Y[^Vd[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!^lnZ%t2q`^ln

#1 * % :h[vAt2^Gj`Z`Y[f`^aZ`Y[Z`j`v!h[jlnK
^ !h[jlnGnZ` v 4h[j`_a^lnK\_a^lkmv!^avAt=km_a^
$ y
os^`Z`Y[ ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t d[h[r!v!h , Y[Z h[q`Z`v2\_a^`Z`Y[^vAt=km_a^

os^%6 t !d[h nZ`d[h , [r!q`h[_af`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv!^vAt=km_a ^ #
os^%6 t
d[h[rAt h , [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!^avAt=km_a^ $
os^%6 t v!r!d[h[_ j`Z`Y[f ^
n Cr!jln km_a^ln c Z`j`Z`Y c h[j`Z


#1 * 4:h[vAt2^j`Z`Y[f`^ nt2Z`q`.Z +r!jln d[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h n h[vAt2^ \_a^ln 4Z`Y[d[Z`qlo
_ar!j`Z ^'nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv vAt=km_ |
os^`Z`Y 4Z`Y[Z`flo
q`hut=
n d[h[r!v!h , nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv d[Z`v!e!^`q | #
o
^`Z`Y 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut=
n Av!r!d[h[_ j`Z`Y[f ^k v!r h[_n Z [v!h[_a^`Zd[h o
Z`Y[Z`j`v!^lnZ%t2q`^ln km_a^ln h[e!Z`Y[Z

#1 *  :v!r!d[h[_a^ `^`v!r!j`^%t k v!r h[_n Z [v!h[_a^`Z h[vAt2^x\_a^lnq`Zlo
c ^%t km_a^ln c Z`j`Z`Y c h[j`"Z )nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!^vAt=ko
_a^ $
os^%6 t mt=k d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!^ $' &%
os^%6 t 
#1 **4 Z ( 4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut [r!q`h[_G\_a^lkmv!^ r!_aZ`v!- ^ 4Z c ZlnZlo
A c
Z c ^ln n^ c ^ c
h Gt=k r!_aZ`v!^
Z !h[jlkm_a^`Z q`Z`_aZ c
S c
nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a^ os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t
r%
\_a^lnxq`Z c ^%6 t 
n
j (
^ `r!q`hut nZ]\ [^ln^
 t2Z`Y Z ^`d Z`Y km^`e!h[e!^ln"Z 'v!r!d[h o
S
_a^`g [r!q`h[_a^\_a^lnj`r!_ar:n
^ [_ah[q`Z r!_aZ`v h o
A c
d[r:nZ`q`Z`_n \_a^ln 4Z`Y[d[Z`q`_ar!j`Z "^ at=k nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln
n
\_a^lkmv!^VvAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z 
r%
4Z`Z`Y[Z`_a.^ +hut c  Z h[Z c Z`v!hut h c h 4h[j`"^ 


#1 *'&4:j`Z`Y[f`^ c Z`Y:Z
!h[jlkm_a^`Z r!_aZ`v!^An^ c ^ c ^lnaf`v!h c ^`e!^!nZ`v:o

Kc
4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a^Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^ os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`flo
r%
q`hut2^%t [r!q`h[_af`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv!^ c Z`v!^`g q`Z( c Z d k c d[^`q`^
A
c ZlnZ Z`v!Z`q`^G\_a^lkmv!^Y[r!v!d[^%t6h[Z c 4^`Y[hut n \h[_a^]\Z c ^
q`Z`_a^ln c Z Z`v!q`^ln 4h4d[Z"
#1 & z *4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!^ 4Z c ZlnZZ c ^ln n^ c ^ c h
y % z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ q`Z`_a^lnZ%t2q`^ln
!v!r!d[h[_a^`g Z
!h[jlkm_a^`Z y{z
\_a^%tInZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a ^ $ z
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`h o
t2^%6 t 
#1 &4$'*4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut [r!q`h[_Ef`q`Z`v!e!Z`_ ^ 4Z c ZlnZ  c h[_a^7t2Z`Y ^ln
n^ c ^ c
h 2t= k * z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^
Z !h[jlkm_a^`Z $ z \_a^%t nZ`v:o
4h[j`_a^lnV\_a^lkmv!^
vAt=km_a^
Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!" ^ *
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`h o
t2^%t [r!q`h[_af`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv!^ c Z`v!^`g q`^% t (
#1 & y :v!Z t2Z`Y ZkmY c Z 4Z c Z`^ Z c r:n c h[j`^`e!r!v!d[Z [r!q`h[_G\_a^lko
v!Z c Cv!r!d & z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ q`Z`_a"^ K
Z !h[jlkm_a^nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln
\_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a^ |
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t c Z Z`v!r:! n $ z
\_a^ln 4Z`Y[d[Z`q`_ar!j`Z "^ 
#1 & | *4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!^ 4Z c ZlnZ Z c ^  z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^
q`Z`_a^lnt2q`^l
n 6v!r!d[h[_a^`gI
Z !h[jlkm_a^`Z  \_a^%6 t GnZ`v 4h[j`_a^ln
\_a^lkmv!^VvAt=km_a^ %
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t 
#1 &+#1(% z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^
Z !h[jlkm_a^`Z nh
n Z c nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lkmv!^
vAt=km_a ^ #
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6
t  v!Zt2Z`Y Z
kmY c Z 4Z c Z`^ Zlo
c r:nGd[r!q`Z`_ah[d [r!q`h[_af`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv!Z c t=kq`Z`_a^G
Z !h[jlkm_a^`Z
*x\_a^%6 t 
#1 & % *4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut [r!q`h[_af`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv! ^ 4Z c ZlnZ Z c ^ln n^ c ^lo
c h  z!z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^#q`Z`_a^lnt2q`^l
n v!r!d[h[_a^`g
Z !h[jlkm_a^`Z $'%
\_a^%t nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^vAt=km_a^ 
os^`Z`Y[ ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6
t 
 v!Zt2Z`YZ c Zlkmj`v:kmY c h[j`Zd[h[q`Z`_ah n
4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahutY[Z]\^`_ar:o
j`v!^`q`^ c Z Z`v!q`^ln-4Z`v!hh#^`d[Z`q`h `^`v!r!j`h[j^ c Z
4v!r!q`^`_a^
t2Z`Y "Z 
#1 & 4:f`_a^`Y[^`f`^ln 4Z`nY[^lnZ%t2q`^ln j`Z`Y[f`^ c Z`Y Z
!h[jlkm_a^`Z f`v!h c ^`e!^
$ z!z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^lnVr c h[Y[r!j`^%t6nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!^
vAt=km_a ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z |
%f`v!h c ^`e!^ln c Z Z`v!q`Z c h[j`ZAY[Z]\^lo
_ar!j`v!^`q`Z c , d[ r 4h[j`^lnnZ 4kmZ`_ah[j`^%6 t 0v!Z c v!r c Zlnw`^`v:o
c h[j`ZKq`Z`_a^ln6nv:km_ c Z Z`v!q`Zl
n Ut=k [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!^#d[ r 4h[j`Z
h[Z c 4h[Y - n $'% z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n 
#1 &  :Z Z`_a^6n
Z [d[^ln c ZlnZ]\ [h[j`Z c ^`v!d[Zln#nw`^`v c h[j`Z $ * z4z4z c r:o
_aZ`v!"^ %nZ`q`Z`v!Zlk c r [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!^d[ r 4h[j`Z h[Z c 4h[Y n $ y{z4z
c r!_aZ`v:
n 
!^`v:n6t=k Z`v!Zaf`v!h c ^`e!^ln6
Z !h[j`ZCj`Z`Y[f`^ c Z`Y2nZ`v:o
4h[j`_a^ln [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!^KvAt=km_a- ^ #
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t t=k
n
Z [d[^`Z`Y[r!j`^ln Z`Y 4v[q`^`_ar!j`Z`Z y \h[_a^ h n
Z [_ah[j`h[_a^`Z
q`Zlo
_a^lnxY[Z]\^`_ar!j`v!^`q`^ c Z Z`v!q`Z`g (
#1 &*40ne:k c h[Y[e:n#f`r!d `^lkme!h[v!^l n h n
Z [h[Y[Z c nw`^`v c h[j`Z $'% z4z c r:o
_aZ`v!"^ {d[^ln^Ane!
^ `h[Y c ^`Z h[Z c 4h[Y n  % c r!_aZ`v:
n  c Z Z`v!Z`qln
t=k7Z`v!Zne:k c h[Y[e!^at2Z`q`^ln^Gne!
^ `h[Y c ^`^%t j`Z`Y[f`^ c Z`Y:nZ` v 4h o
j`_a^lnvAt=km_a^ [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!^ y
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t
Z !h o
jlkm_ q`Z`_
n +t=k n%\Z`q`_a^ln Z`Y 4v[_a^`q`r!j`Z` Z #-\h[_a"^ 
#1 &'&4*4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut nZ]\ [^ln^7t2Z`Y Z^`d'Z`Y km^`e!h[e!^ln"Z iv!r!d[h[_a^`g

^ [_ah[q`Z [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv % z4z c r!_aZ`v h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_n y \_a^ln
4Z`Y[d[Z`q`_ar!j`Z "^ t=k
nZ` v 4h[j`_a^lnvAt=km_a^AY[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^!\_a^lo
kmv!^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z $ y
[r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!^ c Z`v!^`g q`^%6 t 
#1 $ z4z :
^ `r!q`hut nZ]\ [^ln^Ct2Z`Y ZG^`d2Z`Y km^`e!h[e!^ln"Z v!r!d[h[_a^`g
^ [_ah[q`Z
[r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv $ z4z4z c r!_aZ`v h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_n %6\_a^ln#d[Z`Y [^`_o
+
h it=k j`Z`Y[f`^ln7nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lkmv!^7vAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z


#1 $ z $'*4Z`Y nZ.+/!q`v!hut Z`Y km^`e!h[e!^ln Z`Y4v[_a^`q`r!j`Z" t=k  z4z4z c :
r o
_aZ`v!^ c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^`Z7nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln vAt=km_a^7\_a^lkmv!^ %
o
^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t c Z [r!q`h[_a^'\_a^lnVj`r!_ar:nV^
[_ah[q`Z $'% z4z
c r!_aZ`v:n

#1 $ zy :v!Z`d c h[Y[^ \h[_a^ 4v[h[_ c h[j`Z Z`Y km^`e!h[e!^" 't=k y $& z4z c r:o
_aZ`v!^ c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^`Z nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln vAt=km_a^ Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^
*
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t [r!q`h[_af`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv!^ c Z`v!^`g q`Z(
c Z [r!q`h[_a^af`q`Z`v!e!_a^ln#j`r!_ar:n6d[h[Z`Y[Z`j`v!h!^
!h[jln y{z4z4z c r:o
_aZ`v:
n 
#1 $ z4| :v!Zd[^`Y[^`d[Z`_kmv!^at2Z`Y Z!kmY c Z c Z`Z`j`Z`Y c r!Y:d r!j`_ah[j`d[Zj`Z`Y[flo
" ^ v!r!d6/ k +v:kmY[q`h[
_ [r!Y q`^`_a^ln7n%\Z`q`_a^l n 4Z c ZlnZ Z c ^ln
4Z c Z  c Z [r!q`h[_G\_a^lkmv!^ y{z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ ( #a\_a^ln 4Z`Y[d[Z`qlo
_ar!j`Z "^ +t=k j`Z`Y[f`^lnnZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln-vAt=km_a^V\_a^lkmv!^ 4Z`Y[Z`flo
q`hut2^`Z |

#1 $ z #1:j`Z`Y[f`^Cnh
n `n

^ [_ah[q`ZCnZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln
giq`_aZ c  ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`h[q`^%6
t t=k
nh
n ^ Z`v
Z !h[d[Z`e!h[j`Z y{z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n d[Z ^`Y7nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln
vAt=km_a^!\_a^lkmv! ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z *
y{z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ c Z` Y % z4z4z
c r!_aZ`v!Z`d c h , %
'% z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ c Z` Y $ z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!Z`d o
c h , |

r!_ar $ z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln +h[q`^%t , $
 4Z`d[r:o
t2q`Z`_ahut c
Z 4v!r!q`^`_a^-t2Z`Y Z % z \_a^ln h[d c h $'% z4z c r:o
_aZ`v!^lnnh
n ^lnt2q`^l
n at=k nh
n ^Z`q`e!r!d[Z`e:kmv!Z c 4Z c Z c ^ln
nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln k v!r c Z`j`Z`_a ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^lnn h[v!* r "^ av!r:o
4r!v!g f`^ c
Z 4v!r!q`^`_a^ t2Z`Y Z 4Z c Z`Z`w`Z`v!j`h[jln nh
n ^ln h o
nZ`j`Z`d[^ln +/!q`v:km_ c r!Y[h
n 
#1 $ z % :f`v!h c ^`e!^lnCv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`^lnad[^ h c q`^%t j`Z`Y[flna
Z [qlnnZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln
4Z`Y
n q`Z`q`h[jlkm_a6 ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2h[j`"^ {t=kxf`v!h c ^`e!^Z`v
Z !h[d[Z`e!h[j`Z
$ z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n d[Z ^`Y+nZ`v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^vAt=km_a ^ 4Z`Y[Z`flo
q`hut2^`Z 
$ z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ c Z`Y # z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!Z`d c h , #

 .
# z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ c Z`Y $'% 4z z4z c r!_aZ`v!Z`d c h , y
'$ % 4z z4z
c r!_aZ`v!^ c Z`Y +h[d[rAt , $
 ^`v!d[Z`d2nh n
 Z c Z`^
!r y % 4z z4z
c r!_aZ`v!^" iv!r!d[h[_nZ`g Z`v!Z`qln Y[Z]\^`_osY[Z]\^`_ [r!q`h[_G\_a^lo
kmv!^ y{z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^%t6v!Z`d c h[Y0\h[_a^]\Z c ^ c Z Z`v!Z`qln ^lo
v!d[Z6j`Z`Y[f`^lnVq`Z`_
n t=k f`v!h c ^`e!^#Z`q`e!r!d[Z`e:kmv!Z c 4Z c Z c ^ln
nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln k v!r c ^ c ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^ln n h[v!* r ^" Av!r4r:o
v!g f`^ c Z`( v ![h[Y[^`_a^t2Z`Y  Z h[d[gi^`v c h[j`Z h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln +/!qlo
v:km_ c r!Y[h[d c
h 
#1 $ z 40nZ`^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`r `v!r!h [e!^%t d[rAt r!q`Y[^`_a^ y{z4z4z4z c r:o
A
_aZ`v!^ | \_a^ln h[d c h 4Z c h[j`Z y % z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!"^ m
^ `r!q`hut
nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln 
^ 4Z 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2"^ 
#1 $ z  :v!Z7t2Z`Y Zln c Zlkmj`v:kmY[h[jl n `v!r!h [* e ^-d[r!Y[Z]\^`_ah
d Z`v!h
^`Y o
q`h ne!r!v:n y * z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^lnxnZ`Y[Z`giq`_ar c it=k nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln

^ 4Z 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^` Z *
*r!_ar `v!r!h [e!^ln Z`Y 4v[_a^`q`r!j`Z
, %\h[_a"^ 
#1 $ z *40nZ`^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`r `v!r!h [e!^d[r!^%t r!ql- n * z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^lna^`Y[q`h o
ne!^`gi^`Zln c Z 4Z`v!Z`Y[e!^`Zln'
^ [_ah[q`"Z v!r!d #
\_a^ln h[d c h V^`Y o
q`h ne!r!v:n c Zlkmj`v:kmY[h[jl- n $ z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n giY[r!j`^`_a^`"Z v!r!d
t2Z`Y ^ln c Z`j`Z`Y c h[j`Z nZ ^`Y[Z`Y nr j`.Z +Z` v +h h n
Z [_ah[j`h[_a^`Z
nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^vAt=km_a^ |
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t 
4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut6)
Z (V\d[^`Y c Z#nZ]\ [^ln^'n^ c ^ c h


j (
nZ`
 v 4h[j`_a^ln 
^ 4Z 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2"^ 
4Z`Z`Y[Z`_a.^ +hu6 t {nZln`kmv!q`h[_a^`Z6t=k Z`v!Z `v!r!h [* e ^Gd[r!Y[Z]\^`_ah o
r!j`Z"
#1 $ z &4  \_a^l n h[d c h ^`Y[q`h ne!r!v!^lnZ%t2q`^ln c Z`j`v:kmY[h[jlkm_ad[Z t2Z`Y o
Z`d h[Z c 4^`Y[Z $ z * z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!" ^ v!Z't2Z`Y Z c Z`Z`j`Z`Y c Z'^`Y o
q`h ne!r!v!d["Z t=k nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln 
^ 4Z 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^V ^ [r $ z

#1 $'$ z 0nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln ^
4Z &
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t $ {y z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^lo
Z`Y[^
^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`^ln 4Z`Yr!v!gi^`h[_ah[j`^ln h c h4Z c ^`Y[q`h ne!r!v:n
c Zlkmj`v:kmY c Z $'%% # z c r!_aZ`v!^"!v!Z`d c h[Y[^\h[_a^ 4v[h[_ c h o
j`r c Z
^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`Z

#1 $'$'$':q%t[q`Z%t6 nZ`^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^` r `v!r!h [e!^Vd[r!^%t r!qln y % z4z4z c r:o
_aZ`v:n c  Z 4Z`v!Z`Y[e!^`Zln
^ [_ah[q`"Z 2v!r!d #\_a^ln h[d c h
^ 4^
c Z`Z`j`v:kmY[h[jln |4z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n Z`d[Zlnt2Z`Y giY[r!j`^`_a^`"Z v!r!d
nZ ^`Y[Z`Y nr j`.Z +Z` v +h#nZ`v 4h[j`_a^ln c r!d[^`Y[Z`Y[e:kmv!^\_a^lkmv!^
vAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z %


^ `r!q`hu6 t )
Z (v!Z#t2Z`Y Zln
d[^`
^ !h[jln
^`Y[q`h ne!r!v!^ #V\_a^l
 n h[d c h ko
_a^ln
nZ ^`Y[Z`Y nr j`.Z +Z`
v +h c Z`j`Z`Y c h[j`^%t

j (v!Zt2Z`Y Z kmY c Z c Z`Z`j`Z`Y c r:n ^`Y[q`h ne!r!v!d[Z nZ ^`Y[Z`Y o

nr j`.Z +Z` v +
h v!r!d # \_a^l n h[d c h d[^`
^ !r:n |4z4z4z4z
c r!_aZ`v!^

(V\d[^`Y c Z#nZ]\ [^ln^'n^ c ^ c h 5
(

c (
nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln 
^ 4Z 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2 ^ b  (
d[
^ !h[jlkm_a- ^ h c h 4h[j`^lnnZ 
k [q`h[6
_ +h h[Z Zlnhut d[r!d 4h o
j`^`Z`Y[^`Z t=k Z`v!Z ^`Y[q`h ne!r!v!^lnt2q`^ln `v!r!h [* e ^7d[r!Y[Z]\^`_ah o
r!j`Z c Zv! r 4r!v h[^`giq`_ah[j`Zn`kmv!Z%t2"^ 4t=knZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln c r:o
d[^`Y[Z`Y[e:kmv!^ \_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^ 4Z c h[j`Z #





#1 $'$ y  `v!r!h[e!^Vd[r!^%t r!qln # % z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:n c Z | \_a^ln 4Z`Y o
A
d[Z`q`_ar!j`Z^!k/+v:kmY[q`h[_
[r nd[^ln +v c ZlnAnZ`v4h[j`_a^ln ^
4Z
|
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6
$  t 
B
`v!r!h[e!^^
4^`q`h't2Z`Y^ln-d[^
!h o
j`^ln h[dut q`h[q`Z ^ c Z`Z`j`v:kmY[h[jln %"&*'& % c r!_aZ`v:n


^ `r!q`hu6
t )
 Z(v!Z t2Z`YZ c Zlkmj`v:kmY c h[j`Z ^`Y[q`h ne!r!v:n `v!r!h [e!^ln
A
c Zlnv:km_ah[j`^ln h[d c h

j( `v!r!h [e!^lnVnZ`v4h[j`_a^ln ^
4Z 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^ b (

B
( 5
( 5

B
( mt=knZ ^`Y[Z`Y nr j`Z.+Z`v+h c r!d[^lo
Y[Z`Y[e:kmv!^'\_a^lkmv!^VvAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z 

A B

v!r!d[h[_ `v!r!h [* e ^#n Cr!jlnt2Z`Y ^ln c Z`j`Z`Y c h[j`Z

#1 $'$ | :^`Y[q`h ne!r!v:nnZ 4kmZ`_ah[j`Z7
Z [qln7d[r!Y[Z]\^`_ah[r!j`Z-d[^`
^ !r:n7r!v!^
Z nZ`d \_a^`Z`Y[^ `v!r!h [e!^ c Z`Yd r!_ar c h[vAt "^ 
A c B A
`v!r!h [e!^d[r!^%t r!qln $ |4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:n c Z 4Z`v!Z`Y[e!^`Zln
^o
_ah[q`"Z Av!r!d c Z`Z`j`v:kmY[h[jln $  z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n d[r!^%t r!qln
B
y{z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:n c Z Z`j`v:kmY[h[jln y % z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n v!r!d[h[_
`v!r!h [* e ^k v!r d[r!d 4h[j`^`Z`Y[^`Z7d[r!Y[Z]\^`_ah[r!j`"Z :t=k nZ ^lo
Y[Z`Y nr j`.Z +Z` v +h0nZ`v 4h[j`_a^ln c r!d[^`Y[Z`Y[e:kmv!^\_a^lkmv!^vAt=ko
_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z 

#1 $'$ #1%h[d c h 4^ %\_a^`Z`Y[^ `v!r!h [e!h[j`^ c Z`Y6v!r!d[_a^lnZ`( v ![h[q`Z`Z
k o
v!r d[r!d 4h[j`^`Z`Y[ ^ # z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln d [r!Y[h ^`Y[q`h ne!r!v!^lnt=o
q`^l
n 2t=k nZ ^`Y[Z`Y nr j`.Z +Z` v +hnZ`
v 4h[j`_a^ln c r!d[^`Y[Z`Y[e:kmv!^
\_a^lkmv!^VvAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z *

`v!r!h[e!^ln nZ]\ [^ln^ nZ`j`r!_ar!r
d[r4h[j`Z
c ZlnZ h[_ah[j`Z t2Z`YZ t2Z`Y Z
$'% z4z4z y{|4z4z4z * z4z4z
A
y{|4z4z4z | * z4z4z $'% z4z4z
B
|4z4z4z4z #  z4z4z $  4z z4z
C
# z4z4z4z  z4z4z4z y{z4z4z4z
D
#1 $'$'% :^`Y[q`h ne!r!v:n Z
[qln Z`v(![h[q`Z`Y[^ c Z`Z`j`Z`Y c r:n  z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^
r!v!^ c Z `v!r!h[e!^ c Z`Y:dr!_ar c [h vAt ^"Z`d*`v!r!h[e!h o
A B
j`^ln h[d[r:nZ`q`_ah[j`^6\_ah[j`^ln
d[^h c q`^%t [d r!gih[d km_a^`Z h[d c h4^
g v!^`_a^%6 t )
 Z( \_ah[j`^ `v!r!h[e!^ `v!r!h[e!^
A B
$
a1 = 3000 b1 = 5000
y a2 = 2000 b2 = 1000
| a3 = 1000 b3 = 1000
#
a4 = 5000 b4 = 1000

j( \_ah[j`^ `v!r!h[e!^ `v!r!h[e!^

A B
$
a1 = 1000 b1 = 5000
y a2 = 2000 b2 = 4000
|
a3 = 2000 b3 = 0
#
a4 = 6000 b4 = 1000

giY[r!j`^`_a^`Z" =v!r!d#nZ ^`Y[Z`Y nr j`Z.+Z`v+h

nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln c r!d[^lo
Y[Z`Y[e:kmv!^2\_a^lkmv!^vAt=km_a^4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z $'%
%v!r!d[h[_ `v!r:o
h[* e ^'d[r!Y[Z]\^`_ah[r!j`Z`Z'k v!r d[r!d 4h[j`^`Z`Y[^ ^`Y[q`h ne!r!v!^ln`o
t2q`^ln

#1 $'$4 ^`v!d[ZlnKZ Z`_a^ *6\_a^`Z`Y[^ `v!r!h [e!^ln 4Z`Y r!v!gi^`h[_ah[j`^lnZ%t=o
q`^lnGnw`^`v c h[j`Z $ z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^lnK^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`"Z nZ`q`Z`v!Zlk c r
[r!q`h[_G\_a^lkmv!^d[ r 4h[j`
Z h[Z c 4h[Y n # z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n v!r!d[_a^ln
% z
[r!q`h[_G\_a^lkmv!Z c c Zlkmj`v:kmY c h[j`Z6^`Y[q`h ne!r!v:
n  c Z`Z`^`Y o
e!h[v!h nh[jln7t=k Z`v!ZxZ`d `v!r!h [e!^% t ^`v!d[Z^`Y[q`h ne!r!v:
n it=k
nZ ^`Y[Z`Y nr j`.Z +Z` v +h#nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln c r!d[^`Y[Z`Y[e:kmv!^\_a^lkmv!^
vAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z %

#1 $'$  *`v!r!h [e!^#d[r!^%t r!qln $ * z!z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^lnV^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`Zln c Z
\Z`v!d[Z`e!h[j`^ln h[dut q`h[q`Z ) ^ % \_a^ln h[d c h c Z`Z`j`v:kmY[h[jln
y $ z!z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n r!_ar \Z`v:kmd[Z`e!h[j`_ar!j`^ln h[dut q`h[q`Z ^
d r!_ar c $&* % z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n  h[Z Zlnhut n^`e:kmZ`gi^`"Z t=k-nZlo
^`Y[Z`Y nr j`.Z +Z` v +h nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln c r!d[^`Y[Z`Y[e:kmv!^ \_a^lkmv!^
vAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z y

#1 $'$ *4:^lkmv!^ c ^lkm_ `^`v:n Z [qln%% z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ c Z t2Z`Y^ln ^`Y o


q`h ne!^`v!h[j`Zh nZ
[_ah[j`h[_a^`Z Z `v!r!h[e!^ c Z`Y dr:o
A c B
_ar c h[vAt ^" `v!r!h [e!^6^%t r!qln#nZ]\ [^ln#nZ`^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`r
A
t2Z`YZln % z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:n c Z # \_a^l n h[d c h Z`j`v:kmY[h[jln
+# z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n %r!_ar `v!r!h [e!^ f`^ ^%t r!qln nZ]\ [^ln
B
nZ`^`Y[q`h ne!^`gi^`r t2Z`Y Zl n %% z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:n c  Z # \_a^ln h o
d c h Z`j`v:kmY[h[jln  z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n =giY[r!j`^`_a^`"Z =v!r!d#nZ ^lo
Y[Z`Y nr j`.Z +v!^ln\_a^lkmv!^VvAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z |

Z ( 4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut 
^ 4Z 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^
r!v!^`q`h `v!r!h [e!^lnZ%t=o

q`^ln , b  ( c - Z b  (

j (
^ `r!q`hut\d[^`Y c ZCnZ]\ [^ln^Kn^ c ^ c h[h[j`^ , 5

A B
 ( c Z


5 (

A

B
(v!r!d[h[_ `v!r!h[e*^:k
v r d[r!d4h[j`^`Z`Y[^`Z km_a^ln c Z`j`Z`Y o
!
c h[j`Z- 4Z`Z`f`hut2hut h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^ c Zlnf`q`Y[h[j`^(
 t2Z`q`^



   



  


     



 
   

%  $' +r4Z c ^7\h[q`v!^ln d[^h c q`^%t Z`d[r2\h[v!hut d[^`d c [h q`v!r!j`^ln ` ^lo

v!q`h[_a^VrAt  ^'\h[q`v!^")
$ (
an =
n
y ( 2n − 1

an =
n + 1 n3
n
| # (

( 1


an = − an = (−1)n (4n + 1)
3
%'( (−1)n · n

( (−1)n−1

an = an =
3n n2 (n + 1)
'( 2n
* (

(2n − 1)! 
an = an =
(n + 2)! (n!)2
%  y :^
`r!q`hut d[^`d c h[q`v!r!j`^ln +r4Z c ^'\h[q`v!^")
$ ( 1 1 1 1
y ( 1, − 1 1 1

, , , ,... , ,− ,...
2 4 6 8 3 5 7
| ( 1 2 3 4
# ( 3 5 7 9

, , , ,... , , , ,...
4 7 10 13 4 8 12 16
% ( 1
' 1 1 1

( 3 5 7

,− , ,− ,... 1, , , , . . .
3 9 27 81 2 4 8
'( 5 9 13 17
*
( 5 10 15 20 
, , , ,... − , ,− , ,...
%  | :d[^`d h[4q`v!r!
c
11j`^ln 18+/!25q`v!^ln 4Z`Y[d[Z`v!e!h[j`^l7n 13
nZ k[19
q`h[_625
+h Z$![q`h o
Y[hut6 v!r!d
)
 $ ( 1 d[^`d c h[q`v!r!j`^ln+/!q`Z`v!^" av!r!giZ
an = n → ∞
Z`v!^ln n^
`r!q`hut t=k

0  n0 (ε) ε = 0, 1
y ( d[^`d c h[q`v!r!j`^ln +/!q`Z`v!^" v!r!giZ

1
an = 2+
n
Z`v!^ln y  ^
`r!q`hut it=k Z(
n→∞ n0 (ε) ε = 0, 01
j(

ε = 0, 001
| ( a = 3n + 2 d[^`d c h[q`v!r!j`^ln +/!q`Z`v!^" v!r!giZ
n
Z`v!n^l+n | 1^
`r!q`hut t=k

n→∞ n0 (ε) ε = 0, 1
# ( n + (−1)n d[^`d c h[q`v!r!j`^ln +/!q`Z`v!^" -v!r!giZ
an =
n
Z`v!^ln$'^
`r!q`hut t=k 1
n→∞ n0 (ε) ε=
%  #1*4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut +/!q`v!h[j`^") 4

$ ( 4n + 2

lim
n→∞ 7n + 6
y (
lim
2 − 5n

n→∞ n + 3

| ( n2 + 8n − 1

lim 2
n→∞ n − 7n + 3

# ( 4n2 + 7n − 10

lim
n→∞ 9n2 + 13n + 2

%'( (n − 2)2 + (n + 5)2

lim
n→∞ (n + 1)2 + (n − 3)2

( (2n + 1)2 − 4n2

lim
n→∞ (2n + 3)2 − 4n2

'( 4n3 + 5n2 + 2n + 1

lim
n→∞ 3n2 − 2n + 1
*
( 6n2 − 2

lim
n→∞ 3n3 + 1


&
( n4 + n 2 + 9

lim
n→∞ n2 + 9
$ z (
lim 5
2
n + 5n + 3

n→∞ n − n4 + n2
 
$'$ ( 2n + 1 5 + 2n

lim −
n→∞ 5n + 3 2 + 3n
$ y (
lim
(n + 1) + (n + 2)4

4

n→∞ (n − 1)4 + 5n4

$ | ( (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)

lim
n→∞ n3 + 1
$ # ( (2n − 1)(1 − 3n)(n + 1)

lim
n→∞ (2n + 1)(3n + 2)(3n + 1)

$'%'( (n3 + 1)2 + (3n3 + 2)2

lim
n→∞ (n2 + 1)3 + (n2 − 2)3

$
( (n + 2)(n2 + 4)(n3 − 1)

lim
n→∞ (n2 − 3)(n3 + 4)(n4 − 5)
√
$ '( n2 + 1 + 2n

lim
n→∞ n−1
√
* (
$
2
n −n+2

lim √
n→∞ n2 + 2n − 3
√
$&
( 9n4 + 2n3 − 1

lim √
n→∞ n2 + n+1
√
y{z
3
( 27n9 − 2n6 + 3

lim √
n→∞ n4 + n 2 − 2
y $ ( 2n+1 + 3n+1

lim
n→∞ 2n + 3 n
y4y (
lim
6n+1 + 2 · 4n

n→∞ 7 · 4n+1 − 6n
 y{| ( (n + 1)!

lim
n→∞ (n + 1)! − n!

y # (
lim
(n + 2)! − (n + 1)!

n→∞ (n + 1)! + (n + 2)!

y %'( lim
n!

n→∞ (n + 1)! + (n + 2)!

y 
( (n + 1)! + (n + 3)!

lim
n→∞ (n + 2)! + n!
y '( lim
(n + 4)! − (n + 2)!

n→∞ (n + 4)! + (n + 2)!

y *
( lim
n! + (n + 1)! + (n + 2)!

n→∞ n! + (n + 1)!
y &
( (n + 3)! + n!

lim
n→∞ (n + 2)! − n2

|4z (
lim
(n + 1)! + 5n

n→∞ 2(n + 2)!
| $ (
lim
(n + 3)! + 4n

n→∞ 3(n + 3)! − 5 · 6n

|y ( (3n − 2)! − 2n

lim n
n→∞ 7 − (3n − 2)!

|4|
 
( 1+2+···+n

lim + 3n
n→∞ 2n
| #
 
( 1+2+···+n

lim −n
n→∞ n
| %'( lim
1 + 3 + 5 + · · · + (2n − 1)

n→∞ n2 + 5
| 
( lim
1 + 4 + 7 + · · · + (3n − 2)

n→∞ 1 + 6 + 11 + · · · + (5n − 4)
 | '( lim
 
2 + 4 + 6 + · · · + 2n n

−
n→∞ n 3
| *
( lim
1 − 2 + 3 − · · · + (2n − 1) − 2n

n→∞ n+5
1 1
1+ +···+ n

| &
( 3 3
lim
n→∞ 1 1
1+ +···+ n
7 7
1 1
# z ( 1+ +···+ n

lim 4 4
n→∞ 1 1
1+ +···+ n
5 5
#1$ ( √ √ 


lim 3n − 1 − 2n + 5
n→∞
√
# y ( 2



lim n +2−n
n→∞
√
# | ( 2
√ 

lim n +5− n
n→∞
## (  √ 


lim 6n − 7n + 1 2
n→∞
√ √
# %'( 


lim n2 + n − n2 − n
n→∞
√ √
# 
( 


lim n2 + 4n + 3 − n2 − n + 2
n→∞
4n n
# '( #
* (

4


1

lim 1 + lim 1 +
n→∞ n n→∞ n
6n+2 n
#
&
( % z (

3n + 5


1

lim 1 + lim
n→∞ 2n n→∞ 3n
14n
% $ ( % y (
n−3 
3


7

lim 1 + lim 1 +
n→∞ n n→∞ 7n
 .
n
% | ( % # (
n+4 
1


n−3

lim lim 1 +
n→∞ n+2 n→∞ n+1
 n −1
%%'(
2n
% 
(

n + 12 4


n

lim lim
n→∞ n−1 n→∞ n+2
 23 n
% '( +% *
(
n+2 
1


3n + 8

lim lim 1+ 2
n→∞ 3n n→∞ n +1
5n+2
%"&
(  z (
 n+2  2
n2 + 3 n + 3n

 3

lim
lim 2
n→∞ n2 + 2 n→∞ n +2
n2 +2n+4
4$ ( n2 + 2n + 5



lim
n→∞ n2 + 2n + 4
n2 +n
 y ( n2 + 5n + 8



lim
n→∞ n2 + 5n + 5
n+1
 | ( 3n2 − n + 1



lim
n→∞ 3n2 + 2n − 1
n−2
+# ( 4n2 + 5n + 3



lim 2
n→∞ 4n − n + 1
n3 +1
 %'(
 3
3n + 2 
lim 3
Z`e!^`flkmv!3n^^`Y−c k5 [gi^`^lnd[hut2r c l^ n 4Z`d[r [h[Y[h[j`^%t c Z`Z`d[e:o
% & % :d[Z%t2h[d[n→∞
f`^`gihut h[d c h4^ r!v!d km_ah[j`^lnxd[Z`vAt2h[jlkm_ar!j`Z")
$ (Z`v!^%t2d[h[e!^`flkm_a^ `v!r4v!h n^`^lnZ%t2q`^ln
Z (
 +r4Z c ^\h[q`v!^ln 4Z`d[r:o
an = a1 + d(n − 1)
nZ%t2q`_ah[_a^ r!v!d km_aZ(

j( a1 + a n `^`v!q`h[_a^ \h[q`v!^ln CZ`d[^ln
Sn = ·n n
4Z`d[r:nZ%t2q`2_ah[_a^ r!v!d km_aZ(
y ( 4h[r!d[h[e!v!^lkm_a^ ` v!r4v!h n^`^lnZ%t2q`^ln
 Z( +r4Z c ^x\h[q`v!^ln-4Z`d[r:nZ%t2q`_ah o
bn = b1 q n−1
_a^ r!v!d km_aZ(

j( b1 (q n − 1) ` ^`v!q`h[_a^ \h[q`v!^ln CZ`d[^ln

Sn = n
4Z`d[r:nZ%t2q`q_a−h[_a1^ r!!
v d km_aZ(

%  4:d[Z%t2h[d[Z`e!^`flkmv!^^`Y c k[gi^`^lnd[hut2r c ^ln 4Z`d[r [h[Y[h[j`^%t c Z`Z`d[e:o
f`^`gihut6 %v!r!d [r!q`h[_a^AY[Z`e:kmv!Z`_kmv!^ v!^`g  q`^lnZ%t2q`^lnad[Z`v:o
n
t2h[jlkm_a^`ZVe!r!_ar!j`h[j`^")
$ ( n(n + 1)

1+2+ 3+···+n =
2
y ( 1 + 3 + 5 + · · · + (2n − 1) = n2

| ( 1 + 3 + 32 + · · · + 3n−1 = 3n − 1

2
# ( 3 
1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n = (1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n)2
3 3 3
%  :d[Z%t2h[d[Z`e!^`flkmv!^^`Y c k[gi^`^lnd[hut2r c ^ln 4Z`d[r [h[Y[h[j`^%t c Z`Z`d[e:o
f`^`gihut6)
$ ( 1 1 1 √

√ + √ +···+ √ > n n > 1 n ∈ N
1 2 n
y (j`h[v!Y km_a^lnVkme!r!_ar!j`Z

(1 + a)n > 1 + na, a > −1, a 6= 0,

n > 1, n ∈ N.
%  *4:d[r[Z`_aZ
[h[dnh n
Z c Z`^
!r * 4z z c r!_aZ`v!^ nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln Y[r:o
d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^6\_a^lkmv!^#vAt=km_a^ $'%
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t6U^
`r:o
q`hut6 v!Z6t2Z`YZakmY c Z 4Z c Z`^Z c r:n'd[r[Z`_aZ
[h[d y \_a^ln h o
d c h 1 t=k c Z`v!^`g q`Z
\Z`v!d[r!h[jlnVk\ [q`h[e!Z c 
%  &4:j`Z`Y[f ^ h[e!Z`Y[^`_a^`Z $'$ z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln Y[r!d[^lo
Y[Z`_kmv!^ \_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a ^ *
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6
t 4Z`Y nZlo
+/!q`v!hut $ z \_a^ln 4Z`Y[d[Z`q`_ar!j`Z ^ c
Z 4v!r!q`^`_a^Kt2Z`Y "Z t=k
c Z`v!^`g q`Z  c h[j`"Z )
 Z( [r!q`h[_G\_a^lkmv!Z c
j(
[r!q`h[_ Y[Zh[q`Z`v \h[_a^]\Z c ^

( f`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv!Z c
c ( [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!Z c

h ( [r!q`h[_ c !^lkmv!Z c
q(k\ [q`h[e!Z c 
%  $ z  ^`v!d[Z`dj`Z`Y[f`^ c Z`Ynh n
Z c Z`^
!r  z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^nZ`v4h o
j`_a^ln Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^ \_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a^$ y
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`h o
t2^%6 t +v!Zt2Z`Y Zln c Zlkmj`v:kmY[h[jl n ^`v!d[Zj`Z`Y[fln # \_a^ln h[d o
c h 1 t=k c Z`v!^`g q`Z  c h[j`"Z )
Z ( [r!q`h[_G\_a^lkmv!Z c
j (
[r!q`h[_ Y[Z h[q`Z`v \h[_a^]\Z c ^


( f`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv!Z c
c ( [r!q`h[_Ct2q`^lkmv!Z c

h ( nZ`Z%t2r!j`v!^`q`Z c
q (k\ [q`h[e!Z c 

%  $'$':v!Z t2Z`Y Z kmY c Z h[q`^`e!Z`Y[rAt j`Z`Y[f ^ k\ [q`h[e!^ c Z`v!^`g `o
q`^ln h[dut q`h[q`Z "^ Gv!r!d | \_a^ln h[d c h d[^`q`
^ !rAt & z4z4z
c r!_aZ`v!"^ +t=knZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln-Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^\_a^lkmv!^vAt=km_a^
4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z 
/4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut c ^lnf`r!Y[e!"^ 
%  $ y :v!Z q`Z c ^%t kmY c Z 4Z`Zlnh
n r:n j`Z`Y[f`d[Z k\ [q`h[e!^ c Z`v!^`g `o
q`^l6 n h[dut q`h[q`Z ^  z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^nZ` v 4h[j`_a^lnKY[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^
\_a^lkmv!^-vAt=km_a^ %
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t iv!r!d#j`Z`Y[f`^lnd[r:o
4h[j`Z
^ [r:n y{z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!"^ 
%  $ | 0nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln7Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^\_a^lkmv!^vAt=km_a^Vn
Z `v!r!gih[Y[e!r
4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^ * z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ %\_a^ln h[d c h
4Z c Z $ z4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!"^ :
^ `r!q`hut nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2"^
t=k c Z`v!^`g q`Z
\Z`v!d[r!h[jln
k\ [q`h[e!Z c 
%  $ #1:j`Z`Y[f`d[ Z # \_a^ln q`Z c ^%t 4ZlngiZ $ y{z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln f`v!h c ^lo
e!^ nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^ \_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a^ #
os^`Z`Y[^
4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6 t 'v!Z t2Z`Y Z kmY c Z c Zlkmj`v:kmY[r:n c h[j`^`e!r!v!d[Z
j`Z`Y[fl
n Kt=k c Z`v!^`g q`Z \Z`v!d[r!h[jlnk\ [q`h[e!Z c  4Z`Y n.Z +/!qlo
v!hut j`Z`Y[f`^lnd[ r 4h[j`"Z 
%  $'% *4Z`Y nZ.+/!q`v!hut * % z4z c r!_aZ`v!^ln h nZ`j`Z`d[^ln^ c ^lnf`r!Y[e!^`v!h o
jlkm_a^t2Z`YZ!k\ [q`h[e!^ c Z`v!^`g q`^ln h[dut q`h[q`Z^" t=k c v!r:o
^ln 4kmZ`_ah c ^`Z * \h[_a^" r!_ar nZ`v4h[j`_a^ln Y[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^
\_a^lkmv!^VvAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z &

%  $4:v!Z c v!r!ZnZ`w`^`v!r Av!r!dxk\ [q`h[e!^ c Z`v!^`g q`^ln h[dut q`h o
q`Z ^6nZ` v 4h[j`_a^lnxY[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^'\_a^lkmv!^VvAt=km_a^ *
os^`Z`Y[^
4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%t c Z`j`Z`Y c h[jlkm_a^xt2Z`Y Z 4Z`r!v!d[
Z c h n

%  $  :v!Z`d c h[Y[^K\_a^%tkmY c Z h[q`^`e!Z`Y[rAt j`Z`Y[f ^Kk\ [q`h[e!^ c Z`v!^lo
g q`^ln h[dut q`h[q`Z ^ y $ y{z4z c r!_aZ`v!^CnZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln#\_a^lkmv!^
vAt=km_a ^ #
os^`Z`Y[^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^%6t v!r!d c
Z 4v!r!q c h n  |  z4z
c r!_aZ`v!^

%  $ *4 ^`v!d[Z`dGj`Z`Y[f ^ c Z`Z`j`Z`Y c Z $ * z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!" ^  y{z \_a^ln h[d o
c h j`Z`Y[f`d[Z ^`v!d[Zln c Zlkmj`v:kmY[Z  y{z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!"^ 
^ `r!q`hut
nZ` v 4h[j`_a^lnaY[r!d[^`Y[Z`_kmv!^\_a^lkmv!^vAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2"^ {t=k
c Z`v!^`g q`Z
\Z`v!d[r!h[jlnVk\ [q`h[e!Z c 
%  $&4*4Z`Y n.Z +/!q`v!hut nZ]\ [^ln^ t2Z`Y Z7^`d
Z`Y km^`e!h[e!^ln"Z =v!r:o
S (n)
d[h[_a^`g \_a^ln 4Z`Y[d[Z`q`_ar!j`Z ^ [r!q`h[_G\_a^lkmv!Z c
^ [_ah[q`Z
n
y # z4z4z c r!_aZ`v h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_
n t=k nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lkmv!^
vAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`- Z $ y
14Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut (n) d[^`d c h[q`v!r:o
S
j`^ln +/!q`Z`v!"^ mv!r c h nZ`g 
n→∞
%  y{z  c Z`Z`d[e!f`^`gihu6 t 4v!r!d:nZ]\ [^ln^Kt2Z`Y ZC^`d=knZlnv:km_ar Z`Y km^`e!h o
e!^ln"Z 4v!r!d[h[_a^`g [r!q`h[_a^G\_a^lnCj`r!_ar:nK
^ [_ah[q`Z r!_aZ`v
Ac
h[d[r:nZ`q`Z`_
n 4Z`d[r!^%t2q`_ah[j`Z r!v!d km_a^%t 100A +t=k
S=
nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln\_a^lkmv!^vAt=km_a^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^`Z  r
r%
%  y $':
^ `r!q`hut nZ]\ [^ln^t2Z`Y Zx^`daknZlnv:km_ar Z`Y km^`e!h[e!^ln" Z +v!r:o
d[h[_a^`g [r!q`h[_a^ \_a^ln j`r!_ar:n
^ [_ah[q`Z |y{z4z c r!_aZ`v h o
d[r:nZ`q`Z`_
n at=k nZ` v 4h[j`_a^ln \_a^lkmv!^ vAt=km_a ^ 4Z`Y[Z`f`q`hut2^
*
os^`"Z 
%  y4y *4Z`Y[q`^^`_arAt h[d c h4^knZlnv:km_ar `Z Y km^`e!h[e!^") c !h n nZ]\Uo
[^ln^ , z \h[_a^(=kmY c Z 4Z`^`gih n r _aZ`v!^" "r!_ar [r!q`h[_
!
Y c
d[r!d c h[q`Y[r \h[_n 4ZlnZ`gih[d[^t2Z`YZ^.+v c h[j`Z `v!r!gih[Y[e!^%t6
g
h n Y[^Y[Z`qln
:d[Z
4Z`_a^%t2Z c 2v!r!d$ \_a^ln h[d c h4Z`^`gih[d[Z
t2Z`Y "Z  ( os^%t Z
!q`Y[^Y[rAt6 m^`d[Z`q`hCZ.+v!^%t6 mj`Z`Y[flo
Y (1 + g) r
^Gt2Z`Y ^l6n +v c ^ln `v!r!gih[Y[e!^  Z`Z`d[e!f`^`gihut6 {v!r!d
(r > g) c
Z`d
knZlnv:km_arEZ`Y km^`e!h[e!^lnnZ]\ [^ln^ t2Z`YZ-4Z`d[r!^%t2q`_ah[j`Z
r v!d km_a^%t
! (1 + r) 
S=Y
%  {y | :^
`r!q`hut h[d c h4^'d \f`v!
r ^`−q`h[gj`^ln C
 Z`d[^")
∞ ∞
$ ( X 1
y ( X 1

n=1
n(n + 1) n(n + 3)
n=1
∞ ∞
| ( X 1
# ( X 1

n=1
(n + 1)(n + 3) (2n − 1)(2n + 1)
n=1
∞ ∞
%'( X 2  ( X


5

n=1
(5n − 2)(5n + 3) (6n − 2)(6n + 4)
n=1
∞ ∞
'( X 1
*
( X 3n

n=1
3n 7n
n=1
∞ ∞
n n
&
( X 5 + 6
$ z n n
( X3 +4

n=1
30n 12n
n=1
∞ ∞
$'$ ( X 4n
$ y ( X 2n−3

n=1
9n+2 5n+1
n=1
∞ ∞
$ | ( X 34

n
$ # ( X 26 
n

n n
8 2 33
%  y #1%h[Z`d[r2\d[hut6 h nv:km_ah[jlkm_a^`Z t=k Z`v!Z h[d c h4^ d \f`v!^`q`h o
n=1 n=1

j`^lnZ%t2q`^lnd \f`v!^`q`^lnxf`v!h[j`Z c !
r j`^lnZlkmgi^`_ah[j`h[_a^ ` ^`v!r!j`Z")
 ∞ ∞
$ ( X 2n + 7
y ( X 10n

n=1
3n − 1 100n + 1
n=1
∞ ∞ 2
| 5
# ( X

( X n 
n2 + 1 n−1
%  y % %h c Z`v!h[j`^ln#Y[^Y[h[j`^ln 4Z`d[r [h[Y[h[j`^%t 4Z`d[r!^`f`q`_a^`hut h[d c h4^
n=1 n=1

d \f`v!^`q`h[j`^lnf`v!h[j`Z c r!j`Z")


 
 h c Z`v!h[j`^ln
Y[^Y[h[j`^%t nZ`v4h[j`_ar!j`^lnZlnxd[r:o
h[*v h[jlkm_a^`Z 4Z`d[r!q`^ [h[Y[rAt 4h[r!d[h[e!v!^lkm_a^ `v!r4v!h n^`Z
∞
X
aq n−1 (a 6= 0),
n=1
v!r!d[h[_a^`g `f v!h[j`Z c ^`Z" v!r!giZ Z4Z`Y_aZ c ^`Z" v!r:o
|q| < 1 c
giZ Z
|q| ≥ 1 c
∞
X 1
n=1
nα
d \f`v!^`q`^" Uv!r!d[h[_a^`g f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z" Uv!r!giZ Z 4Z`Y_aZlo
α>1c
c ^`"Z v!r!giZ 
α≤1
$ ( 1 1 1

1+ √ + √ +···+ √ +···
2 3 n
y (
1+
1
+
1
+···+
1
+···


2·3 3·3 2 n·3 n−1
 2  3  n
| ( 3 1 3 1 3 1 3

+ + +···+ +···
7 2 7 3 7 n 7
# ( 1 1 1 1

√ +√ +√ +· · ·+ p +· · ·
2·1 3·2 4·3 n(n − 1)
√ √ √
%'( 3 4 n+1

2+ + +···+ +···
2 3 n
 ∞ 3 ∞
'( X n + 3

√
*
( X p 1

n7 2 4
n (n + 2)
n=1 n=1
∞
&
( X 1 
ln(n + 1)
%  y 4 c `Z Z c 4^`Y[hut6 af`v!h[j`Z c ^`Zt=k Z`v!Z d \f`v!^`q`^
n=1
^lnZ`v4h[j`_ahut
h c Z`v!h[j`^lnxY[^Y[h[j`^%t()
$ ( 1 1 1 1

+ + +···+ +···
2 4 6 2n
y ( 1
+
1
+
1
+···+
1
+···


7 12 17 5n + 2
| ( 1
+ 2
1
+ 3
1
+···+ n
1
+···


3−1 3 −2 3 −3 3 −n
# ( 1 3 5 2n − 1

2
+ 2 + 2 +···+ 2 +···
1 +1 2 +1 3 +1 n +1
∞ ∞
%'( X 2n2 + 7

( X 5n3 − 4

n=1
n3 6n4
n=1
∞ ∞ √ √
'( X 6n2 + 9
* ( X n+1− n

n4 − 2 n
%  y   c Z`_aZ`d[j`h[v!^lnxY[^Y[^ln 4Z`d[r [h[Y[h[j`^%t 4Z`d[r!^`f`q`_a^`hut h[d c h4^
n=1 n=1

d \f`v!^`q`h[j`^lnf`v!h[j`Z c !
r j`Z")
∞ ∞
$ ( X n
y ( X 5n

n=1
3n 2n
n=1
∞ ∞
| ( X 2n+3
# ( X 5n

n=1
7n 2
n ·4 n+1
n=1
∞ ∞
%'( X 4
n

( X n5

n=1
n4 · 3n en
n=1


∞ ∞
'( X 1
*
( X n!

n=1
n!
n=1
5n
∞ ∞
&
( X nn
$ z n
( X 2 · n!

n=1
n! nn
n=1
∞ ∞ √
$'$ ( X (2n − 1)!
$ y ( X (n + 1) n 
(n!)2 (n + 1)!
%  y *4:f`r*^ln Y[^Y[^ln 4Z`d[r [h[Y[h[j`^%t 4Z`d[r!^`f`q`n=1
n=1
_a^`hut h[d c h4^2d \f`v!^lo
q`h[j`^lnxf`v!h[j`Z c !
r j`Z")
∞ n ∞ n
y

n


$ ( X ( X 2n − 1

n=1
2n + 1 3n + 5
n=1
∞  n ∞  n
| ( X 2n2 + 3
# ( X 3n2 + 1 2



n=1
n2 − 6 7n2 + 8
n=1
∞  n2 ∞  n2
%'( X 1 
( X 1 n + 1
 
n


4 n n+1 2 n n
n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
'( X 1
*
( X 3n

n=1
(ln n)n n · 7n
n=1
∞  3n ∞  2n
& ( X 2n + 4


$ z ( X n

n=1
n−1 5n + 1
n=1
∞ ∞
n
$'$ ( X n
$ y ( X 7n−1 
n=1
2n 3n−1 · nn
n=1
 t2Z`q`^ #b


  

 
   

 



"   "   
 "  

  

4 $' Z kmY[gi^`h[j`^lnZ%t2q`^ln

f (x) = 3x − 2 c g(x) = x − x2
4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut6)
Z(
j(
(

f (2) g(5) f (2)−g(5)
c ( g(3)·f (0)
h ( g(−2)
q( g(−3) 

4 y 
f (−2) f (2)
kmY[gi^`^lnZ%t2q`^ln 4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut6)
f (x) = 3x + 2
Z(
j(
(

f (1) f (a) f (a2 )
c ( f (a + b)
h ( f (a − b)
q( f (a2 + b2 ) 
4 |  kmY[gi^`^lnZ%t2q`^ln 4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut6)
f (x) = 3
Z(
j(
(

f (0) f (−2) f (c)
c ( f (c + d)
h ( f 1 
 

x (
4 #1:d[r!gih[d km_a^`Z kmY[gi^`Z 2x − 3, x ≤ 5,
f (x) =
6 − 3x, x > 5.
4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut6)
Z(
j(
(

f (0) f (7) f (−2)
c ( f (5 + h) h > 0
h( 
f (5 − h) h > 0
 
4x + 3, x < 0,
 &% :d[r!gih[d km_a^`Z kmY[gi^`Z

4
f (x) = 1 − x2 , 0 ≤ x < 2,

7,
4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut6) x > 2.
Z(
j(
(

f (1) f (3) f (−1)
c ( f (0)
h(
q( 
f (−3) f (2 + h) h > 0
4 4 m
k Y[gi^`^lnZ%t2q`^ln 4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut6)
f (x) = e2x+1
Z(
j(
 
1
(
( 
f (0) f − f (−1) c f (2)
4 
2
kmY[gi^`^lnZ%t2q`^ln 4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut6)
f (x) = ln x
Z(
j(
( 
f (1) f (e) f (e3 )
4 4 *  kmY[gi^`^lnZ%t2q`^ln 4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut6)
f (x) = 4x + 3x − 1
Z( j(
 


( 1 
f (0) f (−1) f
4 &4:^
`r!q`hut kmY[gi^`Z" t=k
2
f (x) = ax + b
Z( Z

f (1) = 3 c f (2) = 5
j( Z 
f (3) = 1 c f (−1) = 4
4 $ z :^
`r!q`hut kmY[gi^`Z" t=k
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
Z(

f (0) = −1 f (3) = 14 f (1) = 2
j( 
f (−1) = 6 f (1) = 0 f (2) = 3
^
`r!q`hut h[d c h 4^ kmY[gi^`h[j`^ln 4Z`Y n Z.+/!q`v!^lnZ`v!h
)
4 $'$' Z ( √
j (
 √

y = x+1 y = 3 x2 + 3
( √ √
y = x3 − 1

c ( y = 9 − x2 
4 $ y  Z ( √
j (
 1

y=x −4 2 y=
4 − x2
( x+1
c ( y= 2 
y= 2
x − 3x − 4 x3 − x
4 $ |  Z( x−4
j (
 √ 1

y= 2 y = −x + √
x + 2x − 3 2+x
 .

(
y=√
1
c ( y = √−x + √4 + x 
x4 − 16
4 $ #1 Z( √
y = x − 1− √
3
j( √

y = 4x − x2
5−x
( √
2
y = rx − 4x − 12

c ( y = √2 + x − x 2 
4 $'%  Z( x−2
j(

y= y = lg(x2 − 1)
1 − 2x
( 2+x
y = lg
4 $4 Z( √2−x √ √

y = x − 2 + 2 − x + x2 + 4
j( √ 1 
y = x2 − 3x + 2 + √
3 + 2x − x 2
h[Z`d[r2\d[hut6 _k\^`Zt=k f`h[Y[e!^
kmY[gi^`Z

4 $   Z(
j(

f (x) = 3x f (x) = 3x − 1
( 2
c ( f (x) = x3 + 2 
f (x) = −x
 + 1v!r!giZ
1, x < 0,
4 $ *4 Z( v!r!giZ

f (x) = 0, x = 0,
 v!r!giZ
−1,  x > 0;
( v r!giZ
!
j( 3, − 2 < x < −1,
f (x) = v r!giZ
!
−3, 1 < x < 2;
4 $&4 Z(
j(

f (x) = x3 − x f (x) = x4 − x2
(
c ( 
f (x) = x3 − x2 f (x) = 2x4 + x3
4 y{z  Z( x2
j( x

f (x) = 2 f (x) =
2x + 1 x−1
( x
c ( 1
f (x) = 2 f (x) = x +
x +1 x
giY[r!j`^`_a^`Z" v!r!d Z _k\^ kmY[gi^`h[j`^`Z" "r!_ar
f (x) c g(x) ϕ(x)
c Z ψ(x) , f`h[Y[e!^ kmY[gi^`h[j`^"h[Z`d[r2\d[hut _k\^`Z7t=kf`h[Y[e!^ h[d o
c h4^ kmY[gi^`h[j`^")
4 y $' Z(
j(

f (x) + g(x) ϕ(x) + ψ(x)
(
c ( ϕ(x) · ψ(x) 
f (x) · g(x)
4 y4y  Z(
j( f (x) 
f (x) · ϕ(x)
4 y{|  Z(
j(

ϕ(x)

[f (x)]n [ϕ(x)]n n∈N
Z`Z
4hut kmY[gi^`^ln 4v!Z ^`f`^")
4 y #1 Z(
j(

f (x) = 2x f (x) = 2x − 3
(
c ( f (x) = 3x − 1 
f (x) = x + 2
4 y %  Z( 1
j( 1

f (x) = x f (x) = x+2
2 2
( 2
c ( 2 
f (x) = x f (x) = x − 2
4 y 4 Z( 3
j( 3

f (x) = x2 f (x) = x2 + 1
(
c ( 
f (x) = x2 − 3 f (x) = 2x2
4 y   Z(
j(

f (x) = 2x2 + 4 f (x) = 3x2 − 1
(
c ( 
f (x) = −x2 f (x) = −3x2 + 1
4 y *4 Z(
j(

f (x) = x2 + 2x − 1 f (x) = 2 + x − x2
(
c ( 
f (x) = x2 + 2x + 3 f (x) = −x2 + x
4 y &4:Z$![q`h[Y[hut6 v!r!d
Z( kmY[gi^`ZZ
2\h[qln-d[Z
 n^lo
y = ax2 + bx + c (a < 0)
d kmd n
v!r!giZ b c Z b2 − 4ac

x=− ymax = −
j( 2a kmY[gi^`ZZ
2\h[ql4a
nCd[^`Y[^`d kmd
n
y = ax2 +bx+c (a > 0)
v!r!giZ b c Z b2 − 4ac 
x=− ymin = −
2a 4a
^
`r!q`hut kmY[gi^`^ln
k c ^ c h n^
d[Y[^q`Y[h[_ar!j`Z")
4 |4z  Z (

j (

f (y) = −3x2 +6x−4 f (x) = 4x − x2
(
( 
f (x) = −x2 − 4x+1 c f (x) = 9 − x2
4 | $' Z (
 2
j (
 2

f (x) = −3x + 18 f (x) = 3 − 2x + 8x
 (
c ( f (x) = 4 + 3x − 6x2 
f (x) = −x2 + 2x
^
`r!q`hut kmY[gi^`^ln
kmd[gi^`v!h n^
d[Y[^q`Y[h[_ar!j`Z")
4 |y  Z(
j (


f (x) = x2 + 6x + 5 f (x) = 2x2 + 6x
(
( 
f (x) = 3x2 + 9x − 1 c f (x) = x2 + 9
4 |4|  Z(
 j (

f (x) = 2x2 − 4x + 1 f (x) = 4x2 − 9
(
c ( f (x) = 6x + x2 
f (x) = x2 − 2x + 1
4 | #1:d[r!gih[d km_a^`Z
d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln kmY [gi^`Z
Z (

j( 5
( 
P =6−Q P = P = 12 − 3Q
^
`r!q`hut dut2_a^`Z`Y[^ Z`d[r!Y[Z
4h[j`^lQn + km3Y[gi^`Z c Z Z`Z
4hut d[^ln^
4v!Z ^`f`^"
^
`r!q`hut [d r!gih[d km_a^ kmY[gi^`^ln  h[gih m
k _a^ kmY[gi^`Z")
4 | %  Z(
j (


y = 2x y = −3x
(
c ( y = −2x + 4 
y = 3x + 2
4 | 4 Z( 2
j (
 1

y= y=−
( x
( x 
y = −x3 + 2 c y = −x5
c `Z Z c 4^`Y[hut6 4h[gih[q`Z c ^`Zt=kZ`v!Z kmY[gi^`Z")
4 |   Z ( t=k

f (x) = x4 f : [−1; 1] → [0; 1]
j (
 t=k

f (x) = x4 f : [0; 2] → [0; 16]
( t=k

f (x) = x3 f : [−1; 2] → [−1; 8]
c ( f (x) = x4 + 1 t=k f : [−1; 2] → [1; 17] 
4 | *4 Z ( t=k

f (x) = x2 + 3 f : (−2; 2) → (3; 7)
j (
 mt=k 
f (x) = −x3 f : (−∞; +∞) → (−∞; +∞)
4 | &4 Z ( x t=k
f (x) = a a > 0 a 6= 1


f : (−∞; +∞) → (0; +∞)
j (
 mt=k
f (x) = loga x a > 0 a 6= 1

f : (0; +∞) → (−∞; +∞)
 4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut +/!q`Z`v!^")

4 # z  Z( x2 + 2x + 5
j( x2 + 4x − 1

lim lim
x→1 x2 + 1 x→2 x+5
3
( x2 − 3
c ( x +1
lim
√ 4 2
lim 2
x→ 3 x + x + 1 x→−1 x + 1

4 #1$' Z( x2 − 5x + 10
j( 2x + 3

lim lim
x→5 x2 − 25 x→3 x2 − 9
2
( x2 − 1
c ( lim 2x − 9x + 4 
lim 2 x→4 x2 + x − 20
x→1 x − 3x + 2

4 # y  Z (
 
 3 2

lim −
x→1 x3 − 1 x 2 −1

j(
 
4 1 
lim 4
−
x→1 x − 1 x−1
4 # |  Z( 3x2 + 4x − 5
j( 4x5 − 3x2 + 8

lim lim
x→∞ 6x2 + 2x + 1 x→∞ 2x5 + 2x − 1
2 4
( x − 5x + 1
c ( lim 2x − x + 3 
lim
x→∞ 3x + 7 x→∞ x3 − 8x + 5

4 ##1 Z( 2x2 − x + 3
j( x3 − 2x2 − 4

lim lim
x→∞ x3 − 8x + 8 x→∞ x4 + 7x − 1
( (5x − 1)(3x + 7)(2x + 3)

lim
x→∞ 2x3 + x2 − 9
c ( (3x + 2)4 (2x − 5)3 
lim
x→∞ 27x7 + 4x + 3
4 # %  Z( x3
 


lim −x
x→∞ x2 + 1
j( x2 8x3
 

lim − 2
x→∞ 4x + 1 8x − 1
√
4 # 4 Z( 2x2 + 3x + 8
j( 3x2 − 4x + 11

lim √ lim √
x→∞ 6x − 5 − 7x2 x→∞ x4 − 2
 √
( 2x + 3
c ( 4x − 3 − 3 
lim √ lim
x→∞ x + 3
x x→3 x−3
√ √
4 #   Z( x−2
j( 2x + 7 − 5

lim √ lim √
x→4 x+5−3 x→9 3− x
( 3x 
lim √ √
x→0 5+x− 5−x
4 # *4 Z( √ √ 


lim x+3− x+2
x→∞ 
j( √ √ 


lim x2 + x − x2 − 5x
x→∞ √
(


lim x x2 + 1 − x
x→±∞ √
c ( 

3
lim 1 − x3 + x
4 #
&4 Z `Z`v!Z`d[h[e!v!h[j`^ln#v!Zad[Y[^q`Y[h[_ar!j`^lnZ%t2q`^ln#h[Y[h[j`ZaZ c o
x→∞
ac b
4^`_a^
e!r!_ar!j`Zln
)

x2 + 2
 
lim − ax − b = 0.
x→∞ x+2
4&% z  Z `Z`v!Z`d[h[e!v!h[j`^lnv!Zd[Y[^q`Y[h[_ar!j`^lnZ%t2q`^ln h[Y[h[j`Z
a b c c
Z c 4^`_a^Ve!r!_ar!j`Zln
)

x3 + 1
 
lim − ax2 − bx − c = 0.
x→∞ x+3
^
`r!q`hut kmY[gi^`^lnV\ [q`h[e!^lnV\h[v!e!^`_ah[j`^")
4&% $' Z( 1
j( 1 
f (x) = f (x) = 2 x−3
x−5
4&% y  Z( 1
j( 1

f (x) = e x−1 f (x) =
x+3
( x+3
c ( f (x) = x + 1 
f (x) =
x(x2 − 4) x2 + 1
4&% |  Z (
 x−1

f (x) = 2
x(x + 1)(x − 2)
 j( x

f (x) =
+3 x2
x
2
( c ( f (x) = x − 25 
f (x) =
x−4 x−5
4&% #1 Z (
 1

f (x) =
(x − 1)(x − 5)
j( x 
f (x) =
(x + 2)(x − 3)
v!r!d[h[_a^ 4q`Z`v!^ln\ [q`h[e!^ln\h[v!e!^`_a^VZ
[qln kmY[gi^`Zln
)
√
4&%%  Z( x3 + 1
j( 5x − x 
f (x) = f (x) =
x+1 x−5
 !
v !
r i
g Z
4&% 4 Z( x, x 6= 1,
f (x) = 1 v!r!giZ
 , x = 1;
2
1 v!r!giZ
j( , x < −1,
f (x) = x !
v !
r i
g Z
x + 2, x ≥ −1;
( v!r!giZ
( x2 , x ≤ 3,
f (x) = v!r!giZ
2x + 1, x > 3;
 v!r!giZ
x + 2, x ≤ −1,
v!r!giZ

c ( 2
f (x) = x + 1, − 1 < x ≤ 1,
−x + 3, v!r!giZ x > 1.


2 v!r!giZ
−x , x ≤ −1,
4&%   Z( v!r!giZ

f (x) = 2, − 1 < x ≤ 1,
−2x2 , v!r!giZ x > 1;

 v!r!giZ
2x − 1, x < −1,
j( v!r!giZ

f (x) = 3x, − 1 ≤ x < 1,
x2 ,
 v!r!giZ
x ≥ 1;
 
2 v!r!giZ
3x , x ≤ 0,
v!r!giZ

(
f (x) = 0, 0 < x ≤ 1,
−x3 ,
 v!r!giZ
x > 1.
4&%+*4 `Z`v!Z`d[h[e!v!^ln v!Z d[Y[^q`Y[h[_ar!j`^lnZ%t2q`^ln ^
[Y[h[j`Z 
k \ [ q`h[e!^
a
kmY[gi^`"Z )
( v!r!giZ
Z (
 ex , x < 0,
f (x) = v!r!giZ
a + x, x ≥ 0;
x − 4 ! v r!giZ
 2
j( , x 6= 2,
f (x) = x − 2
v r!giZ
!
a, x = 2;

4&%"&4=\^
4Y[^" 4v!r!d[_a^ln Zln^ $'% c ! r _aZ`v!^`Z" c !h^ % z giZ`_a^a^ [^lo
c [h j`Z"Ut=k \^
4Y[^ln Zln`n y c r!_aZ`v!^%th[q`Z`d[gi^`v!h[j%t6 Ud[Z^`Y
4Z`^ [^ c h[j`Z$ z giZ`_a^%t d[h[e!^"=^
`r!q`hut d[Z
 n^`d[Z`_kmv!^ Z`d[r:o
Y[
Z 4h[j`^lnGn^ c ^ c h
{t=k c Z`d[r!f`^ c h[jlkm_ah[j`Z Zln`nZ c Zv!Z`r c h o
Y[r!j`Zln r!v!^lnV\ v ^`q`^`Z"
4  z  | c r!_aZ`v!^ln !^`v!h[jlkm_ah[j`^ln _aZ`e!Z`v!^`^ln j`^`_ahut2^7f`q`^`v!Z^
^ [^ c h[j`Z % z4z4z giZ`_a"^ 'j`^`_ahut2^ln $ c r!_aZ`v!^%t 4Z
[q`^`v!h o
j`Z 4Z`d[r!^]\q`h[qln 4Z [^ c km_a^#j`^`_ahut2h[j`^lnVv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`^ln $ z4z4z
giZ`_a^%t h[d[gi^`v!h[j`Zl
n  v!Z`d c h[Y[^ j`^`_ahut2^ kmY c Z 4Z` ^ [^ c r:
n
v!r!d0dut2_a^`Z`Y[^Z`d[r!Y[
Z 4h[j`^ ^ [r:nd[
Z  n^`d[Z`_kmv!"^ {t=k c Z`d[r!f`^lo
c h[jlkm_ah[j`Z Zln`nZ c  Z 4Z [^ c km_a^'j`^`_ahut2h[j`^lnv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Zln
r!v!^lnV\ v ^`q`^`"Z 
4 4$'0nZ]\Z`v!d[r:nd[^`h[v 4Z`d[* r q`h[jlkm_a
^ `v!r c  k [gi^`^lnh[vAt2h km_a^ln
Zln^`

Z  z c r!_aZ`v!^ c ZGt2q`h ^ ^ [^ c h[j`Z # z4z giZ`_a"^ " Zln^l- n #

c r!_aZ`v!^%t h[d[gi^`v!h[j`^ln h c h 4Z c 4Z [^ c km_a^ `v!r c  k [gi^lo
^ln v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z $ z4z h[vAt2h km_a^%t .^ +v c h[j`"Z *`v!r c  k [gi^`^ln
v!Z
v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z

^ [_ah[q`Z
d[
Z  n^`d[Z`_kmv dut2_a^`Z`YCZ`d[r!Y[
Z 4h[jln

v!Zlnk c v!^lnah nad[
Z  n^`d kmd["^ {t=k c Z`d[r!f`^ c h[jlkm_ah[j`Z Zln`nZ c Z


4Z`d[r*q`h[jlkm_a^ `v!r c k[gi^`^lnv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Zln r!v!^ln-\v ^lo

q`^`Z"
4  y 2t=k f`^`Y[rAt2h[Z`e!v!^lnj`^`_ahut2^ $ z c r!_aZ`v!^ !^`v:n
!^ [^ c h[j`Z
* z4z giZ`_a"^ r!_ar t=k d[^ln^ Zln^* c r!_aZ`v!^`Z , $ z4z4z
giZ`_a"^ "4Z [^ c km_a^aj`^`_ahut2h[j`^ln6v!ZGv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`ZG^
[_ah[q`Zad[Z
 o
n^`d[Z`_kmv Z`d[r!Y[
Z 4h[jln c Z#v!Z#
^ [Y[h[j`Z#Z`d h[dut q`h[q`Z ^#j`^`_ah o
t2^ln Zln"^  c Z`d[r!f`^ c h[jlkm_ah[j`Z Zln`nZ c ZAv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Zln r:o
v!^lnV\ v ^`q`^`Z (
4  | 2t=kxh[vAt2 ^ [kmv!Y[Z`_a^ !^`v:n  c r!_aZ`v!"^ d[Z ^`Y0 ^ [^ c h[j`Z $ y{z4z
giZ`_a"^  Zln^ln y c r!_aZ`v!^% t 4Z
[q`^`v!h[j`Z^]\q`h[qln 4Z [^ c km_a^
[kmv!Y[Z`_ah[j`^ln v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`^ln y{z4z h[vAt2h km_a^%t h[d[gi^`v!h[j`Zl
n 
c Z`d[r!f`^ c h[jlkm_ah[j`Z [kmv!Y[Z`_a^ln Zln`nZ c Z6v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Zl n r:o
v!^ln\ v ^`q`^`"Z =
^ `r!q`hut d[
Z  n^`d[Z`_kmv!^ Z`d[r!Y[
Z 4h[j`"^ =v!Z7
^  o
Y[h[j` Z [kmv!Y[Z`_a^ln Zln^
Z`6 d h[dut q`h[q`Z ^

4 +#1:h[vAt2^C\
^ 4Y[^6 ^ [^ c h[j`Z |4z c r!_aZ`v!Z c 1
^  n^`v!h[jlkm_a^ c Z`Y[Zlo
Z` v C^ y * z c r!_aZ`v!^`"Z *r!_ar giq`Z`_ah[j`Z c ^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^`Z
y c r!_aZ`v!"^ +v!Z`d c h[Y[^\
^ 4Y[^
kmY c Z 4Z`d[r!^`gih
n v!r!d 4Z`d[r:o
d[gih[d[_ar!j`Z`dC^`d 1k Z`r:nxY km_ar!q`Z`Y +/!q`Z` v +
h 
4  % :d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln kmY [gi^`Z`Z ![Z]\h[v!hut dut2_a^lo
P = −2Q + 160
Z`Y[^Z`d[r!Y[
Z 4h[j`^ v!r 4r!v!g v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`^ln kmY [gi^`"Z 
(T R) Q

^ `r!q`hut ^ln v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`"Z =v!r!d[h[_a^`g d[
Z  n^`d[Z`_kmv d[Y[^lo
Q0
q`Y[h[_ar!j`Zln Z`Y[^`w`h[jln dut2_a^`Z`Y[^ Z`d[r!Y[
Z 4h[j`^l n kmY [gi^`Zln c Z
Z`
Z 4hut Z`d kmY [gi^`^ln 4v!Z ^`f`"^ 
4  4=\Z`v!d[r!h[j`^ln
^  n^`v!h[jlkm_a^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^`Z % z c r!_aZ`v!"^
r:o
_ar giq`Z`_ah[j`Z c ^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^ %+* c r!_aZ`v!"^ ![Z]\h[v!hutnZ 4ko
Z`_ar c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^ v!r 4r!v!g v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`^ln kmY  o
(AC) Q
gi^`"Z Z`
Z 4hut Z`d kmY [gi^`^ln 4v!Z ^`f`"^ 
4   =\Z`v!d[r!h[j`^ln d k c d[^`q`^ c `Z Y[ZZ`vC^`Z  z c r!_aZ`v!^" r!_ar
giq`Z`_ah[j`Z c ^ c Z`Y[ZZ`vC^ , * c r!_aZ`v!^"d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln kmY o
[gi^`Z`Z 4Z`d[r:nZhutId[r4h[j`^ln kmY[gi^`Z
P = 80 − 2Q Q
v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`^lnVnZ 4kmZ`_ah[j`^%6 t 
Z(Z`
Z 4hut Z`d kmY [gi^`^ln 4v!Z ^`f`^

j (
^ `r!q`hutn
Z [r!Y[_a^lnKv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`"Z {v!r!d[h[_a^`g/k +v:kmY[q`h o

_ [ r nY km_ar!q`Z`Y +/!q`Z` v +hKd 1k Z`r!j`Zln

( `v!r c  k [gi^`^ln v!Z v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z
^ [_ah[q`Z d[
Z  n^`d[Z`_kmv
d[
r 4h[j`Zln

4 *4:d[rAt r!q`Y[^l n kmY [gi^`Z`Z %r!_arIdut2_a^lo
P = −7Q + 150
Z`Y[^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^ln kmY [gi^`Z  ![Z]\h[v!hut
(T C) = 40 + 10Q
d[ r 4h[j`^l n kmY [gi^`"Z Gv! r 4r!v!g v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`^l n kmY [gi^`"Z 
Q
Z`
Z 4hut d[^ln^ 4v!Z ^`f`"^ #v!Z v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z /k +v:kmY[q`h[_ [ r n
d[
Z  n^`d[Z`_kmv d[ r 4h[j`Zln c Zv! r 4r!v!^`ZZ` d h[dut q`h[q`Z 6 ^ Zln"^ 
4 '&4 ^`v!d[ZAZ]\Z`v!d[r!h[jlnaf`Z`v!Z c h[jl
n \Z`v!d[r!h[j`^lnGgiq`Z`_ah[j`Z c ^ c Zlo
Y[Z Z` v C^`Z y % c r!_aZ`v!"^ /
^  n^`v!h[jlkm_a^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^
f`^ ,
|4z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!"^ C
^ `r!q`hut nv:km_a^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^ c Z Z`
Z 4hut
d[^ln^ 4v!Z ^`f`"^ v!Z
t2Z`Y Z c Z`^ Z` v Ch[j`Z $ z4z f`Z`v!Z c ^ln c Zlo
nZ`,d +Z c h[j`_aZ c

4 z &Ve  r [v!r:n'd[r:n
Z `r!q`h[j`_aZ c 4Z]\h km_a^#dut2_a^`Z`Y[^ c Z`Y[Z Z`v:o
C^ h[Z c 4h[Y n $'% z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n r!_ar $'%e  r [v!r:n d[r:o
n
Z `r!q`h[j`_aZ c , $ * z4z c r!_aZ`v:
n 
^ `r!q`hut
^  n^`v!h[jlkm_a^
c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^ c Z giq`Z`_ah[j`Z c ^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^
^ km_a^l
n d[h[j`"Z
v!r!d c Z`d[r!f`^ c h[jlkm_ah[j` Z `v!r c  k [gi^`^ln v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`ZlnZ c Z
dut2_a^`Z`Y c Z`Y[Z Z` v Gn r!v!^lnV\ v ^`q`^`Z (
4 $' ^`v!d[^ln
^  n^`v!h[jlkm_a^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^`Z # z4z c r!_aZ`v!"^ =giq`Zlo
_ah[j`Z c ^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^'f`^ , y c r!_aZ`v!"^ 4`v!r c  k [gi^`^ln
h[v:o
t2h km_a^' ^ [^ c h[j`Z # c r!_aZ`v!Z c  ![Z]\h[v!hut d[ r 4h[j`^ln
\ v ^`q`^
 kmY[gi^`Z c Z Z`Z
4hutId[^ln^ 4v!Z ^`f`^"Av!^ln^e!r!_a^`Zd[r4h o
j`Z" 0t= k 4Z`d[r*q`h[jlkm_a^ c Z 4Z [^ c km_a^ `v!r c k[gi^`^ln v!Z`r:o
c h[Y[r!j`Z`"Z )mZ ( $ z4z giZ`_a^
mj( y{z4z giZ`_a^
 ( |4z4z giZ`_a^"
4 y  ^`v!d[^ln
^  n^`v!h[jlkm_a^ c Z`Y[ZZ`vC^`Z"% z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!^" Ugiq`Zlo
_ah[j`Z c ^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^'f`^ , # c r!_aZ`v!^"4`v!r c k[gi^`^ln
h[v:o
t2h km_a^
^ [^ c h[j`Z  c r!_aZ`v!Z c 
Z (
^ `r!q`hut Y km_ar!q`Z`Y +/!q`Z`
 v +hKd 1k Z`r!j`^lnxv!h  ^`d[^

j ( `v!r c 
 k [gi^`^lnCv!ZGv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z`Z 4Z`d[* r q`h[jlkm_a^ c 6 Z 4Zlo
[^ c km_a" ^ t=k ^`v!d[^lnxd[ r 4h[j`Z`Z $ z4z4z c r!_aZ`v!"^ 
4 | :dut2_a^`Z`Y[^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^ln kmY [gi^`Z`Z 
(T C) = 2Q + 600
Z (
^ `r!q`hut Y km_ar!q`Z`
 Y +/!q`Z` v +h d 1k Z`r!j`^lnv!h  ^`d["^ at=k
n
Z [r!Y[_a^lnxh[vAt2h km_a^ln Zln^`Z # c r!_aZ`v!^

j (giY[r!j`^`_a^`"Z v!r!d 4Z`d[*
 r q`h[jlkm_a^ c Z 4Z [^ c km_a^ `v!r:o
c  k [gi^`^lnv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z
Z`v
^ [Y[h[j` Z % z4z giZ`6 _ +haY[Z`f`_ah o
j`"^ {v!^ln^ae!r!_a^kmY c ZG ^ [r:n `v!r c  k [gi^`^lnKh[vAt2h km_a^ln
Zln"^ v!r!d ^`v!d[Z`dCZ`v .^ +Z`v!Z`_ar:n

4 #1=\Z`v!d[r!h[j`^lndut2_a^`Z`Y[^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^`Z 
(T C) = 2, 5Q + 300
giY[r!j`^`_a^`"Z v!r!d 4Z`d[* r q`h[jlkm_a^ c Z 4Z [^ c km_a^ `v!r c  k o
gi^`^ln v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z7Z`v
^ [Y[h[j`Z $'% z giZ`6 _ +hVY[Z`f`_ah[j`"^ :v!^ln^
e!r!_a^kmY c Z ^ [r:n `v!r c  k [gi^`^lnh[vAt2h km_a^l n Zln"^ Gv!r!d
^`v!d[Z`dCZ`v .^ +Z`v!Z`_ar: n

4% :dut2_a^`Z`Y[^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^ln kmY [gi^`Z`Z
(T C) = 5Q + 1000
`v!r c  k [gi^`^lnxh[vAt2h km_a^
f`^
^ [^ c h[j`Z  c r!_aZ`v!Z c 
Z (
^ `r!q`hut Y km_ar!q`Z`Y +/!q`Z`
 v +hKd 1k Z`r!j`^lnxv!h  ^`d[^

j ( h n
Z [_ah[j`h[_a^`Z giq`Z`_ah[j`Z c ^ c Z`Y[Z Z`
 v C^ln # c r!_aZlo
v!Z`d c 6 h h[d[gi^`v!h[j`Z
^  n^`v!h[jlkm_a^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^ln $ y{z4z
c r!_aZ`v!Z`d c h 4Z.+v c ^%6 t  h[_n Z [v!h[_a^`Zt=k Z`v!- Z ^lo
v!d[^lnZ%t2q`^ln Z`d 4q`Z`v!^giq`Z`_ah[j`Z c r!j`"Z 0t=kgiY[r!j`^`_a^`"Z
 .
v!r!d 4Z [^ c km_a^6`v!r c k[gi^`^lnCv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`ZZ`v ^
[Y[h[j`Z
# z4z giZ`_6+hKY[Z`f`_ah[j`^"
4 4:d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln6 kmY[gi^`Z`Z `giq`Z`_ah[j`Z c ^ c Z`Y[ZZ`v:o
P +3Q = 30
C^`Z y c r!_aZ`v!" ^

^  n^`v!h[jlkm_a^ c Z`Y[ZZ`vC^Cf`^ , y{z c r:o
_aZ`v!"^ ![Z]\h[v!hut d[ r 4h[j`^ln kmY [gi^`Z c ZGZ`
Z 4hut d[^ln^64v!Z ^lo
f`"^ 
Z ( `v!r c 
 k [gi^`^lnv!Zv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z
^ [_ah[q` Z $'$ c r!_aZ`v!^ln
e!r!_ \
Z 4h[j`Zln

j ( `v!r c 
 k [gi^`^lnv!Zv!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z
^ [_ah[q`Z y # c r!_aZ`v!^ln
e!r!_ d[ r 4h[j`Zln

   ![Z]\h[v!hut d[
4 r 4h[j`^ln kmY [gi^`Z c Z
Z`
Z 4hut d[^ln^ 4v!Z ^`f`"^ t=k
n
Z [r!Y[h[6 _ +hKd[rAt r!q`Y[^ln kmY [gi^`Z`Z r!_ar
P = −Q + 50
nZ4kmZ`_ar c Z`Y[ZZ`vC^`Z 20 
(AC) = +6
Z (
n
Z [r!Y[_a^lnv!Z-v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z-^
Q
 [_ah[q`Z7d[Z
 n^`d[Z`_kmv d[r:o
4h[j`Zln

j (
n
Z [r!Y[h[_a^ln v!Z v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z ^
[_ah[q`Z +# c r!_aZ`v!^ln

e!r!_ d[ r 4h[j`Zl
n 
4+*40nZ]\Z`v!d[r:ndut2_a^`Z`Y[^AZ`d[r!Y[
Z 4h[j`^l6 n kmY [gi^`Z`Z
(T R) = −Q2 +
dut2_a^`Z`Y[^ c Z`Y[Z Z`
v C^lnf`^ , 
80Q (T C) = 6Q + 640
Z ( 4v!Z ^`flkm_aZ c $Z ![q`h[Y[hut `v!r c 
 k [gi^`^lna^lnav!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`"Z
v!r!d[h[_a^`g
^ [_ah[q`Z
d[ r 4h[j`Zln

j ( 4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut d[
Z  n^`d[Z`_kmv!^d[
 r 4h[j`"Z 
4"&4 ^`v!d[^lndut2_a^`Z`Y[^ c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^l-n kmY [gi^`Z`Z
(T C) = 5Q +
dut2_a^`Z`Y[^IZ`d[r!Y[
Z 4h[j`^ln kmY [gi^`ZEf`^ ,
357 (T R) =

−2Q2 + 70Q
Z(v!Z!v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`^lnAnZ
[r!Y[h[_a^2kmY c Z4Z`d[r:k1q`Zln6 ^`v!d[Z`d

v!r!daZ`v ^.+Z`v!Z`_ar:n Z$![q`h[Y[hut 4v!Z ^`flkm_aZ c (

j( 4Z`d[rAt2q`Z`_ahut d[Z
 n^`d[Z`_kmv!^d[r4h[j`Z"
4 * z :d[rAt r!q`Y[^ln kmY[gi^`Z`Z !dut2_a^`Z`Y[^ c Zlo
P = −4Q + 100
Y[ZZ`vC^`Z 2^
`r!q`hut `v!r c 
k [gi^`^ln^ln
(T C) = 2Q + 80
k c ^ c h n^7v!Z`r c h[Y[r!j`Z" =v!r!d[h[_a^`g ^
[_ah[q`Z y * z c ! r _aZ`v!^ln
e!r!_ d[r4h[j`Zln

   

'(4*&
$' $' Z(
A ∪ B = {−1; 1; 2; 9; 14; 17; 21}

A ∩ B = {9} A \ B = {−1; 2; 17}

B \ A = {1; 14, 21}
j(
A ∪ B = {−7; −3; 3; 4; 5; 10; 11; 16}

A∩B =∅ A\B =A B\A=B
(
A ∪ B = {a, b, c, d, e, f }

A ∩ B = {a, c, d} A \ B = {f } B \ A = {b, e}
c ( A ∪ B = {x, y, z}, A ∩ B = ∅

A \ B = {x, y, z} B \ A = ∅
$'&%  Z( ##
Ij( y *
( * 
c ( y &4
$' 4 Z( y %
Ij($'$
( # 
c ( # 4
$'  Z( # *
Ij( y *
(6&*
c ( | 1# 
$' *4 Z( y $
Ij($ |
( # %
c ( |4| 
$' &4 Z(-$ z %
Ij( |4|
( y{z
c ( y{| #
h (  4
$' $ |  Z( 53
j( 217
( 59

6 2 3
99 300 90
(
c 4 44
h ( 1
q ( 12


2 7
111 3 99
+ ( 131
t ( 7052 

1
300 9900
 # 
$' $ 1 Z(

36, 5 ∆ = 0, 0159 δ = 0, 0004358
j(

21, 33 ∆ = 0, 001 δ = 0, 0000468
(

5, 47 ∆ = 0, 000452 δ = 0, 0000826
c (

0, 9213 ∆ = 0, 00001 δ = 0, 0000108
h (

7, 4 ∆ = 0, 05 δ = 0, 0067114
q(

4, 32 ∆ = 0, 005 δ = 0, 0011587
+ (

1, 724 ∆ = 0, 000498 δ = 0, 0002889
t( 
2, 43 ∆ = 0, 0049 δ = 0, 0020205
$' $'%  d[h[r!v!h

$' $4 nd nd 2


11, 9022 2 ≤ S ≤ 12, 0982 ∆ ≤ 0, 0982

δ ≤ 0, 0082505
$' $   $'x
% e 
* 
$' $ 4 y4y 
$' $&4 %

$' y{z  {y | &%

$' y $' h[d[gi^`v c Z | &% #
os^%t6
$' y4y   y &%

$' y{|  *4 # y

≈
$' y 1
#  Z(-$&4$' y %
j( | 4 y %

$
$' y %  , $ | $ z4z , $'%  y{z
A $ B $
, $ * | # z [q`h[_ad[r[d[h c h[j`Z.+h , % y # z 
C $ $
$' y 4 Z(-$'$'% z4z4z j ($'% z4z4z 
$ $
$' y    y # z4z4z 
$
$' y 4
*  y{z4z $ 
$' y &4 $' y %:
f 1
$' |4z  y{|4| $ 
≈
$' | $' Z( y{|4z j ( y % |4z 

$ $
$' |y  y{z

$' |4|   z4z4z4z4z 
$
$' | 1
#  $ y{z4z4z $o +hd[h[e!^"
$' | %  Z(
j ( y * 
so ^%t [d h[e [d r4h[j`Zln^
!h[jln
 j`Z`Y[f`^"
A ≈ B
$' | 4 Z(h[dut q`h[q`Z^
Z ( , #  z4z j( , # y{z4z 
$' |   y{z

$' | 4
*   z4z4z4z 
$
$' # | 
2x − 3y + 7 = 0

$' ##1 
3x − 2y = 0
$' # %  
x + y√− 7 = 0
$' # 4 3
y= x − 3.
3
$' #   x y
+ = 1; y = 2x − 4; −2x + y + 4 = 0.
2 −4
$' # 4
*  Z( x + y = 1, ( x y
−5 3
−43 5 + 10 = 1,
−2 3
j ( x + y = 1,
 c ( x + y = 1.
− 73 7
2
8
8 3
$' #
&4 Z( 3 (
y = x + 5, y = −x + 2,
2
j( 2 1 c ( y = −3 x + 1.
y = x+ ,
5 10 2 2
$'&% z  Z( (
2x − y − 3 = 0, 3x + y − 7 = 0,
j (
 c ( 7x + 2y − 14 = 0.
4x − 7y − 28 = 0,
$'&% 1
#  √
y = − 3 x + 1,
$'&%%  % #1
$'&% 4 
y=3
$'&%   
x = −1
$'&%+*4 
135◦
$'&%"&4 x y 
+ =1
$'  y  4 4
(1; 2)
$'  |
 
 1 5 
;
2 3 
$' +#1 1 13 
;
$'  4  % 5 5
$'     % z 
$' *4 
y = x + 30
$' '&4 
5x + 3y = 1500
$' z  x
+
y
=1

25 200
$' $' 9 Z( ◦ j( ◦ 
F = C + 32 86 F 25 C
$' y  t=k 5 d[Z^`YCb mt=k d[Z^`YCb[b
x < 15 x > 15
t=k d[Z^`YGn`km_ h[vAt2^`Z"
x = 15
$' |  |4z 
# 
$' 1 Z(
j( 
x > 25 x < 20
$'%  # z h[vAt2h km_aZ`d c hCb 4h[d c h-b[b 
$' 4 $ z 
$
$'   b[b!nZ`d[f`h[v!q`Z`_ar*^"
$'+*4 Z( , $ y % , y %
j($ y % 
A B $
$'"&4 , * z , % z 
A B
$' * z  $ y{z f`
d 
$' *4$' , $Vh[vAt2h km_a"^ , %xh[vAt2h km_a^"
A B
d[
Z  n^`d[Z`_kmv!^Vd[ r 4h[j`Z , $'$ z 
$
$' * y  , |4z h[vAt2h km_a"^ , y{z h[vAt2h km_a^"
A B
d[
Z  n^`d[Z`_kmv!^Vd[ r 4h[j`Z ,  |4z4z 
$
$' * |  Z(  z
j ( $'%

 ( 4Z`^.+v c h[j`Z *h[vAt2h km_a^%t6
$' *+#1 
P = −2Q + 80
$' * %  Z( |4z j (

%  y{z
% (h[vAt2^
h[vAt2h km_a^%t d[gi^`v c h[j`Z

c (-$ y [
h A
v 2
t h k _a^%t ^.+v c h[j`Z"
m
$' * 4 Z(
j( 
[0; 50] [0; 250]
$' *   Z( y{z
j( | *
(^.+v c h[j`Z

$ h[vAt2h km_a^%t6
$' **4 
P = 3Q + 100
$' *'&4 j(
 (

[0; +∞] [20; +∞]
$' & z  Z(-$ z
j( y # z
( $Vh[vAt2h km_a^%t d[gi^`v c h[j`Z

c (  y h[vAt2h km_a^%t d[gi^`v c h[j`Z"
$' &4$' Z(

Q0 = 10, P0 = 30
j(

Q0 = 12, P0 = 28
( 
Q0 = 14, P0 = 24
$' & y  Z (


Q0 = 20, P0 = 40
j(  c !r _aZ`v:n^ c ^lnd[r!dd[Z`v!h[j`h[_a^" $ c r!_aZ`v:n , d[^`d o
\r c [h j`h[_a^"
$' & |  Z(
Q01 = 16, P01 = 6


Q02 = 12, P02 = 8
j(
Q01 = 18, P01 = 4


Q02 = 10, P02 = 6
$' &+#1


P0 = 40 Q0 = 20 P00 = 48 Q0 ; = 18
* c r!_aZ`v:n^ c ^lnd[r!dd[Z`v!h[j`h[_a^" $ c r!_aZ`v:n , d[^`d o
\r c h[j`h[_a^"
$' & %  Z( y %
j( |y{z
( y * z
c G
( ^]\q`h[qln

$' & 4 Z(

Q0 = 30, P0 = 60
j(-$ y c r!_aZ`v:n ^ c ^ln d[r!dd[Z`v!h[j`h[_a^" y c r!_aZ`v:n ,
d[^`d \r c h[j`h[_a^"
$' &   Z (


Q0 = 20, P0 = 50
j ( 0
 0 
Q0 = 19, P0 = 55
$' &*4
Y = 170, C = 147
Y 0 = 175, C 0 = 150.
$' &'&4 Z(

Y = 200, C = 100, S = 100


j(
Y 0 = 300, C 0 = 120, S 0 = 180.
$' $ z4z  Z(
% j(
% (
% ( 
Y = 200 T = 50 C = 90 c S = 60
$' $ z $'  opn +v c Z4Z`d[r!^]\q`h[qln os^lnZ
r ≈ 4, 13 Y ≈ 2226 d Y
c Z r os^ln +v c Zln

$' $ zy 
Y = 450

$' $ z4| 
r = 11, 5, Y = 1075

$' $ z #1 Z( √ √

x1 = −2 − 5 i, x2 = −2 + 5 i
j( √ √

x1 = 1 − 6 i, x2 = 1 + 6 i
( √ √

x1 = 2 − 6 i, x2 = 2 + 6 i
√ √
c ( 3 23 3 23 
x1 = − − i, x2 = − 2 + 2 i
$' $ z %  Z(
2j( 2
(
% ( 
21 + i 6 + 7i 2 + 6i c 15 − 12i
$' $ z 4 Z(

z1 + z2 = 6 − 4i, z1 − z2 = 2 + 6i
j(

z1 + z2 = 10 + 3i, z1 − z2 = −3i
(

z1 + z2 = 7 − 3i, z1 − z2 = −7 + 9i
c ( 
z1 + z2 = 11 + 6i, z1 − z2 = −3 + 12i
$' $ z   Z( 17 31
( 2 8

+ i − i
50 50 17 17
j( 2 1
c ( 5 + 7 i
− i
5 5 37 37
$' $ z *4 Z(
(

18 − 3i −6 + 8i
j( 28 49
c ( −12 + 12i.
+ i
13 13
$' $ z &4 Z(
(

6 − 8i −28 + 62i
j(
c ( 115 + 55i.
1 + 17i
$' $'$ z  Z( 17 2
( 13

x= , y=− x = , y = 15
7 7 2
j( 11
c (
x = −3, y = − x = 2, y = 0.
2
$' $'$'$' Z(
j(
(
( 
0 16 −48 c 5
 

$' $'$ y  Z( 1
j( 7
( 8
c ( 1 

− − − −
# 
$' $'$ 1
10 2 13 13
P5 = 5! = 120
$' $'$'%  "& y 
$' $'$4 y $ z 
$' $'$   |  y ** z 
* 
$' $'$ 4 $'% $ y{z 
$' $'$&4 $ y 4
$' $ y{z    y{z 
$' $ y $' % z # z 
$' $ y4y  |4z4z4|4z 

'(4*&
y  $' Z(
j(
(
(
h ( 
−3 −9 −3 c  2 0
y y Z( j( 2
 
 3 3 3
3 4

3 3 3 3 4 5
   
( 1 2 3
c ( 1 2 3

1 2 3 2 2 3
1 1 5 11
   
1 4
h (  2 3 
q(  2 2 
 2   7 13 
2 1 5
 3  2 2
−2 −1 7 6
y |  Z(  −3

4 2 1 
−3 −2 10 11
 
7 −4 −14 −9
j(  −3

7 −1 −5 
6 10 −8 −13


   
3 −2 −3 8 −1 −3
(  −1
 4 

12  c (  −1 4 26 

 
 4 3 5   1 4 0 
1 0 5 −4 −1 −1
 
−4 −13 −3
h(  −7 19 

−10 
 10 4 27 
14 −1 26
 
−7 −6 −5 7
q(  
−9 12 −3 −3 
6 −30 11 8
y & %  Z( 1

a=3 b=4 c=
j( 2 
a = −2 b = −4 c= 15
y  4  y |
  
$ (  
( −9 16
( 1 0

−4 11
16 −1 0 1
 
6 −10 12
# (  
% ( 
'

26 0 0 0 
3 −5 6
   
1 −6 −3 0 0 0

(  2
'( 

8 5  0 0 0 
3 17 8 0 0 0
   
42 0 0 3 1 −1
*
(  0 42 0 
&
( 

0 1 4 
0 0 42 7 3 5
 
4
z
 
$ ( −8 8
$'$ (  
18 
−14 14
18
y $ y  $ (
1

y (
| (
# (
2 0 −1
% (


'
1

(
'( * (



&
( 
−33 −30 24 0
 
.
y # 
$ 1 Z(
j(

x = −4 x1 = −3 x2 = 3
(
c ( 
x=4 x1 = 3 x2 = −2
y  $'%  Z (


x ∈ (−∞; 0) ∪ (3; +∞)
j (

( 
x ∈ [−1; 1] x ∈ (−8; 1)
y  $4 Z( y
j( |
( y
c ( y 
y $   Z(-$
j (Ao * |
 
" 1 2 #
y *  Z( j(
 
$ 4 3 −1
−

−5 2 3 3
1 −3
   
1 −4 −3 −8 29 −11
(  1 −5 −3 
c (  −5 18 −7 

−1 6 4 1 −3 1
7 1
 
 −3 2 − 
3 
h (  5

1 
 −1 − 
 3 3 
−2 1 1
y Z( j(
   
 $&4 2 −23
7 −3

0 8 −4 2
   
2 2 3 −3 2 0
(  1 −1 0 
c (  −4 5 −2  
−1 2 1 −5 3 0
y  4y y  %"& z4z4z 4$ z4z4z  |4z4z4z 
$ $ $
y  {y |  
A = 100 300 400
 
B = 20 10 30
>
 
2 3 1 1
 > 
C= 1 0 2 1  D= 2 1 2 3
2 1 0 3
Z(  
j(  
A · B = 17000 ACD = 9500


 
3 3 4 4
y  y #1 A=

20 30 40


B= 3 3 4 4 

3 3 4 4
 

20 0 0
 
E4 = 1 1 1 1 D =  0 30 0 
0 0 40
Z(  

AB = 270 270 360 360
j(  

E4 B > · D = 280 420 560
(  
E4 (AB)> = 1260
y y % Z( j(
   
 1800
11 12 16

AB = AC =
2100 21 15 10
 
35  
(  25 

c ( 410

CD =  
 50  ACD =
435
55
h (  
q(  

E2 AB = 3900E2 ACD = 845
+ (  
E2 AB − E2 ACD = 3055

'(4*&
|  $' Z(
j(

(3; 2; −1) (6;
 0; −3)
(
c ( 3; 5; 2

(−2; 4; 1)
2 2
h

( n^lne!h[d[Z
Z`v!Z%t2Z`qlnh[j`Z c `
^Z q(
 

3 11 
; ;1
Z( j ( 7 7
| y  

(1; 2; 3); (−3;
 0; 4) 
( c ( 3 2 
(10; 20; 30); ; ; −1
| |  Z(
n^lne!h[d[Z
Z`v!Z%t2Z`qlnh[j`Z c ^`Z 5
5j(

(3; 2; 0)
 

 
( 5 − 2z −1 − 5z

; ;z
 3 3 
c ( 12 + 7z −4 + 23z

; ;z
19 19
h (
q( 
(2 + 3y − z; y; z) (0; 0; 0)
|  1#  Z(
j( 
P (7; 9; 6) Q(4; 2; 4)
| &%  Z(
j( 
P (3; 4; 5) Q(250; 100; 150)
|  4 
X = 30 50 20
> 
|   
X = 10 5 8
> 
|  4*  Q1 = 1600, Q2 = 1700, Q3 = 1260


|  &4 Z( 120 220 70

b12 = ; b22 = ; b32 = ;
111 111 111
j( 32, 44 · 106
Z= .
222 
270000
| $ z  1 
228000 

Q=
66 213000
   
0, 1 0, 2 0, 3 10000
|  $'$' $ (
A =  0, 3 0, 2 0, 4  q =  5000 

0, 3 0, 1 0, 1 8000
 
1041 · 104
1 

Q= 1110 · 104 
453 873 · 104
   
0 0, 3 0, 3 2000
y ( A =  0, 4
0 0, 2  q =  1000 

0, 2 0, 4 0, 2 1000
 
216 · 104
1 

Q= 178 · 104 
504 206 · 104


   
0 0, 2 0, 2 120000
| ( A =  0, 3 0, 1 0, 4 

q =  100000 

0, 4 0, 3 0, 1 150000
 
1458 · 105
1 

Q= 2026 · 105 
514 2180 · 105
   
0, 2 0 0 100
# (
A= 0 0, 2 0, 1  q =  45 
0, 3 0, 2 0, 5 300
 
38000
1  
Q= 45000 
304 223200

'(4*&
#1 $' Z(
(

4; 9; 14; 19; 24 2; 4; 6; 8; 10
j(
c ( 15; 22; 29; 36; 43 
1; 3; 5; 7; 9
#1 y  Z(
j(

an = 3n − 2 an = 6n − 2
#1 |  Z(




a4 = 19 a5 = 23 a10 = 43 a100 = 403
j(




a4 = −1 a5 = −4 a10 = −19 a100 = −289
(




a4 = 10 a5 = 14 a10 = 34 a100 = 394
c (



a4 = −10 a5 = −12 a10 = −22 a100 = −202
#1 #1 Z(
(

a1 = 1099 a1 = 25
j(
c ( a1 = 198

a1 = 19
#1&%  
n = 10
#1 4 
d=2
#  
1 Z(
(

a1 = −530; d = 46, 5 a1 = 46; d = −2
j(
c ( a1 = 22, 2; d = −1, 8 
a1 = −24; d = 3
#1 *4 ^
[Y[h[j`Z"
 

#1 $ z  Z(
j(
(
c (
h ( 

100 228 184 88 −72
#1 $'$' 
8500
#1 $ y  
10800$
#1 $ | 

2500$ ≈ 44, 4%
#1 $ 1 #  
540$
#  $'% 
1
 nr  
K 1+
#1 $4  100
42480$
#1 $   
1904$
# $ 4
1 *  
21600$
#1 $&4 
4050$
#1 y{z  
5000$
#1 y $' $ z \h[_a^"
#1 y4y 

≈ 2087$ ≈ 313$
#1 y{|  
5040$
# y 1
1 #  
7560$
# y % 
1 #\h[_a^"
#1 y 4 
11520$
#1 y   
3%
# y 4
1 *  
15700$
#1 y &4 
≈ 19907, 4$
#1 |4z  
13000$
#1 | $' *x\h[_a^"
#1 |y  
5%
# | 1
1 #  
≈ 362, 5$
# | % 
1 
≈ 8170$
#1 | 4 Z (

( 3 3 3

5; 15; 45; 135 ; − ; ; −3
8 4 2
j( 1
c ( −0, 1; 0, 5; −2, 5; 12, 5 
−4; −2; −1; −
2


n−1
#1 |   Z(

n
( 1

bn = 2 bn = 4 −
2
j( 20
c ( bn = 1 
bn =
2n−1 2n−1
#1 | *4 Z(
j( 
b1 = 1, 2 b1 = 3
#1 | &4 
n=6
# 1
1 # $' Z(
Uj(
1 (
( 
21845 ≈ −85, 17 −4, 0625 c ≈ −6, 25
#1 # y  
≈ 6449, 73
# # | 
1 
4913
#1 #1 #  
617248, 8$
#1 # %   r n 
Kn = K 1 +
#1 # 4  100
≈ 6319$
# #  
1 
≈ 3478$
# # 4
1 *  
≈ 9238$
# 
# &4
1 
≈ 4637$
# &% z 
1 
≈ 41096$
# &% $'
1

≈ 1739$ ≈ 239$
# &% y 
1 # \h[_a^"

≈
# &% | 
1 
≈ 12812$
# &% 1
1 #  √


r > 5 1, 05 − 1 · 100
#1&%%  \h[_a^"
≈9
# &% 4
1 \h[_a^"
≈6
# &%  
1 
500$
#1&%+4 *  
≈ 601$
# &"% &4
1 
≈ 6026$
#1  z  
≈ 3380, 5$
#1 4$' 
≈ 9286$
#1  y  Z (

(

≈ 19126$ ≈ 19347$
 

365·4
j(


c ( 12 
≈ 19256, 5$ 12000 1 + $
36500
#1  |  Z(
(

≈ 25659, 7$ ≈ 26518, 5$
365·3
j(


c ( 13000 1 + 24 
≈ 26158, 5$ $
36500
#1 +#1 Z(
(

≈ 7894$ ≈ 7871$
j(
 −365·4
≈ 7880$

c ( 10000 1 + 6
$

36500
#1  %  Z(
(

≈ 158063$ ≈ 157451, 5$
j(
 −365·3

(
c 200000 1+ 8 
≈ 157699$ $
36500
#1  4 Z( \_a^ln  h[d h
c
≈ 11
j( \_a^lnZ c Z - & t2q`^ln h[d c h

≈ 10
( \_a^lnZ c Z -  t2q`^ln h[d c h

≈ 10
c ( lg 3, 5 \ _a^ln h[d c h1
12
365 lg(1 + 365 )
#1    Z(
√
(  48 

≈ 66, 71% 10 − 1 1200%
j(
 √
c ( 1460 10 − 1 36500 % 

≈ 61, 92%
#1 *4 1 − lg 7 \_a^ln h[d c h1
4 lg 1, 03
#1 '&4 q 12n − 1 r 
S12n = Aq q =1+
#1 z   q−1 1200
≈ 13529$ n
#1 $' q −1  r t 
Knt = Aq q = 1+
#1 y   q−1 100t
≈ 2461$
#1 |  
≈ 1351$
#1 #1 
≈ 1003$
# % 
1 
≈ 1, 706%


#1 4 
≈ 0, 408%
#1   
≈ 26, 82%
#1+*4 
≈ 42, 58%
#1"&4 
≈ 21, 55%
#1 * z  
≈ 11, 03%
#1 4 * $' 
≈ 1, 23%
# * y 
1 
≈ 9, 273%
#1 * |  bh[dut q`h[q`Z^"
#1 *+1 #  `^`v!q`h[_ j`Z`Y[f^"
#1 * %  [r!q`h[_af`q`Z`v!e!Z`_kmv!^ os^%t6
4%
#1 * 4 bj`Z`Y[f "^ 
#1 *   d[Z`v!e!^`q`^ os^%6
t 
1, 5%
#1 **4 Z( q−1 r

A = Sq n n q =1+
q −1 100
j (
 q n
− 1 r 
S = Aq −n q =1+
q−1 100 
#1 *'&4 q − 1
 r 4
A = Kq n n q = 1+
#1 & z  q  −1 400
≈ 2447, 08$
#1 &4$' 
≈ 2924, 5$
#1 & y  
≈ 1055$
#1 & |  
≈ 115$
#  &+1
1 #  
≈ 185, 7$
# & % 
1


≈ 1647 ≈ 98820 ≈ 165542$
#1 & 4 lg 1, 25 t2q`h

#1 &   f`lgv!1,
h 03
c^`e!^lnxZ
!h[j`Z 4Z`d[Z`vAt2_ah[jlkm_a^`Zh[f`r!Y[r!d[^`flkmv!Z c 
#1 &4
*  c Z Z`v!Z`qlnxY[Z]\^`_osY[Z]\^`_ 
#1 &'&4 
≈ 10622$
#1 $ z4z  
≈ 49202, 4$
#1 $ z $' lg 1, 3 \h[_a^"
≈
lg 1, 05
#1 $ zy  lg 1, 28 \h[_a^"
≈
#1 $ z4|  4 lg 1, 02
≈ 7434, 2$
#1 $ z 1#  
≈ 10592, 1$
#1 $ z %  \h[_a^"
≈ 14, 4
#1 $ z 4  
≈ 7, 72%
#1 $ z   ≈ 41141, 18$

#1 $z *4 Z(
j( 
≈ 6215, 8$ ≈ 18, 93%
#1 $ z &4 
≈ 55421$
#1 $'$ z  \h[_a^"
≈3
#1 $'$'$' Z(
]j(

(
( 
≈ 30388$ ≈ 24681$ ≈ −319$ c ≈ 4, 66%
#1 $'$ y  Z(
j(

≈ 64930$ 10%
( 5
(  5
( 
A ≈ 8002$ B ≈ 3892$
#1 $'$ |  `v!r!h[e!^"
A
#1 $'$ 1 #  `v!r!h[e!^"
B
#  $'$'% 
1 Z( `v!r!h[e!^
j( `v!r!h[e!^"
A B
#1 $'$4 c ^`Z

#1 $'$   \Z`v:kmd[Z`e!h[j`_ar!j`^ln h[dut q`h[q`Z^G^`Y[q`h ne!r!v!^Gd[^`^
!h[jln
os^%t Y[Z`f`_ah[j t2Z`YZln
!q`^ c v!h^
4^ d[^`^
!h[j c Z
234, 52$
km_a^lnnZ ^`Y[Z`Y nr j`.Z +Z`v +h c Z`j`Z`Y c h[j`^lnh[dut q`h o
q`Z "^ 
#1 $'$ *4 Z( b  ( ≈ 6, 37%
b  ( ≈ 6, 2%


j(

5 (
A


5 (
B


A ≈ 6863 B ≈ 7194
j( `v!r!h[e*^"
B


'(4*&

%  $' $ ( 1 2 3 4 y ( 1, 3 , 5 , 7 ;
, , , ;
2 3 4 5 8 27 64
| ( 1 1 1 1 # (
− , ,− , ; −5, 9, −13, 17;
3 9 27 81
%'( 1 2 3 4 
( 1 1 1 1
− , ,− , ; ,− , ,− ;
3 9 27 81 2 12 36 80
'( 1 1 1 1 *
( 3 10 35 
, , , ; 1, , ,
3 6 15 45 2 3 4
% y  $ ( 1
y ( (−1)n+1
| ( n

2n 2n − 1 3n + 1
# ( 2n + 1
% ( (−1)

( 2n − 1

' n+1

4n 3n 2n−1
'( 4n + 1
* (

5n 
(−1)n
7n − 3 6n + 1
% |  $ (
n0 = 10

y (GZ( n = 100
j(
n0 = 1000


0
| (
# ( 
n0 = 9 n0 = 4
%  #1 $ ( 4
y (
| (
# ( 4
'% (

( 1
'(

−5 1 1 ∞
7 9 3
*
(
0

&
(
∞

$ z ( 0
$'$ ( − 4
$ y ( 1
$ | ( 1

15 3
$ # ( 1
$'%'(
$
(
$ '(
$ *
(
$&
(

− 5 0 3 1 3
y{z ( 3
y $ (
y4y ( −6
y{| ( 1
y # ( 1
y %'( 0

∞ 3
y 
( ∞
y '( 1
y *
( ∞
y &
( ∞
|4z ( 0
| $ ( 1

3
|y ( −1
|4| ( ∞
| # ( −∞
| '% ( 1
| 
( 3
| '( ∞

5
| *
(
| &
( 9
# z ( 16
1# $ (
# y (
# | (

−1 ∞ 0 ∞
## (
# %'( 7
# 
( 15
# '( 4
# *
( 4
#
&
( 3

∞ 1 2, 5 e e e
% z ( 53
% $ ( 7
% y ( 6
% | ( −5
% # (
%%'( 2

e e e e e e
% 
( 2,5
% '( 83
%+
* (
"% &
(
 z ( 15
4$ (

e e 1 1 e e
 .
 y (
 | (
+# (
 %'( 7 
e3 e−1 e1,5 e3
%  *4 
800 e0,3
%  &4 Z (

j(

11000 (1, 08)10 11000 (1, 04)20
 120
(
(
c 11000 1 + 1

11000 (1, 02)40
150
h
q(
3650
( 

2
11000 1+ 11000 e0,8
9125
% $ z  Z(
j(

7000 (1, 12)4 7000 (1, 06)8
(
c ( 7000 (1, 01)48

7000 (1, 03)16
h( q
(
35040


1
7000 1 + 7000 e0,48
73000
%  $'$' 
9000 e−0,18 ; 9000 (1 − e−0,18 )
% $ y  4 \h[_a^]\Z c ^"
20 ln
3
% $ |  5
(
20 ln
%  $ #1 4

12000 e0,16 12000 (e0,16 − 1)
%  $'%  
8500 e−0,72
%  $4 \h[_a^]\Z c ^"
12, 5 ln 2
% $   \h[_a^]\Z c ^"
25 ln 3
%  $ *4
(
5 ln 4
%  $&4 
S (n) = 2 · 105 (1 − (1, 12)−n ) ; S = 2 · 105
%  y $' 
4 · 104
%  y{|  $ (
y ( 11
| ( 5
# ( 1
' % ( 2

( 5

1
18 12 2 15 24
'( 1

* ( 3
&
( 9
$ z ( 5
$'$ ( 4
$ y ( 1

2 √ 4 20 √ 6 405 60
$ | ( 3
$ # (
4 6
2 
√ √
4
√3
√
8− 3 3− 62
%  y #1 $ (Z`v!Z
y (Z`v!Z
| (f`^
# (Z`v!Z"
% y %  $ ( 4Z`Y_aZ c ^`Z
y (f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z
| G
( f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z

# ( 4Z`Y_aZ c ^`Z
%'( 4Z`Y_aZ c ^`Z

( 4Z`Y _aZ c `^ Z

'(f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z
*
( 4Z`Y _aZ c ^`Z"
%  y 4 $ ( 4Z`Y _aZ c ^`Z
y ( 4Z`Y _aZ c ^`Z
|  ( f`v!h[j`Z c `
^Z

# ( 4Z`Y _aZ c ^`Z
%'( 4Z`Y _aZ c ^`Z

( 4Z`Y _aZ c `^ Z

'(f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z
*
(f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z"
% y   $ (f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z
y (f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z
|  ( f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z

# ( 4Z`Y _aZ c ^`Z
%'( 4Z`Y _aZ c ^`Z

(f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z

'(f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z
*
( 4Z`Y _aZ c ^`Z
&
(64Z`Y _aZ c ^`Z

$ z (Vf`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z
$'$ ( 4Z`Y _aZ c ^`Z
$ y (f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z"
%  y *4 $ (f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z
y (f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z
| ( 4Z`Y _aZ c ^`Z

# (f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z
%'(f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z

( 4Z`Y _aZ c ^`Z

'(f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z
*
(f`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z
&
( 4Z`Y _aZ c ^`Z

$ z (Vf`v!h[j`Z c ^`Z
$'$ ( 4Z`Y _aZ c ^`Z
$ y (f`v!h[j`Z c ^`" Z 

'(4*&

4 $' Z(
j(
(
c (
h ( 3
q( 

4 −20 24 12 −3
4 y  Z(
j(
(
( 4

5 3a + 2 3a2 + 2 c 3a + 3b + 2
h(
q( 
3a − 3b + 2 3a2 + 3b2 + 2
4 |  Z(
j(
(
c (
h ( 
3 3 3 3 3
4 #1 Z(
j(
(
c (
h ( 
−3 −15 −7 −9 − 3h 7 − 2h
4&%  Z(
j(
(
(
h (
q( 
0 7 −1 c 1 −9 7
4 4  Z(
j(
( −1
c ( 5 
e 1 e e
4  Z(
j(
( 
0 1 3
4 *4 Z(
j( 3
( 1
0 −3 2
4 2
4 &4 Z(
j( 3 13 
f (x) = 2x + 1 f (x) = − x +
4 4
4 $ z  Z(
j( 
f (x) = x2 + 2x − 1 f (x) = 2x2 − 3x + 1
4 $'$' Z(
j(

x ∈ [−1; +∞) x ∈ (−∞; +∞)
(
c ( x ∈ [−3; 3] 
x ∈ [1; +∞]
4 $ y  Z(

x ∈ (−∞; −2] ∪ [2; +∞)
j(

x ∈ (−∞; −2) ∪ (−2; 2) ∪ (2; +∞)
(

x ∈ (−∞; −1) ∪ (−1; 4) ∪ (4; +∞)
c ( 
x ∈ (−∞; −1) ∪ (−1; 0) ∪ (0; 1) ∪ (1; +∞)
4 $ |  Z(
j(

x ∈ (−∞; −3) ∪ (−3; 1) ∪ (1; +∞) x ∈ (−2; 0]
(
( 
x ∈ (−∞; −2) ∪ (2; +∞) c x ∈ [−4; 0]
4 $ #1 Z(
j(

x ∈ [1; 5) x ∈ [0; 4]
(
c ( 
x ∈ (−∞; −2] ∪ [6; +∞) x ∈ [−1; 2]
4 $'%  Z(
j(

1

x∈ ;2 x ∈ (−∞; −1) ∪ (1; +∞)
(
2 
x ∈ (−2; 2)
4 $4 Z(
j( 
x=2 x ∈ (−1; 1] ∪ [2; 3)
4 $   Z(f`h[Y[e!^
j(GZ`v!g _k\^" mZ`v!gf`h[Y[e!^

(_k\^
c (GZ`v!g_k\^" mZ`v!gf`h[Y[e!^"
4 $ *4 Z(f`h[Y[e!^
j(Gf`h[Y[e!^"
4 $&4 Z(f`h[Y[e!^
j(G_k\^
(Z`v!g_k\^" mZ`v!g f`h[Y[e!^

c (Z`v!g_k\^" mZ`v!g f`h[Y[e!^"
4 y{z  Z (_k\^
j (GZ`v!g_k\^" mZ`v!g f`h[Y[e!^


(f`h[Y[e!^
c (Gf`h[Y[e!"
^ 
4 y $' Z (_k\^
j (Gf`h[Y[e!^

 (_k\^
c (G_k\^"
4 y4y  Z (f`h[Y[e!^
j (Gf`h[Y[e!"^ 

4 y{|  Z (_k\^
j (_k\^`"Z mt=k
 Z'f`h[Y[e!^`"Z mt=k
n = 2k c n=

2k − 1
4 |4z  Z(
j(
(
c ( 
−1 4 5 9
4 | $' Z (

j(
(
c ( 
18 11 1 4, 375
4 |y  Z (

j(
(
( 
−4 −4, 5 −7, 75 c 9
4 |4|  Z(
j(
(
c ( 
−1 −9 0 −9
4 | #1 Z(
j( 5Q

(T R) = 6Q − Q2 (T R) =
( 
Q+3
(T R) = 12Q − 3Q2
4 | %  Z( x
j( 1
( x−2

y= y=− x y=
2 3 3
c ( y = −x + 4 
2
4 | 4 Z( 2
j( 1

( √
( √ 
y= y=− y = 32−x c x=−5y
4 |   Z(Z`v!Z
x j(f`^
(Gxf`^
c (Z`v!Z"
4 | *4 Z(Z`v!Z
j(f`^"
4 | &4 Z(f`^
j (f`^"
4 # z  Z(
j( 11
(
c ( 
4 0 0
7
4 #1$' Z(
j(
(
( 7
∞ ∞ −2 c
9
4 # y  Z( 1
j( 3
− −
2 2
4 # |  Z( 1
j(
(
( 
2 ∞ c ∞
4 ##1 Z( 2
j(
(
( 
0 0 15 c 24
4 # %  Z(
j( 
0 ∞
4 # 4 Z( 2
j(
(
c ( 2
− 3 2
7 3
4 #   Z( 3
j( 6
( √ 
− 3 5
2 5
4 # *4 Z(
j(
( 1
c ( 
0 3 0
4 #
&4 2
a = 1 b = −2
4&% z  
a = 1 b = −3 c = 9
4&% $' Z(
j( 
5 3
4&% y  Z(
j(
(
( 
1 −3 0, ±2 c ∅
4&% |  Z( √
 j (
(
c ( 
0, ± 2, −1 ∅ 4 5
4&% #1 Z(
j( 
1, 5 −2, 3
4&%%  Z(ZlnZ`gi^`_ah[j`h[_a^
j(GZlnZ`gi^`_ah[j`h[_a^"
 &% 4
4   Z (Y[Z e!r!d[^ln
j(GY[Ze!r!d[^ln

 (Y[Ze!r!d[^ln

c ( x = −1 Y[Z e!r!d[^l
n 
4&%   Z (
 Z Y[Z e!r!d[^ln

x = −1 c x = 1
j (
 Y[Z e!r!d[^ln
( Y[Z e!r!d[^ln

x=1 x=1
4&%+*4 Z (

 j ( 
a=1 a=4
4&%"&4 
781, 25
  z 
4 
4000
4 4  $'

950 36100
4  y  
900; 9
4  |  
8100; 9
4 +  #1 
10
4  %  
40
4  4   50 
(AC) = + 58
4   
Q
j(

( 
Π = −2Q2 + 72Q − 70 1 35 18
4   *4


Π = −7Q2 + 140Q − 40 10 80
4 '  &4 
5500
4 z  
(F C) = 50 (V C) = 1050
4 $'



Π = 2Q − 400 −200 0 200
  y 
4

2500 3000
4 |  Z(
j( 
300 2 < P ≤ 3, 2
4 #1 
2, 5 < P ≤ 4, 5
4  %  Z (

j( h[_nZ [v!h[_a^`Z"
500
4 4
Z( 1
j( 22 
Π = −3Q2 + 28Q − 20 ; 9 2;
4  
Z( 3
j( Z`Y  3
Π = −Q2 + 44Q − 20 22 42 2
4+*4 Z(
j( 
10 < Q < 64 729
4"
 &4 Z (

j( 
7 ≤ Q ≤ 25, 5 171, 125
4 * z  
20
 )+&
((4365&

t2Z`q`^
b  [h _ah[d[h[Y[e!Z`v:km_a^Vd[Z%t2h[d[Z`e!^`f`Z c Z
h[f`r!Y[r!d[^`f`^ln
kmd[Z`v!e!^`q`h n^Vd[r c h[_ah[j`^ 
.










.







 |
t2Z`q`^
b[b  d[Z`e!v!^`gih[j`^ c Z c h[e!h[v!d[^`Y[Z`Y[e!h[j`^ 









.
 | $
t2Z`q`^
b[b[b  \ v ^`q
Z`_ 4h[j`v:km_ 4Z`Y[e!r!_ah[j`Z%t2Z'n^lne!h[d[h[j`^ 
"# z
t2Z`q`^

b  ^`Y[Z`Y n`kmv!^
d[Z%t2h[d[Z`e!^`f`^lnh[_ah[d[h[Y[e!h[j`! ^ 




.

 # 
t2Z`q`^  v!^`g q`^%t2^Vd[^`d c h[q`v!r!j`h[j`"^ mf`
Z `^`e!Z`_a^ln
k\ [q`h[e!^
Y[Z`d[Z`e!"^  c ^lnf`r!Y[e!^`v!h[j`Z'k\ [q`h[e!^
c Z`v!^`g q`^ln h[dut q`h[q`Z ! ^ 






.










 *
t2Z`q`^ #b  Z`d[r!Y[
Z 4h[j`^l
n c Z`Y[Z Z` v C^lnZ c Z
d[ r 4h[j`^ln
kmY [gi^`h[j`"^  kmY [gi^`^ln +/!q`Z`v!"^ 
kmY [gi^`^ln
k\ [q`h[e!r!j`Z 






.











.
 *4$

`Zln`k1h[j`^ 







.











.










.









& %
bGt2Z`q`^ 








.











.











.




& %
b[bGt2Z`q`^ 


.











.










.









 $ z $
b[b[bt2Z`q`^ 







.











.











.


 $ z #
b
It2Z`q`^ 



.











.










.







$ z 
It2Z`q`^ 


.











.











.








 $'$ y
#bGt2Z`q`^ 



.











.










.







$'$ #