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2nd MOMENT of AREA

The Second Moment of Area I is needed for calculating
bending stress. It is the special "area" used in calculating
stress in a beam cross-section during BENDING. Also called
"Moment of Inertia".

What is the difference between "Neutral axis" and

"Centroidal axis"?
4 Answers

Satish Annigeri, Have been teaching mechanics and structural engineering for over 30 years
Answered May 12, 2016 · Author has 1.3k answers and 2.7m answer views

Neutral axis is the axis at which strain (and consequently stress) is zero when the beam is
subjected to bending. Neutral axis is perpendicular to the plane of the loads. Centroidal axis
is any axis that passes through the centroid of the cross section. There can be an infinite
number of centroidal axes. Two of these are the principal axes. Major principal axis is the
centroidal axis about which the second moment of area is the largest (out of all the possible
centrodal axes) and minor principal axis is the one about which the second moment of area
is the least.

If stresses are linear and within the yield stress, neutral axis passes through the centroid
(that is, neutral axis is one of the centroidal axes).

If stresses are greater than the yield stress, and if all fibres across the depth of the section
have yielded (fully plastic section), the neutral axis is the equal area axis (an axis
perpendicular to the plane of loads that divides the cross section area into two equal
halves). Equal area axis may be a centroidal axis, but depending on the shape, equal area
axis may not pass through the centroid.

Neutral axis is the axis at which strain (and consequently stress) is zero
when the beam is subjected to bending. Neutral axis is perpendicular to
the plane of the loads. Centroidal axis is any axis that passes through
the centroid of the cross section. There can be an infinite number
of centroidal axes

Lecture Notes: Area-Moment.pdf Area-Moment.one

Image Video Lesson Description and Link Duration

Area Moments (part 1) Simple shapes 9:27 min

Area Moments (part 2) Combined shapes 21:21 min

Part 1: Simple Shapes

2nd Moment of Area (Part 1)

Definition
The second moment of area is also known as the moment of inertia of a shape. The
second moment of area is a measure of the 'efficiency' of a cross-sectional shape to resist
bending caused by loading.
Symbol is I. Units are mm4
 Both beams have the same area and even the same shape.
Beam 1 is stronger than Beam 2 because it has a higher second mom
Orientation can change the second moment of area (I).
For a rectangle,

Where b is breadth (horizontal) and h is height (vertical) if the load

gravity load.
(Image: Tim Lovett 2014)

Second Moment of Area of a cross-section is found by taking each mm2 and multiplying by
the square of the distance from an axis.
Then add them all up.

Second Moment of Area (Definition)

I = (A * d2)
Units are mm4

(Image: Tim Lovett 2007)

So the best way to get a high Second Moment of Area is to get as much area as
possible the longest distance from the centre axis (Called the centroidal axis or neutral
plane).
 An I beam has a high 2nd Moment of Area.
Most of the area is concentrated as far away as possible away from the centroid (middle of area).

However, the upper and lower flanges must be held together to prevent slipping. (shear)
The upper and lower flanges take most of the load (tension/compression), and the vertical web simply holds the tw
(shear).

Example of a loader arm optimised for bendin

The cross-section of the beam is increased where
is highest.
This diagram shows a computer analysis where c
different stresses. An ideal design will have stress
possible.
Note: This optimised design is quite different to t
and would need to be manufactured differently. (
than cut from plate)

For standard formulas to find I for simple shapes (see Ivanoff p372). Also below...

Second Moment of Area for Standard Shapes

Shape Ic Centroid
(Images: Wikipedia 2012) (Centroidal 2nd Moment of Area) (Centre of Area)

Rectangle
Bending about centroid (centre).
At centre

b = breadth, h = height
 Circle
Bending about centroid (centre).
At centre

r = radius

Triangle
Bending about centroid. Xc = h/3
Yc = b/3

b = breadth, h = height

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_moment_of_areas

Rectangle Calculator (Javascript)

Breadth b:

Height h:
Note: This calculator uses Javas
you may need to tick something
webpages" in your browser.
Total:

Part 2: Combined Shapes

2nd Moment of Area (Part 2)

Centroid
The centroid of a multiple cross-section can be found using the formula:

Coordinates of the Centroid

Yc = Σ (Ay)/ Σ (A)
Yc = y coordinate of centroid
Σ (Ay) = Sum of (each are times its centroid y coord)
Σ (A) = Sum of Areas

Xc = Σ (Ax)/ Σ (A)
Xc = x coordinate of centroid
Σ (Ax) = Sum of (each are times its centroid x coord)
Σ (A) = Sum of Areas

yc = Σ (Ay)/ Σ (A) xc = Σ (Ax)/ Σ (A)

y1 = 412/2 = 206 mm
y2 = (615-412)/2 + 412 = 513.5 mm
A1 = 335*412 = 138020 mm2
A2 = 130*(615-412) = 26390 mm2
A1y1 = 138020*206 = 28432120
A2y2 = 26390*513.5 = 13551265
Σ(Ay) = 28432120+13551265 = 41983385
Σ(A) = 138020+26390 = 164410
yc = Σ(Ay)/ Σ(A) = 41983385/164410
= 255.3579 mm

(Image: Tim Lovett 2007)

Table format: The preferred way to show working for Centroid (Well-suited to using
spreadsheet: e.g. Excel)
Element A y A*y x A*x
mm2 mm mm3 mm mm3

1 138020 206 28432120 167.5 23118350

2 26390 513.5 13551265 270 7125300

Total 164410 41983385 30243650

Centroid 255.35786 183.9526

So the centroid is located at Xc = 183.9526, and Yc = 255.35786 mm from the bottom
left corner.

Parallel Axis Theroem

When a cross-section of a beam is under bending from above, everything above the
centroid is in compression, and everything below the centroid is in tension.
When shapes are combined together, the combined centroidal plane (neutral plane) now
defines the overall compression above / tension below. This means that each element is
being forced to bend around another centroidal axis - not its own.
When this happens, the Second Moment of Area must be adjusted using the Parallel Axis
Theorem:

Parallel Axis Theorem

The contribution of I for each element is;
I = Ic + Ad2
I = The second moment of area of that element about the combined
centroidal Neutral plane (x-x)
Ic = The second moment of area of that element about its own centroid
A = Area of that element
d = Distance from combined Neutral plane (x-x) to the centroid of that
element

Continuing the above example:

Now that we have found the centroid, we now take all our measurements from the Neutral
plane x-x (in green)

Continued Table format:

The grey section we completed previously - to find the Centroid (we only need the Yc to find
Ixx)
Then we can extand the table to calculate the total Ixx for the combined section, to solve I
= Ic + Ad2 for each element.
Element A y A*y Ic d Ad2 Ixx
mm2 mm mm3 mm4 mm mm4 E6mm4

1 138020 206 28432120 1952338907 49.35786 336244095 2288.583

2 26390 513.5 13551265 90625459.17 258.14214 1.759E+09 1849.185
Total 164410 41983385 4137.768
Centroid 255.35786
Notice that the smaller Element 2 has an Ixx of 1849 E6mm4 which is almost as high as
Element 1 at 2288 E6mm4. This shows us that the Ad2 term is very large when an element
is far away from the combined Neutral plane (x-x)

Example
Whiteboard
http://www.learneasy.info/MDME/MEMmods/MEM30006A/Area_Moment/Area_Moment.html

Questions:
Assignment: Do all questions 29:1-29:3 (Centroids and Area Moments)

Relevant pages in MDME

 Simple Stress

 Elasticity

 Bolted Joints

 Welded Joints

 Pressure Vessels

Web Links

 Google search:
http://www.learneasy.info/MDME/MEMmods/MEM30006A/Area_Moment/Area_Moment.html