Water INTEGRATED PDF

SHERE; WATER SUPLY PROJECT 2018
Acknowledgement
First of all we want to thank God for everything that he did for us.
Secondly, we would like to give thanks to our mentor instructor Tesfay. for helping us
who has not only taken the time and trouble to read this project, but also who has
giving a guiding light and monitoring in our work to make the project successfully
and fruit full. And a deep rooted gratitude’s for all of our instructors.
In the meantime, we would like to express our profound heartfelt thanks to all
people who helped us during the whole time.
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Executive Summary
This project represents the design of water supply system for Shere town throughout the
design period of the project. The introduction part of the project includes background,
geographical location, topography and climate, geology, demographic feathers and
objective of the project.
The main design criteria’s population and water demand assessment have been done by
considering design period, population growth rate and future water demand.
Ground water source is selected for the town and the numbers of boreholes have been
determined. Also the design of well, collection chamber and pump system design has
been made.
This project also includes determination of storage capacity and structural design of
service reservoir, and the pressure main, distribution pipes etc. have been sized to safely
accommodate the water demand of the town with in the design period. Disinfection of
water also made. Environmental impact of the project and cost estimation and its analysis
has been tried to explain.
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Contents
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................... I
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ II
List of Table ........................................................................................................................ V
List of Figure ....................................................................................................................... VI
CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1
1.1 General .......................................................................................................................1
1.2 Geographical location.................................................................................................1
1.3 Topography and Climate ............................................................................................1
1.4 Demographic features.................................................................................................2
1.5 Objectives of the project .............................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................3
2. POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND ASSESSMENT ............................................3
2.1 Design period .............................................................................................................3
2.2 Factors affecting design period ..................................................................................3
2.3 Population projection .................................................................................................4
2.3.1 Factors affecting population growth ....................................................................4
2.3.2 Methods of forecasting population ......................................................................5
2.4 Water demand assessment ..........................................................................................7
2.4.1 Domestic Water Demand .....................................................................................7
2.4.2 Modes of Services ................................................................................................8
2.4.3 Domestic Water Demand Projection ....................................................................8
2.4.4 Population Distribution by Mode of Service .......................................................9
2.4.5 Adjustment for Climate ......................................................................................10
2.4.6 Adjustment due to Socio-economic Conditions ................................................. 11
2.4.7 Projected Domestic Water Demand ................................................................... 11
2.4.8 Non-Domestic Water Demand ...........................................................................12
2.4.9 Fire fighting water demand ................................................................................13
2.4.10 Loss and waste .................................................................................................13
2.5 Water Demand Factors .............................................................................................13
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................16
3. SOURCE OF WATER ...................................................................................................16
3.1 Factors affecting the selection of water source ........................................................16
3.2 Determination of number of bore hole .....................................................................17
3.3 Wells .........................................................................................................................18
3.3.1 The importance of well development.................................................................19
3.4 Methods of well development ..................................................................................19
3.5 Well Design ..............................................................................................................20
3.6 Types of tube wells ...................................................................................................21
CHAPTER FOUR ..............................................................................................................26
4. PUMPS ..........................................................................................................................26
4.1 General .....................................................................................................................26
4.2 Purpose of pump .......................................................................................................26
4.3 Classification of pumps ............................................................................................26
4.4 Selection of a pump ..................................................................................................27
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4.5 Centrifugal pumps ....................................................................................................27
4.5.1 Comparison between Vertical spindle pump and submersible pump ................28
4.6 Determination of Pipe size .......................................................................................29
4.7 Economical rising mains Diameter ..........................................................................30
4.7.1 Calculation of Economical Diameter .................................................................30
4.7.2 Determination of total dynamic head .................................................................31
CHAPTER FIVE ...............................................................................................................33
5. DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS ..................................................................................33
5 .1General .....................................................................................................................33
5.2 Function of service reservoir ....................................................................................33
5.3 Location of Distribution Reservoirs (proposed) .......................................................33
5.4 Reservoir capacity determination .............................................................................33
5.5 Accessories of Service Reservoirs ............................................................................37
5.6 Structural design of service reservoir .......................................................................38
5.6.1 Design of reservoir wall .....................................................................................39
5.6.2 Design of roof slab .............................................................................................44
5.6.3 Design of circular base –slab .............................................................................47
5.7 WATER TREATMENT ............................................................................................50
5.7.1 Disinfection of water..........................................................................................50
5.7.2 Chlorine dosage .................................................................................................50
5.7.3 Application of chlorine ......................................................................................51
CHAPTER SIX ..................................................................................................................52
6. DISTRIBUTION NETWORK AND ITS LAYOUT .....................................................52
6.1 General .....................................................................................................................52
6.2 Requirements of good distribution system ...............................................................52
6.3 Layout of distribution system ...................................................................................53
6.4 Selection of pipe material .........................................................................................54
6.4.1 Pressure and velocity in distribution system ......................................................54
6.5 Analysis of water distribution net work....................................................................54
CHAPTER SEVEN ...........................................................................................................62
7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESMENT..............................................................62
7.1 General .....................................................................................................................62
7.2 Potential environmental impact of the planned project ............................................62
7.2.1 Negative impact and its mitigation measures ....................................................62
7.2.2 Positive impacts of the projects .........................................................................63
CHAPTER EIGHT ............................................................................................................64
8. COST ESTIMATION ....................................................................................................64
8.1 General .....................................................................................................................64
CHAPTER NINE ...............................................................................................................66
9. CONCULSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................................66
9.1 CONCULSION ........................................................................................................66
9.2 Recommendation ......................................................................................................67
REFERENCE .....................................................................................................................68
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List of Table
Table 1: shows design period for some project component. ................................................4
Table 2: Shows population forecasting ................................................................................6
Table 3: Town category grouping ........................................................................................8
Table 4: projected population distribution by mode of services ..........................................9
Table 5: Population distribution by mode of service .........................................................10
Table 6: Projected per capita demand by mode of service in l/c/d. ...................................10
Table 7: Adjustment due to climate effect ......................................................................... 11
Table 8: factor of socio economic condition. ..................................................................... 11
Table 9: Adjusted domestic water demands .......................................................................12
Table 10: Maximum daily factor ........................................................................................14
Table 11: Peak hour factors ................................................................................................14
Table 12: Summary of Water Demand ...............................................................................15
Table 13: Recommended Values of screen Diameter.........................................................24
Table 14: Hourly demand factor ........................................................................................34
Table 15: Reservoir capacity computation .........................................................................36
Table 16: Coefficients for vertical moments in circular reservoirs ....................................39
Table 17: Coefficient for hoop tension ..............................................................................40
Table 18: shire network layout ...........................................................................................58
Table 19: Network Table - Nodes ......................................................................................61
Table 20: cost estimation of one borehole .........................................................................64
Table 21: cost estimation of pump .....................................................................................64
Table 22: Pipes & Laying out ............................................................................................64
Table 23: Trench.................................................................................................................65
Table 24: Service Reservoir ...............................................................................................65
Table 25: Cost summary of the project ..............................................................................65
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List of Figure
Figure 1: elevation difference between the pumping source & reservoir ..........................31
Figure 2: shire network layout ...........................................................................................54
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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Water plays an important role in making life comfortable .it is used in many ways e.g.
drinking, cooking, bathing, flushing of sewers, fire fighting etc. it is possible to survive
without and shelter for same days, but without water it is not possible to survive for much
of athetize .without air we con not live even for few minutes next to air it is water which
of importance for living beings hence sufficient water supply provision is the most
important and prior need for any society with quality and quantity .
1.2 Geographical location

Shire also known as IndaSelassie, is a town and separate woreda in northern Ethiopia.
The administrative center of the Semien Mi'irabawi Zone of the Tigray region, this town
has a latitude and longitude of 14 06' 18'' and 38 17' 04'' with an altitude of 1953 meters
above sea level. It was part of Tahtay Koraro woreda. The Ethiopian Roads Authority had
two roads built to connect Shire to neighboring towns like Adigrat via Adwa, Axum and
Indasilase with Gonder and Bahirdar.
1.3 Topography and Climate

In Indasilase there are two rivers known as Sibta, Hine Mesereb and Gumelo. This rivers
flow from the slopes of Koyetsa ridge with 1900 to 1950 m.a.s.l elevation of rivers water
shade near the town.90 % of the landscape unit of SIBTA river waters hade are have
residual land forms with moderate to high relief hills and the remaining 10% being residual
land forms with undulating to rolling high plateau. There are several soil types in that area
among these litho sols, cambisols, and chromicluvisols. From these litho sols are the
dominant soil.
Shire features a Tropical Savanna Climate with average rainfall reaches 905 mm.
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1.4 Demographic features
Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia
(CSA), this town has a total population of 47,284, of whom 21,867 are men and 25,417
women. According to the 1994 national census the town had a population of 25,269 of
whom 11,360 were men and 13,909 women. In the mid 1980s, the population of the town
was below 15, 000.
1.5 Objectives of the project

 To know well about design procedures of water supply schemes
 To acquire knowledge about design project preparation
 To apply practically what we have had theoretically during our campus study
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CHAPTER TWO
2. POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND ASSESSMENT
2.1 Design period

Design period is the number of years for which the design of water works has been done.
Before designing & construction of water supply scheme, it is necessary to assure that the
water works have sufficient capacity to meet the future water demand of the town for the
fixed design period
The design period should neither be too long that the financial burden is thrown on the
future generation nor should be too small that the whole financial burden is thrown on the
present generation and the design of water work becomes uneconomical. The design period
is not only limited by general economic consideration but also the following factors.
 Funds available for the completion of the project if more funds are available
design period may be more, but if small funds are available the design period shall be
less.
 As far as possible the design period should be nearly equal to the materials used in
the water supply work.
 Rate if interest on the loans taken to complete the project. If rate of interest is less, it
will be good to keep design period more. But if the interest rate is very high, the
design should be small.
2.2 Factors affecting design period

Using life of the pipe and other structural material used in water supply scheme
 Ease and difficult in future expansion
 Availability of fund
 Rate of interest on the loan
 Anticipated rate of population growth and expansion rate of the town
 For shire Indasilase town design period of 30 years is consider
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Table 1: shows design period for some project component.
No Components design period in years

1 storage by Dams 50
2 Infiltration works 30
3 pump sets
i. all movers except electric motors 30
ii. electric motors and pumps 15
4 pipe connection to several treatment
15
units and other small appurtenances
5 raw and clear water conveying mains 30
6 clear water reservoirs at the head work,
30
balancing tanks and service reservoirs
7 distribution system 15
Source: water supply engineering by Dr. B.c Punmia
2.3 Population projection

One must establish the period of time the improvement will serve the community before
it is abound and overlarge prior to design of water work project population forecasting is
essential further design of water supply projects to satisfy the demand throughout the
design period of the project. The basic component of changes in the size and composition
of the population of a creation area including fertility mortality and migration
2.3.1 Factors affecting population growth

There are several factors that affect population growth. Among these the fallowing points
are the major ones
 Accidents in the nature of big fires, epidemic, floods, earthquakes, war etc.
 Change in education, politics, recreation
 Economic change, development of new industries.
 Increase in facilities of transport system
 Unforeseen circumstances such as discovery of oil, mine
 Sudden increase in religions importance of the city
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 Political changes in the adjoining country & nearness to the national borders.
2.3.2 Methods of forecasting population

The following are the common methods by which the projection of population is done.
A. Arithmetic increase Method
This method is based on the assumption that the population is increasing at a constant rate.
The rate of change of population with time is constant i.e. dp/dt=k (a=constant)
∫pnpo dp=k∫0ndt
Pn=Po + kn,
Where Pn=population at n decades or years
n= decades
k=Arithmetic increase
This method is generally applicable to large and old cities
B. Geometric increase method

This method is work on the basis that percentage increase per decade will be the same.
Pn=PO (1+K)n
Where Po= initial population
Pn=population at nth decade or year
n= number of decades
GR=percentage (geometric) increase
This method gives very high results and it is applicable for a young city, which at present
has rapid growth rate and vast scope of expansion. It is also useful for old developed
cities.
C. Incremental increase method
Since the method combines both arithmetic as well as geometric increase method, it
improves the few results that is obtained from by arithmetic increase method.
Pn = Po + (k1 + k2)* n
Where k1=Arithmetic increase
k2= Incremental increase
This method would apply to cities like to grow with progressively increasing or
decreasing rate rather than constant rate.
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D. Method by using Ethiopian statistical authority(CSA)
This method uses by the central statistics Authority of Ethiopia. It is expressing in the
form of.
Pn = Poer n
Where; Pn = population of n decade or year
n =decade
r=growth rate
year Population Growth rate

1985 12846 6.3%
1990 25269 6,3%
1995 33600 5.3%
2000 42200 5.3%
2005 47200 4.8%
Year Increase in Geometric Incremental CSA

Population growth rate ( increase
%)
1985 Pn-Po=k K/PO _ 6.3%
1990 12423 96.7 _ 6.3%
1995 8331 32.9 -4092 5.3%
2000 8600 25.6 269 5.3%
Total 29354 155.2 -3823
Avg 9785 51.73 -1911.5
Arithmetic Geometric increment CSA
2030 100910 514922 89441 52690
2032 104824 608373 92590 52795
Error 0.10 0.35 0.0608 -0.0619
% error 10.13 35.65 6.29 -6.19
Table 2: Shows population forecasting
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2.4 Water demand assessment
Design of water systems require estimates of expected water demands applicable to size
the pumping equipment, transmission and distribution pipe lines and storage facilities.
Estimating water demands for a particular town depends on the size of the population to
be served, their standard of living and activities, the cost of water supplied, the
availability of wastewater service and the purpose of demand. It varies according to the
requirement of the domestic population, institutional, industrial and social establishments,
etc. In addition to these, demand allowances need to be included for leakage, wastage,
and operational requirements such as flushing of mains. Accordingly, the water demand
of town is calculated with due consideration of actual conditions of the town and
pertinent to available data. Where gaps are observed in acquiring of data, estimates are
made from general experiences of the country utilised for similar towns.
Types of water demand
In the design process of water supply project of a town, it is necessary to determine the
total yearly as well as monthly demand variation in the demand rates. It is not possible to
determine accurately, because of many factors in demand of water. However, there are
certain empirical formulas and different surveys employed in determining the water
demand which vary to the actual demand. The demand for various purposes is divided
under the following categories.
i. Domestic Water Demand
ii. Non-Domestic Water demand
 Industrial demand
 Livestock demand
 Public water demanded.
iii. Unaccounted water demand/ water losses &
iv. Fire demand
2.4.1 Domestic Water Demand

Domestic water demand is the amount of water needed for drinking, food preparation,
washing, Cleaning, bathing and other miscellaneous domestic purposes. The amount of
water used for domestic purposes greatly depends on the lifestyle, living standard, and
climate, mode of service and affordability of the users.
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2.4.2 Modes of Services
Water supply for population is served by the mode of service which is prevalent to most
Ethiopian towns used to be Classified in to four major categories as follows:-
 House tap users (HTU)
 Yard tap users (YTU)
 Public tap users (PTU)
 Yard shared users (YSU)
In order to attribute certain characteristics to each town, the towns have been grouped
into categories according to their population size.
Table 3: Town category grouping
from To Category
Over 250,000 1
80,000 250,000 2
50,000 80,000 3
30,000 50,000 4
20,000 30,000 5
10,000 20,000 6
5,000 10,000 7
2,000 5,000 8
1,000 2,000 9
Less than 1,000 10
Source CSA1994
These categories have been used to determine present and future service levels
(connection profiles), as well as present and future per capita consumption for each of the
connection types.
Hence, for shire town the population for the year 2032 falls under category 3
2.4.3 Domestic Water Demand Projection

In projecting the domestic water demand of Indasilase the following procedures were
followed:
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 determining population percentage distribution by mode of service and its future
projection
 Establishment of per capita water demand by purpose for each mode of service;
 Projected consumption by mode of service;
 Adjustment for climate;
 Adjustment due to socio-economic conditions
2.4.4 Population Distribution by Mode of Service

The percentage of population to be served by each mode of service will vary with time.
The variation is caused by changes in living standards, improvement of the service level,
changes in building standards and capacity of the water supply service to expand.
Therefore, the present and projected percentage of population served by each demand
category is estimated by taking the above stated conditions and by assuming that the
percentage for the house and yard tap users will increase gradually during the project
service period while the percentage of tap users will dramatically reduce as more and
more people will have private connections as the living standard of people and the
socio-economic development stage come up.
Table 4: projected population distribution by mode of services
Connection 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2032
type
HTU 4.30% 4.90% 5.50% 5.75% 6.20% 7.10% 8.00% 9.10% 9.54%
YTU 13.60% 15.40% 17.50% 18.42% 19.80% 22.40% 25.40% 28.70% 30.02%
YSU 13.20% 14.90% 16.90% 17.78% 19.10% 21.70% 24.50% 27.80% 29.12%
PTU 51.90% 58.80% 56.10% 54.42% 51.90% 46.90% 41.10% 33.40% 30.32%
Then by extrapolation we can find the distribution for our target years.
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Table 5: Population distribution by mode of service
Year 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2032

populati 46267 46788 48010 49721 51286 52690 52795
on
Connecti
on type
HTU 2545 2690 2977 3530 4103 4795 5037
YTU 8097 8618 9506 11138 13027 15122 15849
YSU 7819 8319 9170 10789 12565 14648 15374
PTU 25956 25462 24917 23319 21079 17598 16007
Table 6: Projected per capita demand by mode of service in l/c/d.
Connec 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2032

tion
type
HTU 92 94.4 98 104 110 110 110
YTU 32 32.8 34 36 38 38 38
YSU 17 17.4 18 19 21 21 21
PTU 12 12 12 13 14 14 14
2.4.5 Adjustment for Climate

In order to account for changes in climate which affect the water demand, the volume of
per capita demand have been factored for climate changes using the climate factor given
in the table below
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Table 7: Adjustment due to climate effect
Group Mean annual precipitation in Factor

mm
A < 900 1.1
B 901-1200 1.0
C >1200 0.9
Indasilase town with a mean annual precipitation of 905 mm belongs to Group B as per
the design criteria. Thus, an adjustment factor of 1.0 was taken
2.4.6 Adjustment due to Socio-economic Conditions

Not all urban centers will have the same type of socio economic conditions. There are
towns, which have high potential of growth due to various reasons.
The table below is recommended to be applied subjectively for town as a factor of socio
economic condition.
Table 8: factor of socio economic condition.
Group Description Factor

A Towns enjoying living standard & with very high potential development 1.1
B Towns having a very high potential for development but lower living 1.05
standards at present
C Towns under normal Ethiopian conditions 1.0
D Advanced rural 0.9
The socioeconomic factor for Indasilase town is selected to be group “B”, with factor 1.05
as the town has high potential for development.
2.4.7 Projected Domestic Water Demand

After considering changes in population and changes in the mode of service, per-capita
demand and applying the adjustment factors, the
domestic demands were calculated and are presented in Table (m3/d).
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Table 9: Adjusted domestic water demands
connectio 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2032

n type
HTU 242.711 253.936 291.746 367.119 451.330 527.450 554.070
YTU 259.104 282.670 323.204 400.968 495.026 574.636 602.262
YSU 132.923 144.750 165.060 204.991 263.865 307.608 322.854
PTU 311.472 305.550 299.004 303.147 295.106 246.372 224.09
Socio-eco 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05

nomic Af
Climatic 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Af
Adjusted 993.521 1036.246 1132.964 1340.036 1580.593 1738.87 1788.449
DD
Adjusted domestic demand = per capita demand × population served × climatic factor ×
socio economic factor × 10-3
2.4.8 Non-Domestic Water Demand

Non-domestic water demand was also determined systematically. It can be broadly
classified into the following major categories:
 Institutional water demand
 Commercial water demands
 Industrial water demand
Institutional water demand
This is also known as public demand and it includes the quantity of water required for
various public utility purposes. The water required for various public buildings and the
Institutions, public parks, playgrounds, gardening, sprinkling on roads etc will come under
this demand. 20% of the domestic demand is adopted for institutional water demand.
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Commercial water demands
This consumption includes water used for commercial buildings & commercial centers
Including stores, hotels, shopping centers, cinema houses, restaurants, bars, airports and
bus stations etc. 13% of the domestic demand is adopted for commercial water demand.
Industrial water demands
The water required for industries mainly depends on the type of the industries which are
existed in the city. The Water required by factories, paper mills, cloth mills, cotton mills,
breweries, etc. including under industrial demand. The quantity of water required for
industrial purpose is around 20 to 25 % to the total demand of the city. But there is no any
large industry in Indasilase at a current time and for future expansion of industries we can
account 5% domestic demand.
Domestic animal demand
Since there is a nearby river such as Mesereb and Gumelo with in the town animal
demand is not included in the total demand.
2.4.9 Fire fighting water demand

The water required for firefighting will be stored in the reservoir, with 10% of the storage
volume of the reservoir and will be meeting from the storage but not from the sources.
Therefore, the water required for firefighting shall be meeting by stopping supply to
consumer for required time and directly uses it for firefighting purposes. Use 4% is
adopted.
2.4.10 Loss and waste

While estimating the total water demand for a town or city, allowance for this losses and
wastage should be done. In order to account an allowance of 15 % shall be considered on
the sum of the domestic, public and industrial water demands.
2.5 Water Demand Factors

Average Water Demand
The average daily water demand is the sum of the domestic, non domestic and
unaccounted for water which is used to estimate the maximum day & the peak hour
demand. The average day demand is used in economic calculations over the projects
lifetime.
Maximum Day Water Demand
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The water consumption varies from day to day. The maximum day water demand is
considered to meet water consumption changes with seasons and days of the week. The
ratio of the maximum daily consumption to the mean annual daily consumption is the
maximum day factor. The maximum day demand is used for sizing of infrastructure such
as transmission and pumping stations.
Table 10: Maximum daily factor
Town population MDF

0 to 20000 1.3
20001 to 50000 1.25
50001 and above 1.2
Peak Hour Water Demand

The peak hour demand is the highest demand of any one hour over the maximum day. It
represents the daily variations in water demand resulting from the behavioral patterns of
the local population. Experience clearly demonstrates that the peak hour factor is greater
for a smaller population. Table shows the recommended peak hour factors in relation to
population size.
Table 11: Peak hour factors
Total population PHF

0 to 20000 2.0
20001 to 50000 1.9
50001 and above 1.7
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Summary of Water Demand
The total water demand used for designing the water supply system components of
Indasilase is summarized in Table.
Descriptio Unit 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2032
n
Population Person 46267 46788 48010 49721 51286 52690 52795
Average m3/d 993.52 1036.2 1132.9 1340.0 1580.5 1738.8 1788.4

domestic 1 46 64 36 93 7 49
demand
Non- m3/d 417.27 435.22 475.84 562.81 663.84 730.32 751.14
domestic 9 1 5 5 9 5 9
demand
Total m3/d 1410.8 1471.4 1608.8 1902.8 2244.4 2469.1 2539.5
demand 67 09 51 42 95 95
Unaccount m3/d 211.62 220.71 241.32 285.43 336.66 370.37 380.9
ed for 9 8
Average m3/d 1622.4 1692.1 1850.1 2188.2 2581.1 2839.5 2920.4
daily 2 7 3 8 7
demand
Maximum _ 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
daily
factor
Maximum m3/d 1946.9 2030.6 2220.1 2625.9 3097.3 3407.4 3504.4
daily 04 04 56 36 2 84 8
demand
Peak hour _ 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
factor
Peak hour m3/d 2758.1 2876.6 3145.2 3720.0 4387.8 4827.2 4964.6
demand 14 89 21 76 7 69 8
Table 12: Summary of Water Demand
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CHAPTER THREE
3. SOURCE OF WATER
There are mainly two aspects on which the success of a water supply scheme depends.
These aspects are amount of available water from the source and the amount of water
actually needed by the town. The source of water should be such that can provide
adequate quantity of water. Availability of water from the source should at least be equal
to the demand. Availability of water from a source which may be surface or ground
ultimately depends upon rainfall. Rainfall is a natural feature, which may be more in one
year and very slack in the next. In drought year, availability of water is minimum. The
source of water for water supply schemes should be such which can provide adequate
water even during severe drought conditions. The selection of source depends upon the
adequacy, reliability, quality and ease at which it can be supplied to the consumer.
Possible sources of water supply for Indasilase town as indicated from the feasibility
study are-
 Surface water – rivers
 Ground water – well fields & springs
3.1 Factors affecting the selection of water source

Factors which are to be considered while selecting a source of water for a given water
supply scheme are stated below.
1) Location of the water source.
We have to choose a source as near as possible to the town where the water is to be
supplied.
2) Quantity of water.
The sources to be selected must meet the demands of the town.
3) Quality of water.
We have to choose a water source which needs small treatment as much as possible.
4) The cost of the water supply scheme.
We have to choose a source which has enough quantity, comparatively good quality and
least cost.
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Potential Water Source of the Town
Surface water
Surface water is the one which is available as run-off from a catchment area, during
rainfall or precipitation. This runoff flows either into streams or into undrained lakes. The
runoff water flowing into streams can either be stored in a reservoir by constructing a
dam across it, or be diverted into a water supply channel.
Ground water
Ground water is important source of water supply which has a number of advantages.
They may require no treatment, have uniform temperature thought out the year, are
cheaper than impounding resource and amounts of water available are more certain.
Practically speaking they are not affected by drought in the short run.
Ground water sources are further divided into
1. Springs
2. Infiltration galleries
3. Wells
Quality and quantity of the source
The quality of the borehole raw water will also be tested for turbidity; chemical content
and bacteriological contamination to ensure its suitability and to determine if any
treatment is required. Actual pumped discharge rates will be determined in accordance
with required demand and sustainable pumping yields.
Advantages of Ground Water for water supply
It is of a much better quantity and should always be preferred for small populations and
moderate water supplies .They do not require costly and exhaustive purification needed
for surface water.
3.2 Determination of number of bore hole

Before we determine the number of bore hole we must know the total source that we have.
 Old bore holes with a capacity of 7.5l/sec.
 Three existing bore holes (MA1, MA2, and MA3) constructed in 1999 having a total
yield of 9.7l/sec.
Max.day demand 3504.48m3/day
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Existing old borehole 7.5l/sec (648m3/day)
From May Adrasha 3 existing borehole 9.7l/sec (838.08m3/day)
Total 1486.08m3/day
Source to be developed 3504.48m3/day - 1486.08m3/day
= 2018.4m3/day
The required no of bore hole with a yield of 4l/sec (345.6m3/day)
2018.4m3 / day
=  5.841
345.6m3 / day
= 6 bore hole will be needed
3.3 Wells
A well is defined as an artificial hole or pit made in the ground for the purpose of tapping
water.
The well may be of two types. These are
a) Open well:
 It is constructed by digging the earth.
 It draws water from the topmost pervious layer.
 The diameter of this well varies from 1m to 2m and the depth varies from 20m to
30m depending upon the nature of soil & the water table.
b) Tube well:
 It is constructed by sinking G.I pipes.
 It draws water from the deeper most pervious layer.
 The diameter and the depth of this well varying from 37mm to 150 mm and 100m
to 200m respectively, depending upon the nature of soil and suitable water
bearing strata.
Factors Affecting the Quantity of Well Water
The quantity of well water is affected by
 Porosity of different layers of earth
 Amount of water stored and absorbed in different layers
 Geological conditions indicating the slope of water bearing stratum
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3.3.1 The importance of well development
 Remove the filter cake or drill in fluid film that coats the borehole, and remove much
oral of the drilling fluid and natural formation solid that have invaded the formation.
 Reduce the compaction and intermixing of grain size during drilling by removing
fine material from the pore space.
 Increase the natural porosity and permeability of previously undisturbed formation
near the well by selectively removing the finer fractional of an aquifer.
 Create a graded zone of sediment around the screen in a naturally development well,
there by establishing the formation so that the well will yield sand
3.4 Methods of well development

In case of rocks the capacity of well can be increased by explosions in the wells which
will increase the cracks and passage through which water in the wells. In the case of
sandy stratum the yield can be increased by packing gravel around the well. In the
beginning when new well is constructed the water which is drawn contains large quantity
of sand. These sand particles will stick on the mesh of strainer pipe and will decrease the
capacity of the well. Different well development methods have evolved in different areas,
because of the difference of the physical characteristics of aquifer and the type of drilling
methods used
 Back washing or back blowing: - In this method water is forced in the
reverse direction by means of compressed air pressure. All the sand, clay
material which is stickled around the strainer pipe and chocked is agitated and
removed.
 Surging: -it is used to loosen sand and fine materials in the screen and filter
zone. The surging action is created by lifting the water near to the surface by
injecting air in to the well and then shut off the air to allow the water to flow
back through the well and formation.
 Over pumping: - loose sand materials are removed by pumping the well at a
higher rate than the well will be pumped when put in to service. It has
advantage that much of the fine material brought into the borehole is pumped
out immediately.
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 Water jetting: - A maximum development efficiently is developed if water
jetting is combined with simultaneous pumping with air lift, as the loosened
material is not allowed to settle again.
Well development work must be done in a manner that does not cause under settlement and
disturbance of the strata above the water bearing formation, not disturb the seal affected
around the well casing and thereby reducing the sanitary protection otherwise afforded by
such a seal.
3.5 Well Design

Water well has to be designed to get the optimum quantity of water economically from a
given geologic formation. The water requirement for a particular scheme, rural water
supply, agricultural or industrial needs, has to be carefully determined. The choice of open
wells or bore wells and the method of well design depend up on topography, geological
conditions of the underlying strata, and depth of ground water table, rain fall climate and
the quantity of water required. A well design involves selection of proper dimensions like
the diameter of the well and that of the casing, length and location of the screen including
slot size, shape and percentage open area whether the well naturally developed or gravel
pack is necessary; design of gravel pack, selection of screen materials etc. Good water well
design aims at ensuring an optimum combination of performance and long service life at
reasonable cost. The use of correct sizes of well casing and well screen, choice of good
quality materials, and strength and proper development of the well, will reduce long term
power costs due to higher costs of pumping and maintenance costs and increases the useful
life of the well.
The principal objective of good design should ensure:-
 To obtain highest yield with minimum draw down consistent and aquifer
capability.
 Durability of the well so as to coincide with design period.
 Reduction of operation and maintenances cost to a certain extent.
 Good quality of water with proper protection.
As it is maintained above standard well design procedure involves choosing the casing
diameter and material estimating the well depth, selecting the height diameter and material
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of screen
3.6 Types of tube wells

For obtaining more yield tube wells are commonly used. These wells essentially consist
of blind pipes and strainer pipes, and their supply of water is from large number of
aquifer. Now days, tube wells are becoming more and more popular for supplying water
to cities, colonies, private estate, factories, Industrial areas etc. The depth of the tube
wells may vary from 50-500m.
Depending up on mode of water contribution to the borehole from subsoil, the wells are
grouped in to three categories.
1. Strainer type tube well
2. Cavity type tube well
3. Slotted type tube well
1. Strainer type tube well: - It is a tube well in which the metal pipe driven in the ground
with perforated to allow only clear water to enter the hole. The perforated pipe extends
only for aquifer portions of the formations while for other portion the pipe kept plain and
the bottom of tube well is plugged.
2. Cavity type tube well: - In this type of tube the water enter the boreholes through the
bottom layer only. It drives the water from the previous layer under laying the hard
impervious layer, therefore, the tube well taken down until it penetrates the impervious
layer and reaches the water bearing strata.
3. Slotted type tube well:-when the nature of subsoil is not adaptable for strainer type
tube well slotted type is used as a good alternative. In other words, if the geological
formation does not contain sufficient number of water bearing stratum and contain very
thin grain size, it will be advantageous to construct slotted type rather than strainer type.
Depending up on the entry of the water through a cavity or a screen, the tube wells can be
broadly classified in to the following categories:
1. Screened wells
2. Screened with gravel pack (gravel packed wells)
3. Cavity wells
Gravel packed wells can be adopted for ground water for Indasilase because gravel packs
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may also be applied in coarse formations.
A) Design of gravel pack
Placing gravel around a well screen for gravel treatment or gravel packing is necessary in
well design. The gravel pack is recommended in design for:
 Stabilizing the fine grained aquifers.
 Permitting the use of large slot openings and obtain higher well efficiency in the
fine grained aquifers.
 Permitting the single slot-size screen and eliminating the screen-positioning
problem in formations of alternating zones of coarse and fine materials.
Criteria that should be considered in gravel packing:
 The gravel pack material should be clean.
 The grains of gravel pack material should be smooth and round.
 The gravel pack material should be free from suspense material like shale and
gypsum.
 It is should be uniform.
In designing a gravel pack, the grading of a gravel pack has to be correctly chosen in
reaction to the particle size distribution of the water bearing formations. It is the
relationship between the grain size of the gravel pack and the grain size of the formations
that determines the proper selection.
The uniformity coefficient of the gravel pack material must have the value less than 2.5.
Cu = d60 / d10< 2.5
The design parameter of gravel packed wells is as follows
1. Thickness of gravel pack
The gravel envelope should be as thin as possible because a thick envelope does not
materially increase the well yield, nor will it reduce possibility of sand pumping, because
the controlling factor is the ratio of the grain size of the pack material and that of the
aquifer. Too thick gravel pack, instead of giving any advantages, may make the final
development of the well more difficult.
U. S. B. R suggested a range of 10 to 20cm of gravel pack and in no case it should not
exceed about 20cm.Therefore we adopt15cm thickness of gravel pack.
2. Length of gravel packing.
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The gravel packing is specifically required around the screen pipes, but since the material is
poured from the ground level in to the bore hole, the pack shall be installed in the entire
depth of the well.
B) Design of well screen
Well screens of many different designs and materials are available. Well screen has
openings or slots through which water from the aquifer flows in to the well. The proper
design of the well screens, and the way it is set in the bore hole, govern a large part of the
hydraulic efficiency and the useful life of the well.
In the selection of a well screen, the following basic factors should be considered.
 Sufficient structural strength to withstand the pressure of the ground formations
around it,
 Adequate open area to allow unimpeded flow of water through it, from the aquifer
in to the well.
 Resistant to corrosion
 Cost
The design of the well screen consists of:
 The length of the screen
 Its location
 percentage of open area
 Size & shape of slots
 The selection of the screen materials
C) Design of length and size of screen
The total length of the screen to be provided for a tube well shall be primarily controlled by
the available thickness of the aquifers. A water well screen is usually a pipe with slots or
openings along its wall. Well screen serves as the intake component of a well and support
and stabilizes the aquifer. In case of confined homogeneous aquifers about 80 to 90% of
central portion of the aquifer is selected for screening. Where homogeneous unconfined
aquifer is available generally, lower one third thickness of the well is screened. When
various aquifers of different homogeneity are encountered, it is advisable to tap most of
permeable beds. In such cases about 0.3m depths at the top and bottom of the aquifer is left
untapped to prevent sucking in of finer material from the transition zone. Based on the
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above information the length of screen shall be taken 90% of the main aquifer depth. The
sample one borehole depth takes BH-1 of our project to be 40m. Based on this the screen
length is 36m.The diameter of the screen is selected to satisfy the essential basic
requirement that sufficient open area be provided in the screen.
Table 13: Recommended Values of screen Diameter
Discharge  Recommended
min
screen dia. in cm
0 to 475 10
475 to 1125 15
1125 to 3000 25
3000 to 5250 30
5250 to 9500 35
9500 to 13300 40
D. Screen Material
Provisions of a suitable well screen are the most important part of well design. Well
screens may be of iron, fiber glass, stainless steel, and PVC. The selection of the material
type is depending on strength to withstand stresses, resistance to corrosion, ease of cutting
slot sizes and % age of open area. Presently the most widely used employed pipe material is
stainless steel.
E. Slot size
The size of the slot opening is determined by the size of gravel pack or aquifer material
which the screen has to retain. Over sized slots will cause the pumping of fine materials
indefinitely and clear water will be difficult to obtain, While under sized slots will provide
more resistance to the flow of ground water, resulting in more head loss and corrosion. Fine
slots are also blocked by small sand and silt particles that are carried up to the well screen
as suspension. Therefore, choosing the right type of the slot of a well screen is one of the
important steps in well design.
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The width of slot cut in iron pipes falls in the range of 1.6 to 2mm due to the limitations of
the width of the cutting tool. Based on this stainless steel pipe with a slot size of 2mm shall
be used.
G) Diameter of the well pipe (d)
The diameter of the well pipe (or well tube) depends up on the discharge and permissible
velocity of flow through the perforation or slots of screen. The permissible velocity is
usually limited b/n 1.5 to 4.5 cm / sec, based on the gross cross sectional area of the pipe.
The cross-sectional area of the pipe can be determined from the relation:
A= Q/v
Where Q-yield of the well
V-permissible velocity=1.8m/sec
A= (4*10-3m3/sec)/(1.8m/sec) =22.22cm2
A=  d2/4 =d= (4A/π) (1/2) =5.32cm.
H) Diameter of Bore Hole

The diameter of the bore hole is kept at least 5cm greater than the diameter of the well pipe,
so that the pipe can be easily lowered into the bore hole and gravel packing can be done.
Diameter of the Bore Hole=Diameter of the well pipe + Allowance of 5cm + thickness of
gravel packing. Diameter of borehole =5.04+5+15=25.32cm
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CHAPTER FOUR
4. PUMPS
4.1 General
The primary function of a pump is to add hydraulic energy to certain values of fluid. This is
accomplished which the mechanical energy imparted to the pump from a power source is
transferred to the fluid, there by becoming hydraulic energy. Thus, a pump serves to
transfer energy from a power source to a fluid, thereby creating flow or simply creating
greater pressures on the fluid.
4.2 Purpose of pump

Pumps are used in water works for the following reasons
 To lift raw water from a surface source of supply
 To lift raw water from wells ( underground source of supply )
 To deliver treated water to consumer’s taper at desired pressure
 To fill elevated storage tanks ( distribution reservoirs )
 To supply fire – pressure for fire hydrants
 To back wash filters
 To pump chemical solutions
4.3 Classification of pumps

A general method of classifying pumps on the basis of Engineering design is to divide them
in to two groups.
1. Positive dis placement pumps
2. Variable dis placement pumps
1. Positive Displacement pumps
Those pumps in which the liquid is sucked and then it is actually pushed or displaced due to
the thrust exerted on it by a moving member. These pumps usually have one or more
chambers which are alternately filled with liquid to be pumped and emptied again.
2. Variable Displacement pumps
The distinguishing characteristic of variable displacement pumps is the inverse relationship
that exists between the rate at which they deliver water and the head against which
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pumping takes place. The greatest impute of power for most variable displacement pumps
is required at low head because the volume of water increase as pumping head decreases.
4.4 Selection of a pump

For proper selection of pump, it is necessary, to have certain essential data on the pump
installation .The information should include:-
 Number of pump units required
 Nature of liquid to be pumped
 Capacity of pump
 Suction conditions
 Discharge conditions
 Total head
 Position of pump (i.e. horizontal or vertical)
The following points may be kept in mind while selecting any pumping machinery for
water works.
 Reliability of service: - It should be variable and should not fail suddenly and cause
trouble.
 Capacity :- It should be capable of pumping required quantity of water
 Cost :- It should be cheap in initial cost
 Power: - The power which is used for running pumps should be available easily at
low cost.
 Maintenance: - The maintenance cost of running pumps should be as less as
possible.
 Efficiency :- Pump should have higher efficiency
 Deprecation: - pump should have long life and depreciation cost should be less.
4.5 Centrifugal pumps

Centrifugal pumps are the most important types of variable displacement pump because of
their wide use. It is capable of delivering large quantities of water, against high as well as
low head condition, with good efficiency, combining those features with its other attributes
such as simplicity, completeness, and adaptability to different methods of driving initiated
us to select this type of pump.
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The two most commonly used types of centrifugal pumps are:-
1. Vertical spindle pump
2. Submersible pump
1. Vertical spindle pump: - It is frequently used for pumping water form a well. The
driving motor is at the surface and the pump is immersed in water and it must,
therefore, driven by a vertical spindle. This spindle rotates with in tube or sleeve which
is held centrally in the raising main by spindle bearing the pumped water is delivered to
surface via the annular space between the sleeve and the raising main.
2. Submersible pump:-It is the modification on the deep well pump as the name
indicates in this, electric motor and pump both are submersed in the water .By
submersing electric motor large economy can be made by avoiding long shaft, large
number of bearing and large size rising main etc.
4.5.1 Comparison between Vertical spindle pump and submersible pump

1. Power consumption
A. vertical spindle pump
 Due to friction of the rotating parts, it causes high power loss
A. Submersible pump
 It uses electrical cable for power supply, hence no power loss due to shaft friction.
2. Service life
A. Vertical spindle pump
 These are low speed machine usually 1400rpm consequently subjected to less wear
& hence last longer:
B. Submersible pump
 Due to its high – speed machine it has shorter life
3. Capital and maintenance cost
 They are expansive in the first cost and take a considerable time and skill to
dismantle or erect when repair are necessary.
B. Submersible pump
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Quickly and easily installed and they can be of smaller diameter and hence these pumps are
less costly and less efficient than vertical spindle pumps.
4. Security
 Pump motors and their parts are exposed to the surface so they may be taken by
thieves.
B. Submersible pumps:-
 These pumps have the motor and low assembly as a unit submerged below the lowest
pumping water level.
Considering the above comparison criteria and special merits of submersible pump over
vertical spindle pump despite its less efficiency for deep tube wells, submersible pump is
selected to our water supply project well site.
4.6 Determination of Pipe size

Size of the pipe is determined by considering the discharge through the pipe and
permissible velocity of the flow in the pipe.
Diameter of suction pipe
Velocity in suction pipe, permissible velocity of 0.6 – 1.5 m/s assumed v = 1.5 m/s for our
project.
Qdesign = 4 l/sec for single tube well
D 2
Q =AV, A=
4
4*Q 4 * 4 * 10 3
D=   0.058m  58mm But pipe size take, D = 80mm
 *V  *1.5
Check velocity
 * D 2 *V
Q = AV  0.004m3 /sec =
4
4 *10 3
V=  0.8 m / s
 * (0.08) 2
4
This lays b/n the range of permissible velocity................OK !
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4.7 Economical rising mains Diameter
For pumping a particular fixed discharge of water, it can be pumped through bigger
diameter pipe at low velocity or through lesser diameter pipe at very high velocity. But, if
the diameter of the pipe is increased, it will lead to the higher cost of the pie line. On the
other hand if the diameter of the pipe is reduced, the increased velocity will lead to higher
frictional head loss and will require more horse – power for the required pumping, thereby
increasing the cost of pumping.
For obtaining the optimum conditions , it is at most necessary to design the diameter of the
pumping main, which will be overall most economical in initial cost as well as maintenance
cost for pumping the required quantity of water .
The following formula given by Lea is commonly used in determining the diameter of the
pumping mains.
D = 0.97 to 1.22 Q
Where D = Economical diameter of pipe in meters
Q = Required discharge of water to be pumped in m3/sec.
This formula gives optimum velocity of water flow between 0.8 to 1.35 m/sec.
4.7.1 Calculation of Economical Diameter

Using the formula given previously
D = 0.97 to 1.22 Q
For safety we took the larger coefficient i.e. 1.22.
D = 1.22 Q
= 1.22 4 *103 =0.077m

Take D = 80mm
Check for velocity:-
Q
V= Where Q = required discharge of water to be pumped in m3/s
A
A = area of pumping in m2
4 *10 3
V=  0 .8m / s
 * (0.08) 2
4
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Therefore, the velocity is OK since it is within the allowable limit i.e. 0.8 to 1.35m/s
4*Q 4 * 4 * 103 * 6
D=   0.14m  14mm
 *V  *1.5
But pipe size available in market 200mm. So take, D = 200mm
Check velocity
 * D 2 *V
Q = AV  0.004m3 /sec =
4
4*Q 4 * 4 * 6 * 10 3
V=   0.8m / sec which lies b/n the range of permissible
 *D 2  *0.2 2
velocity....................... OK !
4.7.2 Determination of total dynamic head

The total head against which the pump must operate including the total static head and total
head losses.
TDH is represented by the following equation
TDH = Hst + Hls +Hld
Where Hst =total static head (i.e. elevation difference between the pumping source &
reservoir)
Hls = head loss in suction pipe
Hld = head loss in raising main (i.e. friction, bund, valve & velocity head).
Sample calculation for one bore hole.
Figure 1: elevation difference between the pumping source & reservoir

2
f *l *v V2
Head loss from bore hole to collection chamber = 
2* g * D 2* g
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2
0.015 * 800 * 0.8 .8 2
=   4.93
2 * 9.81 * 0.08 2 * 9.81
2
f *l *v V2
Head loss from collection chamber to reservoir = 
2* g * D 2* g
.015 * 688 *1.27 2 1.27 2

=   4.32
2 * 9.81 * .2 2 * 9.81
Elevation difference between source and collection chamber =2045 -2037 =8m
Elevation difference between collection chambers to reservoir =2065-2045=20m
Head loss in suction pipe = the depth of pump submerged + the depth from water level to
the borehole top
= 5m +10 =15m
Total head for source to chamber =8m + 15m + 4.93 m = 27.93m
The motor power required for source to chamber, with a source yield of 4L/sec (14.4m3 /h)
Q*H
P=
75 * E
Where Q=Nominal discharge
H=total dynamic head
E=efficiency of pump taken as 65%
3
14.4m
h * 27.93m  8.25KW
P=
75*.65
Therefore; our project adopted parallel pump combination because of we need more yield
within our reasonable head and after the observation cost of the pump and the pipe.
TDH for chamber to reservoir = 20+4.32= 24.32m
Take the efficiency of the pump, E=65%, Q=14.4*6 m3/h =86.4m3/h
The quantity water store in the collection chamber is 86.4m3/h*24hrs=2073.6m3 and the
pump is pumped for 24hrs (144m3/h) and the power required for this pump as follow
3
m
Q * H 86.4 h
P=  * 24.34  43.14 KW
75 * E 75 * .65
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CHAPTER FIVE
5. DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS
5 .1General
Distribution reservoir is proposed to store the treated water for supplying of water for the
town. These reservoirs are also provided for meeting the water demand during the fire,
break down of pumps, repair etc.
5.2 Function of service reservoir

In general, important functions of reservoirs is
 To balance the fluctuating demands from the distribution system.
 To eliminate the necessity of continues pumping
 To give suitable pressure for the distribution system and reduce pressure fluctuations
there in.
 To provide a reserve of water to meet fire and other emergency demands
5.3 Location of Distribution Reservoirs (proposed)

The distribution reservoirs are located near the central portion of distribution area. It is
always better to construct on high ground of city or town, at such place it can be
constructed economically. The reservoir site is selected by considering the top map of the
area in such a way that by considering the reservoir must serve a head of 70 m.
As it is observed from the topographic map, the elevation difference between the highest
elevations (2065 m.s.l) and the lowest elevation (2009 m.s.l) is less than 70 m. This
indicates if the reservoir is placed at an elevation of 2065 m.s.l, it can meet the water
demand at the critical points of the town. But we must consider the lower elevation from
water hammer effect while locating a reservoir. Therefore by considering these factors, it is
proposed to construct near to the existing reservoir which have an elevation of 2065 m.s.l
with a capacity of 843.25 m3
5.4 Reservoir capacity determination

The required reservoir capacity is determined by using analytical methods to satisfy the
peak hour demand of the population. The peak hour factor for shere town is 1.7. The
hourly valuation can be taken from water demand assessment report. Water is supplied
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for balancing the variable demand against a constant rate of pumping for 24 hours.
Time Hourly demand Time Hourly demand
factor factor
1 0.25 13 1.4
2 0.25 14 1.33
3 0.25 15 1.32
4 0.25 16 1.35
5 0.5 17 1.35
6 0.75 18 1.35
7 1 19 1.3
8 1.3 20 1.2
9 1.55 21 1
10 1.7 22 0.75
11 1.6 23 0.5
12 1.5 24 0.25
Table 14: Hourly demand factor

The analysis of reservoir capacity can be calculated as follows.
 Max. Day demand of the town = 3504.48m3/d
 Hourly demand of the town = 3504.48/ 24 = 146.02m3/h
 Pumping hours = 24hr
 Pumping rate = 3504.48/ 24 = 146.02m3/h
Reservoir capacity computation using analytical method
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Time(h Hourly Hourly Cumula Hourly Cumula Excess Excess remark
r) factor demand tive pumpin tive demand supply(
3
(m ) hourly g hourly (m3) m3 )
demand Rate supply
(m3) (m3/hr) (m3)
1 0.25 36.505 36.505 146.02 146.02 109.51
5
2 0.25 36.505 73.01 146.02 292.04 219.03
3 0.25 36.505 109.51 146.02 438.06 328.54

5 5
4 0.25 36.505 146.02 146.02 584.08 438.06
5 0.5 73.01 219.03 146.02 730.1 511.07
6 0.75 109.51 328.54 146.02 876.12 547.57
5 5 5
7 1 146.02 474.56 146.02 1022.1 547.57 Maxim
5 4 5 um
8 1.3 189.82 664.39 146.02 1168.1 503.76

6 1 6 9
9 1.55 226.33 890.72 146.02 1314.1 423.45
1 2 8 8
10 1.7 248.23 1138.9 146.02 1460.2 321.24
4 56 4
11 1.6 233.63 1372.5 146.02 1606.2 233.63
2 88 2 2
12 1.5 219.03 1591.6 146.02 1752.2 160.62
18 4 2
13 1.4 204.42 1796.0 146.02 1898.2 102.21
8 46 6 4
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14 1.33 194.20 1990.2 146.02 2044.2 54.027
66 53 8
15 1.32 192.74 2182.9 146.02 2190.3 7.301
64 99
16 1.35 197.12 2380.1 146.02 2336.3 43.806
7 26 2
17 1.35 197.12 2577.2 146.02 2482.3 94.906
7 46 4
18 1.35 197.12 2774.3 146.02 2628.3 146.00
7 66 6 6
19 1.3 189.82 2964.1 146.02 2774.3 189.81
6 92 8 2
20 1.2 175.22 3139.4 146.02 2920.4 219.01 Maxim
4 16 6 um
21 1 146.02 3285.4 146.02 3066.4 219.01 Maxim

36 2 6 um
22 0.75 109.51 3394.9 146.02 3212.4 182.51

5 51 4 1
23 0.5 73.01 3467.9 146.02 3358.4 109.50
61 6 1
24 0.25 36.505 3504.4 146.02 3504.4 0.01
7 8
Table 15: Reservoir capacity computation
From the above table, maximum value of excess demand= 219.016m3
 Maximum value of excess supply= 547.575m3
 Capacity of reservoir = 547.575 + 219.016 = 766.591m3
 For emergence 5% = 38.33m3
 For fire demand, 10% = 76.6591m3
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 Total recommended reservoir capacity = 881.58m3
5.5 Accessories of Service Reservoirs

Commonly provided accessories for reservoir are listed below
 Inlet pipe :- for entry of bore hole water from well to reservoir
 Ladder:- to reach the top of the reservoir and then to the bottom for inspection and
cleaning
 Manhole:- for providing entry to the inside of the reservoir for inspection and
cleaning
 Outflow (over flow) pipe:-for the exit of water above full supply level
 Washout pipe :-for removing water after cleaning the reservoir
 Water level indicator:- to know level of water inside the tank from out side
Depth and shape of service reservoir
There are different types of tank in use.
Depending on geometry
 Circular
 Rectangular
Depending on constraints
 Free at the base and free at the top
 Fixed at the base and free at the top
 Hinged at the base and free at the top
 For small capacities, rectangular tanks are generally used and for high capacities,
circular tanks are used.
 For Shere town water supply reinforced concrete surface reservoirs elevated at high
grounds with circular shape, fixed at the base and free at the top is chosen. Because it
is advantageous over the other types.
Depth of reservoir
Depth of a given storage is governed by:-
 Depth at which suitable foundation condition are encountered.
 Depth at which outlet main must be laid.
 Slope of ground water and type of back fill.
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 Size and shape of land available.
For 843.25 m3reservoir
Assume height of water, h=3.5m
Diameter of the tank =?
πD2/4 * H = 881.58
D = √ ((881.58 * 4)/π*H)..........H=3.5
D = 17.91 ≈ 18
For D = 18m, H will be
H = (881.58 * 4)/ (π * 182)
H = 3.464m ≈ 3.5
Assume 0.5m free bored
H = 4m
5.6 Structural design of service reservoir

 The requirements for the elastic design method are listed as follows.
 Concrete grade,c-30Mpa, (fck =30Mpa)
 Factor of safety for concrete , yc=1.5

fcd = 2/3 (fck / yc) = 13.4N/mm2
 Deformed steel bar, S- 300 Mpa
 Factor of safety for steel, ys = 1.15
 fyd = fyk/ys = 260.87N/mm
 Minimum cement content = 300Kg/m3
 Water cement ratio= 0.55
 Unit weight of concrete =24KN/m3
 Unit weight of water =9.81KN/m3
 The maximum crack width is limited to 0.2mm
 The minimum concrete cover should not less than 40mm
 The minimum steel area in each of the two directions at the right angles are 0.3%
of the concrete area(0.15%near each faces) for deformed bars
 Maximum reinforcement spacing for wall section should not exceed
300mm or thickness of the wall section.
 Assume exposure condition for wall as alternative wetting and drying.
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Assume top thickness of wall =150mm
Assume bottom thickness of wall=250mm
The average thickness of wall
150  250
tavg= =200mm
2
5.6.1 Design of reservoir wall

Internal force acting on the wall
For determining internal forces of the tank wall of fixed base and free top tank ,coefficients
h2
are available in standard tables for a given
d .t
H2
The value of =3.4
D * t avg
Then the corresponding value of moment and hoop tension coefficients is calculated as
follows.
Table 16: Coefficients for vertical moments in circular reservoirs
H2 0.1H 0.2H 0.3H 0.4H 0.5H 0.6H 0.7H 0.8H 0.9H 1H
D * t avg
3.403 0.0004 0.001 0.0035 0.0057 0.006 0.008 0.007 0.002 -0.009 -0.029
2 9 2 8 8 8 5 3 7
4 0.0003 0.001 0.0028 0.0047 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.002 -0.008 -0.026
5 7 9 3 8
5 0.0001 0.000 0.0016 0.0029 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.002 -0.005 -0.022
8 6 9 9 8 8
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Table 17: Coefficient for hoop tension
H 2 0H 0.1H 0.2H 0.3H 0.4H 0.5H 0.6H 0.7H 0.8H 0.9H
D * t avg
3.403 0.0921 0.180 0.263 0.335 0.388 0.400 0.409 0.296 0.181 0.062
4 0.067 0.164 0.256 0.339 0.403 0.429 0.409 0.334 0.210 0.073
5 0.025 0.137 0.245 0.346 0.428 0.477 0.409 0.398 0.259 0.092
Considering alternative exposure of wetting and drying the allowable stress based on BS:
5337 (elastic design method)
For strength design
 fs, allow= 100N/mm2 (direct tension)
 fc, allow=11N/mm2 (due to bending)
 n=15
For no crack design
 fct, allow=2.02N/mm2 (due to bending)
 fct, allow=1.444N/mm2 (due to direct tension)
Detail Reinforcement
a) Vertical section of the tank wall: -It is treated as tension member with cracked section
i.e. only reinforcement resists the maximum hoop tension. The maximum hoop tension
occurs at 0.6H with a coefficient 0.409.
1. horizontal reinforcement
For the analysis purpose let divided wall into two pars
Case1:
For the top half of the wall, from 0.0H to 0.5H
From the table above the maximum coefficients is 0.409
Hence the hoop tension can be calculated as
TH = max .coeff *  w * H * r where r= D/2=18/2=9m
=0.40*9.81*3.5*9=123.606KN per meter depth of wall

Therefore area of hoop tension steel required assuming concrete section is cracked
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TH 123.606 * 103
As    1236.060mm 2
fs, allow 100
0.3 * b * t 0.3 *1000 * 200

As= 1236.06mm2  Asmin =  =600mm2… ok
100 100
As 1236.06
Numbers of  14 ring bars required=   8.03  9 where as= area of bar (14)
as 153.94
Spacing of  14 ring bars required
b * as 1000 *153.94
s   124.540mm2  Smax=300mmor t=200mm
As 1236.06
Provided 9  14 ring bars at 120mm c/c in one layer placed on water face of for upper half
wall
Check thickness of wall for no cracks:
Thickness of wall is determined using requirement of resistance to crack; therefore
thickness of wall is determined by limiting tensile stress in the concrete to allowable stress
value as;
TH 123.606 * 103
f ct    0.569 N / mm2  f ct , allow  1.44 N / mm 2
Ac  ( n  1) * As 1000 * 200  (15  1) * 1236.06
It is OK. Therefore, thickness is adequate for no concrete crack

Case 2:
For hoop reinforcement applied on bottom half of the wall, hoop tension developed at
depth of 0.6H from top may be used as given below
TH  max .coeiff *  w * H * r  0.409 * 9.81 * 3.5 * 9  126 .387 KN / m
Area of reinforcement required the hoop for unit strip of wall
TH 126.387 * 103
As    1263.871mm 2  As min  600 mm 2
fs, allow 100
Check thinness of wall for no crack
TH 126.387 *103
f ct    0.581N / mm 2  f c , allow  1.44 N / mm2
Ac  ( n  1) * As 1000 * 200  (15  1) *1263.871
It is OK. Therefore trial thickness is adequate for crack
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Spacing of ring bar using  14
as * b
S  S max  300mm Or t=200mm
As
153.94 *1000
S  121.8mm
1263.871
Therefore, provide 9  14 ring bars @ 120mm c/c in one layer placed on water face for
bottom half of wall.
b) Horizontal section of the tank wall: -The internal forces in this section are (+ve) and
(-ve) moments with maximum coefficients of 0.0088 and -0.0297 respectively
2. Vertical reinforcement
The maximum positive and the maximum negative moment is calculated as follows
M max  max .coeiff *  w * H 3
(+ve) max.coeff=0.0088 @0.6H

(-ve) max coeff=-0.0297@1H
Therefore, (+ve) moment =0.0088*9.81*3.53=3.701KN-m per meter width
(-ve) moment =-0.0297*9.81*3.53=-12.491KN-m per meter width
Take absolute value of the result, the maximum moment is therefore
M max   12.491 = 12.491KN-m per meter width
Check thickness of wall for flexure

fs,allow=130N/mm2
fc,allow=11N/mm2
Design constant of balanced section are:
f s ,allow 130 n 15
r   11.82 kb    0.539
f c , allow 11 n  r 15  11.82
kb
jb  1   0.8136
3
Rb  0.5 * f c ,allow * k b * jb  0.5 * 11 * 0.539 * 0.8136  2.5028 N / mm 2
Then the effective depth of section (dreq) is given by
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6
d req  M max  12 .492 * 10  70 .6525 mm
Rb * 2.5025 * 1000
Thickness of wall taking  14 bars and 40mm cover

t req  d req  cov er   / 2  70.6525 mm  40 mm  14 mm / 2  117 .6525 mm  t assu  200 mm
it is OK !
Then t(req) will be
t req  t assu  40 mm  14 mm / 2  153mm
Vertical reinforcement to be placed on water face is obtained for maximum negative

moment
Then area of reinforcement
M max 12.492 * 103
(ve) As    771 .945mm 2  As min  600 mm 2
f s , allow * jb * d req 130 * 0.8136 * 153
Taking a unit width of reservoir and 250mm bottom thickness of the centroid of section is
x  A *Y
i i

1000 * 250 * 125  15 * 600 * 153
 125.972mm
A i 1000 * 250  15 * 600
Moments of area of equivalent concrete sections
b * x 3 b * ( D  x)
I ce    n * As * (d  x) 2
3 3
1000 * 1263 1000 * (200  126)3

I ce    15 * 600 * (153  126) 2
3 3
=996786000mm4=996.789*106mm4
M max* ( D  x) 12.492 *106 * (250  126)
f ct    1.554 N / mm2  f ct ,allow  2.02 N / mm2
Ice 996.786 *106
Therefore the thickness is adequate for no crack
Spacing of  14 bars
as * b 153.94 * 1000
S   1974.982mm  Smax=300mm or t=200mm
As 771.945
As 771.945
No    5.015  5
as 153.94
Therefore provide 5 numbers of  14 bars at 200mm c/c vertically in the inner face.
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Vertical reinforcement on outer face
(+ve)Mmax=3.701KN-m per meter width
Using t=200mm,  14 bars
D= 200-14/2-40=153mm
Hence
( ve) M max 3.701 * 10 6

(+ve)As=   228.704 mm 2  As min  600 mm 2
f s , allow * jb * d 130 * 0.8136 * 153
Therefore As=6000mm2 should be taken

as * b 153.94 *1000
Spacing of  14 bars S   256.567mm  Smax=300m or
As 600
t=200mm
Therefore spacing S= 250mm should be taken.
Provide 4  14 bars at 250mm c/c vertically in the outer face.
5.6.2 Design of roof slab

Cover slab of service tank (reservoir) is treated as roof slab, which is simply supported by
the circular wall.
Consider cover slab as freely supported at edges and load uniformly
Using strength limit design state
0.67 f cu 0.67 * 30
For C-300MPa, f cd    13.4 MPa
 1 .5
fy 300
For S-300MPa f yd    260.87 MPa
m 1.15
Where  w  1.5 fcu=300MPa fy=300MPa
For S-300MPa maximum design constant for single reinforcement according to ACI
 max  0 . 437 ,  max  0 . 34 ,  max  0 . 75  b
Dead load (own weight) = t*  c , where
t=thickness of slab=150mm
=0.15*25=3.75KN/m2
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Live load (LL) =0.5 KN/m2 (based on EBCS; 1995)
Therefore the design load on the slab
qd =1.3DL+1.6LL=1.3*3.75+1.6*0.5=5.68KN/m2
1 Design moment at the center of slab
3 * Wd * x 2 3 * 5.68 * 9 2
M r  M    86 .265 KN .M
16 16
2 At the edge of the slab
wd 2 5.68 * 9 2
M r  0, M   x   57 .51KN  M
8 8
Check thickness for flexure
0.0028 0.0028
b    0.5828
f yd 260.87
0.0035  0.0035 
Es 2 * 10 3
Balanced mechanical reinforcement ratio

 max  0.75 *  b  0.75 * 0.5828  0.437
Then effective depth of section (dreq) is given by
M max 86.265 * 106

d req    143.072mm
f cd *  max * b 13.4 * 0.3145 * 1000
Using  14 bars and cover of 40mm
Treq  d req  cov er   / 2
=143.072+40+14/2=190.072m
Treq  190 .072 mm  t assum  200 mm
And
d  t assum  40   / 2
= (200-40-14/2)mm=153m
Reinforcement
a) At the center of slab
M r  M   86.2656 kN  m
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M 86.265 * 10 6
   0.275
f cd * b * d 2 13.4 * 1000 * 1532
Then
  1  (1  2 )  1  (1  2 * 0.275)  0.329
 * f cd * b * d 0.329 *13.4 *1000 *153

As    2587.157mm2  As min  293.25mm2
f yd 260.87
Spacing using 14 bars

as * b 153.938 *1000 2587.157
S  2
 59.501  S max  300mm No   16.81  17
As 2587.157mm 153.94
Therefore,
Provide 17  14 bars at 60mmc/c in the form of mesh at the center of slab
b) At the edge of the slab

M   M r  57.51KN  M
M 57.51 * 10 6
   0.183
f cd * b * d 2 13.4 * 1000 * 153 2
Then
  1  (1  2 )  1  (1  2 * 0.183)  0.204
Therefore
 * f cd * b * d 0.204 *13.4 *1000 *153 0.5 * b * d
As    1604.709mm2  As min   225mm2
f yd 260.87 f yk
1604.709
No   10.424  11
153.94
Spacing of bars using  14 bars
as * b 153.938 *1000
S   95.93
As 1604.709mm2
Therefore provide:11  14 bars at 90mm c/c in the form of ring at the edge of slab just above
mesh reinforcement.
Check thickness for shear
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vmax  0.5 * wd * x  0.5 * 5.68 * 9  25.56 KN
Shear capacity of the slab, Vc

vc  0.4 * f ctd * (1  50  ) * b * d
0.35 * f ctk 0.35 * 30

f ctd    1.278 N / mm2
1.5 1.5
As 1604.704
   0.0105
b * d 1000 *153
0.0105
/2   0.0052
2
vc  0.4 * 1.278 * (1  50 * 0.0052 ) * 1000 * 153  98.723 KN  Vmax  29.748 kn
Therefore thickness is adequate for shear.
5.6.3 Design of circular base –slab

Section of base slab design considering simply supported at edge by ring beam and
monolithic with the wall of the tank supported uniform load due to own weight, roof slab,
and weight of water when the tank is full of water. i.e.
qd =wt. of base slab + wt. of water +wt. of roof slab
Considering exposure condition for base slab continuous liquid contact thus the allowable
stress used for design are
fs,allow=130N/mm2, fc,allow=11N/mm2, and n=15
Design constant of balanced section for flexural member
f s ,allow 130 n 15
r   11.82 kb    0.539
f c , allow 11 n  r 15  11.82
kb
jb  1   0.8136
3
Rb  0.5 * f c ,allow * k b * jb  0.5 * 11 * 0.539 * 0.8136  2.5028 N / mm 2
Shear at the base of wall = direct tension developed in the base slab
H2
Thus, the coefficients of  3.403 from table is 0.256
D *t
Therefore direct tension developed in the base of slab is calculated as follow
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For combined action of direct tension caused by water pressure on the wall. Maximum m
TH  0.256 *  W * H 2  0.256 * 9.81 * 3.52  30.76 KN per meter width of the slab
Section of base slab monolithic with the wall of the tank is designed moment of slab caused
by uniform load on the base slab and restraints moments of the wall caused by water
pressure
Consider thickness of wall t= 300mm
Effective depth of slab considering 16 bar and 40mm cover
 D=t- cover-  / 2 =300-40-8=252mm
 Wt. of base slab =0.252m*25KN/m3=6.3KM/m2

 Wt. of roof slab =5.68KN/m2
 Wt. of water =3.5*9.81KN/m3=34.335KN/m2
 Total load =qd=6.3+5.68+34.335=46.315KN/m2
For simply supported circular slab (with radius =9m) the maximum radial and
circumferential moments are obtained by
3 * qd * a 2 3 * 46.315 * 9 2
Mr  M    703.4 KN  m at the center of the slab
16 16
Msupport= (-ve) Mbase,wall=36.33KN-m …. Restraint moment at the base of wall
Reinforcement of base of slab
Minimum area of reinforcement for base of slab of unit width (BS: 5337)
0.3 * b * t 0.3 *1000 * 300
Asmin=   900mm2
100 100
At the center of the slab design for combined action of TR= 30.76KN and M=703.4KNm
Therefore the required reinforcement is determined by
M TR 703.4 * 106 30.76 * 103

(+ve)As=     26627.11mm2
f s * j * d f s 130 * 0.8136 * 252 130
Spacing of  20 bar
b * as 1000 * 314.16
S   11.798mm  Smax=300mm
As 26627.11
Provided: 12  20 bars at 12 mm c/c in the form of mesh placed at the bottom of slab
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At the support:
Design for combined action of T=30.76KN and M=-36.33KN-m Therefore required
reinforcement is determined by
M 36.33 *106 30.76 * 103

(-ve)As=    1599.76mm2  Asmin
f s * j * d 130 * 0.8136 * 252 130
=900mm2
Check trail thickness of slab for no crack due negative moment & direct tension
Location of neutral axis of equivalent un-crack concrete section of wall
Y  ( A * Y )  300 *1000 *150  15 * 900 * 252  154.39mm

A 300 * 1000  15 * 900
Moments of inertial and area of equivalent un-cracked concrete section of wall

3
b* y b * ( D  y) 3
I ce    n * Ast * (d  y ) 2
3 3
1000 * 154.393 (300  154.39)3

I ce   1000 *  15 * 900 * (252  154.39) 2
3 3
I ce  2384405743 mm 4
Then tensile stress due to moment and direct tension
M * ( D  Y ) 5.68 *106 * (300  154.39)

f ctb    0.347 N / mm 2
I ce 2384405743
TR 30.76 * 103
f ct    0.102
Ace 300 *1000
Then check tensile stress interaction equation for no concrete crack

f ctb f ct 0.347 0.102
    0.243  1 …......................................OK
f ctb , allow f ct , allow 2.02 1.44
Therefore trial thickness of wall is adequate for no concrete crack!
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5.7 WATER TREATMENT
Water treatment is removal of the impurities of raw material from water and brings the
quality of water to the standard requirement. Treatment should be done before supplying
it to the public for use. The main objectives of water treatment are:
 To make the water potable i.e. safe to drink and usable for domestic and other
purposes.
 To remove dissolved gases, free carbonic acid and color from the water. As we have
stated in the third chapter the water to be supplied to the shire town is from ground
water which is free from impurities. But drinking water should be free from any
diseases causing micro-organisms. Therefore only final disinfection is required to
this source.
5.7.1 Disinfection of water

Disinfection of water is the process of killing of the bacteria. The chemical or substances
which are used for killing bacteria are known as disinfectants.
Chlorine has been found as the most ideal disinfectant, throughout the world and is
widely used mostly at all water works. Factors which affect the efficiency of chlorination
are:
 The contact time; longer the time, higher percentage of destruction.
 The nature of the organisms destroyed. Spore forming organisms are not easily
destroyed by chlorination.
 Temperature of water; the death with rise in temperature.
Plain chlorination: is treating of water by applying only chlorination. The water from the
boreholes is pure and can be used after plain chlorination.
Post chlorination: is added of chlorine after all treatment. Chlorine may be added in
suction pipe, but is more suitable to add in the clear water well.
5.7.2 Chlorine dosage

The requirement of chlorine dose depends on the following:
 The organic load including microbial life
 The PH value of water.
 The amount of carbon dioxide present
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 The temperature of water
 The available time of contact in practice the chlorine demand is determined
experimentally, by adding varying doses of chlorine to equal portions of the sample
of water and determining the chlorine residual after 20 minutes of contact time.
5.7.3 Application of chlorine

Liquid form chlorine: chlorine is available in liquid form in closed steel cylinder of
different capacities. Chlorine in this form is applied to large treatment unit with the help
of chlorination plant (chlorinator). Liquid chlorine is most effectively used when applied
to filtered water at such appoint where adequate mixing is measured. It is, therefore,
preferable to apply it in reservoirs or suction lines of pumps than in pipe line under
pressure.
Bleaching powder Ca (OCL) CL: chlorine is sometimes used in the form of bleaching
powder at small treatment plants. The powder contains 30 to 33 % (CHATTERJEE,
2005) available chlorine which again decreases with lime. But bleaching powder is a poor
disinfectant giving low available chlorine and increases the PH value of water.
Chlorine dioxide (CLO2): it is a strong oxidizing agent. It is formed by the action of
chlorine on sodium chlorite. It is suitable for treating waters, containing large amount of
organic materials and phenolic compounds. Chlorine gives very offensive taste and odor
with phenolic compounds and cannot be used. Chlorine dioxide is also more for waters
with high PH values 6to10 (CHATTERJEE, 2005).
 From the above forms of chlorine we select liquid form of chlorine for Shire town
water supply project because of it is most effectively used, and cost effective relative
to chlorine dioxide.
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CHAPTER SIX
6. DISTRIBUTION NETWORK AND ITS LAYOUT
6.1 General
For efficient Distribution it is required that water should reach to every consumers with
required flow rate system consists of pipes of various sizes
 Valves
 Hydrants
 Pumps
 Meters
 Distribution reservoir
6.2 Requirements of good distribution system

 It should convey the treated water to the consumer with the same degree of purity
 The water should reach to the consumer with the required pressure head
 The system should be economical and easy to maintain
 The size of pipes should be able to transport sufficient quantity of water during
emergency
 During repair it should not cause abstraction of traffic
 During repair of one section (line) water should reach to the other localities
 Pipelines should not be laid under sewer (lines to be safe against any future
pollution)
 Good quality of pipe should be laid (that cannot burst with pressure fluctuation)
 Losses of water (unaccounted for water) should be less
Depending on the method of distribution the distribution system is classified as
 Gravity system
 Pumping system
 Dual system
For Shire town water supply design we adopt a dual system since both methods area
available.
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6.3 Layout of distribution system
There are mainly four types of systems adapted for the layout of pipelines to distribute
water.
1. Dead end or tree system: - In this system a main starting from the reservoir is laid
along the main road and sub mains are taken off from it along roads joining the main
road. Branches and distributors are taken off from the sub main along streets and lanes
joining the road service connections are made from these branches.
This system is suitable for towns develops in irregular manner and has the advantages of
cheap initial cost, simple design calculation and easy extension of the system when
desired.
The main disadvantages of this system are: the supply will be cut off if repair work is
carried on the mainor sub mains, there are dead ends which may contaminate the supply
and it is difficult to meet the fire demand during repair.
2. Grid iron system: - In this system the layout of pipe lines assume the shape of a
network and all the dead ends are eliminated by inter connection. The main is laid along
the main road and the sub mains are taken off from it in both directions along other roads
& streets. Branches are taken off from the sub mains and are inter connected. This system
is most suitable for towns that have a rectangular lag out of roads & for newly developed
cities.
The main advantages of this system are all dead ends are eliminated; very small area will
be affected during repair work, the friction losses and the sizes of pipes are reduced, and
in case of fire demand more quantity of water can be diverted to the affected area by
closing the valves of nearby localities.
The main disadvantages of this system are increased in the overall cost, difficult design
calculation & increase in the number of valves to be closed for repair work.
3. Ring or circular system: - In this system the supply main is laid around the
distribution district (town). The town is divided in to a number of square districts and
around each district sub-mains are laid. The branches are taken from the sub-main and are
interconnected. This system is used only in well planned cities. Its main advantage is that
water can reach the consumer very quickly.
4. Radial system: - This is the reverse of ring system. The distribution district is divided
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into different zones, and a distribution reservoir is placed at the center of each zone.
Supply pipes are laid radically and away towards the boundary from the reservoir. This
system is suited for towns which has radial layout of roads and has the advantage of quick
and satisfactory service & easy computation of pipe diameters.
After considering the layout of Shire comparing the above advantages the Dead end
system is adopted for the layout of pipes.
6.4 Selection of pipe material

Pipes are made from different materials like cast iron, wrought iron, steel, plastic etc so
that the material should be selected keeping in mind the following points;
 Strength, durability & life of pipe
 Carrying capacity of the pipe
 Type of water to be converged & it’s possible corrosive effect on the pipe
 Ease of transportation, handling & installation
 Tightness of joints & ease to tap for making connections
 Maintenance cost, repair etc
The pipe material which fulfills the above criteria and also gives less cost will be selected
because it will be most economical. For Shire water supply project PVC pipes are
selected for the distribution system. These pipes have the advantages of low cost, light
weight, easy joining & installation etc. DCI (ductile iron pipes) pipes are used from the
borehole to the service reservoir due to its strength, resistance to corrosion & low cost.
6.4.1 Pressure and velocity in distribution system

The pipeline must generally follow the profile of the ground, and a location was chosen
that will be most favorable with regard to construction cost and resulting pressures. A
profile of the pipe location is drawn, and the pipeline is located, with particular attention
to the hydraulic grade line. The closer to hydraulic grade line, the lower will be the
pressure in the pipes. Generally Velocities within range of 0.6m/sec to 1.5m/sec (Urban
water supply design criteria, 2006) is recommended.
6.5 Analysis of water distribution net work

Figure 2: shire network layout
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shire network
layout
Network Table –
Links
Fricti
on
Lengt Diamet Roughn Veloci Unit Head Facto Statu
h er ess Flow ty loss r s
Link ID m mm LPS m/s m/km
251.
Pipe 1 1000 8000 100 81 0.01 0 0 Open
228.
Pipe 2 1000 4000 100 41 0.02 0 0.042 Open
195.
Pipe 3 1000 600 100 13 0.69 1.23 0.035 Open
132.
Pipe 4 1000 600 100 47 0.47 0.6 0.037 Open
Pipe 5 1000 100 100 3.25 0.41 3.86 0.051 Open
47.3
Pipe 7 1000 600 100 2 0.17 0.09 0.043 Open
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33.0
Pipe 8 1000 600 100 2 0.12 0.05 0.045 Open
29.1
Pipe 9 1000 600 100 2 0.1 0.04 0.047 Open
23.9
Pipe 10 1000 300 100 2 0.34 0.74 0.044 Open
Pipe 11 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
31.9
Pipe 6 1000 300 100 8 0.45 1.26 0.042 Open
26.5
Pipe 12 1000 300 100 2 0.38 0.89 0.043 Open
22.6
Pipe 13 1000 200 100 2 0.72 4.8 0.042 Open
Pipe 14 1000 100 100 3.9 0.5 5.42 0.05 Open
15.9
Pipe 15 1000 300 100 9 0.23 0.35 0.046 Open
Pipe 16 1000 100 100 9.49 1.21 28.11 0.044 Open
Pipe 17 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 18 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 19 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 20 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 21 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 22 1000 250 100 79.3 1.62 16.52 0.036 Open
Pipe 23 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 25 1000 100 100 3.9 0.5 5.42 0.05 Open
Pipe 26 1000 200 100 7.8 0.25 0.67 0.049 Open
Pipe 27 1000 100 100 14.3 1.82 60.08 0.041 Open
Pipe 28 1000 300 100 28.6 0.4 1.03 0.043 Open
Pipe 29 1000 100 100 6.5 0.83 13.95 0.046 Open
Pipe 30 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 31 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 34 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 35 1000 100 100 3.9 0.5 5.42 0.05 Open
Pipe 36 1000 100 100 7.8 0.99 19.55 0.045 Open
Pipe 37 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 38 1000 100 100 10.4 1.32 33.31 0.043 Open
Pipe 39 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 40 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 41 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 42 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 44 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 45 1000 100 100 10.4 1.32 33.31 0.043 Open
Pipe 46 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
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Pipe 47 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 48 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 49 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 50 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 52 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 53 1000 300 100 19.5 0.28 0.51 0.045 Open
Pipe 55 1000 50 100 1.3 0.66 20.72 0.053 Open
Pipe 56 1000 60 100 2.6 0.92 30.77 0.049 Open
Pipe 57 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 58 1000 60 100 1.3 0.46 8.52 0.055 Open
Pipe 61 1000 300 100 16.9 0.24 0.39 0.046 Open
Pipe 62 1000 100 100 11.7 1.49 41.43 0.042 Open
Pipe 63 1000 100 100 5.2 0.66 9.23 0.048 Open
Pipe 64 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 65 1000 40 100 1.3 1.03 61.44 0.052 Open
Pipe 66 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 67 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 68 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 69 1000 100 100 10.4 1.32 33.31 0.043 Open
Pipe 70 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 71 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 72 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 73 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 74 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 75 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 76 1000 100 100 5.2 0.66 9.23 0.048 Open
Pipe 77 1000 100 100 10.4 1.32 33.31 0.043 Open
Pipe 78 1000 100 100 14.3 1.82 60.08 0.041 Open
Pipe 79 1000 300 100 14.3 0.2 0.28 0.047 Open
Pipe 80 1000 100 100 9.1 1.16 26.01 0.044 Open
Pipe 82 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 84 1000 100 100 3.9 0.5 5.42 0.05 Open
Pipe 85 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 86 1000 300 100 32.5 0.46 1.3 0.042 Open
Pipe 87 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 88 1000 250 100 7.8 0.16 0.23 0.05 Open
Pipe 89 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 90 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 91 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 92 1000 100 100 5.2 0.66 9.23 0.048 Open
Pipe 93 1000 100 100 3.9 0.5 5.42 0.05 Open
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Pipe 94 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 95 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 96 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 97 1000 400 100 36.4 0.29 0.4 0.043 Open
3820.
Pipe 98 21 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 99 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 100 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 101 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 102 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 103 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 104 1000 100 100 3.9 0.5 5.42 0.05 Open
Pipe 105 1000 400 100 74.1 0.59 1.48 0.038 Open
Pipe 106 1000 400 100 70.2 0.56 1.34 0.039 Open
Pipe 107 1000 300 100 31.2 0.44 1.21 0.042 Open
Pipe 108 1000 300 100 16.9 0.24 0.39 0.046 Open
Pipe 109 1000 100 100 10.4 1.32 33.31 0.043 Open
Pipe 110 1000 100 100 5.2 0.66 9.23 0.048 Open
Pipe 24 1000 100 100 1.3 0.17 0.71 0.058 Open
Pipe 32 1000 400 100 61.1 0.49 1.03 0.04 Open
Pipe 33 1000 300 100 26 0.37 0.86 0.043 Open
Pipe 43 1000 300 100 22.1 0.31 0.64 0.044 Open
Pipe 51 1000 100 100 13 1.66 50.36 0.042 Open
Pipe 54 1000 100 100 7.8 0.99 19.55 0.045 Open
Pipe 59 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 81 1000 100 100 3.9 0.5 5.42 0.05 Open
Pipe 83 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 112 1000 100 100 3.9 0.5 5.42 0.05 Open
Pipe 113 1000 300 100 76.7 1.09 6.39 0.037 Open
Pipe 114 1000 100 100 5.2 0.66 9.23 0.048 Open
Pipe 115 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Pipe 116 1000 100 100 2.6 0.33 2.56 0.053 Open
Table 18: shire network layout
shire network layout

Network Table - Nodes
Base Demand Demand Head Pressure
Node ID LPS LPS m m
Junc 2 18 23.4 1800 1680
Junc 3 1 1.3 1800 1620
Junc 4 1.2 1.56 1799.79 1799.79
Junc 5 2 2.6 1799.69 1799.69
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Junc 6 1.5 1.95 1799.03 1799.03
Junc 7 1.4 1.82 1799.53 1799.53
Junc 8 1.2 1.56 1799.78 1799.78
Junc 9 1 1.3 1799.63 1799.63
Junc 10 2.1 2.73 1798.81 1798.81
Junc 11 2 2.6 1798.75 1798.75
Junc 12 1.3 1.69 1793.96 1793.96
Junc 15 2 2.6 1797.89 1797.89
Junc 17 2 2.6 1795.53 1795.53
Junc 19 3 3.9 1795.1 1795.1
Junc 20 2 2.6 1787.41 1787.41
Junc 21 2 2.6 1788.5 1788.5
Junc 23 1 1.3 1795.03 1795.03
Junc 24 2 2.6 1789.36 1789.36
Junc 25 1 1.3 1787.35 1787.35
Junc 27 1 1.3 1795.24 1795.24
Junc 28 2 2.6 1792.86 1792.86
Junc 29 1 1.3 1795.06 1795.06
Junc 30 2 2.6 1784.82 1784.82
Junc 31 1 1.3 1784.71 1784.71
Junc 32 1 1.3 1783.79 1783.79
Junc 33 2 2.6 1786.05 1786.05
Junc 34 1 1.3 1789.39 1789.39
Junc 35 1 1.3 1785.13 1785.13
Junc 41 1 1.3 1799.47 1799.47
Junc 42 1 1.3 1799.36 1799.36
Junc 43 1 1.3 1799.32 1799.32
Junc 44 1 1.3 1797.75 1797.75
Junc 45 1 1.3 1790.78 1790.78
Junc 46 2 2.6 1787.45 1787.45
Junc 47 1 1.3 1789.85 1789.85
Junc 48 2 2.6 1793.99 1793.99
Junc 49 2 2.6 1794.91 1794.91
Junc 50 1 1.3 1799.34 1799.34
Junc 51 2 2.6 1799.39 1799.39
Junc 52 3 3.9 1789.15 1789.15
Junc 53 1 1.3 1783.48 1783.48
Junc 54 1 1.3 1781.91 1781.91
Junc 55 3 3.9 1799.66 1799.66
Junc 56 1 1.3 1799.66 1799.66
Junc 57 1 1.3 1799.67 1799.67
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Junc 58 1 1.3 1794 1794
Junc 59 1 1.3 1799.45 1799.45
Junc 60 2 2.6 1799.38 1799.38
Junc 61 3 3.9 1792.32 1792.32
Junc 62 2 2.6 1790.75 1790.75
Junc 63 1 1.3 1793.44 1793.44
Junc 65 1 1.3 1799.41 1799.41
Junc 40 2 2.6 1793.53 1793.53
Junc 67 2 2.6 1793.53 1793.53
Junc 68 2 2.6 1793.53 1793.53
Junc 69 2 2.6 1799.2 1799.2
Junc 70 1 1.3 1793.88 1793.88
Junc 71 2 2.6 1793.56 1793.56
Junc 72 2 2.6 1793.56 1793.56
Junc 73 2 2.6 1799.24 1799.24
Junc 74 2 2.6 1799.23 1799.23
Junc 75 2 2.6 1781.47 1781.47
Junc 76 1 1.3 1799.54 1799.54
Junc 77 1 1.3 1789.06 1789.06
Junc 78 1 1.3 1781.79 1781.79
Junc 79 1 1.3 1783.36 1783.36
Junc 80 2 2.6 1783.04 1783.04
Junc 81 2 2.6 1783.35 1783.35
Junc 82 2 2.6 1796.87 1796.87
Junc 83 2 2.6 1799.35 1799.35
Junc 84 2 2.6 1798.32 1798.32
Junc 85 1 1.3 1798.63 1798.63
Junc 86 1 1.3 1797.77 1797.77
Junc 87 1 1.3 1799.32 1799.32
Junc 88 1 1.3 1795.41 1795.41
Junc 89 1 1.3 1794.91 1794.91
Junc 90 2 2.6 1784.27 1784.27
Junc 91 2 2.6 1784.39 1784.39
Junc 95 2 2.6 1784.69 1784.69
Junc 96 1 1.3 1789.26 1789.26
Junc 97 2 2.6 1787.85 1787.85
Junc 98 1 1.3 1789.42 1789.42
Junc 99 1 1.3 1788.38 1788.38
Junc 100 1 1.3 1787.23 1787.23
Junc 101 2 2.6 1788.92 1788.92
Junc 102 2 2.6 1787.78 1787.78
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Junc 103 2 2.6 1792.42 1792.42
Junc 104 3 3.9 1794.11 1794.11
Junc 105 1 1.3 1792.74 1792.74
Junc 106 1 1.3 1797.63 1797.63
Junc 107 2 2.6 1787.01 1787.01
Junc 108 1 1.3 1789.73 1789.73
Junc 109 1 1.3 1789.73 1789.73
Junc 110 2 2.6 1797.31 1797.31
Junc 111 1 1.3 1799.2 1799.2
Junc 112 2 2.6 1799.03 1799.03
Junc 113 3 3.9 1798.42 1798.42
Junc 114 2 2.6 1794.48 1794.48
Junc 115 1 1.3 1793.87 1793.87
Junc 116 1 1.3 1799.27 1799.27
Junc 117 2 2.6 1787.01 1787.01
Junc 118 0 0 1790.75 1790.75
Junc 119 2 2.6 1791.89 1791.89
Junc 120 2 2.6 1794.14 1794.14
Junc 121 1 1.3 1798.91 1798.91
Junc 122 1 1.3 1789.3 1789.3
Junc 123 1 1.3 1790.63 1790.63
Junc 124 1 1.3 1795.92 1795.92
Junc 125 1 1.3 1784.7 1784.7
Junc 126 2 2.6 1794.63 1794.63
Junc 131 2 2.6 1795.78 1795.78
Junc 132 1 1.3 1793.56 1793.56
Junc 133 2 2.6 1799.61 1799.61
Junc 134 2 2.6 1795.3 1795.3
Junc 13 1 1.3 1785.93 1785.93
Resvr 1 #N/A -96.85 1800 0
Table 19: Network Table - Nodes
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CHAPTER SEVEN
7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESMENT
7.1 General
Environmental impact assessment is a process to improve decision making and to ensure
that the project option under consideration are environmentally sound and sustainable.
EIA is a system which consists of the hydrological, biologically, atmospherically, cultural
and social conditions. The environmental impact assessment is concerned with
identifying, predicting and evaluating the foreseeable environmental effects, alternative
and mitigation measures, aiming at eliminating or minimizing the adverse effects and
optimizing and maximizing the benefits that is obtained as the results of the project.
7.2 Potential environmental impact of the planned project
7.2.1 Negative impact and its mitigation measures

1. Atmospheric disturbance
During construction the mobility of vehicle machines, workers along the road and around
the site, causing the dust to disperse in to the atmospheric air then affects human health.
Mitigation measure
Flashing water along the road and reduce the speed of track to minimize dust rising.
2. Noise disturbance (sound)
Generators tracks and vehicles should reduce heavy sound and produced excess gas
(unburned fuels to the air causing air pollution and disturb the surroundings).
Mitigation measures
Administration advice and punishment should be taken and generators should be replaced
by electrical power.
3. Drilling of tube wells
Drilling of wells to a depth, due to heavy machine operation may cause the ground
unstable and get fractured.
Mitigation measure
 Needs proper well head grouting
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 Compaction with selected gravel materials
 Installation of proper surface casing well casing up to the required depth.
4. Damage on natural vegetation
During the time of construction components of planted trees and vegetables, may get
deforested reserve drilling sites, and pipe line and excavation.
Mitigation measure
 The mitigation measure is to pay compensation and plantation of seedling.
5. Increase of populations due to the development of the project
When the population increases service requirement also increases, and when the supply
increase the waste water proportionally increases. This informs the increasing possibility
of ground water pollutions.
Mitigation measure
 Waste water collections by small bore sewer minimize this pollution and health
hazard.
7.2.2 Positive impacts of the projects

The water supply system provides great advantages to the town for the reasons of;
 Adequate supply of clean water that is suitable to healthy.
 Improve standards of living of the town.
 Allows growing vegetables around resident house.
 Easily control of fire damage.
 Available water for construction activity.
 Time saving because water is available whenever it needed.
 Supports and facilitates the town for development.
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CHAPTER EIGHT
8. COST ESTIMATION
8.1 General
The cost would cover the cost of the civil works construction and procurement and
installation of electro-mechanical materials and equipment. The proposed components of
the project works are intended to be implemented and to provide relevant aspects of the
works.
Item no Description Price ( Birr)
1 Site surveying 50,000
2 Mobilization of man power and materials 60,000
3 Drilling up to finishing 4,000,000
4 Pumping test 600,000
5 Mobilization of pumping test crew 100,000
6 Pumping and recovery test 200,000
7 Total 5,010,000
Table 20: cost estimation of one borehole
Therefore, the total cost of six bore hole
= 6*5,010,000
=30,060,000 Birr
Item no Description Quantity Unit price Total price
(Birr)
1 Submersible pump 6 600,000 3,600,000
2 Booster pump 1 700,000 700,000
3 Stand by generator 2 300,000 600,000
Total 4,900,000
Table 21: cost estimation of pump
Item no Description Length(m) Unit price/m Total price

1 8000 1000 600 600000
2 4000 1000 550 550000
3 600 3000 500 1500000
4 500 1000 500 500000
5 400 4000 475 190000
6 300 14000 400 5600000
7 250 6000 450 2700000
8 200 7000 400 2800000
9 100 74820.21 300 22446063
10 60 2000 350 700000
11 50 3000 350 1050000
12 40 1000 350 1050000
Total 39686063
Table 22: Pipes & Laying out
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Total length of Width (m) Depth (m) Unit price Total price
trench (Birr/m)
117820.21 0.4 1 25 2,945,505.25
Table 23: Trench
Item no Description Price (birr)

1 Earth work 1,000,000
2 Concrete work 85,500,000
3 Form work 5,500,000
4 Reinforcement bar 150,000,000
5 Plastering and finishing 3,500,000
6 Fencing with building wire 1,000,000
Total 246,500,000
Table 24: Service Reservoir
Cost summary of the project
Item no Description Price (birr)
1 Borehole 30,060,000
2 Pump 4,900,000
3 Trench 2,945,505.25
4 Pipes & Laying out 39686063
5 Service Reservoir 246,500,000
Total 324,091,568 birr
Table 25: Cost summary of the project
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CHAPTER NINE
9. CONCULSION AND RECOMMENDATION
9.1 CONCULSION
The existing water supply system for Shere town is more or less functional even if it is
executed on a quite how technical standards and also contain all the component that exist
in a water supply project such as a good source of water transmission, collection
chamber, service reservoir, distribution network and so on. But this can’t afford the
demand of the population. The economical design period is selected depending on the life
of material used and high expansion rate and the population forecasting methods are
tested to determine which one is the most appropriate for the town.
The water demand analysis made to satisfy the domestic water demand, firefighting
demand, unaccounted (loss) water demand for the population to be served in each service
mode, water demand growth rate, projection water demand by mode of service and
adjustment of water demand due to climatic and socio economic factors The selected
source for our scheme is ground water source and the appropriate site is selected for
collection chamber and service reservoir location. The design of the collection chamber
and service reservoir is good in quality as well as in size and the required amount of
water demand can be extracted well.
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9.2 Recommendation
Ground water source (borehole) is selected for Shere town water supply project. But since
the town have rapid development and fast population growth rate additional source of
water (surface water) is recommended. Pipes should not be in position where it is difficult
to use it for extension or repair. When corrosive condition exists the pipe work must be
thoroughly cleaned and protected by suitable means and liable to mechanical damage it
must protected by adequate guard and vertical risers.
Generally, the water supply projects are among the primary needs of the people.
Therefore it is always it is essential things in order to maintain project for the design
period effectively by satisfying the required demand. So the users should understand the
invested capital on the project, and they should be used properly.
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REFERENCE
A.K. CHATTERJEE. (2005). Water Supply, Waste Disposal And Environmental
Engineering.
India: Khanna Publishers.
A.K.Jain. (1989). Reinforced concrete design.
G.S Birdie. (1999). Water supply and sanitary Engineering.
S.K.Garge. (1977). Water supply Engineering. khana publisher.
Urban water supply design critria. (2006). Addis Ababa: Mega
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SHERE; WATER SUPLY PROJECT 2018

1.2 Geographical location

1.3 Topography and Climate

1.5 Objectives of the project

2. POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND ASSESSMENT

2.1 Design period

2.2 Factors affecting design period

No Components design period in years

2.3 Population projection

2.3.1 Factors affecting population growth

2.3.2 Methods of forecasting population

B. Geometric increase method

year Population Growth rate

Year Increase in Geometric Incremental CSA

2.4.1 Domestic Water Demand

2.4.3 Domestic Water Demand Projection

2.4.4 Population Distribution by Mode of Service

Year 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2032

YTU 8097 8618 9506 11138 13027 15122 15849

YSU 7819 8319 9170 10789 12565 14648 15374

PTU 25956 25462 24917 23319 21079 17598 16007

Table 6: Projected per capita demand by mode of service in l/c/d.

Connec 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2032

2.4.5 Adjustment for Climate

Group Mean annual precipitation in Factor

2.4.6 Adjustment due to Socio-economic Conditions

Group Description Factor

2.4.7 Projected Domestic Water Demand

connectio 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2032

YTU 259.104 282.670 323.204 400.968 495.026 574.636 602.262

YSU 132.923 144.750 165.060 204.991 263.865 307.608 322.854

PTU 311.472 305.550 299.004 303.147 295.106 246.372 224.09

Socio-eco 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05

2.4.8 Non-Domestic Water Demand

2.4.9 Fire fighting water demand

2.4.10 Loss and waste

2.5 Water Demand Factors

Table 10: Maximum daily factor

Town population MDF

Peak Hour Water Demand

Total population PHF

Average m3/d 993.52 1036.2 1132.9 1340.0 1580.5 1738.8 1788.4

3.1 Factors affecting the selection of water source

3.2 Determination of number of bore hole

3.4 Methods of well development

3.5 Well Design

3.6 Types of tube wells

H) Diameter of Bore Hole

4.2 Purpose of pump

4.3 Classification of pumps

4.4 Selection of a pump

4.5 Centrifugal pumps

4.5.1 Comparison between Vertical spindle pump and submersible pump

4.6 Determination of Pipe size

4.7.1 Calculation of Economical Diameter

= 1.22 4 *103 =0.077m

4.7.2 Determination of total dynamic head

Figure 1: elevation difference between the pumping source & reservoir

.015 * 688 *1.27 2 1.27 2

5.2 Function of service reservoir

5.3 Location of Distribution Reservoirs (proposed)

5.4 Reservoir capacity determination

Table 14: Hourly demand factor

=0.409.813.5*9=123.606KN per meter depth of wall

0.3 * b * t 0.3 1000 200

 * f cd * b * d 0.329 13.4 1000 *153

M 36.33 106 30.76 103

Y  ( A * Y )  300 1000 150  15 * 900 * 252  154.39mm

M * ( D  Y ) 5.68 106 (300  154.39)